DOCSLIB.ORG

Albania: the Role of North-South Divisions for the Country’S EU Integration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Albania: the Role of North-South Divisions for the Country’S EU Integration Albania: The role of North-South divisions for the country’s EU integration Linde-Kee van Stokkum Master Thesis European Studies – Institutional Integration of Europe Graduation date: 31 August 2014 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Michael Kemper Second reader: Dr. Carlos Reijnen Preface Albanians live in a land of jagged skylines, towering peaks, precipitous cliffs, windswept plateaus and snow-filled ravines. They don’t call it Albania, but Shqipëria, the Land of the Eagle. They don’t call themselves Albanians, but Shqiptarë, or Sons of the Eagle. Thus they identify with the noblest birds that soars the highest, mates for life, and nest among one-and- a-half-mile-high peaks.1 Usually when I tell people about Albania, most of them struggle to pinpoint this small western Balkan country on the map. As a result, Albania has often been referred to as the ‘last secret of Europe’. What people neither know is the high pro-European sentiment among the Albanian population: EU support in Albania seems to be even higher than in most present EU member states. On 24 June 2014, the EU granted Albania the EU candidate status and became an official EU candidate state. Keeping in mind the pro-European sentiment and the country’s application in 2009 for EU membership, obtaining the status was received as a milestone in the country’s contemporary history. Aspects as Albania’s political history, its political culture and its strong European conciseness wanted to make me write this thesis about Albania, the Land of Eagles. This thesis is a tribute to the country that has a special place in my heart; however, it is also a critical note to its political landscape. Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who supported me during the process of writing my thesis. Special thanks go to Professor Michael Kemper, who has been a very pleasant supervisor. He has been so patient with me from the beginning, when I first asked him to be my supervisor with a completely different subject. I appreciate his wide variety of efforts and supportive and critical guidance. Further, I would like to thank my dear friends and family, who all supported in this thesis process. Special thanks go to my Albanian friends, who became my experts in small uncertainties and interpretations in Albanian language. I am especially grateful to Elga Mitre, who was more than willing to answer all my questions and to share all the information I asked for. A big thanks goes to Jutbina Hoxha, who committed herself in helping where needed and always inspired me with her stories. Finally, my thanks goes to Assistant Professor Carlos Reijnen, who is willing to serve as a second examiner. 1 Edwin Jacques, The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present (Jefferson 1995): 13. 2 Table of contents Preface 2 Acknowledgements 2 Table of contents 3 Acronyms and Abbreviations 5 Figure 1: Administrative map of Albania 6 Introduction 7 1. Clan culture in Albania 13 1.1 Clans 13 1.2 Clans in Albania 15 1.2.1 Ghegs 15 1.2.2 Tosks 19 1.2.3 End of clan structure in (North) Albania? 19 1.3 North-South identities 20 1.4 Political networks 24 1.5 Clan structure in political networks 26 1.5.1 Hoxha’s years of government 26 1.5.2 Berisha’s first term of government 28 1.6 Conclusion 29 2. Historical case: Regional rivalry during Hoxha’s years of government 31 (1944 – 1985) 2.1 Foundations of communism in Albania 32 2.2 Regional politics during Hoxha’s years of government 33 2.2.1 Ideological and Cultural Revolution 34 2.2.2 Collectivization 38 2.2.3 Language 39 2.3 Conclusion 40 3. Regional economic differentiation in Albania 41 3.1 Economic differentiation during communism 41 3.2 Contemporary regional economic differentiation 42 3.2.1 RD Index 44 3.2.2 Population 46 3.2.3 Economic activity 48 3.2.4 Employment 50 3.2.5 Social disparities 51 3.3 Conclusion 54 3 4. Political cleavages in Albanian domestic affairs 57 4.1 Elections and political networks 58 4.1.1 Parliamentary elections in 2009 58 4.1.2 Local elections in 2011 62 4.2 Parliament and political networks 64 4.3 The role of political networks in Media & Civil Society 70 4.3.1 Media 70 4.3.2 Civil Society 72 4.4 Public administration 73 4.5 Conclusion 77 5. Albania’s EU integration 79 5.1 EU-Albania relations 81 5.2 Pro-European sentiment 89 5.3 Difficulties 90 5.4 Pros and Cons regarding Albania’s EU membership 92 5.5 Albania’s ability as a future EU member state/ Conclusion 94 Conclusion 97 Appendix 1: Profiles of Major Albanian Media Owners (September 2013) 100 Bibliography 102 4 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACP Albanian Communist Party AIIS Albanian Institute for International Studies ALAR Association of Local Authorities and Regions CEC Central Election Committee CEE Central Eastern Europe DP (A) Democratic Party (of Albania) EC European Commission EU European Union IPA Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance LGU Local Government Unit MP Member of Parliament NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Non-Governmental Organization ODIHR Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe PM Prime Minister PDU Party for Justice and Unity RD Regional Development SAA Stabilization and Association Agreement SAP Stabilization and Association Process SMI Socialist Movement for Integration SP (A) Socialist Party (of Albania) UNDP United Nations Development Program 5 Figure 1: Administrative map of Albania Source: Political Map of Albania (http://www.europe-atlas.com/albania-map.htm) 6 Introduction This Master thesis analyzes one of the most characteristic features of contemporary Albania: its perceived division into North and South. I study this division from several perspectives: clan culture and political networks, twentieth-century history, demography and economy, and contemporary domestic affairs. These factors are then taken into consideration for situating Albania on its path towards becoming an EU member. I want to have a look at the simplified perception of North-South division by looking at the following research question: ‘In how far is the Albanian political landscape embedded in historical and cultural North- South divisions, and what effect does this have on Albania's ability to integrate into the EU?’ Albania is relatively unknown, leaving probably many people ignorant about the fact the country is in the middle of its EU integration process. For the reader to get to know Albania a little better, my work start with my encounter of the stereotypes that Albanians have and maintain about each other. In what follows I would like to briefly present these accounts, always asking the reader to keep in mind that they are stereotypes that may or may not have a factual basis. The images that follow, I gathered from numerous conversations with Albanian colleagues and friends during my work in Tiranë. North as seen by South and vice versa Albania is a small European country, located in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula.2 Over the time, the Albanian people became divided into two groups, the Ghegs and the Tosks. The Ghegs historically inhabited the area North of the Shkumbi River and the Tosks lived in the land South of the river. While the main difference between the Ghegs and the Tosks is linguistic, both regions have experienced history through the influence of different outside forces and institutions, and internal leaders from both groups can be characterized as quite divergent.3 From a historical point of view, the Ghegs and the Tosks are clearly distinguished in economic, social and cultural domains. From personal experience these internal differences are still present in the contemporary Albanian society. Noteworthy, the Shkumbi River is a relative border between North and South: the difference lies in the different representations of the ‘self and the other’, but are strongly related to geography. For instance, the North is perceived as an area inhabited by backward and dirty shepherds, where 2 Klarita Gërxhani & Arthur Schram, ‘Albanian Political-Economics: Consequences of a Clan Culture’, LICOS Centre for Transition Economics, no. 92 (2000): 2. 3 Brandon Doll, ‘The Relationship between de Clan System and Other Institutions in Northern Albania’, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies vol. 2, no. 3 (2003): 149. 7 there are no roads and people do not have any contact with the outside, while the South is seen as outside oriented, multilingual and therefore progressive, striving for the development of their country.4 Here, I assume an important relation between these perceptions and the geography of the country. Geographically, North Albania borders peripheral territories of the former Yugoslavia and it consists mainly of highlands. Climatically, it is characterized by a very cold winter and a cool summer. In the opposite, South Albania consists mainly of plains and has a warmer and more stable climate. South Albania, especially the coastal areas, is a popular holiday destination for Albanians and Kosovarians. For these reasons, is has traditionally been easier to economically develop South Albania than North Albania.5 So, in geographical perspective, North Albania is relatively isolated. Characterized by a mountainous terrain, communication has been difficult and still is difficult in these days. For example, there are several areas in North Albania where phone signals are weak or absent, and where internet is not available. So, the isolated position of North Albania is represented in the quite traditional and primitive way many northerner mountaineers still live, keeping alive the traditional prescriptions of the customary laws.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nexhmije Hoxha
    Nexhmije Hoxha SOME FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY POLICY OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CLASS STRUGGLE Nexhmije Hoxha Director of the Institute of 'Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania Some Fundamental Questions of the Revolutionary Policy of the Party of Labour of Albania about the Development of the Class Struggle I Class Struggle – The Main Motive Force in our Socialist Society II TheProletarian Stand of the Party of Labour of Albania for the Correct Development of the Class Struggle on an International Plane THE “8 NENTORI” PUBLISHING HOUSE TIRANA, 1977 In the framework of the propagation of the ideas of the 7th Congress of the PLA, the Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania, and the Party Committee of the Tirana District organized a meeting, on June 27, 1977, where comrade Nexhmije Hoxha, Member of the Central Committee of the Party and Director of the Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the PLA, delivered the paper entitled: “Some Fundamental Questions of the Revolutionary Policy of the Party of Labour of Albania about the Development of the Class Struggle”, to an audience made up of leading cadres of the Party, the state organs, the army, the mass organizations, the scientific institutions, propagandists etc. This meeting opened the scientific sessions on the class struggle, which were held in July in the various districts of the country, under the auspices of the Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies and the party committees of the districts.
