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Paul Auster's Absent Father

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Paul Auster's Absent Father UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Paul Auster’s Absent Father Workings of a Theme in the Autobiographical The Invention of Solitude and the Fictional Moon Palace Sarra Keppola Master’s Thesis English Philology Department of Modern Languages University of Helsinki April 2016 Tiedekunta/Osasto - Fakultet/Sektion – Laitos - Institution – Department Faculty Humanistinen Tiedekunta Nykykieltenlaitos Tekijä - Författare – Author Sarra Keppola Työn nimi - Arbetets titel – Title Paul Austerin poissaoleva isä – teeman käsittely omaelämäkerrassa Yksinäisyyden äärellä sekä fiktioromaanissa Kuun maisemissa (Paul Auster’s Absent Father – Workings of a Theme in the Autobiographical The Invention of Solitude and the Fictional Moon Palace) Oppiaine - Läroämne – Subject Englantilainen Filologia Työn laji - Arbetets art – Aika - Datum – Month and Sivumäärä - Sidoantal – Number of pages Level year Pro Gradu -tutkielma Huhtikuu 2016 52 Pro Gradu –tutkielmassani analysoin Paul Austerin teosten avulla omaelämäkerrallisen ja fiktiivisen kerronnan eroja ja yhteneväisyyksiä. Genrejä vertaillakseni olen valinnut Austerin teoksissa toistuvan poissaolevan isän teeman, ja analysoin sen käsittelyä omaelämäkerrallisessa esikoisproosateoksessa Yksinäisyyden äärellä (The Invention of Solitude) (1982) sekä varhaisessa fiktioromaanissa Kuun maisemissa (Moon Palace) (1989). Tutkin poissaolevan isän teemaa toisaalta itsereflektiivisenä elementtinä fiktiivisessä kerronnassa ja toisaalta selvitän, miten siitä muodostetaan narratiivi omaelämäkerrallisessa teoksessa. Väitän tutkielmassani, että Austerin teoksissa subjektiivisesta esitystavasta siirrytään objektiivisempaan suuntaan psykoanalyyttisten sekä jälkistrukturalististen teoreettisten käsitteiden ja viitekehysten avulla. Soveltamalla teemaansa teoreettisiin viitekehyksiin Auster muuttaa omakohtaiset kokemuksensa yleisempään muotoon. Käsittelen tutkielmassani omaelämäkertaa nykyaikaisen omaelämäkertatutkimuksen pohjalta. Nykytutkimuksen mukaan omaelämäkerta nähdään identiteettiä luovana performatiivisena lajina. Nykytutkimuksen konstruktivistiset teoriat korostavat kerronnallisuutta osana identiteetin muodostamista, erotuksena niin aiemmasta klassisesta näkemyksestä, kuin myöhemmästä jälkistrukturalistisestakin. Paul Austerin teokset edustavat tätä nykyistä näkökantaa, ja Austerin näkemystä onkin kutsuttu ”riittäväksi realismiksi” (”sufficient realism”). Tällä tarkoitetaan Austerin tapaa luoda teksteissään puitteet, jotka mahdollistavat siirtymisen jälkistrukturalismin hajanaisesta todellisuudesta todellisuuteen, jossa tietynlaiset aikaan ja kontekstiin sidonnaiset viittaavuussuhteet ovat mahdollisia ja ympäröivän maailman materiaalisuus voidaan todeta. Hän siis onnistuu yhdistämään viittaavuuden kieltävän jälkistrukturalismin realismiin, joka ei näe ongelmaa todellisuuden materiaalisuudessa. Koska Auster onnistuu näin säilyttämään mahdollisuuden itsereflektioon sekä omaelämäkerralliseen viittaavuuteen, on mielenkiintoista nähdä, miten hänen omakohtaisten kokemustensa kuvaus vuorottelee itseä reflektoivan ja fiktiivisen kerronnan välillä. Lähestyn Austerin teosten poissaolevan isän teemaa kolmesta näkökulmasta. Ensin käsittelen poissaolevan isän aiheuttamaa traumaa ja havainnollistan, miten psykoanalyyttisen teorian mukainen käsitys traumasta on muokannut Austerin kerronnan rakennetta. Toiseksi havainnollistan, miten jälkistrukturalistinen ja psykoanalyyttinen käsitys subjektiivisuuden hajonneisuudesta on vaikuttanut Austerin keskeisten henkilöhahmojen kehittelyyn. Kolmanneksi käsittelen metaforan ja metonymian käyttöä isän poissaolon osoittamisessa strukturalistisen sekä jälkistrukturalistisen näkemysten pohjalta ja pohdin, mikä on Austerin tekstien asema suhteessa niihin. Tutkimukseni puoltaa käsitystä Austerin tekstien ”riittävästä realismista”. Hän tiedostaa omaelämäkerrallisen viittaavuuden kuvainnollisuuden, mutta ei hylkää mahdollisuutta itsestä tai todellisuudesta puhumiseen. Tutkielmani tukee ajatusta siitä, että omaelämäkerta ja fiktio eivät ole vastakkaisia tyylilajeja, vaan osa jatkumoa, jonka ääripäissä ovat oma kokemus ja mielikuvituksen tuotokset. Erotan lajit tutkielmassani siten, että omaelämäkerrallinen narratiivi muodostetaan valikoimalla tapahtumia, vaikutelmia ja tilanteita omasta elämästä ja järjestämällä ne havainnollistamaan jotakin tiettyä ideaa. Fiktionaalinen narratiivi taas muodostetaan yleisemmäksi esitykseksi jostakin ideasta esittämällä kuvaannollinen yhtenäinen juoni, joka on havainnollistavassa yhteydessä valittuun kontekstiin. Oman kokemuksen kerronnallistaminen vie omaelämäkerrallista tarinaa välttämättä jossain määrin fiktiiviseen suuntaan, kun taas oma kokemus välttämättä jossain määrin muokkaa fiktiivistä kerrontaa ja fiktiivisen tarinan kuvainnollisuus on aina mahdollista lukea myös kirjaimellisesti. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Paul Auster, omaelämäkerta, fiktio, poissaoleva isä, trauma, psykoanalyysi, Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, jälkistrukturalismi, eksistentialismi, metafora, metonymia, dekonstruktio, strukturalismi, Roman Jakobson, J. Hillis Miller Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto i Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 1 2 Synopses: The theme of the absent father in The Invention of Solitude and Moon Palace ....................................................................... 4 2.1 The Invention of Solitude ................................................................... 4 2.2 Moon Palace ...................................................................................... 5 3 Trauma, Repetition Compulsion and the Uncanny ........................... 6 3.1 Trauma as initiator to narrative ......................................................... 6 3.2 Freud’s concepts of trauma, repetition compulsion and the uncanny . 8 3.2.1 Trauma and abreaction ...................................................................... 8 3.2.2 Repetition Compulsion ....................................................................... 9 3.2.3 The Uncanny ..................................................................................... 10 3.3 Repetition compulsion as narrative structure in The Invention of Solitude ........................................................................................................ 11 3.3.1 Paul Auster’s repetitive symptoms in The Invention of Solitude ...... 11 3.3.2 The origin of the trauma and its inheritance .................................... 13 3.4 Repetition compulsion as narrative structure in Moon Palace .......... 14 3.4.1 Marco Fogg’s repetitive symptoms in Moon Palace ......................... 15 3.4.2 The origin of the trauma and its inheritance .................................... 18 3.5 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 19 4 Decentered Subjectivity .................................................................. 21 4.1 The difference of solitudes: the destructive and the creative ........... 21 4.2 The psychoanalytic and poststructuralist notion of decentered subjectivity ................................................................................................... 22 4.2.1 Indefiniteness of subject .................................................................. 22 4.2.2 Plurality of selfhood .......................................................................... 23 4.2.3 Identification in relation to an ideal other ....................................... 23 4.3 Centering of the self in The Invention of Solitude ............................. 24 4.3.1 Samuel Auster as an epitome of the decentered subjectivity .......... 25 4.3.2 The centering of the self of Paul Auster ........................................... 26 4.4 Decentered subjectivities and centering of the self in Moon Palace . 29 4.4.1 The centering of the self of Julian Barber/Thomas Effing ................ 29 4.4.2 The anchoring of the self of Marco Fogg .......................................... 31 ii 4.5 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 32 5 Metaphor and Metonymy ............................................................... 33 5.1 Realist / figurative signifiers of the absent ....................................... 33 5.2 Metaphor and metonymy from structuralism to psychoanalytic and poststructuralist theories ............................................................................. 34 5.2.1 Structuralism: Roman Jakobson on metaphor and metonymy ........ 34 5.2.2 Psychoanalysis: Lacan’s theory of the unconscious based on the structure of language .................................................................................... 35 5.2.3 Post-structuralism: J. Hillis Miller’s deconstruction of Jakobson’s binary distinction between metaphor and metonymy .................................. 36 5.3 Metaphor, metonymy and absence in The Invention of Solitude ...... 37 5.3.1 Samuel Auster’s house: condensation of signifier and signified ...... 37 5.3.2 Samuel Auster through photographs: substituting synecdochic details for the whole ...................................................................................... 38 5.3.3 Samuel Auster’s objects: substitution as the fading of the context . 40 5.4 Metaphor, metonymy and absence in Moon Palace ......................... 42 5.4.1 Uncle Victor’s suit: substituting presence for absence ..................... 42 5.4.2 Uncle Victor’s books: symbolic substitutions
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