International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch + Gornergrat

Activity Report 2003

International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch + Gornergrat Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern / Switzerland

Telephone +41 (0)31 631 4052 Fax +41 (0)31 631 4405 URL: http://www.ifjungo.ch

February 2004

International Foundation HFSJG Annual Report 2003 Table of contents

Message of the President...... i Report of the Director ...... iii

High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch Statistics on research days 2003 ...... 1 Long-term experiments and automatic measurements ...... 3 Activity reports: High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry, Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere (Institute of Astrophyiscs and Geophysics, Université de Liège, Belgium) ...... 5 Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water vapor and temperature by LIDAR (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Switzerland) ...... 9 Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements (MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland)...... 15 Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV photovoltaic plant at 3453 m (Berner Fachhochschule, Hochschule für Technik und Informatik HTI, Switzerland) ...... 19 Monitoring of halogenated greenhouse gases (EMPA, Switzerland)...... 27 National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL, (EMPA, Switzerland) ...... 31 The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the Jungfraujoch (Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland) ...... 35 Solar UV irradiance (Institut für Medizinische Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Austria) ...... 43 Automated GPS Network in Switzerland AGNES, (Bundesamt für Landestopographie, Switzerland)...... 47 AEROCARB: Airborne European Regional Observations of the Carbon Balance (Climate and Environmental Physics, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ...... 53 14 Long-term observations of CO2 at Jungfraujoch (Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg, Germany) ...... 57 Rock-face temperature monitoring (Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Switzerland)...... 59 Permafrost temperature monitoring in alpine rock walls, (Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland) ...... 61 Solar and atmospheric radiation measurements (Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Switzerland) ...... 65 Operation of a 70 cm amateur beacon transmitter, operation of a 23 cm voice repeater station, study of high frequency propagation conditions (Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern, Switzerland)...... 69 Free Tropospheric Experiment 2003, FREETEX 03, (Department of Chemistry, University of York, School of Environment / Department of Chemistry, University of Leeds, UK)...... 71 Atmospheric physics and chemistry, (Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA-IASB, Belgium) ...... 77 International Foundation HFSJG Annual Report 2003

Continuous aerosol radioactivity monitoring (Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Switzerland)...... 81 85Kr activity determination in tropospheric air (Climate and Environmental Physics, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ...... 85 VITA Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with annual resolution (Labor für Radio- und Umwelt Chemie der Universität Bern und des Paul Scherrer Instituts, Switzerland) ...... 87 Sunphotometry at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute KNMI, De Bilt, and Kipp & Zonen B.V., Delft, The Netherlands)...... 91 Comparison of 2H, 3H and 18O in precipitation taken at the Sphinx station and in shallow ice cores taken at the Jungfraufirn, (Climate and Environmental Physics and Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ...... 97 MATRAG – Modelling of Alpine Tropospheric Delay by Radiometers and GPS, (Institute of Geodesy, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany)...... 99 Swiss Alpine Airborne SAR-Experiment SASARE, (Remote Sensing Laboratories RSL, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland)...... 103 Neutron Monitors – Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays (Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ...... 109 Cosmic ray induced failures in biased high power semiconductor devices (ABB Switzerland Ltd., Semiconductors, Switzerland) ...... 113 Comparison of lung volumes and impulse oscillometric lung function before and after short term high altitude exposure (Pneumologie, Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, University of Munich, Germany) ...... 115 The unusual weather conditions in 2003 (MeteoSchweiz Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 117 High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat Statistics on research days 2003 ...... 121 Activity reports: KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie (I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln; Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn Germany) ...... 123 Solar Sub-Millimeter Flare Observations with KOSMA (Institute of Applied Physics, Universität Bern, Switzerland)...... 127 Italian national infrared telescope TIRGO (CNR, Istituto di Radioastronomia, sezione di Firenze, Italy) ...... 131 SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the Sun (Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ...... 133 Research areas at the various European high mountain observatories ...... 139 Borovetz Memorandum of Understanding ...... 141 The International Foundation HFSJG in the news ...... 145 Publications...... 147 Index of research groups / institutes ...... 159 Index of projects ...... 161 Acknowledgements...... 165 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Message of the President

The Activity Report of the International Foundation HFSJG is the report on another truly active year. A large number of scientists have collected meteorological, environmental, and astronomical data during a total of 1622 person-days and/or nights at the Research Stations on Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat. In addition a vast amount of data has been collected by automatic monitoring. This accumulated wealth of information has been laid down in 132 publications and six dissertations. Jungfraujoch is a key station for 13 national and international environmental network programs. The Foundation has co-sponsored an exceptionally well-attended international conference on “The Dense Interstellar Medium in Galaxies” in Zermatt. The Research Stations have attracted a large number of scientific and otherwise motivated visitors from all over Europe and beyond. Thus the Foundation has continued, and if anything, expanded its role as a virtual research institute.

The bulk of the present Activity Report consists of the research results of 32 research groups. The Foundation is indebted to them for their excellent and punctual manuscripts. They make fascinating reading indeed.

Very special thanks are due to the Director of the Research Stations, Professor Erwin Flückiger. His report on the following pages gives an idea of his countless and untiring activities towards successful operation of the stations. Without his deep involvement in all aspects the Foundation would be non-functional and the present report would consist of only white pages.

Of course many individuals, institutions, and organisations have supported the Director in a variety of ways and sometimes in essential matters. He has enumerated and thanked them in his report. I fully and heartily join his thanks without repeating all the names. My special thanks, however, are due to the international delegates of the Foundation, whose devotion to our joint endeavor is so essential. I also want to single out the Swiss National Science Foundation for its understanding of the needs of the HFSJG and for the continued financial support.

At the Board Meeting of the Foundation in Interlaken in October 2003, I had the great pleasure to announce that the Senate of the Swiss Academy of Sciences had nominated - upon the recommendation of the (Swiss) Jungfraujoch Commission - Professor Hans Balsiger as my successor as President of the Foundation, effective January 1st, 2004. I have always considered myself as an interim President during the illness and after the untimely death of my venerable predecessor, Professor Hermann Debrunner. Now I am extremely happy to see Hans Balsiger taking the chair; he is an eminent Bernese space physicist with broad experience in international affairs - as well as a good friend over many years. May he have as easy times in heading the successful Foundation as I had during my term!

Basel, May 15th, 2004 G.A. Tammann

i International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

ii International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Report of the Director

The success of the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG) is measured by the quality of the scientific results and by the extent to which its research stations are used. According to these criteria the year 2003 has again been a successful one. This new issue in our series of annual reports summarizes the major events within the Foundation HFSJG as well as operational aspects and research activity at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat. As in previous years, the scientific reports have been prepared by the respective research groups.

The Foundation HFSJG On October 24, 2003, the Board of the Foundation HFSJG met at the Victoria- Jungfrau Grand Hotel in Interlaken for its regular meeting held every odd numbered year. The president, Prof. Gustav Andreas Tammann, had the honor to welcome the members of the board, the ‘Jungfraujoch Commission’ of the Swiss Academy of Sciences SAS, the ‘Astronomic Commission HFSJG’, and a number of distinguished guests. The annual activity reports 2001 and 2002 as well as the statement of accounts for both years were approved unanimously and with no abstentions. The extensive and excellent scientific output that resulted from the research at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat was recognized with great pleasure and satisfaction. The president also informed that the finances for 2004 are guaranteed and that there are promising signals from the Swiss National Science Foundation for a consolidation concerning the future financing of the Swiss contribution to the operational and maintenance costs of the research stations. Prof. Tammann then explained the reasons for his wish to resign as president of the Foundation. Prof. Hans Balsiger, space physicist and former director of the Physikalisches Institut of the University of Bern had agreed to accept the office and was elected president of the Foundation HFSJG by the senate of the Swiss Academy of Sciences on May 9, 2003. He will assume his duties as of January 1, 2004. The board HFSJG elected Prof. Paul Wild as Corresponding Member of the Foundation, honoring thus his meritorious service to the Foundation and to the Astronomic Commission. As usual, a number of interesting scientific reports concluded the meeting. On Saturday, October 25, 2003, the members and guests were invited to an excursion to the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, where representatives of the research teams presented on-going scientific projects on site. The Astronomic Commission, which has changed its function to that of a users’ and science advisory committee to strengthen the Foundation’s internal and external communication, had its regular spring and autumn meetings. In order to promote dissemination of the scientific results obtained at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat, and in particular to emphasize the astrophysical work being done by the research groups using the Foundation’s infrastructure, the International Foundation HFSJG co-sponsored the 4th Cologne-Bonn-Zermatt Symposium, organized by the University of Cologne and held in Zermatt in September 2003. The very successful conference was attended by more than 200 participants from all over the world. The report period was also marked by endeavors being made toward closer connections among high altitude research stations in Europe. Upon the initiative of a

iii International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 number of research groups working at Jungfraujoch and/or abroad, the Foundation was involved in several research proposals for Networks of Excellence within FP6, the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme 2002-2006. The director HFSJG had the honor to represent the Foundation at two meetings in Italy for the proposal ATPROMO (Atmospheric Parameters and Radiation On Mountain Observatories; Rome, May 7-8, 2003; and Torino, September 19-20, 2003), headed by Dr. Alba Zanini, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione Torino, Torino, Italy. He was also invited to participate from June 28 - July 3, 2003, in the workshop “High Mountain Observatories and the Challenges of the 21st Century”, at Borovetz, Bulgaria, organized by Prof. Jordan Stamenov, Director of the Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, INRNE, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, and head of the scientific station at Mt. Moussala. This workshop resulted in a memorandum of understanding emphasizing the significance of High Mountain Observatories. All the meetings were extremely successful in providing an overview of the scientific activity at high altitude locations as well as in establishing very useful contacts to the station managers of other high alpine scientific stations in Europe. (Please see corresponding documents at the end of the activity report.)

The High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch As documented by the individual reports and the lists and statistics, the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch continued to be a place of exceptionally lively and exciting research. In 2003, 32 teams from 23 institutions were active at Jungfraujoch. Among the 32 research projects, 20 were primarily based on automatic measurements around the clock. With the exception of Italy (whose researchers work exclusively at the Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat North), all member countries of the Foundation benefited from the excellent research conditions (Figure 1). By number of projects, Germany was the second largest user after Switzerland. As in previous years, researchers from The Netherlands, a former member country of the Foundation, were also present. Scientists spent a total of 686 person-working days at Jungfraujoch. As shown in Figure 2, this number is lower than the numbers of the past years and reflects the trend to automatic and remote-controlled measurements. Also, for several field campaigns, the scientific station Jungfraujoch was just used as a base. Figure 3 illustrates the relative number of person-working days for 2003 by country. Leading in presence at Jungfraujoch were the Institut d’Astrophysique et Géophysique de l’Université de Liège, the LIDAR group from the Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol de l’Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), and the University of York, Department of Chemistry together with the University of Leeds, School of Environment / Department of Chemistry (Free Tropospheric Experiment 2003, FREETEX 03). Researchers from the Institut für Medizinische Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Austria, pursued their long-term annual measurement campaigns on solar UV irradiance. Complementing the automatic meteorological measurements, our custodians continued the daily weather observations for the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss). The custodians also provide the updates for a new internet weather report of the Jungfraubahn. The extensive research conducted at Jungfraujoch during 2003 resulted in 112 scientific publications, conference contributions, and data reports. It is noteworthy that young and in particular young women scientists are playing an increasingly active role. In 2003, six Ph.D. theses were based on work conducted at Jungfraujoch. iv

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

25 Research Projects 21 at Jungfraujoch 20 2003

15

10

5 5 2 1 1 2

0 Switzerland Germany Belgium United Austria The Kingdom Netherlands

Figure 1: Number of research projects at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch by country.

1600 1500 1479 1400 1278 1197 1200 1106 1095 1032 1027 967 1000 922 906 910 881

800 686

600

400 200

0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Figure 2: Number of working days spent by scientists at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch during the past years.

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6.0% 1.9%

8.7%

34.4% Switzerland

7.9% Belgium

Austria United Kingdom Germany The Netherlands

41.1%

Figure 3: Relative number of person-working days at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch by country.

Due to the unique location and the unspoiled environment as well as the quality of the scientific work, Jungfraujoch has maintained its role as a center for environmental research. The site plays a significant role in a number of nationally and internationally coordinated research programs. Jungfraujoch is a key station in the following major networks: NDSC Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change Primary Site GAW Global Atmosphere Watch GAW-DACH European Baseline Station, together with Zugspitze/Hohenpeissenberg (2962 m, Germany) and Sonnblick (3106 m, Austria) SOGE System for Observation of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe AEROCARB Airborne European Regional Observations of the Carbon Balance EARLINET European Aerosol Research Lidar Network CHARM Swiss Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring Program ANETZ Automatic Measuring Network of MeteoSwiss RADAIR Swiss Automatic Network for Air Radioactivity Monitoring NADAM Netz für automatische Dosis-Alarmierung und -Meldung NABEL Nationales Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe (National Air Pollution Monitoring Network) ASRB Alpine Surface Radiation Budget Network AGNES Automated GPS Network for Switzerland

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The significance of the environmental research at Jungfraujoch is threefold: 1) the large number of chemical and physical atmospheric parameters measured simultaneously at the same site by a variety of state-of-the-art experimental techniques, 2) the existence of long-term datasets which are unique in the world, and 3) the extensive interaction of scientists across disciplines on all scales: locally, in national, European, and global networks, including ground-based measurements as well as observations from space, and combining experiment and theory. Jungfraujoch, however, is not only a center for atmospheric and environmental research. The high alpine surroundings are of equal importance, as demonstrated e.g. by the research projects conducted by the University of Zürich, Department of Geography, Glaciology and Geomorphodynamics Group (rock-face temperature monitoring), by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, Zürich (permafrost temperature monitoring in alpine rock walls). These long-term temperature measurements will be of importance for the evaluation of the consequences of heat waves such as the one in summer 2003 to the high alpine environment in general but in particular for the region of the UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn (JAB). Glacier parameters as key indicators for climatic changes were also measured remotely by means of SAR (synthetic aperture radar) within the Swiss Alpine Airborne SAR Experiment SASARE (University of Zurich, Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories). It was the first time that such an SAR experiment was flown in a high alpine environment. The extraction of climate information from archives within the JAB was also the goal of ice drilling campaigns in the Fiescherhorn/Jungfraujoch area conducted by a joint team of the University of Bern, Laboratory for Radio- and Environmental Chemistry, and the Paul Scherrer Institute within the NCCR Climate project VITA (NCCR Climate: National Centre of Competence in Research on Climate; VITA: Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings - Archives with annual resolution). On November 7, 2003, the highest grid connected photovoltaic power plant in the world, installed and operated by the Berner Fachhochschule, Hochschule für Technik und Informatik (HTI), Burgdorf, celebrated its 10th anniversary. Throughout the years the experimental plant operated successfully with 100% availability in energy production and data monitoring, and it provided a wealth of results on technological and environmental aspects. The HTI celebrated this event on site with one of its traditional Face-to-Face meetings, bringing about 60 representatives from science, industry, politics, and media to Jungfraujoch. The Research Station, the scientific activity, and the unique environment of the new UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn attracted a number of visitors throughout the year. Several organizations initiated meetings of national and international scientific committees in the Jungfrau region and combined these meetings with an excursion to Jungfraujoch, e.g. - HYDRAM group of the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL (Prof. André Musy, February 20, 2003) - Swiss Aral Sea Mission, Uzbekistan (March 7, 2003) - AGAGE Meeting of EMPA (June 18, 2003) - Deutscher Geographentag (September 27, 2003)

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- Wengen Workshop 2003 (Prof. Martin Beniston, October 4, 2003) - COST-723 Workshop (October 5, 2003) The administration HFSJG also received a number of requests for visits to the Research Station from representatives of news media and non-scientific groups. Thanks to the help of the researchers and the custodians most of them could be realized, and all were extremely well received. Life in the mountains, the high alpine environment, and the research activity were reflected in more than 20 contributions in the news. The extreme solar events of October and November 2003 attracted the attention of scientists, engineers, and the public worldwide. Intense northern lights (aurora) were visible on the entire globe even at low geographic latitudes. Eye-witness reports in Switzerland included locations such as Jungfraujoch and the region of Lake Constance and were extensively discussed in the media. In order to provide the researchers with optimal working conditions, continuous effort is needed to keep the environment clean and the infrastructure in good condition. As in previous years, several coordination discussions took place with the management of the Jungfraubahnen. Prime topics were measures to avoid or minimize disturbances of the scientific measurements by emissions in connection with ongoing and planned construction work or by apparatus defects. A few disturbing emissions due to technical malfunctions were eliminated promptly. The continuous support by Mr. Andreas Wyss, chief of technical services and maintenance division of the Jungfraubahnen at Jungfraujoch, and his team is gratefully acknowledged. Maintenance work on the infrastructure of the Research Station included repainting the laboratories on the ground floor in the Research Station, and the repair of small water leaks in the flat roofs of the Sphinx building and the Research Station. At the end of July, reaching age 65, Mrs. and Mr. Susanne and Kurt Jenni resigned as our substitute custodians after three years of devoted service to the benefit of the researchers and the Foundation. They were succeeded by Mrs. and Mr. Gertrud and Kurt Hemund.

The High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat Due to its unique location, its clean environment, and the good infrastructure, the High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat, which includes the two astronomical observatories Gornergrat South and Gornergrat North as well as a container laboratory, continued to serve as an excellent basis for astrophysical research. The Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat North is subleased to the Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). It is equipped with a 1.5m Cassegrain-Infrared (IR) Telescope (TIRGO). The telescope and related instrumentation are run by the Istituto di Radioastronomia (IRA-CNR), sezione di Firenze (former CAISMI), with the assistance of the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri and the Dipartimento di Astronomia e Scienza dello Spazio of the Università di Firenze. Observations were made during the winter months 2002/2003 and again after the summer season, which is not suited for IR observations. TIRGO activity was focused on observing galaxies in the local universe to address the issue of galaxy formation. The Observatory Gornergrat South is subleased to the Universität zu Köln. Here, the I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln has installed the 3m radio telescope

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KOSMA (Kölner Observatorium für Submillimeter und Millimeter Astronomie). The central topic of the research with KOSMA is the spectrally resolved observation of the global distribution of interstellar matter in the Milky Way and nearby external galaxies, using the important mm-, submm-lines of CO, and atomic carbon. The most advanced technical equipment (two superconductor-insulator-superconductor SIS array receivers) combined with the excellent observing conditions at Gornergrat allow astronomical observations up to the highest frequencies accessible to ground-based instruments. Both instruments at Gornergrat are accessible to guest investigators. In 2003, scientists from 18 European and non-European research institutions spent a total of 936 person-working days at the astronomical observatories at Gornergrat (Figures 4 and 5).

140 126 120 100 94.4% 80 5.6% 57 60 44 37 40 40

18 20

0 Osservatorio IRA-CNR Dip. di Osservatorio IASF-CNR Istituto de Italy Spain Astrofisico di Astronomia, Astronomico Astrofisica del Arcetri Univ. di Firenze di Torino Andalucia

Figure 4: Statistics of the person-working days at the Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat North.

350 295 10.3% 300 5.0% 250 4.7%

200 4.6% 3.4% 150 115 1.1%

100 70.9% 63

50 28 28 22 21 18 7773 Germany South Africa 0 France Switzerland China The Netherlands Hungary München Universität ETH Zürich Budapest Toulouse Bordeaux University of University Observatoire HIFI/Herschel University of University Astron. Inst. Johannesburg Universität Bonn Universität SRON Groningen 1. Physikal. Inst Physikal. 1. MPIfA Heidelberg Universität zu Köln zu Universität University of Peking of University Bern Universität IAP Figure 5: Statistics of the person-working days at the Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat South.

ix International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Within a collaboration with the KOSMA team the Institute of Applied Physics of the University of Bern investigates the spectral development of the radio emission and electron distribution during the acceleration and thermal phase of solar flares. Shortly after completion of a new receiver the exceptional flare on October 19, 2003, was observed. This observation gave fascinating results about the temporal evolution of the millimeter flux and a significant shift in the source position correlated with a dramatic change in source diameter. Some of these features were observed for the first time. Since 1998, the Space Research and Planetary Sciences Division of the University of Bern has been operating a solar neutron telescope (SONTEL) on the Belvedere plateau. This detector is the European cornerstone of a worldwide network initiated by the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory of the Nagoya University for the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic processes at the Sun. Analysis of the recordings during the series of extremely energetic solar eruptions that occurred at the end of October and the beginning of November, however, shows no indication of the presence of solar neutrons near Earth. Nevertheless, even in the absence of solar neutrons the SONTEL data during the October/November 2003 time period are of special interest, in particular for the study of solar-terrestrial effects. The scientific work at Gornergrat during the past year resulted in 20 publications. Details of the activity during 2003 can be found in the individual reports. In 2003 the I. Physikalisches Institut of the Universität zu Köln was the main organizer of two conferences in Zermatt. From July 14-18, the 4th International Conference on Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy was held at the Grand Hotel Zermatterhof. The 4th Cologne-Bonn-Zermatt Symposium on “The dense Interstellar Medium in Galaxies” was held from September 22-26, at the same location. Both conferences were extremely successful, each attracting more than 200 participants from all over the world. Many of the conference participants seized the opportunity to visit Gornergrat, as did a major group of technical staff of Swiss transport companies (June 14, 2003). An extremely important help for the successful scientific work done at Gornergrat is the continued support provided by the Burgergemeinde Zermatt as the owner of the Gornergrat Kulm Hotel, by the Gornergratbahn, and locally by Mrs. Marianne Schwall and Mr. Uli Schwall as the director of the Kulm Hotel, and his crew.

Summary and Acknowledgements As documented by the individual activity reports, the large number of publications, and the feedback from meetings, scientific work at the High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat during the report period 2003 continued to be extensive and of high international standard. Due to the unique observational and measuring conditions, the Jungfraujoch station has maintained its position as a key station in a number of European and global measuring networks for climate and environmental studies. For the same reasons, Gornergrat continues to be a center for outstanding astronomical and astrophysical research. The Foundation HFSJG therefore confirmed its role as a provider of excellent research infrastructure. The hard work and the efforts of all who contributed to this success are highly appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. We also thank all members of the Foundation and their representatives for their support. In particular, we thank the Swiss National Science

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Foundation for the most significant funding of the Swiss contribution, and in particular Prof. Albert Matter (President Division II), Dr. Paul Burkhard (Head secre- tariat Division II), and Dr. Jean-Bernard Weber (Head Coordination and Interdivi- sional Tasks), for the excellent and benevolent collaboration. Operation of the High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat would not be possible without the help and support of many individuals and organizations. For the Jungfraujoch station, our thanks go to our custodians, Mr. and Mrs. Fischer, Mr. and Mrs. Hemund, and the now retired Mr. and Mrs. Jenni. With their devotion to duty, their competence, and their ability to create a comfortable atmosphere in the station, they are providing the basis for all scientists to do good research work. A special thanks goes to the Jungfrau Railway Holding Ltd and to the Jungfrau Railways. Without their goodwill and their substantial help the Research Station at Jungfraujoch could hardly be operated. Both the Board of the Jungfrau Railway Holding Ltd under its president Mr. Riccardo Gullotti, as well as the management and personnel of the Jungfraubahnen under Chief Executive Officer Walter Steuri, are always open and positive toward our needs, which quite often conflict with touristic objectives. We gratefully acknowledge the generous direct and indirect support and appreciate the continued interest in the research activity and the scientific output. At Jungfraujoch we are particularly grateful to Mr. Andreas Wyss, chief of technical services and maintenance, and his team. Our thanks also include Mr. Urs Zumbrunn, and the personnel of the Restaurant Top of Europe. The great efforts of all these individuals and institutions would, however, be worthless if the research facilities would not be used adequately. We therefore would like to express our sincere gratitude to all scientists for their dedicated work and good collaboration, demonstrating through the excellence of their research that the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch continues to fulfill an undisputed need of the scientific community. In this sense, for Gornergrat our thanks go first to all the scientists of the Istituto di Radioastronomia (IRA-CNR), sezione di Firenze, of the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri and the Dipartimento di Astronomia e Scienza dello Spazio of the Università di Firenze, the I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, and of the University of Bern, and of all collaborating institutions. We then thank the BVZ Holding AG and, in particular, the Gornergrat-Monte Rosa-Bahnen with its president of the Board, Mr. René Bayard. The substantial continuous support provided by the Gornergrat- Monte Rosa-Bahnen, by its Chief Executive Officer Hans-Rudolf Mooser as well as the entire crew, has been essential for the success of the scientific work. Finally, we are extremely grateful to the Burgergemeinde Zermatt under the presidency of Mr. Andreas Biner, the members of the Burgerrat, and to Mr. Fernando Clemenz, Director of the Matterhorn Group. Without their goodwill and support it would not be possible to operate a world-famous astrophysical observatory at Gornergrat. At the administrative office in Bern I would like to thank Dr. Urs Jenzer, the technical assistant HFSJG for electronics and computers, for his proficient work. Continued assistance by the Informatikdienste of the University of Bern in networking and data transfer is also gratefully acknowledged. We have greatly appreciated the competent services of our treasurer, Mr. Karl Martin Wyss, and the knowledgeable support and auditing by Mr. Christian Gasser. Last, but not least, I would like to thank our secretary, Mrs. Louise Wilson. Her devotion to the Foundation HFSJG, her

xi International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 competence and flexibility in running the administrative affairs, and her kindness in the daily contacts with staff and scientists are well recognized and highly appreciated.