    [Show full text]
  • Elections in the Western Balkans: Fragile Progress in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia
    Elections in the Western Balkans: Fragile Progress in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia Graduate Policy Workshop January 2017 Authors Edward Atkinson, Nicholas Collins, Aparna Krishnamurthy, Mae Lindsey, Yanchuan Liu, David Logan, Ken Sofer, Aditya Sriraman, Francisco Varela Sandoval Advisor Jeff Fischer CONTENTS About the WWS Graduate Policy Workshop ........................................................................................iv Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................................iv Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Albania ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Background and Context .................................................................................................................. 2 Description of Electoral and Political Processes and Institutions ................................................... 3 Electoral and Political Issues ............................................................................................................ 4 Electoral Process Vulnerabilities .......................................................................................................................... 4 Political Process Vulnerabilities ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Skrifter Utgivna Av Statsvetenskapliga Föreningen I Uppsala 194
    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Skrifter utgivna av Statsvetenskapliga föreningen i Uppsala 194 Jessica Giandomenico Transformative Power Challenged EU Membership Conditionality in the Western Balkans Revisited Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Brusewitzsalen, Gamla Torget 6, Uppsala, Saturday, 19 December 2015 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor David Phinnemore. Abstract Giandomenico, J. 2015. Transformative Power Challenged. EU Membership Conditionality in the Western Balkans Revisited. Skrifter utgivna av Statsvetenskapliga föreningen i Uppsala 194. 237 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-9403-2. The EU is assumed to have a strong top-down transformative power over the states applying for membership. But despite intensive research on the EU membership conditionality, the transformative power of the EU in itself has been left curiously understudied. This thesis seeks to change that, and suggests a model based on relational power to analyse and understand how the transformative power is seemingly weaker in the Western Balkans than in Central and Eastern Europe. This thesis shows that the transformative power of the EU is not static but changes over time, based on the relationship between the EU and the applicant states, rather than on power resources. This relationship is affected by a number of factors derived from both the EU itself and on factors in the applicant states. As the relationship changes over time, countries and even issues, the transformative power changes with it. The EU is caught in a path dependent like pattern, defined by both previous commitments and the built up foreign policy role as a normative power, and on the nature of the decision making procedures.
    [Show full text]
  • UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order Online
    UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order online Table of Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Glossary 1. Executive Summary The 1999 Offensive The Chain of Command The War Crimes Tribunal Abuses by the KLA Role of the International Community 2. Background Introduction Brief History of the Kosovo Conflict Kosovo in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Kosovo in the 1990s The 1998 Armed Conflict Conclusion 3. Forces of the Conflict Forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Army Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs Paramilitaries Chain of Command and Superior Responsibility Stucture and Strategy of the KLA Appendix: Post-War Promotions of Serbian Police and Yugoslav Army Members 4. march–june 1999: An Overview The Geography of Abuses The Killings Death Toll,the Missing and Body Removal Targeted Killings Rape and Sexual Assault Forced Expulsions Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions Destruction of Civilian Property and Mosques Contamination of Water Wells Robbery and Extortion Detentions and Compulsory Labor 1 Human Shields Landmines 5. Drenica Region Izbica Rezala Poklek Staro Cikatovo The April 30 Offensive Vrbovac Stutica Baks The Cirez Mosque The Shavarina Mine Detention and Interrogation in Glogovac Detention and Compusory Labor Glogovac Town Killing of Civilians Detention and Abuse Forced Expulsion 6. Djakovica Municipality Djakovica City Phase One—March 24 to April 2 Phase Two—March 7 to March 13 The Withdrawal Meja Motives: Five Policeman Killed Perpetrators Korenica 7. Istok Municipality Dubrava Prison The Prison The NATO Bombing The Massacre The Exhumations Perpetrators 8. Lipljan Municipality Slovinje Perpetrators 9. Orahovac Municipality Pusto Selo 10. Pec Municipality Pec City The “Cleansing” Looting and Burning A Final Killing Rape Cuska Background The Killings The Attacks in Pavljan and Zahac The Perpetrators Ljubenic 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Albanian Families' History and Heritage Making at the Crossroads of New
