The APL Character Set, and Describes the Full-Screen APL Input Editor

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The APL Character Set, and Describes the Full-Screen APL Input Editor ----- ------- Personal Computer -------_.---- - - --- Computer Language Series APL by IBM Madrid Scientific Center First Edition (May 1983) This product could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of this publication. The foHowing paragraph appiies only to the United States and Puerto Rico: International Business Machines Corporation provides this manual "as is" without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. IBM may make improvements and/or changes in the product( s ) and/or the program(s) described in this manual at any time and without notice. Products are not stocked at the address below. Requests for copies of this product and for technical information about the system should be made to your authorized IBM Personal Computer dealer. A Reader's Comment Form is provided at the back of this publication. If this form has been removed, address comments to: IBM Corporation, Personal Computer, P.O. Box 1328-C, Boca Raton, Florida 33432. IBM may use or distribute any of the information you supply in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligations whatever. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1983 Preface APL is a general-purpose language that can be used in many applications, such as commercial data processing, system design, mathematical and scientific computation, and the teaching of mathematics and other subjects. This book describes the IBM Personal Computer APL system. The book consists of two parts. Part 1, "Operation Guide," has four chapters that describe the use of the system. Part 2, "APL Reference Guide," has eight chapters that explain, in detail, the APL language as implemented on the IBM Personal Computer. Part 1 assumes some familiarity with computing, as well as a basic knowledge of APL which can be obtained from Part 2. Chapter 1, "Introduction," describes the use of the IBM Personal Computer devices under APL, and should be read by all who use the system. The chapter contains information about the use of diskette drives and fixed disks, the keyboard, display monitors, and the IBM Graphics Printer. This chapter also introduces the APL character set, and describes the full-screen APL input editor. Chapter 2, "Application Workspaces," describes a number of functions provided with the system that allow a person with a basic understanding of APL to use the IBM Personal Computer's devices. A set of workspaces has been provided to help you with the following operations: • Printer management • Full-screen editing of APL defined functions • Disk Operating System file management • Asynchronous communications with an IBM System/370 host • Music samples iii Chapter 3, "Auxiliary Processors," describes, in detail, the auxiliary processors provided with the system, which allow a knowledgeable APL user to create specific application workspaces. The following auxiliary processors have been included to help you obtain greater control of the IBM Personal Computer's devices: • AP80: IBM Graphics Printer Control • APIOO: BIOSIDOS interrupt handling • AP205: Full-screen display management • AP210: DOS file management • AP232: Asynchronous communications • AP440: Music generator Chapter 4, "How to Build an Auxiliary Processor," describes auxiliary processors that can exchange information with APL. A person who has both a good knowledge of APL and the ability to program in the IBM Macro Assembler language can use this chapter to help produce his own auxiliary processor to perform a specific application not currently supported by the APL system. Chapter 5, "Using APL," describes the major characteristics of the APL language. Chapter 6, "Fundamentals," shows some typical APL statements, lists error messages with recommended corrective actions, describes the APL character set, and explains the terms used in APL. Chapter 7, "Primitive Functions and Operators," describes the scalar and mixed primitive functions of APL and the operators that may be used with them. Chapter 8, "System Functions and System Variables ," describes the interaction between the APL language and the system implementing it. Chapter 9, "Shared Variables," describes the interface that allows two independently operating processors to exchange information. iv Chapter 10, "Function Definition," describes the various methods by which a defined function can be established in an APL workspace. Ambi-valent functions, localization of names, branching, labels, comments, and the del (V) function editor are all discussed in this chapter. Chapter 11, "Function Execution," describes the execution of defined functions, including the related topics of halted execution, the state indicator, stop control, trace control, locked functions, recursive functions, and console input and output. Chapter 12, "System Commands," describes the various APL system commands that are used to control the work session and to manage workspaces. Three appendixes, "Alt Codes and Associated Characters," "Printer Control Codes," and "Internal Representation of Displayed Characters" are also included. v Notes: vi Contents Part 1. Operation Guide Chapter 1. Introduction .................. 