Bern, February 20, 2004 Erwin O. Flückiger

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Research statistics for 2003 High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch

Institute Country Research with Research during overnight stay the day only Institut d’Astrophysique et Belgium 274 1 Géophysique, Université de Liège Laboratoire de Pollution Switzerland 67 6 Atmosphérique et Sol, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne University of Leeds, School of United Kingdom 60 Chemistry Institut für Medizinische Physik, Austria 54 Universität Innsbruck VAW Glaziologie, ETH Zentrum, Switzerland 26 10 Zürich Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, Germany 25 University of Munich Geographisches Institut, Universität Switzerland 21 2 Zürich Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen Switzerland 12 9 Universität der Bundeswehr München Germany 11 2 Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Belgium 7 Bruxelles Eidg. Materialprüfungs- und Switzerland 6 17 Forschungsanstalt, Dübendorf KNMI (Royal Netherlands The Netherlands 5 4 Meteorological Institute), De Bilt Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Germany 3 Leipzig Berner Fachhochschule für Technik Switzerland 2 5 und Informatik, Burgdorf Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Freiburg Switzerland 2 1 Atmospheric and Climate Science, Switzerland 2 ETH Honggerberg, Zürich MétéoSuisse, Payerne Switzerland 1 22 Kipp & Zonen B.V., Delft The Netherlands 1 3 Institut für Angewandte Physik, Switzerland 1 3 Universität Bern Gruppe Kosmische Strahlung, Switzerland 1 6 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern

1 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Institute Country Research with Research during overnight stay the day only MeteoSchweiz, Zürich Switzerland 1 Klima- und Umweltphysik, Switzerland 5 Universität Bern Bundesamt für Landestopographie, Switzerland 2 swisstopo, Wabern Institute of Plant Biology / Micro- Switzerland 2 biology, Universität Zürich Geographisches Institut, Universität Switzerland 2 Bern ABB Schweiz AG, Semiconductors, Switzerland 1 Lenzburg Laboratory for High Energy Physics, Switzerland 1 Universität Bern TOTAL 582 104

Overnight stays Days with no overnight stay Workers, Jungfrau railway, and 61 3 visitors HFSJG administration 10 19

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Long-term experiments and automatic measurements at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch

Institute Experiment / Measurements

Institut d’Astrophysique et Atmospheric physics and solar physics de Géophysique de l'Université de Liège B-4000 Liège

Belgian Institute for Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry Space Aeronomy B-1180 Brussels

MétéoSuisse Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry Station Aérologique (radiation measurements) CH-1530 Payerne

Schweiz. Bundesamt Global Positioning System für Landestopographie CH-3084 Wabern-Bern

Paul Scherrer Institut Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry CH-5232 Villigen PSI (aerosol measurements)

Eidg. Materialprüfungs- und Atmospheric chemistry Forschungsanstalt EMPA (O3 - and NOx measurements) CH-8600 Dübendorf

Physikalisches Institut Astrophysics (cosmic ray measurements) Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern

Institut für Angewandte Physik Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern

Hochschule für Technik und Photovoltaic power plant Architektur CH-3400 Burgdorf

ABB Switzerland Ltd. Materials research Semiconductors CH-5600 Lenzburg

École Polytechnique Fédérale de LIDAR Lausanne EPFL CH-1015 Lausanne

3 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Institute Experiment / Measurements

MeteoSchweiz Weather observations CH-8044 Zürich

14 Universität Heidelberg CO2 and CO2measurements Institut für Umweltphysik Weekly collection Krypton samples D-69120 Heidelberg

Institut für atmosphärische Krypton85 measurements Radioaktivität, D-Freiburg i.B. and Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern

Bundesamt für Gesundheit Measurements of radioactivity: CH-1700 Freiburg RADAIR NADAM

VAW Glacier measurements Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology ETH Zürich CH-8092 Zürich

Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Solar and terrestrial radiation measurements Observatorium Davos World Radiation Center CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Institute for Medical Physics Solar UV irradiance University Innsbruck Müllerstrasse 44 A-6020 Innsbruck

Abteilung für Klima- und AEROCARB: Airborne European Regional Umweltphysik, Physikalisches Observations of the Carbon Balance Institut, Universität Bern

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège

Title of project: High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere

Project leader and team: Luc Delbouille (em.), Philippe Demoulin, Pierre Duchatelet, Emmanuel Mahieu, Francine Mélen, Ginette Roland (em.), Christian Servais, Rodolphe Zander (project leader), Jacqueline Bosseloirs, Guy Buntinx, Thomas Rulmont, Vincent Van De Weerdt, Diane Zander, Observatoire Royal de Belgique: Jacques Sauval, Ronny Blomme, Joan Vandekerckhove.

Project description: The main activity of the Liège group at the Jungfraujoch was the continuation of the long-term monitoring of the Earth atmosphere. The two high-performance infrared spectrometers allowed to routinely derive total abundances of more than 20 constituents: gases related to the erosion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere (HCl, ClONO2, HNO3, NO, NO2, HF, COF2, O3, …), greenhouse gases monitored in the frame of the Kyoto protocol (N2O, CH4, CO2, SF6, CCl2F2, CHClF2, ...) and gases affecting the oxidization processes in the troposphere (CO, C2H2, C2H6, OCS, HCN, H2CO, …). The resulting databases allow the determination of the short-term variability, seasonal modulations, as well as long-term changes affecting most of these species. During 2003, 221 days were spent at the Jungfraujoch by observers from Liège and from the Institute of Space Aeronomy of Brussels. Good weather conditions enabled observations on 123 days. We carried on evaluating the budget of chlorine- fluorine- and nitrogen-containing species. The analysis confirms, for example, that the stratospheric chlorine contents (Cly) has leveled off during the late 1990s, as a result of the restrictions imposed by the Montreal Protocol and its successive amendments on the production of chlorine- bearing source gases. Further measurements will help to assess the expected subsequent slow Cly decrease. For a number of the species listed above, a complete re-analysis of the archived spectra is currently under way with SFIT-2, a new retrieval algorithm that provides some information on the distribution of the molecules versus altitude. This tool leads to more accurate total columns evaluation. For some gases, it allows to perform partial columns retrievals (e.g. to distinguish between tropospheric and stratospheric contents). In order to perform retrievals of additional heavy gases like CFCs, HCFCs and other new substitutes showing broad absorption features in the infrared, several modifications to the SFIT-2 analysis algorithm have been implemented successfully. In particular, changes to the source code have been made to significantly increase the number of spectral points that can be handled: wide intervals of up to 50 cm-1 can

5 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 now be fitted. Intensive tests have been performed to identify the best retrieval settings leading to reliable CFC-11 (CCl3F) and CCl4 total columns determinations. Figure 1 shows the selected spectral domain for the retrieval of CFC-11.

Figure 1: sample fit of CFC-11 over the selected spectral domain. Lower frame: observed (blue), computed (red) and CFC-11-only computed (green) spectra. Upper frame: residuals (observed minus computed spectra). Interferences by solar OH quadruplet lines not modeled by the analysis software and located around 838 and 846 cm-1 are clearly visible in the upper frame of the figure.

Figure 2: mixing ratios of SF6, derived from measurements above Jungfraujoch (stars), Ny Ålesund (Norway, squares) and Kitt Peak (USA, triangles). Additionally, in situ measurements from NOAA/CMDL (circles, from http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov) averaged over the northern hemisphere and other values from the literature (diamonds) are shown.

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In the frame of the EU-project SOGE (System for Observation of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe), in which EMPA Dübendorf is also involved, emphasis has been put on the analysis of halogenated greenhouse gases. As an example, Figure 2 show the SF6 time series retrieved from IR spectra recorded at the Jungfraujoch. SF6 retrievals are particularly difficult due to strong and close interferences by water vapour and CO2 absorptions. Intercomparison of the SF6 time series obtained at three NDSC stations (Jungfraujoch, Ny Ålesund, 78.9ºN, 20 m a.s.l. and Kitt Peak 31.9ºN, 2090 m a.s.l.) has been performed to verify the consistency among the related data sets. During 2003, we also continued to provide data for the calibration/validation of 3 instruments (MIPAS, SCIAMACHY and GOMOS) aboard the European satellite Envisat. As a result, we supplied to the calibration team 3037 total abundances of O3, N2O, CO, CH4, NO, NO2, HNO3 and CO2, measured at the Jungfraujoch over 63 days between January and August.

Key words: Earth atmosphere, ozone layer, greenhouse gases, long-term monitoring, infrared spectrometry

Internet data bases: http://www.nilu.no/nadir/, ftp://ndsc.wwb.noaa.gov/pub/ndsc/jungfrau/ftir/

Collaborating partners/networks: Main collaborations: IASB (Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique) / NDSC (Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change) / SOGE partners (e.g. EMPA) [http://www.nilu.no/niluweb/services/soge] / NASA Langley Research Center / NASA JPL / University of Oslo / IMK (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe) / satellite experiments: MOPPIT, ENVISAT and ACE validation / …

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal articles Barret, B., M. De Mazière, and E. Mahieu, Groung-based FTIR measurements of CO from the Jungfraujoch: characterisation and comparison with in situ surface and MOPITT data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2217-2223, 2003. Rinsland, C. P., A. Goldman, T. M. Stephen, L. S. Chiou, E. Mahieu, and R. Zander, SF6 ground-based infrared solar absorption measurements : long-term trend, pollution events, and a search for SF5CF3 absorption, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 78, 41-53, 2003. Rinsland, C. P., E. Mahieu, R. Zander, N. B. Jones, M. P. Chipperfield, A. Goldman, J. Anderson, J. M. Russell III, P. Demoulin, J. Notholt, G. C. Toon, J.-F. Blavier, B. Sen, R. Sussmann, S. W. Wood, A. Meier, D. W. T. Griffith, L. S. Chiou, F. J. Murcray, T. M. Stephen, F. Hase, S. Mikuteit, A. Schulz, and T. Blumenstock, Long- term trends of inorganic chlorine from ground-based infrared solar spectra: Past increases and evidence for stabilization, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D8), 4252, ACH10, doi:10.1029/2002JD003001, 2003. Rinsland, C. P., D. K. Weisenstein, M. K. W. Ko, C. J. Scott, L. S. Chiou, E. Mahieu, R. Zander, and P. Demoulin, Post Mount Pinatubo eruption ground-based stratospheric column measurements of HNO3, NO, and NO2 and their comparison

7 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 with model calculation, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D15), 4437, ACL1, doi:10.1029/2002JD002965, 2003. Conference papers De Mazière, M., T. Coosemans, B. Barret, T. Blumenstock, A. Griesfeller, P. Demoulin, H. Fast, D. Griffith, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, R. L. Mittermeier, J. Notholt, C. Rinsland, A. Schulz, D. Smale, A. Strandberg, R. Sussmann, S. Wood, M. Buchwitz, Validation of ENVISAT-1 Level-2 Products Related to Lower Atmosphere O3 and NOy Chemistry by a FTIR Quasi-global Network, in the Proceedings of Envisat Validation Workshop, Frascati, Italy, 9-13 December 2002, ESA SP-531, 2003 Duchatelet, P., E. Mahieu, R. Zander, P. Demoulin, B. Barret, and C. P. Rinsland; Updating the Jungfraujoch database: current status, in Proceedings of the “Sixth European Symposium on Stratospheric Ozone”, Göteborg, Sweden, September 2-6, 2002, EUR 20650, ISBN 92-894-5484-9, pp. 136-139, 2003. Mahieu, E., C. P. Rinsland, R. Zander, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, and M. De Mazière, Tropospheric and stratospheric carbonyl sulfide (OCS): long-term trends and seasonal cycles above the Jungfraujoch station, in Proceedings of the “Sixth European Symposium on Stratospheric Ozone”, Göteborg, Sweden, September 2-6, 2002, EUR 20650, ISBN 92-894-5484-9, pp. 309-312, 2003. Data books and reports Montzka, S. A., P. J. Fraser, J. H. Butler, D. Cunnold, J. Daniel, D. Derwent, P. S. Connell, S. Lal, A. McCulloch, D. E. Oram, C. E. Reeves, E. Sanhueza, P. Steele, G. J. M. Velders, and R. Zander, Controlled substances and other source gases, Chapter 1 of WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002, WMO Report No. 47, pp. I-1 to I-83, World Meteorological Organization, P.O. Box 2300, Geneva 2, CH 1211, Switerland, 2003.

Address: Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)

Contacts: Luc Delbouille Tel. +32 4 342 2594 e-mail: [email protected] Philippe Demoulin Tel. +32 4 366 9785 e-mail: [email protected] Pierre Duchatelet Tel. +32 4 366 9786 e-mail: [email protected] Emmanuel Mahieu Tel. +32 4 366 9786 e-mail: [email protected] Francine Mélen Tel. +32 4 366 9790 e-mail: [email protected] Ginette Roland Tel. +32 4 342 2594 e-mail: [email protected] Christian Servais Tel. +32 4 366 9784 e-mail: [email protected] Rodolphe Zander Tel. +32 4 366 9756 e-mail: [email protected]

URL: http://sunset.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/girpasf.html

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Name of research institute or organization: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)

Title of project: Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water vapor and temperature by LIDAR

Project leader and team: Dr. Valentin Simeonov, project leader Prof. Hubert van den Bergh, head of the Laboratory for Air and Soil Pollution Dr. Marian Taslakov, Ioan Balin, Remo Nessler, Pablo Ristori

Project description: In 2003, the EPFL lidar group continued the operation of the multiwavelength elastic- Raman scattering lidar in the framework of the European Aerosol Lidar Network EARLINET. Atmospheric temperature at altitudes up to 17 km Above Sea Level (ASL), aerosol extinction at two wavelengths (355 and 532nm), backscatter at three wavelengths (355nm, 532nm, and 1064nm), and water vapor mixing ratio at altitudes up to 10 000 m ASL are the measured parameters. The measurements were taken every other week in favorable atmospheric conditions. Joint experiments with the Environmental Fluids Group of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, US were also held in the period April-August and in December. Additional measurements were taken during the first half of August 2003. This period was characterized by a stationary anticyclonic regime persisting over Western Europe, which blocked the normal continental currents and resulted in unusually high temperatures over the region. High pressure (675 mbar, +10 mbar), high temperatures (10-12 °C, + 5-7 °C), high humidity (up to 70% RH) and low wind (up to 2.5 m/s) were recorded at the Jungfraujoch station. The aerosol and water vapor lidar data taken during the period indicated Boundary Layer (BL) heights exceeding most of the time 4000 m. The daytime range corrected lidar signals presented in Fig. 1a clearly demonstrate the top of the BL between 4000 and 4500 m.

13500 13500 17April-day 17April-night 9500 12500 TCC 04 August- day 12500 TCC 04August-night 17April-night 10 August - day 10August-night 04August-night 11500 11500 8500 CC CC 10August-night 10500 10500

9500 9500 7500 ] ] FT FT FT 8500 8500 [m ASL [m]

ASL [m 6500 ASL 7500 7500 RL top PBL top RL top 5500 6500 6500 5500 5500 4500 4500 4500 3500 3500 3500 0.E+00 2.E+06 4.E+06 0.E+00 2.E+06 4.E+06 02468 H2O [g/Kg] RCS at 532nm RCS at 532nm

Fig.1 Backscatter range corrected lidar signals at 532 nm a) daytime b) nigthtime c) water vapor mixing ratio profiles; FT- Free Troposphere, CC Cirrus Cloud, TCC Thin Cirus Cloud, RL Residual Layer, PBL Planetary Boundary Layer

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For comparison, the same figure shows a typical free-troposphere range corrected profile taken with the lidar in the spring. A residual layer characterized by enhanced aerosol backscatter (Fig 1b) and high specific humidity of up to 8 g/kg (Ffig.1c) was observed at altitudes of up to 4000-4500 m during nighttime. The high backscatter measured in the residual layer is probably partially due to this high specific humidity related to aerosol humidity growth. Initial measurements of the aerosol extinction, water vapor, and temperature along a horizontal optical path above Aletsch glacier were carried out. The data will be used for a comparative study of the aerosol optical properties derived from the lidar and in situ measurements. The measurements were taken at night, under stable weather conditions with the lidar pointing in Southern direction. A map of the region with the lidar optical path marked with a dashed line is shown in Fig. 2a. Temperature and water vapor mixing ratio profiles are presented in Fig. 2c, together with a cross- section of the terrain below the lidar optical path. The extinction of the order of 10-4 m-1 (Fig 2b) and the water vapor mixing ratio values between 2.5 to 6.5 g/kg are relatively high and indicate hazy conditions. The temperature varies from +5° C at the station to almost 0° C above the deepest valley. Both, the water vapor mixing ratio and the temperature may suggest possible influence of the glacier topography. Note the general decrease of temperature and water vapor content above the valleys and the increase near the mountain relief.

1.E-05 44..E--0044

PRRS Elastic Ext 33..E--0044 ] ] -1 and S .u m R [ [a R c

2.E-04 on i i P 1.E-06 2.E-04 t t

s a nc of l i t E S x

C 1.E-04 1.E-04 E R b

0.E+00 1.E-07 0.E+00 0 1000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 7000 880000

8 3750

7 H2O T Topography y 6 3550

5 ] ] graph L g ] k

3350 S

/ 4 C

opo ° g [ A [

T 3 r T O [m 3150 e

i H2 2 c a 1 l c 2950 G 0 -1 2750 a 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Distance from Jungfraujoch station along the Aletsch Glacier [m]

Fig. 2 a) Laser beam trajectory during the horizontal observations along an ~8-km- long path above the Aletsch glacier, b) total extinction coefficient, c) water vapor mixing ratio and temperature horizontal lidar profiles and the topography of the glacier below the laser beam path from a 1:100 000 map (Swiss Topographic Institute).

The example demonstrates the potential of the method to measure simultaneously atmospheric extinction, temperature, and water vapor over the glacier. Systematic

10 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 observations may bring useful data for the estimation of the atmospheric dynamics over complex terrains, particularly over covered by glaciers mountain surfaces. As part of the cooperation between the EPFL’s Laboratory of Air and Soil Pollution, and the Environmental Fluids Group of the Johns Hopkins University –Baltimore-US joint field experiment aiming to study the Boundary Layer (BL) dynamics over the Aletsch glacier were held from April to August 2003. The experiment combined simultaneous LIDAR observations from the Jungfraujoch Observatory (3580m) with Sonics anemometers measurements (glacier surface). The aerosols optical properties, temperature, and water vapor (LIDAR) as well as temperature, wind field and various turbulence parameters (Sonics anemometers) will be analyzed in different meteorological situations. In November, test measurements of the upgraded by the EPFL team John Hopkins elastic scattering lidar were performed at Jungfraujoch. The lidar was verified against the EPFL system. The results of the intercomparison measurements are presented in Fig. 3 and demonstrate excellent agreement.

Fig.3. Intercomparison measurements of the EPFL and John Hopkins University lidar systems

A new transmitter for the lidar, based on the 76 cm astronomical telescope was designed, built and tested at the EPFL. The transmitter produces simultaneously six wavelengths - 266, 284, 304, 355, 532 and 1064 nm. The radiation at 266, 284, 304 nm will be used for ozone measurements by the Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) method and the other frequencies will be employed in water vapor, temperature and aerosol monitoring. The transmitter is based on an 1.6 J, 30 Hz repetition rate Nd:YAG laser (Continuum Powerlite 9030) with built-in second (532 nm) and fourth (266 nm) harmonic converters. The third harmonic radiation (355 nm) is produced by an additional converter from the remaining after the fourth harmonic generation 1064 and 532 nm radiation. The 284 and 304 nm wavelengths for the ozone channel of the lidar are generated from the fourth harmonic radiation in a high-pressure nitrogen Raman converter. To reduce the beam divergence and to prevent the Coude mirrors that deliver laser radiation to the atmosphere from damage, the multiwavelength beam

11 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 is expanded by a 20 X reflective beam expander. The transmitter is in preparation for installation in the Sphinx observatory.

Key words: Multi-wavelength lidar, Raman lidar, pure rotational Raman scattering, aerosols, backscatter and extinction coefficients, vertical profiles, troposphere, water-vapor mixing ratio, temperature, Jungfraujoch site, EPFL

Internet data bases: http://lpas.epfl.ch/lidar/research/LidarJungfrau/Jungfrau.html

Collaborating partners/networks: EARLINET -European Aerosol Research LIdar NETwork Paul-Scherrer Institute ISM: Payerne station Institute of Atmospheric Optics-Tomsk, Russia

Scientific publications and public outreach 2002: Refereed journal articles D. Gerber, I. Balin, D. Feist, N. K¨ampfer, V. Simeonov, B. Calpini, and H. van den Bergh, “Ground-based water vapour soundings by microwave radiometry and Raman lidar on Jungfraujoch (Swiss Alps)”,Atm. Chem. and Phys. Discuss., 3, pp 4833- 4856, 2003. O. Couach, I. Balin, R. Jimenez, P. Ristori, S. Perego, F. Kirchner, V. Simeonov, B. Calpini, and H. van den Bergh, “An investigation of ozone and planetary boundary layer dynamics over the complex topography of Grenoble combining measurements and modelling”, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, pp.549–562, 2003. R Jimenez, M. Taslakov, V. Simeonov, B. Calpini, F. Jeanneret, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, J. Feist, and H.van den Bergh, Ozone detection by differential absorption spectroscopy at ambient pressure with a 9.6 µm pulsed quantum-cascade laser, Appl. Phys. B (2003) DOI: 10.1007/s00340-003-1358-5. I. Balin, I. Serikov , R. Nessler , Y. Bobrovnikov , V. Simeonov, B. Calpini,Y. Arshinov and H. Van den Bergh , Pure rotational Raman-lidar technique on the Jungfraujoch multi-wavelength lidar system: implementation and new atmospheric retrievals, submitted to Applied Physics B.

Conference papers A. Papayanis, G. Tsaknakis, D. Balis, A. Chaikovski, F. de Tomasi, I. Mattis, V. Mitev, G. Pappalardo, J. Pelon, C. Perez, S. Puchalski, V. Rizi, L. Sauvage, V. Simeonov, N. Spinelli, T. Trickl, G. Waughan, M. Weininger, V. Matthias, A. Haagard, M. Alpers and A. Castanho, Three years of observations of Saharan dust outbreaks over Europe monitored by a coordinated LIDAR network in the frame of the EARLINET project, Sixth International symposium on tropospheric profiling- Needs and Technologies, September 14-20, 2003 Leipzig, Germany, p. 225. Theses Ioan Balin, Monitoring of atmospheric water vapor, temperature, and aerosol by a multi- wavelength elastic-Raman lidar Data books and reports, PhD thesis EPFL, to be defended on 14 March 2004.

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Address: EPFL ENAC LPAS CH 1015 Lausanne

Contacts: Valentin Simeonov Tel.: +41 21 693 61 85 Fax: +41 21 693 36 26 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: MeteoSwiss, Payerne

Title of project: Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements

Project leader and team Dr. Laurent Vuilleumier, project leader Dr. Stephan Nyeki, Armand Vernez, Dr. Alain Heimo

Project description: During 2003, measurements of the Swiss Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring program (CHARM) at Jungfraujoch were continued in the configuration described in the 2002 HFSJG Activity Report. The rugged design of the automatic CHARM station at Jungfraujoch allowed reaching over 98% of data availability in 2003 for all but one parameter (UV erythemal global irradiance), for which the data availability was 92.5%. The analysis of the stability of the Precision Filter Radiometers (PFR) that is described in the 2002 HFSJG Activity Report was pursued in 2003. As in 2002, the Langley plot method was used for checking the stability over time of the extrapolated V0 values that would be determined in case the instrument were measuring the extraterrestrial solar irradiance. Analysis carried on in 2003 was performed with an optimized event selection allowing reduced uncertainty. In addition, the 2003 analysis was performed on datasets from the Jungfraujoch and Davos CHARM station allowing comparison, and a longer time span was considered. The preliminary results of this analysis are summarized in Table 1. Table 1: Results of stability analysis for CHARM PFR at Jungfraujoch and Davos. Jungfraujoch Davos Fit Residuals Fit Residuals

wl V0 on Yearly Nb 10 90 V0 on Yearly Nb 10 90 07/01 drift event %tile %tile 03/02 drift event %tile %tile nm mV mV per mV mV mV mV per mV mV year year 332 9760 204.93 46 -203 167 10428 111.44 63 -517 445 368 1749 4.03 78 -26 26 1823 14.92 37 -59 52 412 1595 1.50 79 -27 24 1655 7.35 31 -49 38 450 2288 0.25 78 -26 25 2382 4.23 61 -57 55 500 1629 0.74 80 -17 16 1642 6.75 57 -35 37 610 2088 -4.87 80 -27 27 2106 -5.26 68 -47 46 675 1917 -0.04 72 -19 20 1893 5.94 34 -26 27 778 2242 -9.76 48 -19 20 2296 -24.72 24 -22 39 862 1425 1.29 46 -10 11 1511 7.95 18 -28 30 1024 2169 -2.24 36 -20 18 1476 -5.09 18 -20 17

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Table 1 gives the extrapolated V0 values for each analyzed wavelength at the middle of the considered period, the averaged yearly drift determined by a linear regression fit over the considered period, the averaged number of selected days for Langley plot analysis per year, as well as the 10th and 90th percentile of the distribution of the residuals around the linear regression fit. The statistical precision of the analysis depends on the width of the residual distribution and the number of selected events. The averaged yearly drift are well below 1% per year at Jungfraujoch, except for the wavelength λ = 332 nm. This confirms results from the 2002 analysis. At Davos, the averaged yearly drift are slightly larger than at Jungfraujoch, for most wavelengths, although they are still on the order of 1% or below, except for λ = 332 nm. However, this difference in drift between Davos and Jungfraujoch should be interpreted with caution, because values of Davos yearly drifts still depend on criteria used for selecting Langley events, and a larger statistics may be necessary for definite conclusion. Conclusions that are warranted for Davos are that the yearly drift is important at λ = 332 nm, and significant at λ = 778 nm, which is similar to what is observed at Jungfraujoch. Wavelengths between 368 and 1024 nm are used for inferring aerosol optical depths. Consequently, the calibration values (V0) must be known with good precision. An uncertainty of 1% on the calibration values produces an uncertainty of 0.005 on the AOD (Schmid and Wehrli, 1995). At Jungfraujoch, AOD as low as 0.01 are measured. Thus, the uncertainty on calibration must be well below 1% for PFR measuring at the Jungfraujoch CHARM station. At other CHARM station a limit of 1% or lower on the calibration uncertainty is desirable. Comparison between Jungfraujoch and Davos results shows that the uncertainty on calibration at Jungfraujoch is half that of calibration at Davos (see number of events selected per year and width of residual distribution). Consequently, it was decided to start a program in 2004 for calibrating PFR of all other CHARM stations at the Jungfraujoch station. A joint campaign of the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, the Swiss Krebsliga and MeteoSwiss for raising the awareness of Swiss public to the danger of UV radiation was conducted in 2003. As a contribution to this campaign, the measurements of the UV radiation level at the CHARM station (including Jungfraujoch) were made available in quasi real time for the campaign, and are displayed at the web address www.uv-index.ch. The UV radiation level was given as UV index following the recommendations of the World Health Organization and the World Meteorological Organization. These organizations have also defined classes (weak, moderate, strong, very strong and extreme) used to classify the level of protection required according to the maximum daily value reached by the UV index. Following the unusual conditions of 2003, a comparison of the number of occurrences of the different classes in the period June-July-August between 2002 and 2003 was performed. This comparison is summarized in Figure 1.

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Figure 1: Number of days with maximum UV index in WMO defined classes during the June-July-August period in 2002 and 2003 at CHARM stations.

Figure 1 shows that 2003 had a significantly higher number of occurrences of strong and very strong maximum measured UV indices at Payerne and Locarno-Monti. On the other hand, the number of occurrences of different classes did not differ so significantly at the mountain station of Davos and Jungfraujoch. It appears that due to the high altitude of the Jungfraujoch station, the frequency of occurrence of very strong or extreme UV radiation level is much less dependent on general yearly meteorological conditions than at lower altitude station. References Schmid, B. and C. Wehrli, 1995. “Comparison of sun photometer calibration by use of the Langley technique and the standard lamp”. Applied Optics 34, pp. 4500-4512.

Key words: Solar irradiance, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, spectral irradiance, precision filter radiometer (PFR), pyranometer, pyrheliometer, UV biometer, total aerosol optical depth (AOD), total column water vapor (CWV).

Collaborating partners/networks: Short- and long-wave global irradiance data shared with the Alpine Surface Radiation Budget network under the responsibility of the Word Radiation Center/Physikalisch- Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos Columnar water vapor data submitted to the NCCR Climate P2.4 STARTWAVE database at the Institute for Applied Physics, University of Bern.

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Conference papers Vuilleumier, L., A. Heimo, A. Lehmann, A. Vernez and P. Viatte, UV erythemal measurements by the Swiss Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring program. 2003 EGS- AGU-EUG Joint Assembly. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 5, 10950. Nyeki, S., L. Vuilleumier, A. Heimo, N. Kämpfer, C. Mätzler, A. Vernez and P. Viatte, Column water vapour using a PFR radiometer at a high-alpine site. 2003 EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 5, 08726. Data books and reports Les mesures GAW du rayonnement UV et des aérosols in Annalen 2002 MeteoSchweiz, Zürich (2003). Ozone, rayonnement UV et aérosols (GAW) in Annalen 2002 MeteoSchweiz, Zürich (2003)

Address: MétéoSuisse Station Aérologique Les Invuardes CH-1530 Payerne

Contacts Laurent Vuilleumier Tel.: +41 26 662 6306 Fax: +41 26 662 6212 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.meteoswiss.ch/

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Name of research institute or organization: Berner Fachhochschule, Hochschule für Technik und Informatik (HTI)

Title of project: Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV (photovoltaic) plant at 3453 m

Project leader and team Prof. Dr. H. Haeberlin Ch. Renken

Project description: Abstract: The highest grid connected PV plant in the World at Jungfraujoch (3454 meters above sea level) was planned and realised by HTI Burgdorf during summer and fall 1993. It has operated successfully with a 100% availability of energy production and monitoring data since Oct. 27, 1993. Operating in high altitudes is a very hard stress for all the components. Components surviving in such a harsh environment should perform more reliably under normal operating conditions. Until Dec. 2003, the plant has operated successfully with a 100% availability of energy production and monitoring data for more than 122 months. By means of some modifications energy production of the plant could even be increased compared to the first year of operation.