    Voicing the stories of the excluded: Albanian families’ history and heritage making at the crossroads of new and old homes Eleni Vomvyla UCL Institute of Archaeology Thesis submitted for the award of Doctor in Philosophy in Cultural Heritage 2013 Declaration of originality I, Eleni Vomvyla confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signature 2 To the five Albanian families for opening their homes and sharing their stories with me. 3 Abstract My research explores the dialectical relationship between identity and the conceptualisation/creation of history and heritage in migration by studying a socially excluded group in Greece, that of Albanian families. Even though the Albanian community has more than twenty years of presence in the country, its stories, often invested with otherness, remain hidden in the Greek ‘mono-cultural’ landscape. In opposition to these stigmatising discourses, my study draws on movements democratising the past and calling for engagements from below by endorsing the socially constructed nature of identity and the denationalisation of memory. A nine-month fieldwork with five Albanian families took place in their domestic and neighbourhood settings in the areas of Athens and Piraeus. Based on critical ethnography, data collection was derived from participant observation, conversational interviews and participatory techniques. From an individual and family group point of view the notion of habitus led to diverse conceptions of ethnic identity, taking transnational dimensions in families’ literal and metaphorical back- and-forth movements between Greece and Albania.
    [Show full text]
  • Naj Žirovske Reči Stopi V Čevlje Za Nova Odkritja
    Slovenščina English Naj žirovske reči Stopi v čevlje za nova odkritja The Most Žiri Things Step into our shoes and make new discoveries Naj žirovske reči The Most Žiri Things Stopi v čevlje za nova odkritja Step into our shoes and make new discoveries 1 2 3 (1) Čevelj Alpine Alpina shoe (2) Žirovska klekljana čipka Žiri bobbin lace (3) Bunker Rupnikove linije Bunker of the Rupnik Line Žirovska zgodba The Žiri Story 4 ekoč je bilo jezero. Žirovsko jezero. nce there was a lake. Lake Žiri. A huge Veliko vodno oko, ki je zrlo v nebo, Oeye of water gazing into the sky, and the Nto pa se je v svojih spremenljivih sky was able to observe its own changing razpoloženjih ogledovalo v vodnem ogledalu moods in the mirror of water nestled among sredi Žirovske kotline, sredi samih hribov in hills and forests in the midst of the Žiri basin. gozdov. Na jugu je segalo v dolino današnjih To the south, the lake reached into the valley of Brekovic, in kdo ve, ali je od tam šla pot ali present-day Brekovice, and who knows whet- vsaj steza čez prelaz do Rovt in naprej na her a trail, or at least a footpath, led from there Notranjsko, na Logaško polje, kjer je pozneje across the pass to Rovte and onward to the nastal rimski Longaticum (Logatec). Proti Notranjska region, to the Logatec Polje, where zahodu se je zajedalo v ozko dolino Osojnice, the Roman settlement of Longaticum (Logatec) od koder se je šlo v sosednjo dolino Idrijce, was later established.
    [Show full text]
  • Customary Laws, Folk Culture, and Social Lifeworlds: Albanian Studies in Critical Perspective Albert Doja
    Customary Laws, Folk Culture, and Social Lifeworlds: Albanian Studies in Critical Perspective Albert Doja To cite this version: Albert Doja. Customary Laws, Folk Culture, and Social Lifeworlds: Albanian Studies in Critical Perspective. Luka Breneselovic. Spomenica Valtazara Bogišića o stogodišnjici njegove smrti [Gedächt- nisschrift für Valtazar Bogišić zur 100. Wiederkehr seines Todestages], Beograd: Sluzbeni & Institute of Comparative Law, vol. 2, pp. 183-199., 2011. halshs-00692739 HAL Id: halshs-00692739 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00692739 Submitted on 1 May 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Customary Laws, Folk Culture, and Social Lifeworlds: Albanian Studies in Critical Perspective A D The Institute of Comparative Law in Belgrade launched this year a Festschrift in honour of Valtazar Bogišić (1834–1908), a jurist, law historian and folklorist. His most notable works are researches on family structure and he is primarily known as a codifier of civil law in Montenegro, which he prepared on the basis of a voluminous questionnaire.1 One of his main informants was the leader of the Kuci lineage, at the border of Montenegro and Albania and reputed of Albanian stock.
