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Contents Health Promotion Journal of Australia Volume 17, Number 3, Editorials December 2006 Equity and the social determinants of health 163 Fran Baum and Liz Harris A global perspective on health promotion and the social determinants of health 165 David Sanders The social determinants of health: what are the three key roles for health promotion? 167 Dennis Raphael Are social determinants of health the same as societal determinants of health? 170 Barbara Starfield Policy Building healthy and equitable societies: what Australia can contribute to and learn from the Commission on Social Determinants of Health 174 Fran Baum and Sarah Simpson Social determinants, political contexts and civil society action: a historical perspective on the Commission on Social Determinants of Health 180 Orielle Solar and Alec Irwin The role of the People’s Health Movement in putting the social determinants of health on the global agenda 186 Ravi Narayan* The social determinants of health: is there a role for health promotion foundations? 189 Barb Mouy and Ali Barr The role of health promotion: between global thinking and local action 196 Lesley King Editorial office The health system: what should our priorities be? 210 Please address all editorial correspondence, Anne-marie Boxall and Stephen R. Leeder including original contributions to: The Editor Equity, by what measure? 206 Health Promotion Journal of Australia Shane Houston PO Box 351, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia Sustainable communities: what should our priorities be? 211 Phone: (03) 9329 3535 Valerie A. Brown and Jan Ritchie Fax: (03) 9329 3550 E-mail: [email protected] Research Internet: www.healthpromotion.org.au Guidelines for authors are available in each Federal, State and Territory government responses to health issue of the Journal and on the AHPA website. inequities and the social determinants of health in Australia 217 Lareen Newman, Fran Baum and Elizabeth Harris Smoking, not smoking: how important is where you live? 226 Christine Migliorini and Mohammad Siahpush Evaluation of the Outreach School Garden Project: Building the capacity of two Indigenous remote school communities to integrate nutrition into the core school curriculum 233 The Health Promotion Journal of Australia Antonietta Viola gratefully acknowledges the support of Scoping supermarket availability and accessibility by the University of the Sunshine Coast in socio-economic status in Adelaide 240 hosting the Secretariat of the Australian Lisel A. O’Dwyer and John Coveney Health Promotion Association. Contents Food insecurity in three socially disadvantaged Book Review localities in Sydney, Australia 247 Community Research in Environmental Health: Michelle Nolan, Glenys Rikard-Bell, Mohammed Mohsin Studies in Science, Advocacy and Ethics 268 and Mandy Williams By Doug Brugge and H. Patricia Hynes. Utility stress as a social determinant of health: Reviewed by Cordia Chu exploring the links in a remote Aboriginal community 255 Index Eileen Willis, Meryl Pearce, Carmel McCarthy, Health Promotion Journal of Australia Tom Jenkin and Fiona Ryan Volume 17, 2006 – Author Index 269 Health Promotion Journal of Australia Point of View Volume 17, 2006 – Subject Index 271 The war on obesity: a social determinant of health 262 Lily O’Hara and Jane Gregg Reviewers Social determinants of health and health Health Promotion Journal of Australia inequalities: what role for general practice? 264 Reviewers in 2006 273 John Furler The NSW Social Determinants of Health Action Group: influencing the social determinants of health 266 Suzanne Gleeson and Garth Alperstein Health Promotion Journal of Australia Journal of the Australian Health Promotion Association (Inc) © Australian Health Promotion Association ISSN 1036-1073 The Journal is indexed by Australian Public Affairs Information Service (APAIS), CINAHL, MEDLINE/Index Medicus, EMBASE, EMNURSING, Compendex, GEOBASE, PROQUEST, Scopus and Sociological Abstracts. It has been assessed by the Commonwealth Department of Education Science and Training as satisfying the refereeing requirements for the Higher Education Research Data Collection (HERDC). Previous issues are available at http://www.healthpromotion.org.au Matter published in the Journal does not necessarily represent the views of the Australian Health Promotion Association. Joint Editors Editorial Advisory Board Chris Rissel BSc MPH PhD Gauden Galea Trevor Shilton Health Promotion Unit, Sydney South West Regional Office for the Western Pacific, National Heart Foundation, Western Area Health Service, NSW, and School of World Health Organization, Philippines Australia Public Health, University of Sydney, Billie Giles-Corti Louise Signal Level 9, King George V, Missenden