1-1 Backing Up Your Diskette .................. 1-8 Before You Begin ..................... 1-8 Protecting Your Original Diskette ....... 1-8 Backing Up Diskette with One Drive .... 1-9 Backing Up Diskette with Two Drives ... 1-11 Installing APL on Your Fixed Disk .......... 1-14 Getting APL Started from Either Diskette or Fixed Disk ........................... 1-15 Including Options in the APL Command ...... 1-16 The APL Character Set .................... 1-17 The Keyboard ............................ 1-18 Function Keys ....................... 1-18 Typewriter Keyboard .................. 1-19 Numeric Keypad ..................... 1-21 Special Key Combinations ............. 1-22 Use of Displays ........................... 1-25 Disk( ette) Drives .......................... 1-26 The Printer ............................... 1-27 The APL Input Editor ..................... 1-28 APL Input Editor Special Keys ......... 1-29 How to Make Corrections on the Current Line ........................ 1-31 Chapter 2. Application Works paces ........ 2-1 The PRINT Workspace .................... 2-4 The EDIT Workspace ..................... 2-5 The FILE Workspace ..................... 2-8 Functions ........................... 2-9 Examples of Use ..................... 2-22 vii The VM232 Workspace3 .................. 2-23 Selecting a Terminal .................. 2-24 Saving Your Line Parameter Definition .......................... 2-31 Connection with the Host .............. 2-32 Functions ........................... 2-34 Example of Connection with the Host .... 2-38 Auxiliary Files on the Host ............ 2-43 The :ivlUSIC Workspace ................... 2-57 Chapter 3. Auxiliary Processors ........... 3-1 The Printer Auxiliary Processor: AP80 ...... 3-4 BIOS/DOS Interrupt Auxiliary Processor: AP 100 ....................... 3-6 The Full-Screen Auxiliary Processor: AP205 ....................... 3-10 Screen Formatting .................... 3-12 Control Commands ................... 3-15 Interactive Use of the Screen ........... 3-1 7 Return Codes ........................ 3-19 The File Auxiliary Processor: AP210 ........ 3-21 Control Commands ................... 3-22 Control Subcommands ................ 3-25 Return Codes ........................ 3-26 The Asynchronous Communications Auxiliary Processor: AP232 ....................... 3-28 Control Commands ................... 3-29 The Music Auxiliary Processor: AP440 ...... 3-35 AP440 Command Syntax .............. 3-36 Chapter 4. How to Build an Auxiliary Processor ............................... 4-1 Access Control ........................... 4-4 Shared Variable Processor Services and Return Codes ............................ 4-5 Format of Shared Data .................... 4-9 Internal Structure of APL Variables .......... 4-11 Information about Shared Variables .......... 4-12 Auxiliary Processor Example with One Shared Variable .......................... 4-12 Auxiliary Processor Example with Two Shared Variables ......................... 4-15 APL Data Segment and Macros for Auxiliary Processors .............................. 4-20 viii Part 2. APL Reference Guide Chapter 5. Using APL .................... 5-1 Two Examples of the Use of APL ........... 5-3 An Isolated Calculation ................ 5-4 A Prepared Workspace ................ 5-4 Characteristics of APL ..................... 5-5 Chapter 6. Fundamentals ................. 6-1 Character Set ............... .. 6-7 Spaces .................................. 6-8 Function ................................. 6-8 Order of Execution ........................ 6-9 Data .................................... 6-10 Arrays .............................. 6-10 Constants ........................... 6-13 W orkspaces and Libraries .................. 6-14 Names .................................. 6-14 Implementation Limits ..................... 6-15 Chapter 7. Primitive Functions and Operators .............................. 7-1 Scalar Functions .......................... 7-3 Plus, Minus, Times, Divide, and Residue ............................ 7-7 Conjugate, Negative, Signum, Reciprocal, and Magnitude ...................... 7-7 Boolean and Relational Functions ....... 7-8 Minimum and Maximum ..............