    [Show full text]
  • The Call for Albanian Civic Unity in Gjergj Fishta's The
    V (2018) 1, 203–214 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Ovaj rad dostupan je za upotrebu pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna. Ismet BUJUPAJ UDK 821.18.09 Fishta, G.-13 University of Prizren Faculty of Philology DOI: https://doi.org/10.29162/ANAFORA.v5i1.8 Rruga e Shkronjave, nr. 1 20 000 Prizren Izvorni znanstveni članak Republic of Kosovo Original Research Article [email protected] Primljeno 3. veljače 2018. Received: 3 February 2018 Prihvaćeno 10. svibnja 2018. Accepted: 10 May 2018 “ALWAYS BAYRAM, ALWAYS EASTER”: THE CALL FOR ALBANIAN CIVIC UNITY IN GJERGJ FISHTA’S THE HIGHLAND LUTE Abstract Gjergj Fishta’s verse narrative, Lahuta e Malcis (ca. 1907) is often regarded as the national epic of Albanians. The epic produces a fresh vision of the shared cultural identity of Albanians by telling the story of their struggle for independence blended with elements of regional and local culture which had never before entered into high literary language. The paper argues that Fishta creates a national epic not just by the events he narrates in the poem but also by the language and imagery he uses. The poem’s language puts Albanian modes of expression into high literature, depicts Muslim and Christian Albanian practices in a manner that emphasizes their common ground, and utilizes Albanian folklore such as the mythological creatures called zana and ora, which lie outside both the Christian and Muslim religions, but are closely associated with the land. In emphasizing the Albanian land, language, and culture, Fishta’s epic poem crafts a civic Albanian identity that embraces Albanian religious diversity and transcends sectarian identifications.
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Survey of the Bird Life of North Dakota
    UNIVERSITY OP MICHIGAN MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY Miscellaneous Publications No. 10 A Preliminary Survey of the Bird Life of North Dakota BY NORMAN A. WOOD ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY JULY 2, 1923 OUTLINE MAP OF NORTH DAKOTA UNIVERSI'rY OF hlICHIGAN MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY Miscellaneous Publications No. 10 A Preliminary Survey of the Bird Life of North Dakota RY NORMAN A. WOOD ANN ARBOR, MICIIIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY JULY 2, I923 The publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigart, consist of two series-the Occasional Papers and the Miscellaneous PubK- cations. Both series were founded bv Dr. Bryant Walker, Mr. Bradsl~aw I-I. Swales and Dr. W. W. Newcomb. The Occasional Papers, publication of which was begun in 1913, j-rve as a medium for the publication of brief oriqinal papers based principally upon the collections in the Museum. The papers are issued separately to libraries and specialists, and, when a sufficient nu~uberof pages have l~crn printed to make a volume, a title page, index, and table of contents are sup- plied to libraries and individuals on the mailing list for the entire series. The Miscellaneous Publications include papers on field and museum technique, monographic studies and other papers not within the scope of the Occasional Papers. The papers are published separately, and, as it is not intended that they shall be grouped into volumes, each number has a title page and, when necessary, a table of contents. ALEXANDERG. RUTHITEN, Director of the Museum of Zoology, [Jniversity ~f Michigan. A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE BIRD LIFE OF NORTH DAKOTA The field studies upon which this paper is largely based were carried on during the summers of 1920 and 1921.
    [Show full text]
  • Marxism- Leninism Teaches That the People Are the Creators of History Enver Hoxha
    C Introduction, A.Hamza & F.Ruda C R R I I S “Marxism-Leninism Teaches that the People is the Creator of History“ S I was published in Zëri i Popullit (The Voice of the People), the official I S S Marxism- 1 th newspaper of the Labour Party of Albania in Nr. 90 (2359) on the 14 & of April 1956. It was published a day before the Tirana Conference of & the Communist Party (15th-16th April 1956), which was a very important C C R political development for the Labour Party of Albania. At that time, the R I country was still holding a very pro-Soviet position, however, trying I Leninism TeachesT T I to situate itself with regard to the Soviet Union after Tito’s attempt to I Q renormalize relations with the Soviet Union and Khrushchev’s visit in Q U Belgrade just a year before. U E E At this Conference, Enver Hoxha was nearly voted out, or more that the People / precisely, the Tirana Conference was about to vote out the Albanian Troika / of Enver Hoxha- Mehmet Shehu2- Beqir Balluku.3 Balluku was presiding Volume 3 / Volume 3 / Issue 1 over the Conference, when the critiques of the Politburo reached its Issue 1 peak. When the situation was “electrified,” as Hoxha himself described it, Balluku called Hoxha, who was on holiday in the southern town of are the Creators Vlora, and suggested to come back to Tirana immediately, as he was about to be voted out. Enver came back and delivered two speeches. In the first one (given on the 15th of April), he addressed the delegates in a very soft and moderate tone, trying to reconcile with his critics, whereas on the morning of the 16th his tone was much harsher and he denounced of History many delegates, who were then later executed.