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Average 1994-2003

Yf (kWh/kWp/a) 1272 1404 1454 1504 1452 1330 1372 1325 1400 1467 1398

PR = Yf /Yr in % 81.8 84.1 84.7 85.3 87.0 84.8 84.6 78.6 85.2 84.9 84.2 Table 1: Annual energy production (referred to effective STC-power) and performance ratio from 1994 to 2003.

In 1999, 2000 and 2001, energy production was affected by the replacement of the windows of the research station. In spring 2001, energy production was relatively low due to a long snow coverage of half of the PV array. Winter energy fraction in all these years was between 44.6% and 50.7%. In the record period between March 1997 and February 1998 (12 months), annual final yield was 1541kWh/kWp, winter energy fraction 46.2% and mean performance ratio was 85.2%. Such figures for a PV plant in central Europe are very good and would also be nice for plants in southern Europe.

Fig. 1:

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1. Introduction PV plant Jungfraujoch (3454 meters above sea level), was planned and realised by HTI Burgdorf during summer and fall 1993 and is probably still the highest grid connected PV plant in the world. It is connected to the Swiss national grid and thus to the large grid in western Europe. It has operated successfully with a 100% availability of energy production and monitoring data since Oct. 27, 1993. 2. Plant layout The solar generator consists of 24 modules Siemens M75 (48Wp) with a rated power of 1152 Wp. They are mounted vertically to the outer walls of the international research station at Jungfraujoch. Thus PV plant Jungfraujoch can be considered as a building integrated installation. At this location from time to time STC conditions occur, therefore it is possible to determine effective array power at STC from measured DC inverter input power at STC increased by calculated losses in array wiring and string diodes. Effective power of the array is 1130Wp at STC. The array is divided into two arrays of 12 modules that are mounted in vertical position at the outer walls of the research station at Jungfraujoch (see fig. 1). The first array has a west deviation of 12° from south, the second a west deviation of 27°. Energy produced by the modules was injected into grid at first by an inverter Top Class 1800. After 32 months with very good operating results, plant performance could be increased further by elimination of the string diodes in the PV array and replacing the inverter by an improved model (Top Class 2500/4 Grid III). Fig. 2 shows a block diagram of the plant. The following parameters are measured: - Irradiance into array plane 1 and 2 (two sensors per array: A heated pyranometer and a reference cell) - Module temperature of array 1 and 2 - Ambient temperature - DC current produced by each array - DC voltage at inverter input - AC voltage at inverter output - AC power injected into utility grid These values are sampled every two seconds. Data are stored temporarily in a data logger Campbell CR10. Under normal conditions, every 5 minutes average values are calculated and stored from these values. However, in case of an error, the original data are stored as an error file, allowing detailed analysis of such an error.

Block Diagram PV-Plant Jungfraujoch Fig. 2: Block Diagram of the grid connected PV Plant (1.152kWp nominal, 1.13kWp effective) of PT100- Ambient temperature probe HTI Burgdorf at Jungfraujoch (3454m). Pyrano- Solar irradiance HTI meter n Tel.- Burgdorf io line

Short circuit current it te Reference s

i (Data

Cell temperature u cell Da processing)

DC voltage acq DC current Solar- AC power modules: 24 modules Siemens = 230V Grid M75 Consumers P=1152Wp Inverter TopClass 2500/4 Grid III

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Every day, data are transmitted to HTI Burgdorf early in the morning via a telephone line and a modem for further analysis and storage. To get a maximum reliability, appropriate mechanical and electrical design is essential. Wind loads encountered at this location are extremely high, and due to the quite frequent thunderstorms lightning and overvoltage protection is a very important issue. 3. Plant operation experience and reliability Since the start of operation in October 1993, the plant survived the following high alpine stress factors without any damages: • Heavy storms with wind speeds above 200km/h: This is a very hard test for the mechanical components and construction. • Thunderstorms with heavy lightning strokes causing damages in other experiments that were not appropriately protected at the research station. • Irradiance peaks with values up to 1720W/m²: Such peaks (higher than the solar constant!) may occur at this location during cloud enhancement situations, because the irradiance from the sky is increased considerably by diffuse reflection from the glacier in front of the array. Due to the proportionality of irradiance and DC- power, these peaks are a hard stress for the inverter. • Large temperature differences: On a cold winter day, drop of solar cell temperature after sunset can exceed 40 degrees (centigrade) within 30 minutes. Total range of measured solar cell temperature so far was -29°C to +66°C. • Snow and ice covering of the solar generator: In spring, snow heights of more than 3 m are possible. The resulting snow height depends not only from the amount of snow coming down, but also from the wind speed and wind direction during and after the snowfall. Sometimes energy production is also reduced by hoarfrost and partial shadowing by colossal icicles. In Summer 1999, 2000 and 2001 the windows at the façade of the research station had to be replaced. For this purpose a scaffold had to be erected, which caused partial shadowing in August, September and October of these years. During the work carried out in 2001, a module of the PV array was mechanically damaged. When this module was replaced, it was discovered that at another module delaminations were developing at the lower edge of the PV array of the west generator. During a visual check two years ago nothing was noticed, therefore this delamination seemed to have appeared quite rapidly. This delamination was probably caused by moisture entering the module through the lower module edge causing electrolytic degradation of the neighbouring cells. No measurable power loss of the whole PV array was noted so far, but as a measure of precaution this delaminated module was also replaced in autumn 2001. Thus it can be noted that in more than 10 years of operation under extreme climatic conditions only one module out of 24 showed visual signs of degradation that were caused by natural influences. However, no degradation of electrical module performance was registered before it was replaced. The only operational problem is the large snow quantity encountered in spring, which may cause a covering of one of the two PV generators and thus a loss of energy for a few days up to a few weeks per year.

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4. Data acquisition system The data acquisition system with a data logger CR10 operated without major problems, too. Availability of monitoring data (AMD) so far was 100%. Unfortunately the ventilation system of the pyranometers had not the same reliability like the rest of the system. As its power supply was undersized, it failed after only one month of operation. Thus between December 93 and June 94 the pyranometers were covered by snow or ice on some days for some hours. This deficiency could be cured by replacement of the power supply by a stronger unit. In February 1994 a measuring error of 2% occurred in a AC-power measuring device. This error could be detected and corrected with the redundant measuring system. The defective device was replaced by a new one as soon as possible. In Feb. 2003, a DC-DC converter feeding some of the sensors failed and had to be replaced. Fortunately the missing data could be reconstructed by means of the remaining data that were not affected by the event. 5. Average annual energy production and performance ratio from 1994 - 2003 To compare performance of PV plants of different size and at different locations, normalized quantities are very useful. By dividing energy production in a given period (month, year) by peak PV generator power (at Jungfraujoch: 1.13kWp), array yield Ya (DC) and final Yield Yf (AC) is obtained. Reference yield Yr is calculated by dividing irradiation in the same period by 1kW/m2. If array temperature is measured, the temperature corrected reference yield YT can be calculated from Yr taking into account the temperature dependent reduction of PV conversion efficiency (details see [1]). Using average daily values eliminates the influence of different lengths of months. In Fig. 3 a normalized yearly analysis for the average year for the time period between 1993 and 2003 with monthly values of Yf , Ya , temperature corrected reference yield YT and reference yield Yr is shown. All values are referred to effective PV generator power. Thermal capture losses LCT = Yr – YT , miscellaneous capture losses LCM = YT – Ya , system losses LS = Ya - Yf and performance ratio PR = Yf /Yr (number on top of bar) are also indicated [1]. In fig. 4 to 6 normalized yearly analysis for the year with lowest energy yield, the year with the highest energy yield, and 2003, the year with the second highest energy yield and the highest average module temperatures, are shown. In all these figures (fig. 3 - 6) irradiance was measured with a reference cell. Fig. 3: Normalized monthly energy production for the average year between Nov. 1993 and Dec. 2003 for PV plant Jungfraujoch (irradiance measured with a reference cell). Partial snow covering of the solar generator in spring causes higher LC and lower PR values especially in the month of May and June. Production in August till October is also somewhat reduced due to the partial shadowing of the PV array by the replacement of the windows in 1999-2001. Monthly PR-values are between 79% and 88%, annual average is 84.2%. Note: If the values would be referred to the rated power of 1.152kWp, Yf and PR would be about 2% lower.

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Fig. 4: Normalized monthly energy production for 1994 (year with lowest annual energy production in 10 years). In April to June, energy production is reduced by snow.

Fig. 5: Normalized monthly energy production for 1997 (year with highest annual energy production in 10 years).

Fig. 6: Normalized monthly energy production for 2003, the year with the second highest energy production and the highest module temperatures in 10 years.

In 1997, irradiation and energy yield was highest in the reporting period of 10 years between 1994 and 2003. In 2003, in lower regions of Switzerland record values of solar irradiation and summer temperature were reached. However, at Jungfraujoch, measured irradiation in the array plane and energy production was only the second highest in the reporting period, whereas irradiance-weighted module temperatures were highest in the reporting period (slightly higher than in the record year 1997).

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Thus from a PV point of view, 2003 was by far the best year for PV-plants in lower parts of Switzerland, but on Jungfraujoch only the second best! 6. Annual energy production of PV plant Jungfraujoch compared to other Swiss PV plants Fig. 7 shows normalized monthly energy production referred to peak array power in the years 1994 to 2003 of a PV plant in Burgdorf on the roof of a house (3.18kWp, 540m), of the large PV plant Mont Soleil (560kWp, 1270m) and of PV plant Jungfraujoch (1.15kWp, 3454m). In summer 1996 energy production of the plant in Burgdorf was affected considerably by a inverter defect that occurred during the vacation of the owner and was discovered only when he came back. At PV plants in the lower parts of the country, where it is often foggy or overcast in autumn and winter, energy production varies very much between a high maximum value in summer and a deep minimum in winter. Winter energy fraction at such locations is below 30%. At the plant in Burgdorf at 540m, the ratio between summer maximum and winter minimum is around 10:1. At PV plant Mont Soleil at 1270m, the ratio between summer maximum and winter minimum is already considerably lower, energy production is more continuous and winter energy fraction is higher. In some years there is a summer maximum like in the lower regions of the country, but in some years there are two maximums in spring and autumn like at PV plant Jungfraujoch. At PV plant Jungfraujoch, the situation is even better. Annual energy production is much higher than at the other locations and monthly energy production is distributed much better over the whole year and thus relatively constant. The ratio between maximum and minimum is usually only slightly over 2 (exception in 1997: about 3) and winter energy fraction is between 44.6% and 50.7%

200 [kWh/kWp/month] Jungfraujoch (1.15kWp, 3454m) Mont Soleil (560kWp, 1270m) Gfeller/Burgdorf (3.18kWp, 540m)

150

100

50

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 0 JMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSNJMMJSN Fig. 7: Normalized monthly energy production (referred to rated PV generator power) of PV plants Jungfraujoch (1.15kWp), Mont Soleil (560kWp) and Gfeller/Burgdorf (3.18kWp) in the years 1994 to 2003.

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7. Conclusion In more than ten years of successful operation, owing to the tilt angle of 90o and the high amount of sunshine in winter, energy production of PV plant Jungfraujoch was relatively constant over the whole year. Instead of the usual summer maximum and winter minimum (which can vary by a factor of ten in lower parts of Switzerland, see PV plant at Burgdorf in fig. 7), usually two maximums per year (a higher one in spring (March, April or May) and a lower one in autumn (September or October)) are observed. In summer, due to high albedo of the glacier in front of the PV array, a lot of irradiation is reflected onto the array despite the high tilt angle of 90o . Therefore summer energy production is also remarkably high. The only major operational problem encountered was a temporary snow coverage occurring often in spring. However, due to the tilt angle of 90o this problem was not very serious. With a greater array height above ground (e.g. 5m to 7m instead of only 3m), this problem could probably be completely eliminated. Energy production and performance ratio of the high alpine PV plant at Jungfraujoch reached very high values in the last ten years. Thus it has been demonstrated that reliable operation of a grid-connected PV plant and high energy yields are possible under such extreme climatic conditions. Experience obtained in this project will be very helpful for the realisation of other high alpine grid connected PV-plants. Acknowledgements Our special thanks go to all the institutions that gave financial support. The work described in this paper was funded by Swiss Federal Office of Energy (BFE), PSEL (Projekt- und Studienfonds der Elektrizitätswirtschaft) and GMS, c/o BKW, Bern. Construction of PV-plant Jungfraujoch was sponsored by BFE, VSE (Verband Schweizerischer Elektrizitätswerke), Siemens Solar (modules), Fabrimex Solar (in- verter) and the Railways of Jungfrau Region. Thanks go also to the International Foundation Scientific Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat, the owner of the re- search station at Jungfraujoch, who permitted the use of its building for this project. Our PV-activities in general are also supported by Localnet AG, Burgdorf. References [1] H. Haeberlin and Ch. Beutler: “Normalized Representation of Energy and Power for Analysis of Performance and on-line Error Detection in PV-Systems“. Proc. 13th EU PV Conf., Nice 1995. [2] H. Haeberlin and Ch. Beutler: “Highest Grid Connected PV plant in the World at Jungfraujoch (3454m): Excellent Performance in the First Two Years of operation“. Proc. 13th EU PV Conf., Nice 1995. [3] H. Häberlin: "Grid-connected PV plant on Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps". In: Michael Ross and Jimmy Royer (Editors): "Photovoltaics in Cold Climates". James and James, London, 1999, ISBN 1-873936-89-3. [4] H. Häberlin and C. Renken: "Grid-connected PV Plant Jungfraujoch (3454m) in the Swiss Alps: Results of more than four Years of trouble-free Operation“. Proc. 2nd World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Vienna, Austria, 1998. [5] H. Haeberlin: “Hoher Energieertrag auf Jungfraujoch - Die ersten fünf Betriebsjahre der netzgekoppelten 1,1kWp-Photovoltaikanlage auf dem Jungfraujoch“ (in German). Elektrotechnik 10/1999.

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Address: University of Applied Sciences Berne Burgdorf School of Engineering, PV Laboratory Jlcoweg 1 CH-3400 Burgdorf

Contacts Prof. Heinrich Häberlin Tel.: +41 (0)34 426 6853 Fax: +41 (0)34 426 6813 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.pvtest.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials

Title of project: Monitoring of halogenated greenhouse gases

Project leader and team Stefan Reimann, project leader; Konrad Stemmler, scientist; Doris Folini, scientist.

Project description: Since January 2000 halogenated greenhouse gases and stratospheric ozone depleting substances, including CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs and chlorinated solvents are continuously measured by gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) at the high Alpine station of Jungfraujoch. These measurements are a part of a Swiss National project to estimate the Swiss source strengths of these gases as well as a part of the EU-project SOGE (System for Observation of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe). Within SOGE, fully intercalibrated in situ data have been measured since 2001 by GCMS-technique at four European background stations (i.e. Mace Head, Ireland; Ny- Ålesund, Spitsbergen; Jungfraujoch, Switzerland and Monte Cimone, Italy). As an example for the data collected at the 4 SOGE sites the time series of HFC-152a are shown in Figure 1.

Monte Cimone 14 Jungfraujoch 12 Mace Head Ny Alesund 10

8

6 ppt HFC 152a

4

2

0 2000 2001 2002 2003

Figure 1: Time series of HFC 152a at the Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Mace Head (Ireland), Ny-Alesund (Norway) and Monte Cimone (Italy).

Analyses focused on data from Jungfraujoch were used to estimate central European emissions. Our data series are analyzed during meteorological conditions, when the site is influenced by polluted boundary layer air masses. During these periods, the average ratio of halocarbons to carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations above the

27 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 tropospheric background concentrations was used to estimate the source strength of these gases from the regions of Europe which most influence the site during pollution events. We are aware of the fact that sources of CO and halocarbons are not necessarily collocated. Nevertheless, we assume that the relative abundances of CO and halocarbons averaged over all pollution events are representative for the European polluted boundary layer. For the calculation of the source strength relatively to CO, EU15 emission estimates of CO from EMEP (http://webdab.emep.int) were used as a priori information. The derived emissions are representative for the regions which influence the composition of air masses arriving at Jungfraujoch. This leads to an excellent coverage of source regions in central-western Europe (i.e. Germany and France) but also in the heavily industrialised Po-valley (northern Italy). Results of the estimation for the HFCs 134a, 125 and 152a, as well as for the HCFC 141b are shown in Table1.

Table 1. Estimated European emissions of selected HFCs and HCFCs derived from measurements at Jungfraujoch. [Gg yr-1] 2000-2002. Compound HFC 125 2.2 HFC 134a 23.6 HFC 152a 0.8 HCFC 141b 9.0

HFC 134a, which is predominately used as refrigerant (e.g. in mobile air conditioners) was estimated to have the highest European emission of the halocarbons analysed in the period 2000-2002. Often pollution events showed a parallel increase of HFCs 134a and HFC 125 (also used in air conditioners) but emissions of the latter were about a factor of 10 smaller. For HFC 152a, which is used mainly as an agent for foam blowing, emissions are still small but a rapid increase during the period of 2000-2003 could be observed (see Fig. 1). The emissions of HCFC 141b had the tendency to smaller values in 2002 in comparison to earlier years. Furthermore, we use a statistical trajectory model to estimate the location of regions in central western Europe which contribute to the observed elevated concentrations at the Jungfraujoch. Thereby, we connect measurement data at the Jungfraujoch with respective back trajectories. The results should be regarded as indicative, showing only potential source regions. In Figure 2 results of the trajectory statistics are shown. Deduced from our model, southern Europe could be a very potent source region for all of the halocarbons. This seems to be reasonable, since northern Italy is a heavily industrialized area, where industries with known emissions of halocarbons are situated. For HFC 134a and HFC 125 Germany and the eastern part of France were found to be potentially source regions in the north of Jungfraujoch, although their contribution to pollution events at Jungfraujoch was smaller than from the southern direction. For HFC 152a highest concentrations were measured from Germany. Although some emissions seemed to occur in Italy, southern Europe was not as important as a source for HFC 152a as for the two other HFCs discussed above. For HCFC 141b results showed that the most

28 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 important sources were located in southern Europe, particularly in Italy. However, elevated emissions were also observed associated with trajectories originating from eastern Germany.

HFC 134a HFC 125

HFC 152 HCFC 141b

Figure 2: Source regions resulting from trajectory statistics of HFCs 134a, 125, and 152a and of HCFC 141b for 2000-2002 at Jungfraujoch. Units indicate averaged concentrations above the baseline [ppt], linked to trajectories that passed over the respective grid cell.

Key words: Greenhouse gases, halogenated hydrocarbons, CFC, HCFC, HFC, trajectory model, Kyoto Protocol

Collaborating partners/networks: EU-project: SOGE (System for observation of greenhouse gases in Europe) University of Bristol, University of Liège, University of Urbino, University of Oslo, Alfred Wegener Institut, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU). National Project Halclim: Buwal.

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal articles Buchmann B., Stemmler K., and Reimann S. Regional emissions of anthropogenic halocarbons derived from continuous measurements of ambient air in Switzerland Chimia 57 (9), 522-528 2003.

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Magazine and Newspapers articles Tages Anzeiger 16.9. 2003: „Schädliche Kühlmittel“. Berner Zeitung 17.9. 2003: „Jungfraujoch liefert Beweise“.

Address: EMPA Dübendorf Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Contacts Stefan Reimann Tel. +41 1 823 5511 e-mail: [email protected] SOGE hompage: http://www.nilu.no/niluweb/services/soge/

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Name of research institute or organization: Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt EMPA

Title of project: National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL)

Project leader and team: Dr. Christoph Hüglin, project leader Dr. Konrad Stemmler, Daniel Schaub, Beat Schwarzenbach

Project description: The national air pollution monitoring network NABEL consists of 16 monitoring stations and is operated by EMPA (Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Laboratory) under the supervision of the Swiss Agency for Environment, Forests and Landscape (BUWAL). The monitoring stations are distributed all over Switzerland and represent the most important levels of air pollution. The NABEL site at Jungfraujoch is a very low polluted site, representing a background station for the lower free troposphere in central Europe. The measurement programme at Jungfraujoch includes the continuous measurement of the following gaseous pollutants: Ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and the sum of nitrogen oxides (NOy). In addition, a selection of VOC’s (alkanes, aromatics) are measured with a time resolution of four hours. Daily samples are taken for determination of gaseous SO2 and for particulate sulphur. Finally, 48-hours samples of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) are collected by use of a high volume sampler and analysed for total mass as well as for lead and cadmium concentrations (yearly means). In a joint project with researchers from MeteoSwiss and Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), the occurence of Saharan dust events (SDE) at the Jungfraujoch between March 2001 and December 2002 was analysed. SDE were detected by continuous measurement of the scattering and absorption coefficient of aerosols performed by PSI within the scope of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme (Collaud Coen et al., 2003). The occurence of SDE detected with this new method was verified by visual inspection of the filter colour of TSP samples, and by analysis of back-trjectories of air masses. Moreover, the contribution of Saharan dust to the annual TSP at Jungfraujoch was estimated. Analysis of back trajectories allowed to determine the potential source region for each of the identified SDE. Figure 1a shows the most important source countries. As expected, important potential source countries are situated in the northern and north- western part of the Saharan desert with the most cases counted in Algeria (34 out of 38 cases). Almost every SDE at the Jungfraujoch had the potential source region in Algeria. Figure 1b indicates the numbers of trajectory segments (i.e. the hourly trajectory time steps) counted in a 0.75° × 0.75° grid superimposed over the domain. Again, it can be seen that the north-north-western part of Africa with Morocco, Algeria Tunisia and Libya is the most important source region of the Saharan dust detected at Jungfraujoch. The direction of the air mass inflow to the Jungfraujoch was investigated by visual inspection of the trajectories and classifying them into four classes (Table 1).

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a b Jungfraujoch Jungfraujoch *

Number of trajectory segments Tunesia Morocco 12 > 16 90

75 Western Sahara 34 2 18 Egypt 6 Algeria Libya 60 8 Mauritania 45 Mali 6 Chad 30 6 Niger 1 15

0

Fig. 1: The most important source countries of SDE detected at the Jungfraujoch. The numbers indicate the numbers of trajectories being situated at least once over the respective country in a vertical distance from ground of less than 150 hPa (a). Numbers of trajectory segments (hourly time steps) in a vertical distance from ground of less than 150 hPa in a 0.75°× 0.75° grid (b).

Table 1 : Inflow directions at the Jungfraujoch described by four sectors in % of total cases.

0° - 90° 90° - 180° 180° - 270° 270° - 360° (N-E) (E-S) (S-W) (W-N) All cases (38) 5 37 40 18 March – May (17) 12 47 29 12 June – August (9) 0 11 67 22 September – November (9) 0 33 45 22 December – February (3) 0 67 0 33

A statistical significance cannot be given because of the relatively small number of cases. Nevertheless, as expected, the inflow from the two southern sectors is the most important one in all seasons. This air mass movement is often associated with low pressure systems and their cold-fronts approaching Europe from the Atlantic. These weather patterns – often during South-Foehn events in the Alps - accelerate the air masses in front of the cold-front in northern direction towards the Jungfraujoch. Also the north-western inflow is not untypical for SDE. In these cases, the air moves from the Sahara towards the Atlantic, turns to the north and flows towards the Alps with prevailing westerly winds. Only two cases (5%) were found with an inflow direction from the north-eastern sector. This seems not to be a typical air mass path. In these cases, the air moves northward to higher latitudes before turning southward again and approaching the Jungfraujoch from north-east or east. These SDE also exhibited the longest travelling times of up to 8 days. The NABEL measurements of 48-hours averages of TSP were used to estimate the contribution of Saharan dust to the TSP mass concentration at the Jungfraujoch. The contribution of Saharan dust (SD) to the 48h-TSP mass concentration at the Jungfraujoch was determined for the identified SDE. Thus, the non-SD fraction of 48h-TSP samples that are affected by SD is estimated and subtracted from the total 48h-TSP mass concentration. The Saharan dust fraction of 48h-TSP samples that are affected by SD is estimated with a local linear regression model. Figure 2 shows the

32 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 measured 48h-TSP mass concentration, the local linear regression function, and the estimated non-SD fraction for all TSP samples that are affected by SD.

Fig. 2: Measured and estimated 48h-TSP mass concentration between 1 March 2001 and 31 December 2002 at the Jungfraujoch. Shown are the measured values for samples that are not affected by Saharan dust (black dots), and for samples that are identified as being affected by Saharan dust (green dots). The line is the estimated local linear regression function. The red dots are the estimates for the non-SD fraction of 48h-TSP samples that are affected by SD.

The annual average contribution of Saharan Dust to long-term TSP at the Jungfraujoch can be estimated as the arithmetic mean of the determined SD contribution to 48h-TSP. For the time period from 01.03.01 to 31.12.02, the average contribution of SD to TSP is 0.8 µg/m3 (± 0.2 µg/m3), the mean TSP level during this time period is 3.4 µg/m3. For 2002, the annual mean contribution of SD to TSP is 0.7 µg/m3 (± 0.2 µg/m3), the annual mean TSP mass concentration in 2002 is 3.4 µg/m3. In 2002, the annual contribution of Saharan dust to TSP at JFJ is therefore about 21%.

Key words: Air pollution, long-term measurements, Saharan dust, back-trajectories, total suspended particulate matter

Internet data bases: http://www.empa.ch/nabel http://www.umwelt-schweiz.ch/buwal/de/fachgebiete/fg_luft/luftbelastung/index.html

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Collaborating partners/networks: Bundesamt für Umwelt Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Labor für Atmosphärenchemie, Paul Scherrer Institut Meteo Schweiz

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal articles Colaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, D. Schaub, C. Hueglin, C. Corrigan, M. Schwikowski, U. Baltensperger, Saharan Dust Events at the Jungfraujoch: Detection by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo and analysis of the events during the years 2001 and 2002, ACPD 3 5547-5594, 2003. Data books and reports Technischer Bericht zum Nationalen Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe (NABEL), EMPA, 2003. NABEL, Luftbelastung 2002, Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 360 Luft, Bundesamt für Umwelt Wald und Landschaft, Bern 2003.