Recommended publications
  • Is Ja Dialect of APL? Reported by Jonathan Barman Eugene Mcdonnell - the Question Is Irrelevant
    VICTOR Vol.8 No.2 convert the noun back to verb and as a result various interesting control structures can be created. The verbal nouns thus formed can be put into arrays and some of the benefits that various people have suggested might arise from arrays of functions can be obtained. A design goal is to make compilation possible without limiting the expressive power of J. APL Technology of Computer Simulation, by A Boozin and I Popselov reported by Sylvia Camacho Both authors of this paper are academic mathematicians and their use of APL is just where one might expect it to be: in modelling linear differential equations and stochastic Markovian processes. Questions put showed that they first used APL 15 years ago on terminals to what was described as 'a big old computer'. Currently they use APL*PLUS/PC. They have set up an environment in which they can split the screen and display data graphically with some zoom facilities. This environment can be used in conjunction with raw APL while exploring the results of a model, or can be used in conjunction with data derived from APL or some other source. In fact it is often used by Pascal programmers. Most recently they have been setting up economic models to try to come to terms with the consequences of decentralisation and privatisation. They use both Roman and Cyrillic alphabets. Panel: Is Ja Dialect of APL? reported by Jonathan Barman Eugene McDonnell - The question is irrelevant. Surely proponents of J would not be thrown out of the APL community? Garth Foster - J is quite definitely not APL.
    [Show full text]
  • An APL Subset Interpreter for a New Chip Set / by James Hoskin
    An APL Subset Interpreter for a New Chip Set James Hoskin MSc (Physics), University of Calgary A THESIS SUBMI 1 TED IN L'ARTlAl f Ul FILLMENT OF THE REQUIKEMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIFNCE In the School of Cornput~ngSc~enre " James Hosk~n1987 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY May 1987 All rights reserved This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part. by photocopy or other means w~thoutthe permission of the author Approval Title of Thesis: An APL Subset Interpreter for a New Chip Set Name. James D Hoskin Degree: Master of ~iience Examining Committee. Chairperson. Dr. W. S. Luk Dr. R. F. Hobson Senior Supervisor Dr J& Weinkam,"I/, Dr. R. D. Cameron External Examiner Dr. Carl McCrosky External Examiner April 28, 1987 Date Approved: PART IAL COPYR l GHT L ICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay -- - Author: (signature) (date) Abstract The APL language provides a powerful set of functions and operators to handle dynamic array data.
    [Show full text]
  • KDB Kernel Debugger and Kdb Command
    AIX Version 7.2 KDB kernel debugger and kdb command IBM Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page 323. This edition applies to AIX Version 7.2 and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2015. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents About this document.............................................................................................ix Highlighting..................................................................................................................................................ix Case-sensitivity in AIX................................................................................................................................ ix ISO 9000......................................................................................................................................................ix KDB kernel debugger and kdb command................................................................ 1 KDB kernel debugger................................................................................................................................... 1 Invoking the KDB kernel debugger........................................................................................................ 2 The kdb command..................................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Compendium of Technical White Papers
    COMPENDIUM OF TECHNICAL WHITE PAPERS Compendium of Technical White Papers from Kx Technical Whitepaper Contents Machine Learning 1. Machine Learning in kdb+: kNN classification and pattern recognition with q ................................ 2 2. An Introduction to Neural Networks with kdb+ .......................................................................... 16 Development Insight 3. Compression in kdb+ ................................................................................................................. 36 4. Kdb+ and Websockets ............................................................................................................... 52 5. C API for kdb+ ............................................................................................................................ 76 6. Efficient Use of Adverbs ........................................................................................................... 112 Optimization Techniques 7. Multi-threading in kdb+: Performance Optimizations and Use Cases ......................................... 134 8. Kdb+ tick Profiling for Throughput Optimization ....................................................................... 152 9. Columnar Database and Query Optimization ............................................................................ 166 Solutions 10. Multi-Partitioned kdb+ Databases: An Equity Options Case Study ............................................. 192 11. Surveillance Technologies to Effectively Monitor Algo and High Frequency Trading ..................