Road, Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Camperdown, New South Wales 2050 University of Western Australia University of Otago, New Zealand E-mail: [email protected] Elizabeth Harris K. C. Tang Jan Ritchie DipPhty MHPEd PhD School of Public Health and Community Department of Non-communicable Disease School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales Prevention and Health Promotion, Medicine, University of New South Wales, T. H. Lam World Health Organization, Switzerland Kensington, New South Wales 2052 Department of Community Medicine, Book Review Editor Adrian Bauman MBBS MPH PhD FAFPHM The University of Hong Kong Ben Smith Professor of Health Promotion, Lily O’Hara School of Public Health, University of School of Public Health, Faculty of Science, Health and Education Sydney, New South Wales University of Sydney, University of the Sunshine Coast New South Wales 2006 Mihi Ratima ‘Exploring Technical Issues’ Editor Division of Public Health and Psychosocial Elizabeth Parker Studies, Auckland University of Technology, School of Public Health, Queensland New Zealand University of Technology 162 Health Promotion Journal of Australia 2006 : 17 (3) Editorials Szreter’s analysis added further to the understanding that local Guest Editors government civic reforms played a crucial role in the 4 This theme issue of the Journal focuses on a critical but environmental improvement. These reforms did not just happen surprisingly neglected aspect of health promotion practice, as a matter of course, but often resulted from significant social 5,6 the social determinants of health. As Guest Editors, Liz Harris and class struggle. That there is a new focus on social and Fran Baum have done an absolutely outstanding job in determinants in the early 21st Century may reflect the fact that attracting high quality papers and overseeing the reviewing the current form of economic globalisation is tending to increase 7,8 and revision processes. They have delivered, on time, not inequities within and between countries, and the logic of only the largest ever issue of the Journal, but a substantial focusing on social and economic change is compelling. contribution to the international health promotion literature. Public health has largely assumed that life expectancy would Many, many thanks from the Joint Editors! continue to rise. The experience of several regions of the world Chris Rissel, Adrian Bauman and Jan Ritchie now negate that expectation and, from a global perspective, sustainable and equitable health advancement is not yet secure. In Africa, an HIV/AIDS pandemic has resulted in falls in life Equity and the social expectancies in many countries.8 In eastern Europe, following the fall of the Soviet Union and the rapid introduction of market determinants of health reforms, life expectancies of men fell.9 Predictions are being made that in the rich countries younger generations may experience falling life expectancies compared with their baby Fran Baum and Liz Harris boomer parents because of increased chronic diseases, partly attributable to the impact of the ways in which the social and This special issue comes at a time when interest in the social built environment are affecting physical activity and nutrition.10 determinants of health is increasing internationally. In the face of rapid economic globalisation and the emergence of significant The formation of the Commission on the Social Determinants infectious and chronic health problems of potentially pandemic of Health by the World Health Organization in 2005 is a clear proportions, the social and economic effects of public and sign of the recognition that there needs to be greater focus on private sector policies on health and its determinants are these upstream determinants or, as the Commission has called 11 becoming too stark to ignore. them, the “causes of the causes”. The Commission has positioned itself as emerging from the tradition of Alma Ata and During the 20th Century life expectancy increased significantly. the Ottawa Charter, as Solar and Irwin make clear in their paper Between 1901 and 2001, life expectancy at birth rose by 23 on the historical legacy inherited by the Commission. This legacy years for men and 24 years for women in Australia.1 Yet while is also noted by Baum and Simpson in their paper, which cites there have been absolute increases in life expectancy for most as examples of early actions on social determinants the work of groups around the world, considerable inequalities remain past Australian governments such as Menzies federally and between people from different social classes, ethnic backgrounds Dunstan at the State level in South Australia. The Commission and gender. Many of these differences result from differential
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