Address: EMPA Abteilung Luftfremdstoffe /Umwelttechnik Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Contacts Christoph Hüglin Tel.: +41 1 823 4654 Fax: +41 1 821 6244 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.empa.ch/nabel

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Name of research institute or organization: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut

Title of project: The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the Jungfraujoch

Project leader and team PD Dr. Urs Baltensperger, project leader Dr. Ernest Weingartner, co-leader Dr. Craig Corrigan, Stephan van Ekeren, Martin Gysel, Remo Nessler Dr. M. Collaud Coen, MeteoSwiss, Payerne

Project description: Airborne aerosols affect our climate primarily by influencing the atmospheric energy budget through direct and indirect effects. Direct effects refer to the scattering and absorption of radiation and their influence on planetary albedo and the climate system. Indirect effects refer to the increase in available cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) due to an increase in anthropogenic aerosol concentration. This is believed to change the cloud droplet number concentration for a constant cloud liquid water content (LWC), and the resulting increase in cloud albedo influences the Earth’s radiation budget. Cloud lifetimes and precipitation frequencies are also thought to be affected. Despite the uncertainty, it is believed that in regions with high anthropogenic aerosol concentrations, aerosol forcing may be of the same magnitude, but opposite in sign to the combined effect of all greenhouse gases. The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program is an activity overseen by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is the goal of GAW to ensure long-term measurements in order to detect trends and to develop an understanding of these trends. With respect to aerosols, the objective of GAW is to determine the spatio- temporal distribution of aerosol properties related to climate forcing and air quality up to multi-decadal time scales. Since the atmospheric residence time of aerosol particles is relatively short, a large number of measuring stations are needed. The GAW monitoring network consists of 22 Global and some 300 Regional stations. While Global stations are expected to measure as many of the key variables as possible, the Regional stations generally carry out a smaller set of observations. According to the recommendations of GAW’s Scientific Advisory Group (SAG) for Aerosols, Regional stations should measure the optical depth, light scattering and absorption coefficient, the mass concentration and major chemical components in two size fractions. At Global stations, a larger number of measurements are envisaged. These include the Regional parameters list and in addition, the light scattering and hemispheric backscattering coefficients at various wavelengths, aerosol number con- centration, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration at 0.5% supersaturation, and diffuse, global and direct solar radiation. Additional parameters, such as the aerosol size distribution, detailed size fractionated chemical composition, dependence of aerosol properties on relative humidity, CCN concentration at various super- saturations, and the vertical distribution of aerosol properties should be measured intermittently at Global stations. Data are delivered to the World Data Centre for Aerosols (WDCA, located in Ispra, Italy) using the NARSTO data format. The Institute for Tropospheric Research in Leipzig has agreed to host a World Calibration

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Centre (WCC) for physical aerosol parameters, while a host for the calibration of chemical parameters still must be located. The Jungfraujoch aerosol program is among the most complete ones worldwide. The parameters that are measured continuously are available on-line at http://www.psi.ch/gaw. As an example, Figure 1 gives the temporal evolution of the scattering coefficient, measured with a nephelometer at three wavelengths. The seasonal variation with summer maxima and winter minima are clearly visible, and are explained by the seasonal variability of thermal convection. The extraordinarily hot summer 2003 is also reflected in the highest values of the scattering coefficient since the start of the measurements, which is explained by the fact that fair weather favours vertical transport by thermal convection, which affects the magnitude of the mixing of polluted planetary boundary layer air into the free troposphere .

Figure 1. Screenshot from http://www.psi.ch/gaw showing the temporal evolution of the scattering coefficient measured by a three-wavelength nephelometer (at λ = 450, 550 and 700 nm). During dedicated extensive field campaigns, important questions such as the hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles are addressed. The particles hygroscopic properties play a crucial role in air quality, acid deposition, biochemical cycles, visibility reduction, and the formation of clouds and precipitation. The hygroscopic growth factor is defined as D/Do, where D is the particle diameter at a specified high relative humidity (typically 85 to 90%) and Do is the reference diameter under dry conditions. At the Jungfraujoch temperatures are typically below 0°C. At these temperatures, semi-volatile compounds (such as nitrate or lower-molecular-weight organics) may be adsorbed and considerably alter aerosol hygroscopic properties. To minimize artefacts due to volatilization, aerosol hygroscopic behaviour must be measured at ambient conditions. It was therefore the goal to develop an instrument capable of measuring the hygroscopic growth at these low temperatures. This so- called low-temperature hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (H- TDMA) selects a narrow aerosol size range from a polydisperse aerosol under dry conditions using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). Particles are then humidified to a specified high relative humidity (RH) and the new size distribution is then measured with a second DMA at this particular RH. The new H-TDMA is capable of measuring the particles hygroscopic growth factor down to a temperature of –10°C i.e., typical of ambient temperatures at the Jungfraujoch. Such

36 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 measurements at sub-zero temperatures are thus representative of ambient conditions, as the aerosol is not heated to room temperature before analysis. In the experiment in July 2002 the UMIST group (H. Coe, K. Bower, R. Alfarra) simultaneously operated an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS), which enabled the determination of the size segregated mass loadings of volatile and semi- volatile chemical components (e.g. sulphate, nitrate, ammonium and organic components). The H-TDMA was deployed in two field experiments at the Jungfraujoch. Hygroscopic growth factors at T = -10°C were measured at Do = 50, 100 and 250 nm. Figure 2 shows two typical examples of measured humidograms of Do = 100 nm particles measured with the H-TDMA during winter 2000 and summer 2002. On average, higher growth factors are observed during winter than in summer. The increased hygroscopicity during winter compared to summer is explained by the different meteorological situation: during summer the station is influenced by the planetary boundary layer whereas in winter it is predominantly located in the free troposphere, suggesting that atmospheric aging processes in the free troposphere lead to a substantial increase in particle hygroscopicity. The curves in Figure 2 are characterized by a continuous increase of D/Do with increasing RH. This behaviour is different from many pure inorganic salts which experience a clear phase transition (dry-wet), marked by a sudden increase in the growth factor. It implies that at the JFJ the particles are present as liquid droplets over a broad RH range. It is hypothesized that this behaviour is caused by the organic fraction of the mixed particles. 1.6 1.6 a) Summer b) Winter o 1.5 1.5

D 24 July 2002 9:40-18:30 6 March 2000 17:30-20:30 /

D 16 March 2000 12:00-15:00

1.4 1.4 r

cto 1.3 1.3 a

th f 1.2 1.2

ow 1.1 1.1 Gr 1.0 1.0

0.9 0.9 0 1020304050607080900 102030405060708090 Relative humidity RH [%]

Figure 2: Typical humidograms of Do = 100 nm particles. During the campaigns, the H-TDMA was also operated at a constant high RH. As an example, Figure 3 shows the temporal evolution of D/Do at RH = 85% for particles with dry diameters of Do = 250 nm. In addition, the chemical composition of the particles as determined with aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) and black carbon (BC) measurements was used to calculate theoretically expected growth factors. Growth factors of D/Do (inorganics) = 1.52, D/Do (organics) = 1.1, and D/Do (BC) = 1.0 at RH = 85% were assumed for these compounds, and the Zdanovskii-Stokes- Robinson (ZSR) relation (Gysel et al. 2003) was used to describe the behaviour of mixed particles according to their composition. The temporal variability of hygroscopic growth factors is mainly a result of varying fractions of organic/inorganic mass. The measured growth factors and their temporal variability were well predicted with this straightforward hygroscopic model.

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1.6

o measured with H-TDMA (D = 250 nm) o D / 1.5 calculated from AMS and BC data D

or t c 1.4 fa h

owt 1.3 r G July 9 July 10 July 11 July 12 1.2

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

00: 12: 00: 12: 00: 12: 00: 12: 00: Figure 3. Temporal evolution of measured hygroscopic growth factors at RH = 85.5 ± 0.3% and growth factors calculated from the measured chemical composition. Another activity during the year 2003 was the development of a new method for the determination of Saharan dust events and to study the occurrence of mineral aerosol at the JFJ. This work was done in collaboration with MeteoSwiss. It was found that due to the large size of mineral aerosol and to their chemical composition, the single scattering albedo ω0 shows a deviation of the usual inverse wavelength dependence during Saharan dust event (SDE). This change in the sign of the single scattering exponent turns out to be a simple but powerful means for detecting SDE.

The single scattering albedo ω0 denotes the proportion of the light extinction due to scattering: ω0 = σSP/(σSP + σAP), where σSP is the scattering coefficient and σAP the absorption coefficient. It can thus be calculated from the scattering and absorption coefficients measured at several wavelengths continuously measured within the GAW aerosol monitoring program at the JFJ since March 2001. For this analysis all the coefficients were fitted with a power law dependence on the wavelength λ (σ = constant·λ−α). This wavelength dependence allows for the identification of characteristic features associated with SDEs (Collaud-Coen et al., 2003). Usually the single scattering albedo decreases with increasing wavelengths so that its exponent αω0 is positive. During SDEs, the ω0 wavelength dependence is however inversed. The resulting negative αω0 (Figure 4) is due to the large size of mineral aerosols, which induces a reduced wavelength dependence of the scattering coefficient. The σSP exponent, which is usually measured between 1 and 2.5, is clearly shifted below 1 during SDE. Similarly a somewhat larger wavelength dependence of the absorption coefficient (αAP increases up to 1.5, while its normal value is about 1) is linked to absorbing components in the Saharan dust (such as hematite). Consequently, the resulting αω0 becomes clearly negative during SDE with values usually falling between -0.1 and -0.5. Therefore, the sign of αω0 allows the determination of SDEs at the JFJ with an hourly time resolution. In 92% of all cases, SDE detected by this new method are corroborated by filter coloration, back-trajectory analysis, satellite measurements or a combination of these methods. The single scattering albedo method is however the most sensitive method to detect SDE.

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3 3 ScattScatteringering exponentexp. AAbsorptionbsorption exponent exp. AExtinctionngstrom exponent exp. 2.5 5 SinSinglegle scattering scatteri ngalbedoalbedo exponent exp.

2 2

1.5 5

1 1 Exponents

0.5 5

0 0

-0.55 /05/016.5.01 7.5.0107/05/01 8.5.0108/05/01 9.5.0109/05/01 10.5.0110/05/01

Saharan dust event Figure 4: Exponents of the scattering, absorption and extinction coefficients, along with the single scattering albedo exponent during a SDE (6 – 10 May 2001). According to this 22-month study, SDE occur at the JFJ about 20 times each year and last between a few hours and a week. SDE are more frequent and last longer during the March-June and the October-November period, although some events also occur during the summer (Figure 5).

55 longerLong thaner than one oneday day, 29% longerBetwee thann 10h10 h and 24h, 17% betweenBetwee 4hn 4hand a10hnd 10h, 54% 44 ts n

33 er of eve b 22 Num

11

00 1 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 9 1010 1111 1212 Months Figure 5: Climatology of the number of Saharan dust events classified by their duration for the March 2001 to December 2002 period.

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Key words: Aerosol particle, cloud condensation nuclei, direct and indirect aerosol effect, radiative forcing, hygroscopic growth

Internet data bases: http://www.psi.ch/gaw

Collaborating partners/networks: Dr. P. Viatte, MeteoSwiss, Payerne Dr. V. Simeonov, Laboratory of Air and Soil Pollution Studies, EPFL, Lausanne Dr. C. Hüglin, EMPA, Dübendorf Prof. H. Burtscher, Institut für Sensoren und Signale der Fachhochschule Aargau (FHA), Windisch Prof. T. Peter, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich Prof. J. Heintzenberg, Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Germany Dr. A. Petzold, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany Dr. G. Kiss, Air Chemistry Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Veszprém, Hungary Dr. H. Coe, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), Atmospheric Physics, Manchester, England

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal articles Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, D. Schaub, C. Hueglin, C. Corrigan, M. Schwikowski, U. Baltensperger Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch: detection by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo and analysis of the events during the years 2001 and 2002, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 3, 5547-5594 (2003). Gysel, M., E. Weingartner, S. Nyeki, D. Paulsen, U. Baltensperger, I. Galambos, G. Kiss, Hygroscopic properties of water-soluble matter and humic-like organics in athmospheric fine aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 3, 4879-4925, 2003. Henning, S., E. Weingartner, M. Schwikowski, H.W. Gäggeler, R. Gehrig, K.-P. Hinz, A. Trimborn, B. Spengler, U. Baltensperger, Seasonal variation of water- soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl), J. Geophys. Res. 108, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002439 (2003). Nessler, R., N. Bukowiecki, S. Henning, E. Weingartner, B. Calpini, U. Baltensperger, Simultaneous dry and ambient measurements of aerosol size distributions at the Jungfraujoch, Tellus 55B, 808-819 (2003). Weingartner, E., H. Saathoff, M. Schnaiter, N. Streit, B. Bitnar, U. Baltensperger, Absorption of light by soot particles: determination of the absorption coefficient by means of aethalometers, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1445-1463, 2003. Zellweger, C., J. Forrer, P. Hofer, S. Nyeki, B. Schwarzenbach, E. Weingartner, M. Ammann, U. Baltensperger, Partitioning of reactive nitrogen (NOy) and dependence on meteorological conditions in the lower free troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3, 779-796 (2003).

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Book sections Noone, K., U. Baltensperger, A. Flossmann, S. Fuzzi, H. Hass, E. Nemitz, J.P. Putaud, H. Puxbaum, U. Schurath, K. Torseth, H. ten Brink, Chapter 5: Tropospheric Aerosols and Clouds, Towards Cleaner Air for Europe - Science, Tools and Applications; Part 1: Results from the EUROTRAC-2 Synthesis and Integration Project, Margraf Publishers, ISBN 3-8236-1390-1,157-194 (2003). Conference papers Balin, I., M. Parlange, C. Higgins, R. Nessler, B. Calpini, V. Simeonov, H. van den Bergh, The atmospheric boundary layer at the Aletsch glacier (3600 m - Switzerland), Proc. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Eos Trans. AGU, 84(46), H22B-0931 (2003). Baltensperger, U., The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Programme, EGS-AGU- EUG Joint Assembly, Nice France, April 6-11, 2003. Barrie, L.A., U. Baltensperger, The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme, HIMONTONET-Workshop, Borovetz, Bulgaria, June 30-July 4, 2003. Coe, H., J.D. Allen, M.R. Alfarra, P.I. Wiliams, K.N. Bower, M.W. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, E. Weingartner, C.E. Corrigan, U. Baltensperger, Measurmeents of aerosol-cloud interactions, including on-line particle chemical composition, at the Jungfraujoch Global Atmosphere Watch station, EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice France, April 6-11, 2003. Coe, H., J.D. Allen, M.R. Alfarra, P.I. Wiliams, K.N. Bower, G. McFiggans, M.W. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, E. Weingartner, C.E. Corrigan, U. Baltensperger, In situ measurements of cloud-aerosol interactions at a mountain-top site in the Swiss Alps, Proc. European Aerosol Conference 2003, Madrid, Spain, J. Aerosol Sci., I, S161-S162 (2003). Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, R. Gehrig, Sahara dust events at the Jungfraujoch: A precise determination of events calculated by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo, Proc. European Aerosol Conference 2003, Madrid, Spain, J. Aerosol Sci., II, S971-S972 (2003). Corrigan, C.E., E. Weingartner, Z. Qian, U. Baltensperger, Scavenging of black carbon by cloud droplets, Proc. European Aerosol Conference 2003, Madrid, Spain, J. Aerosol Sci. I, S83-S84 (2003). Henning, S., S. Bojinski, K. Diehl, S. Ghan, S. Nyeki, E. Weingartner, S. Wurzler, U. Baltensperger, Aerosol partitioning in mixed-phase clouds at the Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl), EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice France, April 6-11, 2003. Henning, S., S. Bojinski, K. Diehl, S. Ghan, S. Nyeki, E. Weingartner, S. Wurzler, U. Baltensperger, Investigation of mixed-phase clouds at the Jungfraujoch, Proc. European Aerosol Conference 2003, Madrid, Spain, J. Aerosol Sci., I, S79-S80 (2003). Nessler, R., N. Bukowiecki, S. Henning, E. Weingartner, V. Simeonov, U. Baltensperger, Dry and ambient measurements of aerosol properties at the Jungfraujoch high alpine research station, Proc. European Aerosol Conference 2003, Madrid, Spain, J. Aerosol Sci., I, S151-S152 (2003). Nessler, R., N. Bukowiecki, S. Henning, E. Weingartner, B. Calpini, U. Baltensperger, Dry and ambient measurements of aerosol properties at the

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Jungfraujoch high alpine research station, 22nd Annual Conference of the American Association of Aerosol Research, Anaheim CA, USA, October 20-24, 2003. Weingartner, E., M. Gysel, C.E. Corrigan, U. Baltensperger, Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl), Proc. European Aerosol Conference 2003, Madrid, Spain, J. Aerosol Sci., I, S11-S12 (2003). Theses Gysel, M., Hygroscopic properties of aerosols. Investigations of particles from jet engines and the remote troposphere, Ph.D. Thesis, No. 15245, ETH Zürich, 2003. Data books and reports Putaud, J.-P., U. Baltensperger, E. Brüggemann, M.-C. Facchini, S. Fuzzi, R. Gehrig, H.-C. Hansson, R.M. Harrison, A.M. Jones, P. Laj, W. Maenhaut, N. Mihalopoulos, K. Müller, F. Palmgren, X. Querol, S. Rodriguez, G. Spindler, H. ten Brink, P. Tunved, R. Van Dingenen, B. Wehner, E. Weingartner, A. Wiedensohler, P. Wåhlin, F. Raes, A European aerosol phenomenology. Physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, EUR 20411 EN (2003). Magazine and Newspapers articles E. Weingartner, "Wettermodifikation - Wann regnet eine Wolke aus und wie lässt sich dies beeinflussen?", DRS3, 11 August 2003.

Address: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Contacts Ernest Weingartner Urs Baltensperger Tel: +41 56 310 2405 Tel: +41 56 310 2408 Fax: +41 56 310 4525 Fax: +41 56 310 4525 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.psi.ch/gaw http://www.psi.ch/lac

42 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Name of research institute or organization: Institute for Medical Physics, University Innsbruck

Title of project: Solar UV irradiance

Project leader and team: Prof. Dr. Mario Blumthaler, project leader Prof. Dr. Monika Ritsch-Marte, Dr. Josef Schreder, Barbara Schallhart, Michael Schwarzmann, Dr. Roland Silbernagl

Project description: Since 1980 variability and long-term trend of solar UV irradiance have been observed at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch in annual campaigns of about 8 weeks duration. Especially the biologically significant erythemally weighted UV- irradiance is of interest, as it can be taken as a general indicator of harmful reactions on humans. The erythema dose is measured with broadband detectors, and long-term variations are investigated within our long-term project. Furthermore, spectral measurements of solar global irradiance between 280 nm and 500 nm with a resolution of 0.25 nm are carried out with a double-monochromator spectroradiometer. Total ozone column and spectral extinction by aerosols is derived from spectral measurements of direct sun irradiance. Close international cooperation guarantees high quality of the UV measurements.

43 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

In 2003, the measurements at Jungfraujoch took place between 14.10.2003 and 27.11.2003. During the whole period at least one scientific co-worker from the Institute for Medical Physics was taking care of the measurements at Jungfraujoch for continuous quality control and for manual ancillary measurements on clear sky days. With the spectroradiometer, for the first time systematic measurements of the degree of polarisation of the diffuse sky radiance in the UV wavelength range were carried out. On clear sky days, measurements of sky radiance in the vertical plane of the sun and in the almucantar were carried out for 320 nm, 350 nm and 450 nm with a field of view of about 1.6°. At each selected point on the sky, a UV-polarising filter in front of the input optics was rotated in 4 steps over 135°. These data will be analysed in combination with radiative transfer models to interpret the effect of sky polarisation in the UV range. The measurements at Jungfraujoch can serve as a base line for such measurements, as the amount of aerosols is extremely small and therefore their effect on polarisation can almost be neglected. The photo shows the 3 input optics of the spectroradiometer (towards the top of the Mönch). The 3 heads allow 3 types of measurements: sky radiance of any point of the sky with the polarisation filter, global irradiance (blue head) and actinic flux (black head with the shadow ring). The heads are mounted on a pole to avoid too much disturbances by the couple of the telescope at the Sphinx terrace, and they are connected with quartz fibres (6 m) with the spectroradiometer. Also in the following years the measurement campaigns at Jungfraujoch will be continued. Thereby further specific sensitivity studies on the influence of individual parameters on solar UV irradiance will be carried out. Furthermore, it will be of special interest, if in the next years a tendency for recovering of the ozone layer will really occur, which should be accompanied by decreasing levels of UV-B irradiance. Such conclusions can be drawn only from measurements carried out over many years, because otherwise any long-term trend may be masked by the natural high short-term variations of the various atmospheric parameters, which influence UVB-irradiance at the earth's surface.

Key words UV, erythemal irradiance, ozone, aerosols, albedo effects, polarisation

Internet data bases: http://www.uibk.ac.at/projects/uv-index/index.html

Collaborating partners/networks: Close contact to MeteoSchweiz concerning radiation measurements and to BUWAL concerning ground level ozone measurements. International cooperation in several EC-projects concerning spectral UV measurements.

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal article: Huber M., M. Blumthaler, J. Schreder, B. Schallhart and J. Lenoble, Effect of inhomogeneous surface albedo on diffuse UV sky radiance at a high altitude site, J Geophys Res, under review.

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Conference paper: Blumthaler M., Measurements and trends of UV-radiation in Alpine environments. Arctic-Alpine Ecosystems and People in a Changing Environment. 23.02.- 01.03.2003, Tromso, Norwegen, (invited talk, paper in preparation as book chapter) Edited books: Blumthaler, M. and A. Webb, UVR climatology, in "UV effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems", Ed. E. W. Hekbling and H. Zagarese, Comprehensive Series in Photochemistry and Photobiology – Volume 1, Chapter 2, The Royal Society of Photochemistry, Cambridge, UK, ISBN 0-85404-301-2, 21-58, 2003. Wengraitis, S., M. Blumthaler, J-P Cesarini, E. Chaney, P. Koepke, S. Madronich, J. Schwanda, D. Sliney, F. Urbach, A. Webb and U. Wester, Spectral weighting of solar ultraviolet radiation, Commission International de l'eclairage Technical Report 151:2003, ISBN 3-901-906-20-7, 1-30, 2003. Kerr, J.B., G. Seckmeyer, A. Bais, G. Bernhard, M. Blumthaler, S. Diaz, N. Krotkov, D. Lubin, R. McKenzie, A. Sabziparvar and J. Verdebout, Surface Ultraviolet Radiation: Past and Future, in " Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002", WMO Report No 47, Chapter 5, World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003. Thesis: Schreder, J., Messung der räumlich verteilten solaren UV-Strahlung in Europa, PhD Thesis, University Innsbruck, 2003.

Address: Institute for Medical Physics University Innsbruck Müllerstrasse 44 A-6020 Innsbruck

Contacts: Mario Blumthaler Tel.: +43 512 507 3556 Fax: +43 512 507 2860 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.uibk.ac.at/projects/uv-index/index.html

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46 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Name of research institute or organization: Bundesamt für Landestopographie / Swiss Federal Office of Topography

Title of project: Automated GPS Network in Switzerland (AGNES)

Project leader and team Dr. Elmar Brockmann, Dr. Urs Wild, Simon Grünig, Daniel Ineichen,

Project description: The Swiss Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo) has been building up and operating the Automated GPS Network for Switzerland (AGNES) since 1998. The final expansion of 29 permanently operating GPS tracking stations was reached at the end of 2001. AGNES is a multipurpose network which serves as reference for surveying, real-time positioning services, and for scientific applications (see Fig.1).

Fig. 1: Automated GPS Network in Switzerland (AGNES)

Since 2002, a service called swipos-GIS/GEO® (Swiss positioning service for GIS and geodetic applications) is operational. The service allows positioning in the new Swiss geodetic reference frame CHTRF95 with cm accuracy in real time.

The station Jungfraujoch is one of the AGNES sites. The GPS antenna is collocated with the sensors of the ANETZ station of MeteoSwiss. During 2003, the station operated very stably and only a few data gaps were registered for the days 108-111, 211, and 268.

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The monitoring of the station coordinates is one objective of the analyses. The weekly repeatability in the horizontal direction (north, east) is of the order of 2-3 mm. The determination of the height component is much weaker (see Fig.2). Compared to other AGNES stations, these results are considerably poorer, but still of sufficient accuracy. It is assumed that multipath effects and the surroundings (e.g. the Swisscom installations) are responsible for the reduced performance.

Fig. 2: Coordinate repeatability at the AGNES station Jungfraujoch

In the year 2003, the GPS data were analyzed especially for deriving zenith total delay estimates in near real-time with a time delay of 1 hour 45 minutes for numerical weather prediction. Since Feb. 2003, such estimates are available in real time with a time delay of 1 minute.

Swisstopo and the Swiss partners MeteoSwiss and Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) of the University of Berne contributed results to the project COST-716 which expired in December 2003. More information can be found in the HFSJG Activity Report 2002. The web site http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/cost716/ shows the contributions of a total of 9 European analysis centers.

The GPS-derived zenith total delay estimates are not yet routinely used by MeteoSwiss for numerical weather prediction. In 2004, further assimilation tests are planned for demonstrating the impact and the possible gain due to the additional GPS information. Nevertheless, the different contributions are compared on a routine basis: Fig. 3 shows the different estimates for station Jungfraujoch for the time period at the end of 2003. The offset of the prediction by MeteoSwiss can be explained by

48 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 the use of a different mesh point in the numerical weather prediction model aLMo (alpine local Model).

JUJO zenith total delay of GPS week in [m] 1.64 1.62 Postproc. (24 hours) Near real-time (7 hours) 1.6 Near real-time (1 hour) 1.58 Real-time 1.56 Radiosonde 1.54 Assimilation Local model 1.52 1.5 1.48 1.46 1.44 1.42 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 DOY 2003 13/01/04 11:19 Fig. 3: ZTDs of AGNES station Jungfraujoch

All results presented here are updated on a weekly or hourly basis. They can be viewed under http://www.swisstopo.ch/en/geo/pnac_results.htm.

A special validation campaign using water vapour radiometers on stations Jungfrau- joch, Zimmerwald and Berne took place in September 2003. See the report by UniBW Munich (this volume).

Key words: GPS, meteorology, positioning, integrated water vapour, zenith path delay, radiometer, radiosonde, numerical weather prediction, geodynamics, geotectonics

Internet data bases: http://www.swisstopo.ch; http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/cost716/; http://tough.dmi.dk/

Collaborating partners/networks: Astronomical Institute (AIUB), University of Berne MeteoSwiss, Zurich Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), University of Berne

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal articles Guerova G., E. Brockmann, J. Quiby, F. Schubiger and Ch. Mätzler (2003): "Validation of NWP mesoscale models with Swiss GPS Network AGNES". J. Appl. Meteorol., 42, 1, pp. 141-150, 2003. Guerova G., J.-M. Bettems, E. Brockmann and Ch. Mätzler (2003): "Assimilation of COST 716 Near Real Time GPS data in the nonhydrostatic limited area model used in MeteoSwiss". Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., submitted Aug. 2003. Ineichen D., G. Beutler and U. Hugentobler (2003): "Sensitivity of GPS and GLONASS orbits with respect to resonant geopotential parameters". Journal of Geodesy, 77, pp. 478-486, 2003. Troller M., B. Bürki, M. Cocard, A. Geiger and H.-G. Kahle (2002): "3-D refractivity field from GPS double difference tomography". Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(24), 2149, doi:10.1029/2002GL015982, 2003.