    [Show full text]
  • A Lambda Calculus for Transfinite Arrays
    1 A Lambda Calculus for Transfinite Arrays Unifying Arrays and Streams ARTJOMS ŠINKAROVS, Heriot-Watt University SVEN-BODO SCHOLZ, Heriot-Watt University Array programming languages allow for concise and generic formulations of numerical algorithms, thereby providing a huge potential for program optimisation such as fusion, parallelisation, etc. One of the restric- tions that these languages typically have is that the number of elements in every array has to be finite. This means that implementing streaming algorithms in such languages requires new types of data structures, with operations that are not immediately compatible with existing array operations or compiler optimisations. In this paper, we propose a design for a functional language that natively supports infinite arrays. We use ordinal numbers to introduce the notion of infinity in shapes and indices. By doing so, we obtain a calculus that naturally extends existing array calculi and, at the same time, allows for recursive specifications as they are found in stream- and list-based settings. Furthermore, the main language construct that can be thought of as an n-fold cons operator gives rise to expressing transfinite recursion in data, something that lists or streams usually do not support. This makes it possible to treat the proposed calculus as a unifying theory of arrays, lists and streams. We give an operational semantics of the proposed language, discuss design choices that we have made, and demonstrate its expressibility with several examples. We also demonstrate that the proposed formalism preserves a number of well-known universal equalities from array/list/stream theories, and discuss implementation-related challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • KDB+ Quick Guide
    KKDDBB++ -- QQUUIICCKK GGUUIIDDEE http://www.tutorialspoint.com/kdbplus/kdbplus_quick_guide.htm Copyright © tutorialspoint.com KKDDBB++ -- OOVVEERRVVIIEEWW This is a complete quide to kdb+ from kx systems, aimed primarily at those learning independently. kdb+, introduced in 2003, is the new generation of the kdb database which is designed to capture, analyze, compare, and store data. A kdb+ system contains the following two components − KDB+ − the database kdatabaseplus Q − the programming language for working with kdb+ Both kdb+ and q are written in k programming language (same as q but less readable). Background Kdb+/q originated as an obscure academic language but over the years, it has gradually improved its user friendliness. APL 1964, AProgrammingLanguage A+ 1988, modifiedAPLbyArthurWhitney K 1993, crispversionofA + , developedbyA. Whitney Kdb 1998, in − memorycolumn − baseddb Kdb+/q 2003, q language – more readable version of k Why and Where to Use KDB+ Why? − If you need a single solution for real-time data with analytics, then you should consider kdb+. Kdb+ stores database as ordinary native files, so it does not have any special needs regarding hardware and storage architecture. It is worth pointing out that the database is just a set of files, so your administrative work won’t be difficult. Where to use KDB+? − It’s easy to count which investment banks are NOT using kdb+ as most of them are using currently or planning to switch from conventional databases to kdb+. As the volume of data is increasing day by day, we need a system that can handle huge volumes of data. KDB+ fulfills this requirement. KDB+ not only stores an enormous amount of data but also analyzes it in real time.