    [Show full text]
  • Albania 2020 Report
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 6.10.2020 SWD(2020) 354 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Albania 2020 Report Accompanying the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions 2020 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy {COM(2020) 660 final} - {SWD(2020) 350 final} - {SWD(2020) 351 final} - {SWD(2020) 352 final} - {SWD(2020) 353 final} - {SWD(2020) 355 final} - {SWD(2020) 356 final} EN EN Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1. Context 3 1.2. Summary of the report 4 2. FUNDAMENTALS FIRST: POLITICAL CRITERIA AND RULE OF LAW CHAPTERS 8 2.1. Functioning of democratic institutions and public administration reform 8 2.1.1 Democracy 8 2.1.2. Public administration reform 14 2.2.1. Chapter 23: Judiciary and fundamental rights 18 2.2.2. Chapter 24: Justice, freedom and security 37 3. FUNDAMENTALS FIRST: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND COMPETITIVENESS 51 3.1. The existence of a functioning market economy 51 3.2. The capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union 57 4. GOOD NEIGHBOURLY RELATIONS AND REGIONAL COOPERATION 59 5. ABILITY TO ASSUME THE OBLIGATIONS OF MEMBERSHIP 62 5.1. Chapter 1: Free movement of goods 62 5.2. Chapter 2: Freedom of movement of workers 64 5.3. Chapter 3: Right of establishment and freedom to provide services 64 5.4. Chapter 4: Free movement of capital 65 5.5. Chapter 5: Public procurement 67 5.6. Chapter 6: Company law 69 5.7. Chapter 7: Intellectual property law 70 5.8.
    [Show full text]
  • Rregjimi Komunist Vrau Dhe Pushkatoi 226 Malësorë
    E PAVARUR, INFORMATIVE, HISTORIKE DHE PATRIOTIKE Botues; Vasel GILAJ, Viti i botim XXI, Nr 57, Çmimi 2 USD, New York Mars 2016 [email protected] Janar 1945 forcat e Prek Calit vrasin 57 partizanë FAQE 20-21 Zenel Shabani, “Gjenerali me xhamadan” i atdhetarisë FAQE 22-25 Pretash Zeka Ulaj, bajraktari i Kojës dhe kufinjve të Shqipërisë FAQE 26-29 Lukë Kaçaj, Shaljapini sss Shqipetar FAQE 32-35 Malësorët e Plavë e Gucisë një shekull të masakruar Rregjimi komunist FAQE 36-41 Shasi vendbanimi i hershëm ilir, qyteti vrau dhe pushkatoi i 365 kishave FAQE 42-45 Adem Demaci, Profeti i 226 malësorë Kosoves FAQE 46-48 MARS 2016 2 Ju fton të kontriboni, për promovimin dhe mbrojtjen e vlerave të patjetërsueshme që trashëguam si amanet nga të parët! E PAVARUR, INFORMATIVE, HISTORIKE DHE PATRIOTIKE INFORMATIVE, E PAVARUR, MARS 2016 3 Urdhër lirie apo ikje për liri ite me pare ne Bashkin e qytetit te shkodres,keshilli bashkiak dha nje titull nderi. Gazetaret e pranishem e pyeten kryetarin e keshillit se c’ fare ka bere ky person qe nuk e njohim,nuk e dini i pyeti Kryetari gazetaret jo than serish ata,po ky ka Vbere kerkese sqaroi kryetari. Keshtu me duket se ka ndollur edhe me Dekoraten e dhen Shoqatave Malesia e Madhe ne Detroid dhe New York,tashme nga ishe Presidentja e Kosoves A.Jahjaga ne muajin Shkurt te ketij viti,me titullin Urdheri i Lirise. Nisur nga ky fakt dhe vecanarishte nga trumbetimi dhe tundja qe po i bejne keto shoqata kesaj dekorate,dhe posacerishte ata te Detroidit ketyre zoterinjeve deshiroj tu jape dhe pa dyshim miqesishte,disa argumente per mendimin time kundershtues.
    [Show full text]