49 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Van der Marel H., E. Brockmann, S. de Haan, J. Dousa, J. Johansson, G. Gendt, O. Kristiansen, D. Offiler, R. Pacione, A. Rius and F. Vespe (2003): "COST-716 Near Real-Time Demonstration Project". Jap. Meteor. Soc. J., submitted March, 2003. Conference papers Brockmann E., S. Grünig, D. Ineichen and U. Wild (2003): "Estimating zenith total delays from the Swiss permanent GPS network AGNES with time delays of 2 weeks up to 10 minutes". Paper presented at the EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 6-11 April, 2003. Brockmann E., D. Ineichen and M. Troller (2003): "Using interpolated zenith total delays from permanent GPS networks for improving the heights derived from local GPS campaigns". Paper presented at the EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 6-11 April, 2003. Brockmann E., D. Ineichen, M. Kistler, U. Marti, A. Schlatter and D. Schneider (2003): "CH-CGN activities in Switzerland". In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF). EUREF Publication No. 12 (in prep.), 2003. Guerova G., J.-M. Bettems, E. Brockmann and Ch. Mätzler (2003): "Assessment of the impact of GPS data assimilation on the performance of the NWP model of MeteoSwiss: Case studies". International Workshop on GPS Meteorology, Tsukuba, Japan, 14-17 January, 2003. Marti U., A. Schlatter and E. Brockmann (2003): "Analysis of vertical movements in Switzerland". Paper presented at the EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 6-11 April, 2003. Schneider D., E. Brockmann, D. Ineichen, S. Grünig, A. Wiget and U.Wild (2003): "Applications of GPS meteorology using the Swiss permanent GPS network AGNES". Paper presented at the IUGG in Sapporo, Japan, June 30 - July 11, 2003. Troller M., A. Geiger, E. Brockmann, B. Bürki and H.-G. Kahle (2003): "GPS Tomography on a Permanent Network in the Mountainous Region of Switzerland". Paper presented at the EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 6-11 April, 2003. Troller M., E. Brockmann and A. Geiger (2003): "Estimation of Spatial and Temporal Path Delays Based on the Permanent GPS Network in Switzerland". Paper presented at the EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 6-11 April, 2003. Troller M., A. Geiger, B. Bürki, E. Brockmann and H.-G. Kahle (2003): "Use of satellite navigation systems for determination of 4-dimensional atmospheric refractivity field". Paper presented at the IAIN World Congress in Berlin, October 2003. Vogel B., E. Brockmann, P. Kummer, U. Marti, D. Schneider, A. Schlatter, A. Wiget, U. Wild and W. Gurtner (2003): "National Report of Switzerland: New Develop- ments in Swiss National Geodetic Surveying". In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF). EUREF Publication No. 12 (in prep.), 2003. Vollath U., E. Brockmann and X. Chen (2003): "Troposphere: Signal or noise?". Paper presented at the ION in Salt Lake City, 2003.

50 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Wild M., G. Guerova, J. Morland, Ch. Mätzler and E. Brockman (2003): "Water Vapor Over the Alps: GCM simulations versus GPS Observations". Paper on Climate change; joint projects P2.1 and P2.4, 2003. Thesis Guerova G. (2003): "Application of GPS derived water vapour for numerical weather prediction in Switzerland". PhD thesis, University of Berne, 2003.

Address: Bundesamt für Landestopographie (swisstopo) Seftigenstrasse 264 CH-3084 Wabern

Contacts Elmar Brockmann Tel.:+41 31 963 2111 Fax.:+41 31 963 2459 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.swisstopo.ch

51 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

52 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Name of research institute or organization: Abteilung für Klima- und Umweltphysik, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern

Title of project: AEROCARB: Airborne European Regional Observations of the Carbon Balance

Project leader and team: PD Dr. Markus Leuenberger, project leader Patrick Sturm, Peter Nyfeler, Hans-Peter Moret

Project description: AEROCARB, which is a EU-funded project of the CARBOEUROPE cluster, involves 13 institutions in 8 European countries. The prime objective is to estimate and monitor the net European carbon balance on monthly to decadal time scales, as a means to corroborate EU-wide controls of CO2 emissions. Closely connected to this is the study of spatial and temporal variations of the CO2 sources and sinks over the European continent.

In addition to the CO2 measurements highly precise atmospheric O2 concentration measurements are performed. Atmospheric O2 is a powerful tracer of the carbon cycle that brings key information on the ocean versus land partitioning of carbon fluxes. O2 measurements will be used for evaluating how much CO2 of marine origin is present in the European air shed.

Our laboratory undertook the commitment to perform high precision O2/N2 measurements. Additionally we are responsible for running the flask sampling station at Jungfraujoch. At this high altitude research station the measured O2/N2 ratios represent “background” values independent of direct local anthropogenic influences.

Routine biweekly flask sampling was performed throughout the year 2003. Figure 1 shows measurements of the O2/N2 ratio and CO2 concentrations at the Jungfraujoch from October 2000 to December 2003. For O2/N2 measurements all samples taken at ambient pressure are highly influenced by flask storage drift. Permeation of air components through the Viton O-ring sealings of the flasks results in a significant change in O2/N2 when the samples are stored too long. This permeation effect has masked any real atmospheric signal. The corrected O2/N2 ratios, however, show a seasonal amplitude of 0.15 per mil. The flask storage drift is in particular dependent on the pressure difference of the sample air and the ambient air at the storage location. To minimize such permeation influences we therefore modified the sampling box in order to be able to pressurize the samples to about 950mbar, which corresponds to ambient storage pressure at Bern. Additionally 1000ml flasks instead of 500ml flasks have been used to further reduce any adverse effects. This new sampling procedure was started in August 2002.

CO2 measurements of the same samples are also influenced by storage drifts. The corrected values vary between 365 and 382 ppm. The oxidation ratio of these samples is -1.8 ± 0.2 mol O2/mol CO2. This points to a mixed influence of oceanic and land biospheric sources since the ocean signature is close to a factor minus two whereas the land biosphere signature is about -1.1 mol O2/mol CO2.

53 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

800 0.5 L flasks, ∼720 hPa 0.5 L flasks, ∼720 hPa, Permeation corr. 700 1.0 L flasks, ∼950 hPa

d) Harmonic fit ]

g 600 e andar m t s 500 per n r [ 2 e B /N .

2 400 s O v ( δ 300

200

390 2001 2002 2003 2004 year 385

] 380 m p

[p 375 2

CO 370

365

360

500 2001 2002 2003 2004 year 450

d) 400 ] g

e 350 andar m t r s e 300 n r [p 2 e 250 B /N . 2 s O v ( δ 200 -1.8 ± 0.2 [mol O2 / mol CO2] 150 r 2 = 0.56 100

364 368 372 376 380 384

CO2 [ppm]

Figure 1: O2/N2 and CO2 measurements at Jungfraujoch.

On the same air samples we also performed carbon isotope measurements. We used a syringe method using only about 1 ml STP of air. The precision is about 0.1 permil compared to 0.02 permil using a conventional CO2 extraction. However, our principle is very fast and we can do several replicates. The variability on Jungfraujoch for δ13C is about 1 permil (Figure 2). From a Keeling plot we obtain a intercept of –23.3 ± 0.8 permil. This is consistent with preferential exchanges with the terrestrial biosphere and a very small fossil fuel contribution (note that fossil fuel has a δ13C value of about –28 permil compared to –25 permil for the terrestrial biosphere).

In 2004 we will set up continuous O2/N2 and CO2 analysers at Jungfraujoch. With these state-of-the-art instruments it will be possible to monitor O2/N2 and CO2 continuously and to prevent any flask storage and sampling problems.

54 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

-7.6

-8 ] B D P vs. -8.4 ‰ [ 2 CO 13 δ -8.8

-9.2

2001 2002 2003 2004 year -7.6

intercept: -23.3 ± 0.8 ‰

-8 r 2 = 0.83 ] B D P vs. -8.4 ‰ [ 2 CO 13 δ

-8.8

-9.2

0.00256 0.0026 0.00264 0.00268 0.00272 0.00276

1/CO2 [1/ppm] 13 Figure 2: δ C and CO2 measurements at Jungfraujoch

Key words: European Carbon Balance, High precision O2/N2 measurements, CO2, Flask sampling

Internet data bases: http://www.aerocarb.cnrs-gif.fr/

Collaborating partners/networks: Centrum voor Isotopen Onderzoek, Groningen, The Netherlands

Address: Climate and Environmental Physics Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts: Markus Leuenberger or Patrick Sturm Tel.: +41 31 631 44 70 Tel.: +41 31 631 85 64 Fax: +41 31 631 87 42 Fax: +41 31 631 87 42 e-mail: mailto:[email protected] e-mail: mailto:[email protected] URL: http://www.climate.unibe.ch/ http://www.aerocarb.cnrs-gif.fr/ http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/public/carboeur/

55 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

56 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Name of research institute or organization: Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg

Title of project: 14 Long-term observations of CO2 at Jungfraujoch

Project leader and team: Ingeborg Levin, project leader Bernd Kromer

Project description: 14C is the natural radioactive carbon isotope which is produced in the atmosphere by cosmic ray induced reactions with atmospheric nitrogen. The radioactive half life of 14 14 C is 5730 years. The natural equilibrium level of atmospheric CO2 has been disturbed by man’s activities in the last century, via the ongoing input of fossil fuel CO2 into the atmosphere known as Suess effect, and through nuclear detonations in the atmosphere in the 1950s and early 1960s. CO2 from burning of fossil fuels, due to 14 its age of several hundred million years, is free of C; adding fossil fuel CO2 to the atmosphere, therefore, not only leads to an increase of its mixing ratio but also to a 14 12 decrease of the C/ C ratio in atmospheric CO2. From this decrease we can directly calculate the contemporary fossil fuel CO2 surplus at a measurement site, e.g. on the European continent, if the undisturbed background level is known.

14 Atmospheric CO2 observations at Jungfraujoch serve as a background for other observational sites in Central Europe. They were started in 1986 have been in 14 continuous operation since then. The Jungfraujoch background CO2 level was used to calculate the fossil fuel CO2 component at Schauinsland station as well as in 14 Heidelberg from respective CO2 observations. These results are described in detail in a paper recently published by Levin et al. [2003].

Key words: carbon dioxide, Radiocarbon, fossil fuel emissions, climate, Kyoto Protocol

Internet data bases: http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/

Collaborating partners/networks: CARBOEUROPE, AEROCARB (http://www.aerocarb.cnrs-gif.fr/)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal article Levin, I., B. Kromer, M. Schmidt and H. Sartorius, 2003. A novel approach for 14 independent budgeting of fossil fuel CO2 over Europe by CO2 observations. Geophys. Res. Lett.30(23), 2194, doi. 10.1029/2003GL018477.

57 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Address: Institut für Umweltphysik Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 D-69120 Heidelberg

Contacts: Ingeborg Levin Tel.: +49 6221 546330 Fax: +49 6221 546405 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/

58 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Name of research institute or organization: Department of Geography, University of Zurich

Title of project: Rock-face temperature monitoring

Project leader and team Stephan Gruber, project leader Dr. Martin Hoelzle, Adrian Zgraggen, Msc student

Project description: Rock-wall temperatures are continuously recorded at different locations at a depth of 10 cm. Rock-faces between 2500 and 4500 m a.s.l. and all slope expositions are measured at around 20 sites in the regions: Jungfrau/Schilthorn, Zermatt and Corvatsch in order to verify the model PERMEBAL and to monitor changes in ground temperatures induced by climatic change. Data loggers are read-out and serviced once per year. The model PERMEBAL is used to simulate a one-dimensional energy balance in complex topography and to calculate time series of rock temperatures based on meteorological data. Especially for re-analyses of rock fall events in the unusually warm summer of 2003 this model and the rock-wall temperature measurements are beneficial. From 2003 onward, the monitoring of rock temperatures initiated in this project will be part of the Swiss permafrost monitoring program PERMOS.

Key words: Permafrost, rock fall, energy-balance model, PERMOS

Collaborating partners/networks: PERMOS – Permafrost Monitoring in Switzerland

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal article Gruber, S., Hoelzle, M. & Haeberli , W. (2003, submitted). Rock wall temperatures in the Alps. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. Conference papers Gruber, S., Peter, M., Hoelzle, M., Woddhatch, I. & Haeberli, W. (2003) Surface temperatures in steep Alpine rock faces - a strategy for regional-scale measurement and modelling. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Permafrost 2003, Zurich, Switzerland. Gruber, S., Haeberli, W. and Noetzli, J. (2002), The Thermal Regime of Steep Alpine Rock Faces. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco. Gruber, S.; Hoelzle, M.; Haeberli, W. (2003) Distributed process-based models of mountain permafrost: the importance of accurate spatial input and calibration data. EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly. Nice, France, 06 - 11 April 2003.

59 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Theses Peter, M., Untersuchung von Felstemperaturen im alpinen Permafrost, MSc Thesis, Universität Zürich, 2003.

Address: Glaciology and Geomorphodynamics Group Department of Geography University of Zurich Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland

Contacts Stephan Gruber phone: +41-1-635 51 19 fax: +41-1-635 68 48 e-mail: [email protected]

60 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Name of research institute or organization: Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, ETH Zentrum

Title of project: Permafrost temperature monitoring in alpine rock walls

Project leader and team Tetsuo Sueyoshi and Martin Funk

Project description: Progress of the thaw in the mountain permafrost has the correlation with the stability of steep slopes and rock faces. In the aspect of natural hazards, the monitoring of the response of the permafrost to the climate change therefore has the importance, especially in the Alps. For the alpine permafrost, due to the large effect of topography, the ground surface temperature has the wide range of local variability. Consequently, the distribution of the mountain permafrost should be estimated by the empirical rules or modellings. Yet there are difficulties of the verification for these estimation, because the in situ measurement of ground surface temeperature is rarely available, which is the essential parameter for the thermal state of permafrost. It is therefore important to perform the actual measurement not only for the verification of the permafrost model, but also for the grasp of the current state of permafrost by the real data. Since 1995, VAW has the ongoing measurement of the temperature and deformation on the Jungfrau-Ostgrat. Two boreholes of twenty metres deep are drilled outwards from the inner tunnel, on both of north and south sides of the ridge. Eight thermistors and six point-extensometres are installed for each borehole. Series of temperature and strain are shown in Figure 1 (north wall) and Figure 2 (south wall). Rock temperature of the north wall is always below the freezing point, seasonally changing between ca.-4C and ca.-9C. On the other hand, in the south wall the temperature sometimes exceeds freezing point, in which obviously the effect of latent heat is preventing the heating up during summer. This shows the importance of the water content to discuss the temperature variation. We also see the distinct temperature difference between north and south, which causes the heat flow in the rock wall from south to north. Figure 3 shows the temporal variation with the 1-year running mean, which is averaged with 365-days window (i.e. each value represents the annual mean from the neighboring data points). Unexpectedly, the entire rock wall temperature doesn't show a remarkable trend of warming for the last 5years. In the south wall, the temperature at 8meters depth is close to freezing point, therefore the thickness of the permafrost is estimated less than 10 meters. Such shallow permafrost should be sensible to the climate variation. Hereafter, we would examine the heat flow inside rock wall with further analyses of data. Modelling of the rock wall temperature would be also performed, for the prediction of the permafrost stability under the future climate scenario.

61 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

2

4 C] o

6 emperatur [

T 2.7m 6.7m 8 9.7m 11.7m 15.7m 19.2m 20.2m (aussen) 10

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

1.5e04 20.0 19.5m (aussen) 19.5 18.0m 18.0 16.0m 16.0 13.0m 13.0 7.0m 1.0e04 7.0 3.0m (innen)

5.0e05 Strain

0.0e+00

5.0e05

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Figure 1 Measurement in the north wall. Temperature (upper) and strain (lower) are shown from 1996 to 2003.

62 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5

C] 1.0 o 0.5 0.0 0.5

emperatur [ 1.0 1.2m T 5.2m 1.5 8.2m 11.2m 2.0 14.2m 16.2m 2.5 17.7m 3.0 18.7m (aussen) 3.5

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

18.5 18.0m (aussen) 18.0 16.5m 16.5 14.5m 14.5 11.5m 11.5 5.5m 1.0e04 5.5 1.5m

Strain 5.0e05

0.0e+00

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Figure 2 Measurement in the south wall. Temperature (upper) and strain (lower) are shown from 1996 to 2003.

63 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

temperature : 1-year running mean

8.0m 0 5.4m South Wall -2

-4 10.5m North Wall ature(ûC) 7.3m -6 emper T

-8 Air temp. from meteo station

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 -10 88500 89000 89500 90000 90500 91000 91500 Julian-date Figure 3 Smoothed temperature variation with one-year running mean. The value represents the annual mean temperature from the neighboring data points.

Key words: Permafrost, temperature, rock wall, borehole, climate change

Collaborating partners/networks: PERMOS (PERmafrost MOnitoring in Switzerland) http://www.unibas.ch/vr-forschung/PERMOS

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Thesis Wegmann, M., Frostdynamik in hochalpinen Felswänden am Beispiel der Region Jungfraujoch - Aletsch, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, 1998. Data books and reports Sueyoshi, T., Permafrost Temperature monitoring in Jungfrau-Ostgrat, Annual Report 2003, VAW, ETH Zürich, 2004. (in German)

Address: Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie ETH Zentrum CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland

Contacts Tetsuo Sueyoshi Tel.: +41 1 632 4123 Fax: +41 1 632 1129 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/index.html

64 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center

Title of project: Solar and atmospheric radiation measurements

Project leader and team PD. Dr. Rolf Philipona, project leader Bruno Dürr, Christoph Wehrli

Project description: Within the Swiss Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring (CHARM) program, PMOD/WRC in collaboration with MeteoSwiss and IACETH conducts solar and atmospheric surface radiation measurements at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat mainly for radiation budget, UV-radiation and aerosol optical depth (AOD) investigations. Within the CHARM program, Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat are key stations of the Alpine Surface Radiation Budget (ASRB) network, where shortwave solar and longwave atmospheric radiation is accurately measured to determine the altitude dependence of the surface radiation budget and possible changes related to climate change. Jungfraujoch being the highest site within CHARM is also extensively used as reference and calibration station and for comparisons of radiation instruments.

Eight years of radiation budget measurements (1995 – 2002) have now been thoroughly analyzed and investigated. The results show that atmospheric longwave downward radiation significantly increased (+5.2 Wm-2) partly due to increased cloud amount (+1.0 Wm-2), while solar shortwave radiation decreased (-2.0 Wm-2) on average over all ASRB stations over the eight years of measurements (Figure 1). With cloud effects subtracted, model calculations show the cloud-free longwave flux increase (+4.2 Wm-2) to be in due proportion to the increase of temperature ( + 0.82 °C) and absolute humidity (+0.21 g m-3), but to be three times larger than expected from anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and therefore in part related to rising warm air

a) 6.6(1.8) 320 Pa b) c) 2.5(2.5) 200 Go 60 4.4(3.1) Lo -2.6(4.0) 300 Jf 1.3(2.8) Jf Wf Da 2.2(1.3) 180 -6.0(4.0) 50 3.8(2.1) 280 Ci 3.5(3.0) Vs Wf 1.9(2.7) Go 1.1(3.8) 260 7.8(1.3) Vs Da Vs 160 -1.3(2.6) 40 -2.3(2.1) 6.0(2.3) Ci Ci -2.3(5.3) -0.5(4.0) Wf 1.0(2.4) 240 Da -0.5(2.7) Pa 5.6(2.5) Lo Go -2.7(4.8) Lo -0.7(2.5) 7.6(2.7) 140 Pa -2.1(3.6) 30 220 Jf -2 ∆ LDR = +5.2 (2.2) Wm ∆ -2 ∆ -2 ave SDRave= -2.0 (3.7) Wm LCEave= +1.0 (2.8) Wm

1995 2000 2005 1995 2000 2005 1995 2000 2005 Year Year Year

FIGURE 1. Annual mean values of a) Longwave Downward Radiation (LDR), b) Shortwave Downward Radiation (SDR) and c) Longwave Cloud Effect (LCE) measured at eight stations from 1995 to 2002. Radiative flux changes over the eight years and stdev are given in [Wm-2] on the right.

65 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

advection under strengthened NAO conditions (Figure 2). However, after correcting for two thirds of the temperature and humidity rises, the increase of cloud-free longwave downward radiation (+1.8 Wm-2) remains significant and demonstrates anthropogenic greenhouse gas radiative forcing (Figure 3).

15 a) 1.46(0.36) 0.44(0.30) b) Lo 8 0.68(0.23) 0.32(0.16) Lo 1.52(0.50) 10 1.19(0.35) 0.34(0.20) Pa Pa 0.37(0.26) 0.95(0.58) 0.76(0.47) 5 6 Ci 0.95(0.34) 0.78(0.20) 0.20(0.13) Da 1.49(0.48) Ci 0.22(0.08) 0.72(0.42) 0 Vs 0.92(0.46) Da 0.78(0.18) 4 Wf 0.33(0.14) Vs 0.21(0.06) 1.26(0.63) 0.89(0.49) Go 0.17(0.07) -5 Wf 0.69(0.42) 0.10(0.08) Go 0.06(0.05) Jf Jf 0.12(0.04) 1.22(0.55) 2 -10 ∆ ∆ -3 tave= +1.32 (0.52) °C +0.82 (0.41) uave= +0.51 (0.18) gm +0.21 (0.10)

1980 2000 1980 2000 Year Year

FIGURE 2. Large increases of a) temperature (t) and b) absolute humidity (u) measured in the Alps from 1980 to 2002 at six MeteoSwiss stations, and from 1995 to 2002 at eight stations. Annual mean values of temperature [°C] and absolute humidity [g m-3], with increases over the measuring period and stdev are shown from 1980 to 2002 (center), and from 1995 to 2002 (right). Stations south of the Alps are shown in red, all station average in green.

Lo 3.2(1.8) Lo Lo 1.5(0.4) 280 280 2.1(1.0) 280 5.6(2.8) 2.5(1.8) Pa Pa Pa 1.8(1.0) 260 260 260 a) b) c) Ci 4.0(2.3) 240 240 Ci 2.2(1.0) 240 Ci 1.7(0.9) 4.5(1.9) 2.4(0.9) Da Da Da 1.8(0.8) 220 220 220 4.0(1.7) 2.5(0.5) 1.6(0.8) Vs Vs Vs 200 4.7(1.7) 200 2.9(0.5) 200 2.1(0.8) Wf Wf Wf 4.5(1.8) 2.9(0.8) 2.5(1.3) 180 180 180 Go Go Go 3.3(1.3) 2.1(0.6) 1.4(0.6) Jf Jf Jf 160 -2 160 -2 160 -2 ∆ (LDR ) = +4.2 (1.9) Wm ∆(LDR ) =+2.4 (0.9) Wm ∆(LDR ) =+1.8(0.8) Wm cf ave cf,tc ave cf,tc,uc ave

1995 2000 2005 1995 2000 2005 1995 2000 2005 Year Year Year

FIGURE 3. Annual mean values of a) cloud-free Longwave Downward Radiation (LDRcf), b) temperature corrected Longwave Downward Radiation (LDRcf,tc) and c) humidity corrected Longwave Downward Radiation (LDRcf,tc,uc) measured at eight stations. Increases over the eight years and stdev are shown.

This analysis shows that longwave downward radiation flux increases at Earth’s surface can be accurately measured, subdivided and explicitly explained and backed with model calculations as cloud-, temperature-, water vapor- and enhanced greenhouse gas radiative forcing effect. The resulting uniform increase of longwave downward radiation manifests radiative forcing that is induced by increased greenhouse gas concentrations and water vapor feedback, and proves for the first time the ‘theory’ of greenhouse warming with direct observations.

66 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Key words: Surface radiation budget; Radiative forcing; Longwave cloud effect; Greenhouse effect

Internet data bases: http://www.pmodwrc.ch/

Collaborating partners/networks: MeteoSwiss (MCH) Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science at ETH (IACETH)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal article Marty, C., R. Philipona, J. Delamere, E.G. Dutton, J. Michalsky, K. Stamnes, T. Stoffel, S.A. Clough and E.J. Mlawer, Downward longwave irradiance uncertainty under arctic atmospheres – measurements and modelling, J. Geophys. Res. 108(D12), 4358, doi:10.1029/2002JD002937, 2003. Conference papers Philipona, R., Untersuchung des Treibhauseffektes in Bezug auf Klimaver- änderungen, Antrittsvorlesung an der ETH-Zürich, Switzerland, 23 Jan. 2003 Philipona, R., Surface radiation measurements in the Alps reveal the increase of the greenhouse effect, XXIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), Sapporo, Japan, 30 Jun. – 11 Jul. 2003. Philipona, R., Strahlungsmessungen in den Alpen bestätigen die Zunahme des Treibhauseffektes. Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Meteorologie, Jahresver- sammlung, Fribourg, Switzerland, 8. Okt. 2003. Philipona, R., B. Dürr, C. Marty, A. Ohmura and M. Wild, Radiative forcing – measured at Earth’s surface - corroborate the increasing greenhouse effect. Poster at American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA, 8 – 12 Dec. 2003.

Address: Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos World Radiation Center Dorfstrasse 33 CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Contacts Rolf Philipona Tel.: +41 81 417 5131 Fax: +41 81 417 5100 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.pmodwrc.ch/

67 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

68 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Name of research institute or organization: Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern

Title of project: Operation of a 70 cm amateur beacon transmitter, operation of a 23 cm voice repeater station, study of high frequency propagation conditions.

Project leader and team: Roland Moser, HB9MHS; project leader Jürg Furrer, HB9APG; Christian Schmocker, HB9DUU; Heinz Burkhard, HB9MOA; Ruedi Wyss, HB9BEN

Project description: The "Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern" has been operating two amateur radio stations at the Sphinx observatory for more than twenty years.

The 23 cm repeater is operating at Tx 1258.900 MHz and Rx 1293.900 MHz since 1992. Our 70 cm beacon at 432.984 MHz has been working incessantly since 1980.

As of January 1, 2004, the 70cm frequency band plan of the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) will undergo several changes. Thus, the beacon band will be shifted downwards by about 500 kHz. The Swiss Federal Office of Communication (BAKOM) issued a new frequency of 432.432 MHz for our beacon. In order to re- adjust the transmission frequency the beacon was moved temporarily to Bern where the old quartz was exchanged. The beacon is operating at the new frequency since September 25, 2003, without any problems back at Jungfraujoch. Reports on radio reception are welcome via e-mail [email protected].

Our group homepage http://www.relais-hb9f.ch provides complementary information on technical equipment and activities.

For the hospitality for over twenty years the "Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern" expresses its thanks to the International Foundation HFSJG.

Key words: Amateur radio beacon, repeater

Internet data bases: URL: http://www.relais-hb9f.ch WAP: http://wap.relais-hb9f.ch

Collaborating partners/networks: USKA – Union of Swiss Short Wave Amateurs, Section Bern

Address: Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern c/o Roland Moser Zeerlederstrasse 2 CH-3006 Bern

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Contacts: Roland Moser Telephone: +41 31 3 510 510 mobile: +41 79 3000 311 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.relais-hb9f.ch WAP: http://wap.relais-hb9f.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Department of Chemistry, University of York School of Environment / Department of Chemistry, University of Leeds

Title of project: Free Troposphere Experiment 2003 (FREETEX)

Project leader and team Dr Ally Lewis, project leader Dr Ruth Purvis, senior scientist Dr James Lee, Dr Andrea Jackson, Lisa Whalley, Sarah Walker

Project description: C2-C5 alkanes, alkenes and alkynes are useful tracers of natural and anthropogenic emissions. With diverse emission sources and moderately short atmospheric lifetimes, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) exhibit significant latitudinal, seasonal and vertical gradients [1]. They primarily react with the hydroxyl (OH) radical in the atmosphere, although also with ozone, nitrate, chlorine and bromine. Unsaturated NMHCs (alkenes) react faster with OH compared to the saturated alkanes, and therefore, in remote atmospheres (e.g. marine boundary layer, or free troposphere), long-lived alkanes such as ethane and propane are generally the most abundant [1]. Observing the changing ratios in abundance particular hydrocarbons, e.g. branched to straight chain alkanes, alkanes to acetylene etc – can give an indirect measurement of the integrated radical concentration, and this property has been used to probe not only OH [2] but also NO3 [3], Cl and Br [4] in the atmosphere. These unique reaction rates provide information on transport and dilution of air-masses, but are needed also to understand the photochemical processes occurring in situ, as NMHCs, along with NOx, are the key chemical precursors of O3 [5]. In the free troposphere where O3 has an enhanced photochemical lifetime and a proportionally greater influence on climate [6], light hydrocarbon measurements are needed to calculate free tropospheric photochemical O3 production, and in determining their potential to act as sinks for OH.