    [Show full text]
  • Generating an APL Font
    TUGboat, Volume 8 (1987), No. 3 275 Generating an APL Font a typewriter-like typeface with fixed spacing; the Aarno Hohti and Okko Kanerva same approach for representing TEX input was University of Helsinki adopted by Knuth in the wbook. The verbatim macros have often been used for importing screen ABSTRACT. The APL language is well known for its or paper outputs into 'I@X documents; some people peculiar symbols which have inhibited the use of this misuse them for an easy construction of tables etc. language in many programming environments. Making In verbatim, the typewriter mode is entered by the APL documents of good quality has been difficult and control sequence \ begint t - that mode is ended by expensive. We describe here a simple way how to use METAFONT to generate an APL font for Tk,X by using \endtt. In the same vein, we could enter the APL existing font definitions as far as possible. mode by the control sequence \beginapl, and to end it by \endapl. However, it is more convenient Introduction to augment verbatim with aplstyle so that it This note describes an interesting exercise in using can be used with several different typewriter-like METAFONT to produce new typefaces by combining fonts. (The verbatim macros can be found in the letters from standard fonts. As we know, the APL Wbook, p. 421.) Since Q (the at sign) is used as language [6] of Kenneth Iverson has never gained the escape character inside verbatim mode, our the popularity it deserves largely because of its code might (and in fact does) look as follows: strange symbol set.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Mathematical Symbols
    Glossary of mathematical symbols A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula. As formulas are entirely constituted with symbols of various types, many symbols are needed for expressing all mathematics. The most basic symbols are the decimal digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), and the letters of the Latin alphabet. The decimal digits are used for representing numbers through the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. Historically, upper-case letters were used for representing points in geometry, and lower-case letters were used for variables and constants. Letters are used for representing many other sort of mathematical objects. As the number of these sorts has dramatically increased in modern mathematics, the Greek alphabet and some Hebrew letters are also used. In mathematical formulas, the standard typeface is italic type for Latin letters and lower-case Greek letters, and upright type for upper case Greek letters. For having more symbols, other typefaces are also used, mainly boldface , script typeface (the lower-case script face is rarely used because of the possible confusion with the standard face), German fraktur , and blackboard bold (the other letters are rarely used in this face, or their use is unconventional). The use of Latin and Greek letters as symbols for denoting mathematical objects is not described in this article. For such uses, see Variable (mathematics) and List of mathematical constants. However, some symbols that are described here have the same shape as the letter from which they are derived, such as and .
    [Show full text]
  • Why I'm Still Using
    Why I’m Still Using APL Jeffrey Shallit School of Computer Science University of Waterloo Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/~shallit [email protected] What is APL? • a system of mathematical notation invented by Ken Iverson and popularized in his book A Programming Language published in 1962 • a functional programming language based on this notation, using an exotic character set (including overstruck characters) and right-to- left evaluation order • a programming environment with support for defining, executing, and debugging functions and procedures Frequency Distribution APL and Me • worked at the IBM Philadelphia Scientific Center in 1973 with Ken Iverson, Adin Falkoff, Don Orth, Howard Smith, Eugene McDonnell, Richard Lathwell, George Mezei, Joey Tuttle, Paul Berry, and many others Communicating APL and Me • worked as APL programmer for the Yardley Group under Alan Snyder from 1976 to 1979, with Scott Bentley, Dave Jochman, Greg Bentley, and Dave Ehret APL and Me • worked from 1974 to 1975 at Uni-Coll in Philadelphia as APL consultant • worked from 1975 to 1979 as APL consultant at Princeton • worked at I. P. Sharp in Palo Alto in 1979 with McDonnell, Berry, Tuttle, and others • published papers at APL 80, APL 81, APL 82, APL 83 and various issues of APL Quote-Quad • taught APL in short courses at Berkeley from 1979 to 1983 and served as APL Press representative • taught APL at the University of Chicago from 1983 to 1988 Why I’m Still Using APL Because • I don’t need to master arcane “ritual incantations” to do things
    [Show full text]
  • Programming Language) 1 APL (Programming Language)
    APL (programming language) 1 APL (programming language) APL Paradigm array, functional, structured, modular Appeared in 1964 Designed by Kenneth E. Iverson Developer Kenneth E. Iverson Typing discipline dynamic Major implementations IBM APL2, Dyalog APL, APL2000, Sharp APL, APLX Dialects A+, Dyalog APL, APLNext Influenced by mathematical notation [1] [2] [3] [4] Influenced J, K, Mathematica, MATLAB, Nial, PPL, Q APL (named after the book A Programming Language)[5] is an interactive array-oriented language and integrated development environment which is available from a number of commercial and non-commercial vendors[6] and for most computer platforms.[7] It is based on a mathematical notation developed by Kenneth E. Iverson. APL has a combination of unique and relatively uncommon features that appeal to programmers and make it a productive programming language:[8] • It is concise, using symbols rather than words and applying functions to entire arrays without using explicit loops. • It is solution focused, emphasizing the expression of algorithms independently of machine architecture or operating system. • It has just one simple, consistent, and recursive precedence rule: the right argument of a function is the result of the entire expression to its right. • It facilitates problem solving at a high level of abstraction. APL is used in scientific,[9] actuarial,[8] statistical,[10] and financial applications where it is used by practitioners for their own work and by programmers to develop commercial applications. It was an important influence on the development of spreadsheets, functional programming,[11] and computer math packages.[3] It has also inspired several other programming languages.[1] [2] [4] It is also associated with rapid and lightweight development projects in volatile business environments.[12] History The first incarnation of what was later to be the APL programming language was published and formalized in A Programming Language,[5] a book describing a notation invented in 1957 by Kenneth E.