PAN, a major component of photochemical smog, also plays an important role in the chemistry of the free troposphere and in photochemical O3 cycles. PAN is a secondary pollutant, formed when hydrocarbons are oxidised in the presence of NOx [7]. An important feature of PAN is that it is thermally unstable and, therefore, its atmospheric lifetime is strongly dependent on the ambient temperature. In the cold free troposphere the PAN molecule may persist for several months [7] and may be transported over long distances before decomposing when an airmass subsides to release NOx [8]. By this mechanism, PAN can have a profound effect on both regional and global oxidant budgets.

The PAN GC and NMHC GC, (Organics by near Real time Airborne Chromatograph – ORAC) have been designed to make both ground and aircraft measurements. To meet aircraft specifications, both instruments have been designed to be entirely self- contained and have low weight and power consumption. The two instruments are particularly robust and are able to withstand up to 9g of force. As part of the 2003

71 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 project we have made the first low atmospheric pressure tests for these instruments in addition to providing an opportunity to establish sensitivity and response performance in cold, dry and clean free tropospheric air.

This project also provided the opportunity for the first field-test of a new automated peroxides instrument, in preparation for its participation in a project in Antarctica. The instrument ran continuously for 14 days and allowed problems to be identified that could be rectified in advance of its deployment in Antarctica. A time-series showing propene and CO data from the second half of the measurement campaign is presented in Figure 1. Both compounds exhibit a diurnal cycle, displaying a minimum in the early morning hours and a maximum around midday. The maximum observed in CO on the 6th March occurs later in the evening - this shift may be due to a change in the airmass sampled, as the trajectories show a change in direction from NW to SW. Such diurnal cycling may be a function of changing boundary-layer height. Mountain research stations, such as the JFJ, tend to reside in the FT at night as the boundary layer height (BLH) decreases due to reduced temperatures. In the daylight hours, the boundary layer increases, allowing emissions from the alpine valleys to be sampled, thus, leading to increased levels of anthropogenic compounds, such as CO and propene, measured during the day. Such pronounced diurnal cycles were not observed in the alkane data, since these species are more abundant in the FT, therefore, changes in the boundary layer height may affect the ambient levels to a lesser degree.

Figure 1 Time-series of propene and CO. CO daily maximum displayed.

Of the species measured by ORAC and the EMPA GC-MS only n & iso-butane were common to both instruments. The datasets agreed well throughout the campaign for iso-butane, with mean concentrations of 0.076 ppbV and 0.077 ppbV by the EMPA GC and ORAC respectively. There were, however, significant differences in the n- butane concentration, highlighted in particular when the butane ratios are calculated. A butane ratio of 1:2 has previously been reported at the JFJ by Carpenter et al [12] and this is recreated by the EMPA instrument. A much higher ratio observed at times by ORAC may be due to a co-eluting compound, possibly a halocarbon.

72 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Peroxyacetyl nitrate data collected throughout the campaign is presented in Figure 2. The mean PAN concentration was calculated to be 0.142 ppbV, however, at times falling as low as 0.011 ppbV. Plotted alongside O3 and CO, PAN exhibits both positive and negative correlations with respect to O3 and a general positive trend with CO. Since both O3 and PAN are secondary pollutants polluted air masses would be expected to have a positive correlation. A negative correlation is likely to be observed when the polluted air mass has undergone O3 titration with NO, or when an air mass has a stratospheric influence.

Figure 2 Time-series of CO and O3. PAN, NOx and NOy

PAN has also been compared to NOx and NOy data during this campaign (Figure 2). PAN has previously been reported to contribute up to 36 % of the NOy seen at the JFJ station [12, 13], however PAN contributions as low as 19 % during autumn and winter months have been reported [11]. The mean contribution throughout this campaign was calculated to be 21 %. This low PAN contribution is due to proportionally higher NOx levels, calculated to contribute an average of up to 70 % of the NOy during this campaign. This is a much larger contribution than previously reported [14] and indicates that the JFJ was influenced by polluted air masses for the majority of the measurement period.

Hydrogen peroxide was observed in the sub-ppbV range, as shown in Figure 2. Methyl hydroperoxide (MHP) was also observed but data has yet to be processed to obtain concentration values, which are considerably lower than those of H2O2.

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1.00

0.90 Corrected ppbv

0.80

0.70 ppbv / 2 0.60 O 2

on H 0.50 i at r 0.40

0.30 Concent

0.20

0.10

0.00 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 DAY

Figure 3: Time Series of [H2O2] at JFJ for 27/02/03 (Day 58) to 12/03/03 (Day 72)

Figure 3 shows that there are two distinct periods of higher H2O2 concentration occurring during Julian day 60 (01/03/03) and 65 (06/03/03). Initial analysis indicates that these periods appear to correspond to a change in local wind direction change, from a general north-westerly direction (270-360o) to a south-easterly o direction (90-180 ), and to increased pressure and low NOx regimes. This implies that air masses being transported locally from the north-west generally show a lower peroxide (or peroxide pre-cursors) concentration than air masses transported from the south-east. Furthermore, it suggests that air masses moving from the south-east have increased photochemical activity to those from the north-west, over this period. A third, less well-defined period of higher H2O2 concentration occurring during days 68-71 (09-12/03/03) does not correspond to a change in local wind direction.

Periods of very low H2O2 concentration appear to correspond with periods where NO concentrations exceed 0.1 ppb, which is consistent with the scavenging of HO2 radicals by NO thereby suppressing H2O2 formation. Diurnal cycles can also be seen in Figure 3, being especially well-defined during days 61 and 62 (02 and 03/03/03 respectively). Further analysis of this dataset alongside others collected at the observatory is presently being undertaken in order to establish the reasons for the observed peroxide variation.

Throughout the measurement period the PAN, NMHC and H2O2 observations highlighted specific chemical changes to airmass composition that occur as a function of meteorological transport. Coupled with back trajectory analysis, the levels of the trace gases can be qualitatively described by examining the airmass origin. In terms of their capacity to measure both PAN and NMHCs at high altitudes and specifically the free troposphere, the GC techniques reported here have proved successful. The new automated instrument for the measurements of H2O2 and ROOH was also successful, any problems were identified and rectified and the instrument is currently deployed in the Antarctic. References [1] N. J. Blake et al. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104, 21. [2] N. J. Blake et al J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98, 2851. [3] S. A. Penkett, et al Geophys. Res. 1993, 98, 2865. [4] B. T. Jobson, H. Niki, Y. Yokouchi, J. Bottenheim, F. Hopper and R. Leaitch. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99, 25355 [5] R. Koppmann, et al J. Atmos. Chem. 1998, 31, 53 [6] A. A. Lacis, D. J. Wuebbles and J. A. Logan. J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95, 9971 [7] C. Bruhl, U. Poschl, P. J. Crutzen and B. Steil. Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 3931. [8] P. J. Crutzen. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet Sci. 1979, 7, 443 [9] C.W Cofer, V.G. Collins, and R.W. Talbot, Environ. Sci. & Technol., 19, 557-560, 1985

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[10] A.L Lazrus, A.L., G.L. Kok, S.N. Gitlin, J.A. Lind, and S.E. McLaren, Anal. Chem., 1985, 57 (4), 917-922,. [11] A.L Lazrus et al, Anal. Chem. 58, 1986, 594-597,. [12] L. J. Carpenter et al J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105, 14547 [13] C. Zellweger, et al. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105, 6655 [14] C. Zellweger et al Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2003, 3, 779

Key words: Free Troposphere, Non methane hydrocarbons, PAN, Aircraft GC, H2O2, ROOH

Internet data bases: http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~chem89/Intro_group.htm http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/research/ias/index.htm

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal articles Whalley, L. K., A.C. Lewis, J.B. McQuaid, R.M. Purvis, J.D. Lee, K. Stemmler, C. Zellweger, and P. Ridgeon, Two High-speed, Portable GC Systems Designed for the Measurement of Non-methane Hydrocarbons and PAN: Results from the Jungfraujoch High Altitude Observatory, accepted Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2003 Thesis Purvis, R. M., Transport and distribution of non methane hydrocarbons in the free troposphere over Europe, PhD Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003 (FREETEX 2001 and 2002)

Address: Chemistry Department University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK

Contacts Dr Ruth Purvis Tel.: +44 1904 561594 Fax: +44 1904 561595 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~chem89/Intro_group.htm

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Name of research institute or organization: Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)

Title of project: Atmospheric physics and chemistry

Project leader and team: Dr. Martine De Mazière: project leader FTIR Dr. M. Van Roozendael: project leader UV-Vis Brice Barret, Thierry Coosemans, Caroline Fayt, François Hendrick, Christian Hermans, François Humbled, Jean-Christopher Lambert, Vincent Soebijanta: team scientists Pierre Gérard, José Granville: team support engineers

Project description: UV-Vis BIRA-IASB operates a zenith-sky looking UV-visible spectrometer installed on the Sphinx platform since June 1990. Of the French CNRS SAOZ (Système d’Analyse par Observations Zénithales) design, this instrument has been qualified for operation within the international NDSC (Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change). Twice daily at twilight, it provides measurements of the ozone and nitrogen dioxide total columns suitable for long-term climatological studies and for satellite validation. In 2003, the SAOZ NO2 and O3 column data have been submitted to the ENVISAT Cal/Val data base and used for the geophysical validation of key components of the satellite measurement system for atmospheric composition, namely, NO2 and O3 column data from ERS-2 GOME and ENVISAT SCIAMACHY within the ESA/PRODEX CINAMON project (AOID158, coordinated by BIRA-IASB), and integrated NO2 profile data from UARS HALOE, ERBS SAGE-II and SPOT-4 POAM-III within a research project funded by the Federal Office for Scientific Policy. SAOZ data have also been intensively used in the development of an advanced retrieval algorithm for GOME ozone columns based on direct line fitting of GOME ultraviolet spectra, within the ESA GODFIT project. Besides this, an algorithm for the vertical profile inversion of stratospheric NO2 has been designed as part of the EU project QUILT (http://nadir.nilu.no/quilt). This algorithm has been validated using various datasets (e.g., Harestua ground-based UV-Vis data in comparison with MIPAS satellite data) and will be applied to the Jungfraujoch data series. FTIR solar absorption spectrometry BIRA-IASB participates in the observations of the atmospheric composition by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry coordinated by the University of Liege (see report by ULg). Since 2001, BIRA-IASB is focusing on the development and characterisation of vertical inversion techniques. After a complete characterisation of the vertical profiles of ozone retrieved from the FTIR spectra, a similar procedure has been applied to FTIR measurements of CO. The retrieved vertical profiles and total columns have been compared with in-situ surface measurements of CO done by EMPA and with observations of CO from the satellite instrument MOPITT onboard Terra. Overall the agreements are very good, taking into account the limits of each measurement technique. The results prove the sensitivity of the FTIR measurements

77 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 of CO from the lower stratosphere down to the surface. This shows that the FTIR spectrometry has a unique capability to derive tropospheric abundances for a number of species for which hardly any other experimental data exist at present. In 2003 the EC project UFTIR (http://ww.nilu.no/uftir), coordinated by BIRA-IASB, has started. The Jungfraujoch as well as all other European NDSC stations equipped with FTIR instruments are included in the project. The project aims at optimising the vertical inversion of additional species (N2O, CH4, C2H6, HCFC-22 ), re-analysing the existing time series, and comparing them with model results. In 2003, the validation of ENVISAT SCIAMACHY and MIPAS data using Jungfraujoch and other ground-based NDSC FTIR data has continued in the frame of the ESA/PRODEX project FTIRval (AOID126, coordinated by BIRA-IASB) and in the frame of the EC project Evergreen (http://www.knmi.nl/evergreen). More valuable results are expected in 2004, when we will get reprocessed ENVISAT data from ESA.

Key words Ozone, NO2, CO, atmospheric composition, long-term monitoring, optical remote sensing, vertical inversion methods, satellite validation

Internet databases The data are archived in the NDSC database (http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/), in the NADIR/NILU database (http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir). Data processed for ENVISAT validation purposes are also submitted to the ENVISAT CAL/VAL database (http://nadir.nilu.no/calval).

Collaborating partners/networks: Collaborations with University of Liège, NDSC partners and partners of the EC projects QUILT, UFTIR, Evergreen. Collaboration with modellers, in particular M. Chipperfield of Univ. Leeds. Both the UV-Vis and FTIR observations contribute to the international Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC). Collaboration with B. Buchmann, EMPA Initiation of collaborations with A. Prévot (PSI), S. Reimann (EMPA) and I. Balin (EPFL). Collaboration with the GOME and ENVISAT satellite communities

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal articles B. Barret, M. De Mazière and E. Mahieu, Ground-based FTIR measurements of CO from the Jungfraujoch: characterisation and comparison with in-situ surface and MOPITT data, ACP, 3, 2217-2223, 2003. Newman, P.A., N. R. P. Harris, A. Adriani, G. Amanatidis, J. Anderson, G. Braathen, W. Brune, K. Carslaw, M. Craig, P. DeCola, M. Guirlet, S. Hipskind, M. Kurylo, H. Küllmann, N. Larsen, G. Mégie, J.-P. Pommereau, L. Poole, M. Schoeberl, F. Stroh, B. Toon, C. Trepte, and M. Van Roozendael, An overview of the SOLVE-THESEO 2000 campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2001JD001303, 2002. Book sections M. De Mazière, and B. Barret, Retrieval of tropospheric information from ground- based FTIR observations, supported by synergistic exploitation of various ground- based and space-borne measurement techniques and data, in P. Borrell, P.M. Borrell,

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J.P. Burrows and U. Platt, Sounding the troposphere from space: a new era for atmospheric chemistry (TROPOSAT: EUROTRAC-2 Subproject Final Report), Springer, 315-326, 2003. Van Roozendael, M., C. Fayt, C. Hermans, and J.-C. Lambert, Retrieval of tropospheric BrO and NO2 from UV-visible Observations, in P. Borrell, P.M. Borrell, J.P. Burrows and U. Platt, Sounding the troposphere from space: a new era for atmospheric chemistry (TROPOSAT: EUROTRAC-2 Subproject Final Report), Springer, 67-71, 2003. Valks, P.J.M., A.J.M. Piters, J.-C. Lambert, C. Zehner, and H. Kelder, A Fast Delivery System for the retrieval of near-real time ozone columns from GOME data, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 24, pp. 423-436, 2003. Conference papers M. De Mazière, B. Barret, T. Coosemans, F. Hendrick, J.C. Lambert, V. Soebijanta, M. Van Roozendael, Validation of MIPAS operational level 2 products using ground- based network data, oral presentation at ASSFTS11, October 8-10, 2003, Bad Wildbad, Germany. De Mazière, M., T. Coosemans, B. Barret, T. Blumenstock, P. Demoulin, H. Fast, D. Griffith, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, R. Mittermeier, J. Notholt, C. Rinsland, A. Schulz, D. Smale, A. Strandberg, R. Sussmann, S. Wood, and M. Buchwitz, Validation of ENVISAT-1 level-2 products related to lower atmosphere O3 and NOy chemistry by an FTIR quasi-global network, in Proc. First ENVISAT Validation Workshop, ESA/ESRIN, Italy, 9-13 Dec. 2002, ESA SP-531, 2003. Lambert, J.-C., J. Granville, M. Allaart, T. Blumenstock, T. Coosemans, M. De Mazière, U. Friess, M. Gil, F. Goutail, D. V. Ionov, I. Kostadinov, E. Kyrö, A. Petritoli, A. Piters, A. Richter, H. K. Roscoe, H. Schets, J. D. Shanklin, V. T. Soebijanta, T. Suortti, M. Van Roozendael, C. Varotsos, and T. Wagner, Ground- based comparisons of early SCIAMACHY O3 and NO2 columns, in Proc. ENVISAT Validation Workshop, Frascati, 9-13 Dec. 2002, ESA SP-531, 2003 Lambert, J.-C., V. Soebijanta, Y. Orsolini, S. B. Andersen, A. Bui Van, J. P. Burrows, Y. Calisesi, C. Cambridge, H. Claude, M.-R. De Backer-Barilly, J. de La Noë, M. De Mazière, V. Dorokhov, A. Fahre Vik, S. Godin-Beekmann, F. Goutail, G. H. Hansen, G. Hochschild, B. A. Høiskar, P. V. Johnston, N. Kämpfer, K. Kreher, E. Kyrö, J. Leveau, J. Mäder, G. Milinevski, J-P. Pommereau, P. Quinn, U. Raffalski, A. Richter, H. K. Roscoe, J. D. Shanklin, J. Staehelin, K. Stebel, R. Stubi, T. Suortti, K. K. Tørnkvist, M. Van Roozendael, G. Vaughan, and Folkart Wittrock, Coordinated Ground-based Validation of ENVISAT Atmospheric Chemistry with NDSC Network Data: Commissioning phase Report, in Proc. First ENVISAT Validation Workshop, ESA/ESRIN, Italy, 9-13 Dec. 2002, ESA SP-531, 2003. Note: the ESA SP-531 papers can be consulted at http://envisat.esa.int/pub/ESA_DOC/envisat_val_1202/proceedings

Thesis B. Barret, Inversion et caractérisation de profils de constituants atmosphériques à partir de mesures FTIR sol, Thèse soutenue a l’Université Libre de Bruxelles, le 19 septembre 2003 (Promoteur: P.C. Simon, Co-promoteur: M. De Mazière) - grade obtenu: Docteur en Sciences.

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Address: Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium

Contacts: Martine De Mazière Tel. +32 2 373 03 63 Fax: +32-2-374 84 23 e-mail: [email protected]

Michel Van Roozendael Tel. +32 2 373 04 16 Fax: +32-2-374 84 23 e-mail: [email protected]

URL: http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/ http://www.oma.be/ESACII/Home.html

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Name of research institute or organization: Section of Environmental Radioactivity, Radiation Protection Division of the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health

Title of project: Continuous aerosol radioactivity monitoring

Project leader and team Prof. H. Völkle, Section Head, Pierre Beuret, project responsible

Project description: Continuous monitoring of aerosol radioactivity at 11 places in Switzerland, including one at the Hochalpine Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch; automatic data transmission to the data center in Fribourg The automatic monitoring station FHT59S for aerosol radioactivity operated by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health at Jungfraujoch has a particular interest for two reasons: - The possibility of a rapid detection of a radioactive contamination of the air at an altitude of 3400 m above sea level, - A detection limit of less than 0.1 Bq/m3 for artificial radioactivity (five times lower than on the Swiss Mittelland) due to the very low Radon concentration at high altitude. Comments on the measurement of 2003: During the hot period of summer 2003 the aerosol monitoring stations in the Swiss Mittelland recorded higher Radon concentrations than in the last years. So the thermal air flows up to the Jungfraujoch were more frequent and more important than in the previous years. As a consequence also at the Jungfraujoch higher Radon values have been recorded as shown on the figure below.

Natural concentration alpha measured at the Jungfraujoch (Summers 2001 and 2003)

14 .0 Conc. mean 2001 Conc. max 2001 Conc. mean 2003 12 .0 Conc. max 2003

10 .0 3 8.0 m / Bq 6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

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For reminder: The automatic α/β-compensation method used by the aerosol monitoring stations is based on the simultaneous measurement of gross Alpha (AG) and gross Beta (BG) radioactivity of the aerosols collected on the filter. The net . (artificial) Beta radioactivity (BN) is calculated by the following formula: BN = BG - f AG. The constant factor f can be adapted either by the programme or by the operator. By this compensation technique, we can make sure that in the absence of artificial radioactivity in the air the calculated value of the net Beta radioactivity is below 0.1 Bq/m3. As shown in the histogram below during summer 2003 some 90 percent of the values were below 0.07 Bq/m3.

Histogram of artificial beta mean concentrations of the FHT59S monitor in Jungfraujoch (15 may - 15 oct 2003) 1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0 013 034 054 074 094 114 135 155 175 195 189 168 148 128 108 088 067 047 027 007 ...... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0...... ------...... 003 . 024 . 044 . 064 . 084 . 104 . 125 . 145 . 165 . 185 . 199 . 179 . 158 . 138 . 118 . 098 . 078 . 057 . 037 . 017 ...... 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ------

Mean beta concentration [Bq / m3]

Histogram of the artificial Beta radioactivity registered by the FHT59S monitor at the Jungfraujoch

Comments on the technical part: The problem with the Mylar membrane situated between the air flow and the radiation detector mentioned in the last report has been solved by doubling the Mylar sheet. As a consequence the Alpha efficiency decreased from 26 to 16 percent and the one for Beta's from 23 to 21 percent, but they remain within the interval for these parameters fixed by the manufacturer of the instrument. Since July 20th 2003 when the Mylar membrane has been changed the instrument worked properly.

Key words: Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring

Internet data bases: http://www.bag.admin.ch/strahlen/ionisant/radio_env/pdf-2002/Chap.04.1_01.pdf

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: see: http://www.bag.admin.ch/strahlen/ionisant/radio_env/pdf-2002/Chap.04.1_01.pdf

Address: Sektion Überwachung der Radioaktivität, Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Abt. Strahlenschutz, c/o Physikdepartement der Universität, Ch. du Musée 3 CH-1700 Fribourg

Contacts Prof. H. Völkle Tel.: +41 26 300 9161 Fax: +41 26 300 9743 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.bag.admin.ch/strahlen/ionisant/radio_env/surveillance/d/surveiller.php

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Name of research institute or organization: Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern

Title of project: 85Kr Activity Determination in Tropospheric Air

Project leader and team Hartmut Sartorius, Clemens Schlosser and Sabine Schmid, Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, D-79098 Freiburg Heinz Hugo Loosli, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, CH-3012 Bern

Project description: The collection of air samples for 85Kr activity measurements has been continued at Jungfraujoch in 2003. A few cc of Krypton are collected in weekly samples from about 10 m3 of air. These samples are sent to Freiburg i.Br. for Krypton separation, purification and for activity measurement. This isotope is unique because it contributes the major part to the present-day artificial activity in air, and because up to now it is one of the rare radioisotopes which show an increasing trend in the global atmosphere. The radiation dose however is negligible compared to the dose components from internal and external radiation, including from cosmic rays.

Figure 1: measured 85Kr activities in weekly samples of air, collected at Jungfraujoch (3500 m a s l) and in Freiburg (200m).

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Jungfraujoch is preferred as sampling site because there the equilibrium 85Kr activity in the northern troposphere can best be determined; at this altitude admixtures of contaminated air are less probable. This equilibrium tropospheric level corresponds in Figure 1 to the lowest measured values of about 1.4 Bq/m3. As published in the Jungfraujoch activity report 2002 the basic level showes an increasing trend in the last decades. To compensate for the yearly loss of activity in the atmosphere by radioactive decay and to account for the linear increase of the global atmospheric inventory, a total yearly emission rate of 5 1017 Bq from reprocessing plants can be estimated. Superimposed to the basic level are irregular spikes of higher activity. This happens when air masses from reprocessing plants reach the sampling site without enough dilution with uncontaminated air. Increased activity values up to 3.3 Bq/m3 are measured in 2003 in samples collected at the low altitude station Freiburg i.Br., whereas at Jungfraujoch the highest value reaches “only” 1.85 Bq/m3 (until September 2003). The increased values at Jungfraujoch in May, June/July and in the last week of August correlate with high values in Freiburg; probably the origin of the excess 85Kr is the same for both sampling sites. Forward and backward wind trajectories indicate e.g. for the June/July spike the air coming from France. Apparently for this period of stable wind conditions the reprocessing plant in La Hague is the origin of the 85Kr activity.

Key words: Krypton, 85Kr, radioactivity in air, reprocessing plants.

Internet data bases: [email protected]

Collaborating partners/networks: [email protected]

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlendosen in der Schweiz, Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Abteilung Strahlenschutz, 2003 (in preparation).

Address: Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz Rosastrasse 9 D-79098 Freiburg

Contacts H. Sartorius e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie der Universität Bern und des Paul Scherrer Insituts

Title of project: VITA Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with annual resolution

Project leader and team Prof. Heinz W. Gäggeler Dr. Margit Schwikowski Dr. Anne S. Palmer Theo Jenk Ulrich Schotterer

Project description: The ‘Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with annual resolution (VITA)’ subprogram of the National Centre of Competence in Research on Climate (NCCR Climate) aims to compare proxy climate records from trees, lakes, peat bogs and glaciers within a small region of Switzerland. To obtain the VITA ice core archive, the Fiescherhorn glacier, Berner Oberland, was selected as suitable site. In December 2002, a 150 m ice core was retrieved from this glacier (46°33´N, 8°4´E, 3900 m asl). In order to establish proxy records, glaciochemical data from the same glacier, but from a 77 m long core previously drilled in 1989 (Schotterer et al., 1998; Schwikowski et al., 1999), were investigated along with meteorological data from stations in the vicinity. Annual layers in the ice core were defined by minima in the δ18O record that correspond to mid-winter (i.e. ~January on a monthly basis). For the calibration of the ice core proxy records, temperature and precipitation data from several meteorological stations (Meiringen, Jungfraujoch, Interlaken, Graechen, Grand St Bernard, Adelboden, Weissfluhjoch, Zermatt, Grimsel, Sion, and Lugano) were used. These data were compared with the δ18O and accumulation ice core records for two time periods (1946-1988, 1959-1988). Correlation analysis revealed that the summer δ18O record can be used as a proxy for summer temperatures while the annual δ18O record may only be used as a temperature proxy for the Jungfraujoch (or high-elevation stations, see Fig. 1). Annual accumulation at Fiescherhorn may be used as a proxy for precipitation, at least on a long-term basis. Currently the top 108 m of the new ice core has been sampled at a resolution of 4 to 5 cm, with the sample length decreasing with increasing depth. Some 2500 samples + + + 2+ 2+ have been cut and subsequently analysed for major ions (Na , NH4 , K , Mg , Ca , ------2- F , CHOO , CH3COO , CH3SO3 , Cl , NO3 , SO4 ) using established ion chromatography techniques. Preliminary dating of the ice core record has been done using the ammonium and calcium records. These species vary seasonally, with elevated concentrations observed during spring and summer. These records were also compared with existing data from two other ice cores spanning the periods 1989-2000 and 1946-1988. Thus

87 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 the top 108 m of this ice core is thought to cover the time period 1943-2002 with an uncertainty of ±5 years. The mean annual accumulation rate during this period is 1.8 m water equivalent (m w.e. y-1). This value is greater than other published accumulation rates for this site (1.4 and 1.5 m w.e. y-1).

References Schwikowski, M., S. Brütsch, H.W. Gäggeler, and U. Schotterer, A high-resolution air chemistry record from an Alpine ice core: Fiescherhorn glacier, Swiss Alps, Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 104 (D11), 13709-13719, 1999. Schotterer, U., P. Schwarz, and V. Rajner, From pre-bomb levels to industrial times: A complete tritium record from an alpine ice core and its relevance for environmental studies, in International symposium on isotope techniques in the study of past and current environmental changes in the hydrosphere and the atmosphere, pp. 581-590, Vienna, 1998.

Fig. 1: Annual median temperatures at Jungfraujoch (solid line) and annual median δ18O from the Fiescherhorn ice core (dashed line) (r=0.36, 99% confidence limit).

Key words: Climate reconstruction, high-alpine

Internet data bases: http://lch.web.psi.ch/ http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/

Collaborating partners/networks: Brigitta Ammann, Christian Bigler, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern

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Jan Esper, David Frank, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) Martin Grosjean, Jürg Luterbacher, Heinz Wanner, Geographical Institute, University of Bern

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal articles P. Cristofanelli, P. Bonasoni, W. Collins, J. Feichter, C. Forster, P. James, A. Kentarchos, P. W. Kubik, C. Land, J. Meloen, G. J. Roelofs, P. Siegmund, M. Sprenger, C. Schnabel, A. Stohl, L. Tobler, L. Tositti, T. Trickl, P. Zanis, Stratosphere-to-troposphere transport: A model and method evaluation, J. Geophys. Res. 108, NO. D12, 8525, doi 10.1029/2002JD002600 (2003).

S. Henning, E. Weingartner, M. Schwikowski, H.W. Gäggeler, R. Gehrig, K.-P. Hinz, A. Trimborn, B. Spengler, U. Baltensperger, Seasonal variation of water soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl), J. Geophys. Res. 108, NO. D1, 4030, doi 10.1029/2002JD002439, 2003.

S. Knüsel, D.E. Piguet, M. Schwikowski, H.W. Gäggeler, Accuracy of continuous ice-core trace-element analysis by inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 2267-2273 (2003).

S. Knüsel, D.E. Piguet, M. Schwikowski, H.W. Gäggeler, First results of trace element analysis in ice cores using continuous ice melting (CIM) inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS), J. Phys. IV France 107 (2003).

A. Stohl, P. Bonasoni, P. Cristofanelli, W. Collins, J. Feichter, A. Frank, C. Forster, E. Gerasopoulos, H. Gäggeler, P. James, T. Kentarchos, H. Kromp-Kolb, B. Krüger, C. Land, J. Meloen, A. Papayannis, A. Priller, P. Seibert, M. Sprenger, G. J. Roelofs, H. E. Scheel, C. Schnabel, P. Siegmund, L. Tobler, T. Trickl, H. Wernli, V. Wirth, P. Zanis, C. Zerefos, Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO, J. Geophys. Res. 108, NO. D12, 8516, doi 10.1029/ 2002JD002490 (2003).

P. Zanis, T. Trickl, A. Stohl, H.Wernli, O. Cooper, C. Zerefos, H. Gäggeler, C. Schnabel, L. Tobler, P.W. Kubik, A. Priller, H. E. Scheel, H.J. Kanter, P. Cristofanelli, C. Forster, P. James, E. Gerasopoulos, A. Delcloo, A. Papayannis, H. Claude, Forecast, observation and modelling of a deep stratospheric intrusion event over Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3, 763 (2003).

P. Zanis, E. Gerasopoulos, A. Priller, C. Schnabel, A. Stohl, C. Zerefos, H.W. Gäggeler, L. Tobler, P.W. Kubik, H. J. Kanter, H. E. Scheel, J. Luterbacher, M. Berger, An estimate of the impact of stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) on the lower free tropospheric ozone over the Alps using Be-10 and Be-7 measurements, J. Geophys. Res. 108, NO. D12, 8520, doi 10.1029/2002JD002604 (2003).

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Address: Paul Scherrer Institut Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Contacts Margit Schwikowski Tel.: +41 56 310 4110 Fax: + 41 56 310 4435 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://lch.web.psi.ch/

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Name of research institute or organization: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands Kipp & Zonen B.V., Delft, The Netherlands

Title of project: Sunphotometry at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch

Project leader and team Dr. Wouter H. Knap (KNMI), Dr. Alexander Los (Kipp & Zonen), project leaders Ed Worrell, Dr. Piet Stammes (KNMI)

Project description: Introduction The aersol optical thickness (AOT), which is directly related to the atmospheric aerosol load, is the principal variable describing the effect of aerosols on radiative transfer in the Earth’s atmosphere. The level of understanding of this effect is rather low, which is one of the reasons why the current state of the climate is not well understood and why predictions of future climate are uncertain. Traditionally, the AOT is derived from direct solar irradiance measurements with a sunphotometer. The aims of the project described here are testing and calibration of two different types of sunphotometers: the SPUV-6 (manufacturer: Yankee Environmental Systems, Inc) operated by KNMI and the POM-01L (manufactured by PREDE Co., Ltd) operated by Kipp & Zonen B.V. The project was performed at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch during the period August–November 2003. Instrumentation The SPUV-6 is a six-channel sunphotometer which is normally operational at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) in the Netherlands. The main product of the instrument, AOT, is used for process studies (interaction between radiation and aerosols) and for the construction of an AOT climatology for the centre of the Netherlands. So far, the instrument has been operational sice 1997. The central wavelengths of the SPUV-6 are: 368, 501, 675, 780, 871, and 940 nm. All channels (except the 940 nm channel, which is located in a water-vapour absorption band) are used for the retrieval of AOT. The instrument is mounted on a Kipp & Zonen 2AP sun tracker. The sunphotometer POM-01L is designed for routine measurements of direct and diffuse solar radiation at seven wavelengths (315, 400, 500, 675, 870, 940, and 1020 nm). The SKYRAD.pack code developed by Nakajima et al. (1996; Appl. Opt., 35, 2672–2686) provides dedicated algorithms for the retrieval of various columnar aerosol properties such as AOT, volume size distribution, average values for the real and imaginary aerosol refractive index, as well as ground albedo. When data of both direct and diffuse solar radiation are used, the detectable radius interval for aerosol particles is approximately from 0.03 to 10 µm. These aerosol optical properties allow to calculate several secondary data products, such as the extinction parameter and the asymmetry factor. An integrated sun sensor provides active solar tracking. Figure 1 shows the SPUV-6 and POM-01L as mounted on the upper terrace of the Sphynx.

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Figure 1: The POM-01 (left) and the SPUV-6 (right) installed on the upper terrace of the Sphynx.

Langley calibration The principle of calibration of a sunphotometer is based on Bouguer’s law, which -τ m states that I = I0 e , where I is the signal of the sunphotometer as measured on the ground (in e.g. µA or mV), I0 the top-of-atmosphere signal, τ the total atmospheric optical thickness, and m the relative airmass. The latter is related to the photon path length through the atmosphere and can be written as a function of the solar zenith angle. The equation implies that when the sunphotometer signal is plotted on a logarithmic scale as a function of the relative airmass (the plot is referred to as Langley plot), a straight-line fit is produced. The interception with the y-axis (m = 0) gives the Extraterrestrial Constant I0, which is unique for each sunphotometer and channel. One of the aims of the project described here is to derive values of I0 for all channels of both the SPUV-6 and POM-01L, i.e. to calibrate the instruments. Results Because of the many cloudless days during the summer and autumn of 2003, a large number of Langley plots could be constructed. As a representative example, measurements made with both sunphotometers are shown for 20 September 2003 (Figure 2). The left panels of Figure 2 show measurements of the direct irradiance, and the right panels show the corresponding Langley plots together with the residuals (differences between the measurements and the fit, relative to the instrument signal). The irradiance curves are extremely smooth, indicating the stability of the atmospheric composition during the measurements. The only large irregularity, at around 6 AM, is caused by the presence of the Trugberg, which casts its shadow over the Sphynx in the morning. The Langley plots are of excellent quality for both the SPUV-6 and the POM-01: the residuals are almost all within ±0.1% of the instrument signal, which corresponds to ±1 instrument count. This implies that the deviation of Bouguer’s law is of the order of the instrument’s resolution. The period August–November 2003 gave at least 18 clear mornings for which the quality of the measurements was comparable to that of the example shown in Figure 2. The Extraterrestrial Constants for all aerosol channels of the SPUV-6 as obtained from the 18 clear mornings are shown in the left panel of Figure 3. The results for the POM-01L are shown in the right panel of the same figure. Note that the time series for the POM-01L is shorter; this is because the instrument was removed from the Joch on 23 September. For the SPUV-6, the standard deviation of the mean varies from 0.3% for the 500 nm channel to less than 0.1% for the other channels. This is an excellent result, which will be the basis for accurate retrievals of the AOT in the Netherlands. Similar results are obtained for the POM-01L: 0.5% for the 400 nm channel and less

92 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 than 0.3% for the other channels. It is important to note that the variability in the Extraterrestrial Constants is comparable for both instruments and correlated.

Direct irradiance (SPUV-6, λ = 501 nm) Langley plot (SPUV-6, λ = 501 nm) 1400 0.2

1200 0.1 Re s i d

1000 u 0 a 7.5 l ( % ) 800 ) V -0.1

m 7.25

I ( 600

(I) 7 -0.2 400 ln

200 6.75

0 6.5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0123456 Time (UTC) Relative airmass Direct irradiance (POM-01L, λ = 500 nm) Langley plot (POM-01L, λ = 500 nm) 250 0.2

200 0.1 Re s i d u

5.6 0 a l

150 ( % A) ) µ 5.4 -0.1 I ( 100

(I) 5.2 -0.2 ln 50 5

0 4.8 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0123456 Time (UTC) Relative airmass Figure 2: Direct irradiance measurements and Langley plots for the SPUV-6 (KNMI) and POM-01L (Kipp & Zonen) for 20 September 2003. The wavelength is 500 nm. The scattered points indicate the differences between the measurements and the fit, relative to the instrument signal.

Extraterrestrial Constants for SPUV-6 Extraterrestrial Constants for POM-01L 7.7 6

670 nm 7.6 368 nm 5.8

7.5 5.6 500 nm 7.4 5.4 870 nm ) )

o 675 nm o (I 501 nm (I ln 7.3 ln 5.2 1020 nm 7.2 5 780 nm 7.1 871 nm 4.8 400 nm 7 4.6 220240260280300320 220240260280300320 Day Day Figure 3: Extraterrestrial Constants for the aerosol channels of the SPUV-6 (left panel) and POM-01L (right panel) for the measurement period. For both data sets the first point corresponds to 22 August 2003. For the SPUV-6 the last point was taken on 6 November 2003, for the POM-01L this was 21 September 2003. The standard deviation of the mean varies between <0.1% and 0.5 %, depending on the channel and the instrument.

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POM-01L measurements of direct and diffuse solar radiation, made in a cloudless atmosphere, can be used to derive not only the aerosol optical thickness, but also the aerosol single-scattering phase function, size distribution, and complex refractive index. This is done by means of a radiative transfer code and linear and nonlinear inversion schemes, brought together in the SKYRAD.pack code. The basic radiometric quantity required by the algorithm is the ratio between the diffuse and the direct irradiance. Figure 4 shows two SKYRAD.pack data products: the volume size distribution and the single scattering phase function, for 20 September 2003 at 12 UTC. Further investigations of the measurements are intended to compare the calibrations of the instruments and the retrieval methods and to compare the aerosol optical properties with in situ measurements for measurements obtained during clear and stable atmospheric conditions. Note that the SKYRAD.pack code does allow to retrieve AOT without absolute calibration of the POM-01L. One of the objectives of the present investigation is therefore to compare the AOT as obtained by the SKYRAD.pack code and the AOT derived from the Langley calibration.

Volume spectrum Phase function 10-5 100

10-6 10 -7 )

2 10 m on

/c -8 1 3 10 ncti m c u ( -9 f r 10 n

l 0.1 ase d h / 10-10 P dV 0.01 10-11

10-12 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 306090120150180 Radius r (µm) Scattering angle (°) Figure 4: Volume spectrum (left) and phase function (right) of the columnar aerosol on 20 September 2003 1200 UTC as obtained with the POM-01L and the SKYRAD.pack code.

Concluding remarks The preliminary results shown in this report demonstrate the unique possibilities of performing sunphotometry at a high-altitude site. The Extraterrestrial Constants can only be determined with high precision if both the slope and the scatter of the Langley regression are small. This is only accomplished if the optical thickness is small (small slope) and invariable (little scatter). Precisely these conditions are met at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, in particular when the site is situated in the free troposphere and only background aerosol concentrations are found. Compared to Langley calibrations for the SPUV-6, performed at sea level, the results obtained at Jungfraujoch indicate that the calibration of the instrument is significantly more accurate and precise. This will allow us to continue the AOT monitoring efforts of KNMI in The Netherlands with higher accuracy. The instruments that are present at the Jungfraujoch, in particular the Precision Filter Radiometers of the CHARM network and the aerosol in-situ instruments for the GAW Aerosol Programme, provide a wealth of data for comparisons of AOT and aerosol optical properties. Such comparisons, that are planned for the near-future, are valuable for the evaluation of retrieval methods, such as provided by the SKYRAD.pack code for the POM-01L, but also for obtaining insight in the performance of our sunphotometers. The frequently clear and stable conditions at the Jungfraujoch

94 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 allow us to perform evaluations of methods and instruments in a more effective way than is possible at sea level. Acknowledgements We wish to thank Prof. Erwin Flueckiger for his hospitality and Louise Wilson in her role as contact person. Furthermore, we are grateful to Joan and Martin Fischer, and Gertrud and Kurt Hemund for their great assistance during the experiment.

Key words: Aerosol optical thickness, Langley calibration, sunphotometer

Address: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) PO Box 201 3730 AE De Bilt The Netherlands

Kipp & Zonen B.V. PO Box 507 2600 AM Delft The Netherlands

Contacts Dr. Wouter H. Knap Tel.: +31 30 220 64 69 Fax: +31 30 221 04 07 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.knmi.nl/~knap

Dr. Alexander Los Tel.: +31 15 269 8000 Fax: +31 15 262 0351 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.kippzonen.com

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Name of research institute or organization: Climate and Environmental Physics and Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bern

Title of project: Comparison of 2H, 3H and 18O in precipitation taken at the Sphinx station and in shallow ice cores taken at the Jungfraufirn

Project leader and team Ulrich Schotterer

Project description: During the ongoing research (comparison of 2H, 3H and 18O in precipitation and ice cores) three short field campaigns were performed in February, May, and December. In February surface samples were taken from the Jungfraufirn after a cold and dry period lasting several weeks. The purpose was to study the influence of sublimation on the δD and δ18O relation and on the resulting deuterium excess in the Alps. Distinct changes of the deuterium excess due to sublimation were observed only on high altitude glaciers in the dry Andes. The preliminary data from Jungfraufirn show that a similar strong effect during the dry winter periods can be observed in the Alps too. The experiments will be continued to confirm these data under different weather conditions. The shallow ice cores drilled in May and December are part of a re-evaluation of temperate glaciers for ice core studies as illustrated in Figure 1. They should help to examine the influence of percolating melt and (occasionally) rain on the climatic information derived from stable isotopes in the accumulated snow layers especially after the heat wave of summer 2003.

Figure 1: Comparison of Deuterium in monthly com- posites of precipitation at the Sphinx platform and in an ice core from Jungfraufirn. The shaded area indicates where percolating melt or occasional summer rain removed the accumu- lated stable isotope information (from Schotterer et al. 2004).

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Collaborating partners/networks: Willibald Stichler, Physicist, GSF-Institute for Hydrology Neuherberg, Germany Hansruedi Völkle, Physicist, Prof., BAG – Uni Fribourg

Address: Physikalisches Institut Abteilung für Klima und Umweltphysik Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Departement für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts Ulrich Schotterer Tel.: +41 31 631 4484 Fax: +41 31 631 8742 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute of Geodesy, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Germany

Title of project: MATRAG – Modelling of Alpine Tropospheric Delay by Radiometers and GPS

Project leader and team Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Becker, project leader Petra Haefele

Project description: Tropospheric delay is one of the main error sources in precise GPS positioning nowadays. This limiting factor mainly deteriorates the height component, which still has a worse repeatability than the position coordinates. This may be due to the fact, that other error sources of the GPS signal are absorbed in the tropospheric parameters during GPS processing. The tropospheric delay can be separated into a hydrostatic and a wet component. The hydrostatic component in zenith direction is called ZHD (zenith hydrostatic delay) and can be precisely determined by surface pressure measurements. The ZWD (zenith wet delay), however, can not be sufficiently modelled by surface measurements due to the irregular distribution of water vapor in the atmosphere. Ground based Water Vapor Radiometers (WVR) represent an independent technique to measure the atmospheric integrated water vapor contents along a given line of sight as well as the integrated liquid water. By means of measurements of the wet tropospheric delay with WVR’s in the Alpine region, the height accuracy of GPS is to be estimated as well as systematic errors in the GPS signal. Within the project MATRAG, water vapor has been observed at the three permanent GPS stations Berne (EXWI), Jungfraujoch (JUJO) and Zimmerwald (ZIMM) of the Swiss GPS network AGNES with two Radiometrics WVR’s in September 2003.

EXWI

ZIMM

JUJO

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The GPS site at the HFSJG is of particular to this research as the tropospheric delay due to the high altitude is rather small and so systematic biases occuring at lower altitudes should be diminished to a great extend there. At station EXWI on the roof of the University of Berne, the two Radiometers have been measuring simultaneously for the first three days to evaluate a possible bias between them and between GPS and Radiometer. Additionaly, the Radiometer of the Institute of Applied Physics of the Universiy of Berne, ASMUWARA, served as a reference for the ongoing measurements.

The following ten days the baseline ZIMM – JUJO with a height difference of about 3000 m has been observed. The figures below show the ZTD at ZIMM and JUJO observed by WVR in comparison to the GPS-estimated ZTD.

In these first results we find a mean bias of 1.8 ± 3.0 mm for station ZIMM and 16.9 ± 5.8 mm for station JUJO. For station ZIMM, the days 252, 253, 254, 256 and for station JUJO the days 252, 253, 254, 255 have already been excluded because of bad WVR data due to rain periods.

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The finishing three days of the campaign, the instruments again have been set up at the University of Berne to check if the initial bias has changed. Presently, the biases determined during the calibration epochs in Berne are modelled and will be implemented to improve the WVR data. Ongoing research deals with the validation of the GPS estimates with the improved radiometer results and also with the estimation of gradients from both the WVR and GPS data. Besides, the WVR results will be introduced into the GPS processing software to see possible achievements in precise height estimation on baselines with large height differences.

Key words: Water Vapor, Zenith Path Delay, Tropospheric Modelling, GPS Height Estimations

Collaborating partners/networks: High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (Prof. Erwin Flueckiger), Swiss Federal Office of Topography (Dr. Elmar Brockmann), Institute of Applied Physics, University of Berne (Prof. Dr. Nikolaus Kaempfer, Dr. Christian Maetzler, Dr. Lorenz Martin), Astronomical Institute, University of Berne (Dr. Werner Gurtner)

Address: Institute of Geodesy University of the Bundeswehr Munich D-85577 Neubiberg

Contacts Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Becker Tel.: +49 89 6004 3427 Fax: +49 89 6004 4090 e-mail: [email protected]

Petra Haefele Tel.: +49 89 6004 4502 Fax: +49 89 6004 4090 e-mail: [email protected]

URL: http://www.bauv.unibw-muenchen.de/institute/inst9/

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Name of research institute or organization: University of Zurich, Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories (RSL)

Title of project: Swiss Alpine Airborne SAR-Experiment (SASARE)

Project leader and team Oliver Stebler, PhD candidate; Arnold Barmettler, PhD candidate; Lukas Divis, MSc candidate; Erich Meier, Dr.; Prof. Dr. D. Nüesch

Project description: Glacier signals are key elements for early detection (and warning) of climatic change and therefore worldwide glacier monitoring already has a long tradition. Measuring glacier parameters remotely by means of SAR (synthetic aperture radar) goes back to the Seasat satellite (L-band) in 1978 and the launch of ERS-1 (European Remote Sensing Satellite, C-band) in 1991. SAR interferometry (InSAR) and SAR polarimetry (PolSAR) are two well-known techniques in the field of active microwave remote sensing using airborne and space- borne platforms. Recently, the combination of InSAR and PolSAR has revealed a new methodology called Pol-InSAR. InSAR measures the spatial distribution, Pol- SAR the orientation of scattering elements on surfaces or within volumes. In combi- nation with low system frequencies (e. g. L- [1.3GHz] – or more distinctively − P- band [350MHz]) Pol-InSAR therefore enables for the analysis of complex scattering mechanisms within volume scatterers. So far, the technique has been successfully ap- plied to the analysis of scattering mechanisms within vegetation volumes. In the frame of the SASARE project (Swiss Alpine Airborne SAR Experiment) this tech- nique was flown on an airborne SAR platform for the first time over an alpine glacier to characterise and to analyse firn, snow and ice surfaces using the aforementioned Pol-InSAR measuring technique. The multi-baseline and multi-temporal SAR flights were carried out in September and October 2003 in the area of the Aletsch glacier using the E-SAR (Experimental SAR) operated by the DLR (German Aerospace Center) and have been accompanied by several extensive ground truth campaigns (Fig. 1). Corner reflectors of various types were mounted in different sub test sites on the glacier (Jungfraufirn, Konkordiaplatz, Fieschersattel) for calibration and validation purposes of the SAR measurements. In order to perform a rigorous geometric calibration of the acquired data sets and – addi- tionally − to account for displacement errors due to glacier movement the positions of the corner reflectors had been determined by means of differential GPS measure- ments using the AGNES station Jungfraujoch (swisstopo) as reference station. Furthermore, the October 2003 campaign was designed as a joint venture experiment and therefore also included measurements of the Swedish CARABAS UWB (Coher- ent All Radio Band Sensing, ultra wide-band) sensor operating in the VHF frequency range. While using different SAR imaging techniques, both sensors make use of mi- crowave frequencies between 20MHz and 9.6GHz and therefore provide a unique data set to study fundamental scattering mechanisms of microwaves interacting with firn, snow and ice surfaces (or volumes?) as a function of different system parame-

103 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 ters. The interferometric acquisition mode of E-SAR will enable to perform change detection, to produce digital elevation models of the test site as a function of fre- quency and polarisation, and to measure surface displacement and/or deformation us- ing differential InSAR. Parallel to both SAR campaigns in September and October, aerial photographs have been taken to support the subsequent SAR image analyses.

Figure 1: Corner reflectors (first row: L-band trihedrals, second row: P-band cubes, third row: VHF trihedral) It is the very first time that such a SAR experiment as SASARE has been flown in a high alpine environment. It is one aim of this project to evaluate multi-dimensional SAR backscattering measurements of the involved surface types (e. g. firn, snow, ice, moraines, bare rocks, detritus…). Comparing our multi-temporal differential GPS measurements to the Swiss Digital Elevation Model 25 (DHM25) revealed approxi- mately 30-34m vertical ice ablation in the area of Konkordiaplatz since 1986 (11-13m during the last ten years). For the Jungfraufirn (horizontal) ice surface flow velocities were consistently in the order of 0.2-0.25m per day. Therefore, the differential analy- sis of the interferometric data takes will explicitly focus on the reconstruction of the ice dynamics expanding the GPS point measurements to (remotely sensed) distributed measurements. Due to the initial stage of the SASARE project and the ongoing analyses of all the data sets, only very preliminary results can be shown within this Activity Report. Fig. 2 shows two hh-polarised multi-look SAR amplitude images (15.09.03) at L- and P- band covering the Jungfraujoch, the Jungfraufirn, and the Konkordiaplatz. Fig. 3 demonstrates the polarimetric Pauli decomposition (15.09.03) representing basic physical scattering mechanisms (surface, double-bounce, and volume scattering) of the imaged area. Both figures represent typical surface conditions at the end of the ablation period in late summer 2003.

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Jungfraujoch (3471m) Mönch (4107m)

Sphinx- Observatorium (3571.5m)

Rottalsporn (3506m)

Jungfraufirn

Grosser Aletschfirn Konkordiaplatz (∼2740m)

Figure 2: hh-polarised multi-look SAR amplitude images at L- (1.3GHz, left) and P-band (350MHz, right) (E-SAR system, 15.09.03, slant range geometry).

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Figure 3: Amplitude images of the coherent polarimetric Pauli decomposition at L- (1.3GHz, left) and P-band (350MHz, right) (E-SAR system, 15.09.03). Red: isotropic ‘odd’-bounce scatter- ing (trihedral, surface scattering), blue: isotropic ‘even’-bounce scattering (dihedral, double- bounce scattering), green: tilted isotropic ‘even’-bounce scattering (volume scattering).

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The project team would like to thank the following institutions without their support and collaboration the SASARE project would never have been realisable: German Aerospace Center (DLR), Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Center for Mili- tary and Civilian Systems (armasuisse), Swiss Air Force, Federal Office of Topo- graphy (swisstopo), Foundation Hochalpine Forschungsstationen Jungfrau- joch + Gornergrat (HFSJG), Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), and Swiss Fed- eral Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research Davos (SLF).

Key words: Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), SAR interferometry (InSAR), SAR polarimetry (PolSAR), polarimetric SAR interferometry (Pol-InSAR), single-/multi-baseline Pol- InSAR (SBPI/MBPI)

Internet data bases: http://www.geo.unizh.ch/rsl/research/SARLab/ http://www.dlr.de/hr/Institut/Abteilungen/SAR_Technologie

Collaborating partners/networks: German Aerospace Center (DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme), Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI)

Address: University of Zürich Department of Geography Remote Sensing Laboratories (RSL) Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zürich

Contacts Oliver Stebler Tel.: +41 1 635 51 03 Fax: +41 1 635 68 42 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.geo.unizh.ch/rsl/research/SARLab/

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108 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern

Title of project: Neutron Monitors – Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays

Project leader and team Prof. Erwin Flückiger, project leader Dr. Rolf Bütikofer

Project description: The Cosmic Ray Group of the Division for Space Research and Planetary Sciences of the Physikalisches Institut at the University of Bern, Switzerland, operates two standardized neutron monitors (NM) at Jungfraujoch: an 18-IGY NM (since 1958) and a 3-NM64 NM (since 1986). The NMs at Jungfraujoch are part of a worldwide network of standardized cosmic ray detectors. Ground-based measurements ideally complement space observations. NMs provide key information about the interactions of galactic cosmic radiation with the plasma and the magnetic fields in the heliosphere, about the production of energetic cosmic rays at the Sun, and about geomagnetic, atmospheric, and environmental effects of cosmic rays. By using the Earth's magnetic field as a giant spectrometer, the NM network determines the energy dependence of primary cosmic ray intensity variations in the GeV range. Fur- thermore, the high altitude of Jungfraujoch provides good response to solar protons with energies ≥ 4.6 GeV and to solar neutrons with energies as low as ~250 MeV.

In 2003 the operation of the two neutron monitors at Jungfraujoch was continued. The IGY neutron monitor was in operation during 100 % of the time, whereas the NM64 had some interruptions in operation mainly due to breaks in the power supply that lasted longer than the autonomy time of the uninterruptible power supply (UPS). Nevertheless, the operation reliability of the NM64 neutron monitor was 99.7 %. The records of the two NMs at Jungfraujoch are published in data books, special reports, and on a webpage (http://cosray.unibe.ch/). The relative daily averaged counting rate of the IGY NM for 2003 is shown in Figure 1. As the sunspot activity cycle 23 is on its decreasing phase the variability of the NM data was less pronounced than during the preceding years. However, extreme solar-terrestrial events were recorded by many ground-based and space-borne instruments in October and November 2003, as illustrated in Figures 1, 2, and 3. At the end of October and the beginning of November two active regions (NOAA regions 0486 and 0488) produced a series of highly energetic solar eruptions. The worldwide network of NMs recorded ground level enhancements (GLEs), i.e. short- time cosmic ray intensity increases due to the arrival of relativistic solar particles on October 28 (GLE#65), on October 29 (GLE#66), and on November 2 (GLE#67). Solar particles with energies above the Jungfraujoch geomagnetic cutoff rigidity of 4.63 GV were probably present only on October 28, causing an increase of ~3.5% in the 5-minute count rate of the IGY and NM64 NMs as shown in Figure 2 (see also our report in this volume on the SONTEL measurements at Gornergrat).