    [Show full text]
  • Nie Sprachlos Winterrätsel
    04/2014 Auflösung des Winterrätsels Forum Nie sprachlos Winterrätsel 80 Nur wer sich in der Programmiersprachen-Historie auskennt, hatte eine Chance bei den Fragen des Winterrät- sels aus Ausgabe 02/ 14. Diesmal gibt’s neben den kniffligen Fragen auch die Antworten – und den Namen des Rätselkönigs 2014, der neben dem Ruhm auch einen Videorecorder für den Raspberry Pi einstreicht. Nils Magnus www.linux-magazin.de Allein um eine zumindest größtenteils richtige Lösung für die 20 Auf- ten Code formulieren hilft. Die in Listing 1 per Ocaml kodierte gaben des Winterrätsels aus dem Linux-Magazin 02/ 2014 zustande Sortierfunktion, die auf beliebigen Typen funktioniert, ist ein zu bekommen, bedarf es weit überdurchschnittlicher Kenntnisse schönes Beispiel dafür. der Programmiersprachen-Geschichte. So gesehen darf sich jeder Teilnehmer als Siegertyp betrachten. Der Legende nach motivierte den ursprünglichen Autor zur Gewinner des Sachpreises – Videorecorder-Equipment für den Namenswahl seiner Skriptsprache ein Gleichnis aus dem Matt- Rasp berry Pi von DVB Link [1] – konnte jedoch nur einer der teilneh- 3 häus-Evangelium. Darin sucht ein Händler nach Preziosen. Was menden Hobbyhistoriker werden, der Kasten „Lösung und Gewinner“ durchschreitet im selben Bibeltext das Wappentier der Sprache? lüftet das Geheimnis. Der Artikel selbst repetiert die Fragen und Der Urvater Abraham des Perl-Universums, Larry Wall, ist ka- beantwortet sie korrekt – wie gewohnt ausführlich. lifornischer Programmierer und bekennender Christ. Er beruft sich bei der Namenswahl seiner Skriptsprache gerne auf Mat- Akronyme sind für Programmiersprachen durchaus beliebt, re- thäus 13, 46: „Als er eine besonders wertvolle Perle fand, ver- kursive allemal. Welche Sprache erfand ein Mann mit dänischem kaufte er al les, was er besaß, und kaufte sie.“ Inspiriert vom 1 Pass fürs World Wide Web? Umschlag ei nes frühen Perl-Buches reüssierte das Kamel zum Obwohl er heute in den Vereinigten Staaten lebt, ist Rasmus Sinnbild für Perl.
    [Show full text]
  • Dyalog at 25
    Dyalog at 25 A special supplement to Vector Dyalog at 25 Dyalog at 25: A special supplement to Vector Published September 2008 Copyright © 2008 Dyalog Ltd Dyalog at 25 Table of Contents First Quarter ......................................................................................... 1 How we got here ................................................................................... 3 Dyadic Systems ............................................................................. 5 Dyalog (Europe) Ltd ..................................................................... 10 Writing the interpreter .................................................................. 12 Going to the show ........................................................................ 17 Ports on call ................................................................................ 19 The disappearing future ................................................................ 26 Living with Lynwood ................................................................... 29 On the road again ........................................................................ 38 Dyalog’s new face ........................................................................ 40 The ducks ................................................................................... 44 Sixty four bits .............................................................................. 45 Parting company ......................................................................... 45 The coming of the consortium .......................................................
    [Show full text]