109 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

The giant Forbush decrease, i.e. the dramatic decrease of more than 20 % in the counting rate of IGY NM at end of October (Figure 3) was a consequence of the X17.2 flare on October 28, 2003, located almost at the center of the visible solar disk (16°S, 08°E). The coronal mass ejection initiated by this flare was emitted at a high speed directly towards the Earth. It passed the Earth after less than one day and was followed by a region which was depleted of galactic cosmic rays. The geomagnetic storm triggered by the head-on collision of the associated interplanetary shock with the Earth’s magnetosphere caused intense northern lights (aurora) which were visible worldwide even at low geographic latitudes. Eye-witness reports in Switzerland include locations such as Jungfraujoch and the region of Lake Constance. The solar-terrestrial effects caused by the events which occurred after October 28 were less pronounced, either because they were less energetic or because their position at the Sun was less favorable for such effects. On November 4, 2003, the most energetic solar eruption ever observed, an X28 flare, occurred just at the west limb of the Sun. Due to the limb position of this flare the ensuing disturbance propagating away from the Sun did not influence the region near Earth. Therefore, no disturbances of the geomagnetic field and no decrease of the galactic cosmic ray flux were observed near Earth. Moreover, due to the missing magnetic connection between the flare site and the Earth the solar cosmic rays possibly produced during this energetic event had practically no chance to reach the Earth. The extreme solar events of October and November 2003 attracted the attention of scientists, engineers, and the public worldwide. Analysis of these events offers new insight into the high-energy processes at the Sun and into the coupling mechanisms of the solar-terrestrial system. They are also of special interest in the space weather domain because of their impacts on both technological and biological systems.

] ] % % [ [ e e t t a a Jungfraujoch IGY R g ng R n i ounti Count C ve ve i i t t Jungfraujoch NM64 a a l l

5 % e Re R

2% 5-Minute-Values Daily Values

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 6789101112131415161718 2003 October 28, 2003, UT Figure 1: Pressure corrected relative daily Figure 2: The relativistic solar particle counting rate of the IGY NM at Jung- event on October 28, 2003, as recorded fraujoch for 2003. by the NMs at Jungfraujoch (relative pressure corrected 5-minute counting rates).

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10 Solar eruptions

5 X17.2 X10.0 X8.3 X2.7 X3.9 X28

0 ] y [%

t -5 i s n e t -10 n IGY neutron monitor Jungfraujoch ve I -15 ati l e R -20

CME collides with geomagnetic field -25 Magnetic storm

-30 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 45 October/November 2003, UT Figure 3: Pressure corrected relative hourly counting rate of the IGY NM at Jung- fraujoch from October 27 to November 5, 2003. The red arrows and numbers indicate the time and the magnitudes of the large solar eruptions in this time period.

Key words: Astrophysics, cosmic rays, neutron monitors; solar, heliospheric and magnetospheric phenomena

Internet data bases: http://cosray.unibe.ch/

Collaborating partners/networks: International Council of the Scientific Union's (ICSU) Scientific Committee on Solar- Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) World Data Centers A (Boulder), B (Moscow), C (Japan), International GLE database

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Conference papers Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer R., L. Desorgher, and M.R. Moser, Solar neutron observations at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat, Workshop on “Cosmic Rays and Dark Matter”, Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, to be published, 2003. Flückiger, E.O., Cosmic Ray Absolute Flux and Variation Measurements, Invited Presentation, HIMONTONET European Workshop, 28 June - 3 July 2003, Borovetz, Bulgaria. Flückiger, E.O., ATPROMO and the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, 1st ATPROMO meeting (Atmosphere Parameters and Radiation On Mountain Observatories), 7-8 May 2003, Area di Ricerca Roma - Tor Vergata, Italia.

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Data books and reports Data Reports: Data of the 18IGY-Neutron Monitor Jungfraujoch, 01.01.-30.06.2003 Data of the 18IGY-Neutron Monitor Jungfraujoch, 01.07.-31.12.2003 Data of the 3NM64 Neutron Monitor Jungfraujoch, 01.01.-30.06.2003 Data of the 3NM64 Neutron Monitor Jungfraujoch, 01.07.-31.12.2003 Magazine and Newspapers articles “Lässt neuer Sonnensturm Polarlichter leuchten?”, Zeitung im Espace Mittelland, November 04, 2003. “Auf der Sonne ist einiges los”, Basler Zeitung, November 04, 2003. “Aurores boréales visibles jusqu'à mardi”, l'agefi, November 04, 2003. “Was ist mit der Sonne los?”, Blick, November 05, 2003. “Berner Physiker schauen genau zur Sonne hinauf”, Berner Zeitung / Bieler Tagblatt, November 06, 2003. “Die unberechenbare Sonne / Flares, Massenauswürfe und ihr Einfluss auf die Erde”, NZZ Neue Zürcher Zeitung, December 24, 2003.

Radio and television Interviews with Rolf Bütikofer on local television TeleBärn and Radio Extra Bern about the solar eruptions end of October/beginning of November, November 4, 2003.

Address: Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts Rolf Bütikofer Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 Fax: +41 31 631 4405 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://cosray.unibe.ch/

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Name of research institute or organization: ABB Switzerland Ltd, Semiconductors

Title of project: Cosmic ray induced failures in biased high power semiconductor devices

Project leader and team Thomas Stiasny

Project description: Biased high power semiconductor devices like diodes, thyristors or IGBTs might fail suddenly without any previous device wear-out or electrical overload condition. This phenomenon is explained by cosmic rays where one particle triggers inside the biased silicon bulk a localized breakdown event, finally destroying the devices [1-4]. Accelerated tests reducing costs and time are feasible at locations with enhanced cosmic ray fluxes (e.g. at Jungfraujoch) or with particle beams. The test setup was located on a platform (area 0.7 m2) just below a wooden roof of the Sphinx observatory. About 10 to 500 devices of one or two different types or designs were tested in parallel. Failed devices due to cosmic rays were identified by observing a constant leakage current until the occurrence of the failure and by characteristic defects like small spots somewhere on the silicon chip [5,6]. The measured failure rates and the characteristic defects of the chips depended on the device types and the applied biases but were in first order independent on the incident particle type (neutron or proton beams and cosmics).

The sharp drop of the failure rates below a characteristic bias Uc was observed for all device types but so far only with proton and neutron beams (Fig. 1). The poor statistics with cosmic tests did not allow to reproduce this drop-off. The predictions for most of the device types were in fair agreement with the test results except for the sharp drop of the failure rates [4].

The biases for typical device applications are normally below Uc. Typical applications of high power semiconductors demand failure rates of power devices due to cosmics lower than one failure every 109 hour and every 1 cm2 device area. Thus it is of vital interest to know if the failure rates due to cosmics exhibit a similar drop-off behaviour similar to those due to neutron or proton beams. In 2002 a test sequence with an increased number of devices was started to clarify the possible drop of the failure rates due to cosmics below Uc. This experiment was continued in 2003.

Glossary IGBT: Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor; voltage controlled power transistor.

References [1] H. Kabza et al., Proc IEEE Intern. Symp. Power Semicond. Devices and ICs, Davos, pp. 9-12, 1994 [2] H.R. Zeller, Proc IEEE Intern. Symp.Power Semicond. Devices and ICs, Davos, pp. 339-340, 1994 H.R. Zeller, Solid State Electronics, 38, No.12, 2041-2046, (1995)

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[3] P. Voss et al., Proc IEEE Intern. Symp. Power Semicond. Devices and ICs, Weimar, pp. 169-172, 1997 [4] H.R. Zeller, Microelectron. Reliab., Vol. 37, No. 10/11, pp. 1711-1718, 1997 [5] Ch. Findeisen et al., Microelectron. Reliab., Vol. 38 (1998), pp. 1335-1339 [6] Ch. Findeisen et al., Annual report of the Foundation HFSJG, 1998, 2000, 2001

1.E+05

IGBT cosmics 1.E+04 ] 2

m /c 1.E+03 protons (PIF) IT [F

te 1.E+02 ra

re neutrons

ilu (LANSCE) 1.E+01 fa

ABB Switzerland Ltd 1.E+00 Semiconductors prediction

1.E-01 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 blocking bias (V)

Fig. 1: Failure rates of a certain IGBT device due to cosmics, protons (PSI-PIF, 300 MeV) and neutrons (LANSCE, energy spectrum proportional to 1/E and with E < 800 MeV). Here the application bias was well below the characteristic bias Uc = 1500 V. All failure rates were normalized to New York City and to a temperature of 25 °C. One FIT/cm2 corresponded to one failed chip every 109 chip⋅hour normalized to one cm2 silicon area.

Key words: cosmics, power semiconductor devices, failures

Address: ABB Switzerland Ltd Semiconductors Fabrikstrasse 3 CH-5600 Lenzburg

Contacts Thomas Stiasny Tel.: +41 58 586 17 23 Fax: +41 58 586 13 09 e-mail: [email protected]

114 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Name of research institute or organization: Pneumologie, Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, University of Munich

Title of project: Comparison of lung volumes and impulse oscillometric lung function before and after short term high altitude exposure

Project leader and team Dr. med. Rainald Fischer

Project description: It is unclear whether short term high altitude exposure induces a subclinical lung edema. Impulse oscillometric (IOS) lung function measurements offer the possibility to detect very small changes in peripheral lung volume. Therefore, we exposed 24 subjects to 6 and 18 h of high altitude (starting from altitudes below 500 m) at the Jungfraujoch. Baseline measurement of IOS and standard lung function including pulse oxymetry were performed directly before ascent at Grindelwald and after 6 and 18 h of altitude exposure. All subjects tolerated the altitude exposure well, after 6 and 18 h no symptoms of high altitude pulmonary edema were detected. However, 2/24 subjects showed mild acute mountain sickness. According to the data assessed at Grindelwald and the high altitude laboratory, IOS results were unchanged in the majority of the subjects. Unfortunately after the conclusion of the experiment our laptop containing all the lung function data was stolen, and we are therefore not able to provide reliable lung function data. Some subjects with mild obstructive lung disease showed improvement of bronchial obstruction, probably due to the reduced air density.

Key words: Lung function, pulmonary edema, impulse oscillometry

Internet data bases: www.bexmed.de

Collaborating partners/networks: German society of mountain and expedition medicine, Austrian society for high altitude medicine

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal articles Fischer R., Dizzy heights. How the heart and lungs react to hypoxic states high up in the mountains, MMW Fortschr Med. 145(8), 31-32, 2003. Fischer R., Toleration of high altitudes by patients with heart and pulmonary diseases, MMW Fortschr Med. 145(8), 36-38, 2003. Thesis Steiner U., Variation of lung function during short and long term stay at an altitude of 3454 m. MD Thesis, Universität Munich, 2003.

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Address: Pneumologie Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt Universität München Ziemssenstrasse 1 D – 80336 München

Contacts Dr. med. Rainald Fischer Tel.: +49 89 5160 2111 Fax: +49 89 5160 4905 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://pneu.klinikum.uni-muenchen.de/ http://www.bexmed.de/

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Name of research institute or organization: MeteoSchweiz, Zürich

Title of project:

Project leader and team

Project description: The unusual weather conditions in 2003 Switzerland experienced an extremely hot summer in 2003. But it was an extraordinary year in many respects, the most notable being the tendency to drastic weather changes. Winter began in February The start of the New Year 2003 was unusual on several accounts. In Geneva the springtime weather that began in December 2002 continued on during the first few days of January. The warm weather caused the leaf buds on the chestnut trees to appear in December, which was an absolute record since weather observations began in 1808 and also a clear sign of unusual weather developments generally. After these first overly warm January days, the weather during the following weeks was hardly winter-like. In the lowlands the first blanket of snow didn’t arrive until the last few days of January. A dramatic change in the weather conditions occurred in February. Short and intensive snowfall covered parts of the lowlands with 20 to 30 cm of snow. This kind of snowfall had hardly occurred since 1987. A stable winter high pressure system kept the temperatures low, making February the coldest since 1986. The high pressure also meant lots of sunshine, and in the higher regions north of the Alps and in Graubünden, February 2003 was among the four sunniest during the last 100 years of weather measurements. Surprisingly, the warm weather returned in March. Subtropical air masses pushed temperatures up several times to levels that are typical for May. The accompanying lack of precipitation that began in February was the start of a precarious period of dryness that would reach its climax in the extremely hot months from June to August. The persistent warm winter phase The warm month of March marked the end of winter that was among a series of warm winters that suddenly began in 1987/88. This recent and rapid change in temperature has a great meteorological significance because it strongly affected the increase in the average winter temperature since the beginning of meteorological measurements. Between the first year of official Swiss climate observations in 1864 and the year 2001, the temperature trend in winter north of the Alps shows an increase of +1.5 °C per 100 years, and south of the Alps an increase of +1.0 °C per 100 years. Prominent weather changes Through a massive shift in air masses at the beginning of April, the weather changed abruptly from early summer back to winter again. Artic air flowed into the midlands and sank the temperature in many places down to -3 to -5 °C, and isolated to -8 °C,

117 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 very unlike temperatures for April. In some areas the ground was covered with a layer of 20 to 15 cm of snow. Toward the end of April the sequence of abrupt weather changes continued with summer temperatures (25 °C and higher) measured locally on both sides of the Alps. The first few days of May were very summer-like, and the foehn winds aggravated the situation to cause temperatures near or slightly over 30 °C. This rapid change from deep winter to intense summer conditions is typical for continental areas that are long distances away from the ocean. Switzerland, however, is usually influenced by the proximity of the Atlantic and its moderating effect on the climate. Extreme summer heat This moderating influence of the Atlantic had almost no effect on the extreme heat wave during the summer. A high pressure system stayed almost permanently over the Azores and held the cooling precipitation far to the north. The duration of the heat wave for the entire month of June was more unusual and extremer than the high temperatures themselves, but nevertheless the month’s average temperature reached an incredible 2 to 3 degrees above the previous high records. In some regions June 2003 brought the highest temperatures measured ever since 1864, but after a comparatively moderate July, August was hot enough to beat the June records. On August 11, 2003, in Grono in Misox (Graubünden), it reached a scorching 41.5 °C, clearly exceeding the old record of 39.0 °C in Basel in 1952. The average summer temperatures in 2003 were 4.0 to 5.5 °C higher than normal summer temperatures. It was 2.5 °C hotter than the highest temperatures measured since measurements have been recorded. The occurrence of a heat wave such as the one in 2003 therefore has an extremely low statistical probability. Massive turn in the weather in October During the last half of September isolated temperatures of 30 °C were measured in northern Switzerland, followed by an abrupt change to winter weather in October. Repeated streams of polar air moving into the northern side of the Alps led to snowfall down into the lowlands during the second half of the month. In some areas this was the first time in three decades that it had snowed enough to cover the ground in October. Barely a month after the last day of high summer temperatures it froze in the midlands (i.e. temperatures below 0 °C were registered during the day). This rapid change was once again characteristic of continental climate behavior, which is uncommon to Switzerland. November was milder, and December, although mild and very sunny, had pronounced temperature fluctuations, thus ending an extremely warm year. In some places it was the warmest, in other places the second or third warmest year since 1864. 2003 was also very sunny and accordingly had low amounts of precipitation.

Dr. Stephan Bader Prozess Klimatologie MeteoSchweiz

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Address: MeteoSchweiz Krähbühlstrasse 58 Postfach 514 CH-8044 Zürich

Contacts Tel.: +41 1 256 91 11 URL: http://www.meteoschweiz.ch

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120 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Research statistics for 2003 High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat

Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat South (KOSMA) Institute Country Person-working days I. Physikal. Institut, Universität zu Köln Germany 295 Astronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn Germany 115 Institut für angewandte Physik, Universität Switzerland 22 Bern Observatoire Bordeaux France 28 Universität München Germany 7 ETH Zürich Switzerland 7 University of Johannisburg South Africa 63 MPIfA Heidelberg Germany 18 University of Budapest Hungary 7 University of Peking China 28 SRON Groningen The Netherlands 21 HIFI/Herschel Toulouse France 3 Total 614

Relative number of person-working days at Observatory Gornergrat South (KOSMA) by country (2003)

Country Person-working days Germany 70.0 % Switzerland 5.9 % France 5.0 % South Africa 10.1 % Hungary 1.1 % China 4.5 % The Netherlands 3.4 %

Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat North (TIRGO) Institute Country Person-working days Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri Italy 126 IRA - CNR Italy 57 Dip. Di Astronomia, Univ. di Firenze Italy 44 Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino Italy 37 IASF - CNR Italy 40 Istituto de Astrofisica del Andalucia Spain 18 Total 322

Solar Neutron Telescope SONTEL Institute Country Person-working days Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern Switzerland 7

Field campaigns Institute Country Person-working days VAW ETH Zürich Switzerland 12

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122 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Name of research institute or organization: I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn

Title of project: KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie

Project leader and team: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Stutzki, project leader Dr. M. Miller, station manager Universität zu Köln: M. Brüll, H. Jakob, Dr. U.Graf, PD Dr. C. Kramer, Dr. B. Mookerjea, PD Dr. V. Ossenkopf, Dr. M. Röllig. Universität Bonn: Prof. Dr. U. Mebold, PD Dr. A. Heithausen, C. Böttner, Dr. C. Brüns, P. Müller, J. Pineda, Dr. S. Stanko, T. Westmeier.

Project description: The large scale distribution, physical and chemical conditions of the interstellar matter The central topic is the spectrally resolved observation of the global distribution of the interstallar matter in the Milky Way and nearby external galaxies, using the important mm-, submm-lines of CO (and its isotopomers), and atomic carbon ([CI] 492 and 809 GHz. These observations have been carried out with the KOSMA 3m- telescope. Two SIS receivers were used, a dual channel receiver operating at 230 GHz and 350 GHz, and the dual frequency array receiver SMART which allowed a series of successful observations of both [CI]-lines simultaneously and the transitions CO(4-3), (7-6), and 13CO(8-7). Observations were done in L1457, DR21, W3 Main, W75, W51, MBM32, Cepheus B, Rosette, TMC1, IRAS sources, HH objects and other sources, in the Cygnus X region, in the Draco region, IVCs, HVCs, and in the galactic plane near l=45° (galactic ring survey). Long-term observations at KOSMA: Institute Project name Status 1. Physikal. Institut, KOSMA survey of An area of ~1.4°x1.4° has Universität zu Köln molecular clouds in the been maped. Galactic Ring 1. Physikal. Institut, Cygnus X survey 4 square degrees have been Universität zu Köln, finished. Observatoire Bordeaux 1. Physikal. Institut, High mass star forming DR21 has been finished, we Universität zu Köln regions need 13CO 8-7 observations, W3 observed in CO 4-3, 7-6, [CI] 1-0, 2-1 1. Physikal. Institut, Infrared dark clouds in the Observations in CO 2-1, 3-2. Universität zu Köln galactic ring 1. Physikal. Institut, Cepheus B To be continued Universität zu Köln

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Institut für Interplay between 6 cores mapped in 12/13CO3-2 Radioastronomie, turbulence and gravity in and 2-1, [CI] detected in all Universität Bonn dense cirrus cloud cores cores, 2 cores mapped in [CI] Institut für Search for molecular gas in 12/13CO 3-2, 2-1 observations Radioastronomie, intermediate velocity in IVCs, [CI] detected in 2 Universität Bonn clouds (IVC) and high clouds, marginal detection of velocity clouds (HVC) CO in HVCs Institut für angewandte Solar flares in the submm Ongoing ; the most intense Physik, Universität Bern, range flare of the last years could be Switzerland observed in Oct 2003. Observatoire Bordeaux, 1. Rosette First [CI] lines in Nov. 2003 Physikal. Institut, Universität zu Köln University Johannisburg, High mass star formation Several clouds were observed South Africa in low mass clouds in low-J CO lines. University Seoul, Korea Supernova remnants IC443 and Tycho finished in 12CO2-1, 3-2 SRON IRCDs in W51 First observations Astronomy Department, Outflows in IRAS point Some 13CO2-1 data missing Peking University sources Astronomy Department, Energy sources of HH Finished Peking University objects MPIfA Heidelberg, C18O in TMC1 15 position measured

In the following, we will briefly present two of our projects to highlight the science being done at the KOSMA telescope. 1) Multiwavelengths survey of the Cygnus X complex: In order to probe the processes by which rich clusters and high-mass stars form, the most active nearby Giant Molecular Clouds need to be studied in dif- ferent wavelengths. Ob- servations of molecular lines (in particular CO isotopomeres) yield im- portant clues to the excitation conditions, the kinematics and the

Fig. 1: This Cygnus X map in the 13CO(2-1) rotational transition in-

124 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 cludes all obervations up to Dec. 2003. chemistry of star formation sites in the clouds. A region of ~2x2 deg2. has been surveyed at KOSMA in the 13CO2-1 and 3-2 lines at 120” and 80” angular resolution. We have started to study individual regions in more detail. The DR21 region was mapped in CO 4-3 and 7-6, as well as in [CI]1-0 and 2-1 using the 8 pixel array receiver SMART. We have also started to study W75. These data will be combined with ISO/LWS and KAO data.

2) The photon dominated region W3 Main: The W3 complex is a massive star forming region in the Perseus arm at the rim to a Giant Molecular Cloud complex. This region shows many evidences of massive star formation, such as maser and outflow sources, associated NH3 emission, and dense molecular clouds. Observations of the core region W3 Main show high 13CO and [CI] column densities correspending to a total mass of ~5x103 solar masses. Our observations of W3 Main are covering a region of 360”x220”. We observed the two [CI] fine structure lines and in the 12CO 4-3 and 7-6 rotational lines and in the13CO 8-7 line at 881 GHz, which was the highest frequency observed until now with the SMART receiver on Gornergrat. We have included ISO/LWS observations of the FIR lines of CII, OI, and high-J CO to improve on our analysis of the excitation conditions. The submm line observations were done in Dual-Beam- Switch mode with 6’ chop throw in azimut. Additional large scale observations at low-J CO transitions were done in On-The-Fly mode with the dual channel 230/345 GHz SIS receiver.

Fig. 2: Spectra of the CO- and [CI] transitions at the position if IRS5 in W3.

Key words: Interstellar matter, ISM, PDR, millimeter, submillimeter wave telescope, SIS reciever, array reciever

Internet data bases: http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/gg http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~webrai/index.php

Collaborating partners/networks: MPI für Radioastronomie Bonn, Institut für angewandte Physik, Universität Bern, Center of Astrophysics, Boston, USA, Observertoire de Bordeaux, Astronomy Department Peking University, China, Potechefstroom University, South Africa.

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2003 (KOSMA relevant papers only): Refereed journal articles Bensch, F., Leuenhagen, U., Stutzki, J., Schieder, R. [CI] 492 GHz Mapping Observations of the High-Latitude Translucent Cloud MCLD 123.5+24.9, Astrophys. Journal 591, 1013, 2003 Hafok, H., Stutzki, J., 12CO(J= 2-1) and CO(J= 3-2) observations of Virgo Cluster spiral galaxies with the KOSMA telescope: Global properties, Astron. & Astrophys. 398, 959, 2003 Schneider, N., Simon, R., Kramer, C., Kraemer, K., Stutzki, J., Mookerjea, B., A multiwavelength study of the S 106 region. II. Characteristics of the photon dominated region, Astron. & Astrophys. 406, 915, 2003 Conference papers Graf, U. U., Heyminck, S., Michael, E. A., Stanko, S., Honingh, C. E., Jacobs, K., Schieder, R. T., Stutzki, J., Vowinkel, B., SMART: The KOSMA Sub-Millimeter Array Receiver for Two frequencies, SPIE, 4855, 322, 2003. Miller, M., Graf, U. U., Kinzel, R., Kramer, C., Lettau, M., Stenvers, K., Stutzki, J., Photogrammetric surface measurement of the KOSMA 3m-Telescope, SPIE, 4855, 594, 2003. Jakob, H., Simon, R., Kramer, C., Mookerjea, B., The Carbon content in the Galactic Cygnus X/DR21 star forming region, in " Proceedings of the 4th Cologne-Bonn- Zermatt-Symposium", ed. S. Pfalzner, C. Kramer, C. Straubmeier, and A. Heithausen (Springer Verlag), held September 22-26, 2003, in Zermatt, Switzerland, (in press). Kramer, C., Jakob, H., Mookerjea, B., Schneider, N., Brüll, M., Simon, R., Stutzki, J., CII, CI, and CO in the massive star forming region W3 Main, in " Proceedings of the 4th Cologne-Bonn-Zermatt-Symposium ", ed. S. Pfalzner, C. Kramer, C. Straubmeier, and A. Heithausen (Springer Verlag), held September 22-26, 2003, in Zermatt, Switzerland, (in press). Van der Walt, D.J., Nyambuya, G., Kramer, C., Holleran, M., Butner, H., High mass stars associated with lower mass molecular clouds, in " Proceedings of the 4th Cologne-Bonn-Zermatt-Symposium", ed. S. Pfalzner, C. Kramer, C. Straubmeier, and A. Heithausen (Springer Verlag), held September 22-26, 2003, in Zermatt, Switzerland, (in press).

Address: 1. Physikalisches Institut Radioastronomisches Institut Universität zu Köln der Universität Bonn Zülpicher Str. 77 Auf dem Hügel 71 D-50937 Köln D-53121 Bonn

Contacts: Jürgen Stutzki (observatory director) Martin Miller (station manager) Tel.: +49 221 470 3494 Tel.: +49 221 470 3558 Fax: +49 221 470 5162 Fax: +49 221 470 5162 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute of Applied Physics, Universität Bern

Title of project: Solar Sub-Millimeter Flare Observations with KOSMA

Project leader and team: Dr. Andreas Magun, project leader Thomas Lüthi, Dr. Andreas Lüdi, Dr. Axel Murk

Project description: The process of electron acceleration during solar flares is still under debate, and only little information is available that allows its investigation at relativistic energies. With the recent development of sub-millimeter instrumentation and observing sites the synchrotron emission from solar relativistic electrons has become accessible. Our observations are carried out on Gornergrat in collaboration with KOSMA (Köln Observatory for Sub-Millimeter and Millimeter Astronomy). In a recent study [1] with KOSMA we were able to investigate the spectral development of the radio emission and electron distribution during the acceleration and thermal phase with great detail.

Figure 1 Solar flare at 212 GHz on October 19, 2003. The flux density (top) and radio source diameter time profiles exhibit dynamic changes of source characteristics.

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Besides spectral development, also the location and diameter of the radio flare sources provide important clues for the acceleration process. For this reason the multi -beam receiver BEMRAK (BErnese Multi beam Radiometer for KOSMA) has been developed at 212 Ghz. It provides 4 intersecting beams for the reconstruction of source locations with arc-second acuracy at milli second time resolution as well as a good estimate of source diameters [2,3]. A new feature of BEMRAK is the synthesis of a fourth on axis beam from three beams by means of interference. Beam splitting of the received signal allows simultaneous measurements with BEMRAK and the two KOSMA receivers at 220 and 350 Ghz. Thus, also spectral information between 212 and 350 Ghz can be obtained.

Figure 2 Measured source position changes at 212 GHz for the October 19, 2003, flare. The dotted curves represent the halfpower beamwidths of 3 beams. Phase a is marked in Fig. 1.

Only shortly after completion of the new receiver the 'mega' flare on October 19, 2003 could be observed with KOSMA. During the impulsive phase, that was charcterized by a complex temporal evolution of the millimeter flux (Fig. 1), a significant shift of the source position (Fig. 2), correlated with a dramatic change in source diameter, was observed for the first time. The results have been recently submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics for publication.

Key words: Sun, flare, millimeter/sub-millimeter emission

Collaborating partners/networks: I. Physik. Institut, University of Cologne, Germany

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal articles [1] Th. Lüthi, A. Magun and M. Miller, “First observation of a solar X-class flare in the submillimeter range with KOSMA”, Astron. & Astrophys., in press 2003. Conference paper [2] Th. Lüthi , A. Murk , A. Magun , A. Lüdi , V. Vasic, “A Multibeam Instrument for Solar Flare Observations at Millimeter Wavelengths - Quasioptical Design and First Antenna Pattern Measurements”, 28th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves, ed.: N. Hiromoto, Japan, pp.: 219-220, 2003 Data books and reports [3] Th. Lüthi , A. Lüdi , A. Murk , A. Duric , A. Magun, “The Bernese Multibeam Radiometer for KOSMA (BEMRAK) - Instrument Design and First Antenna Measurements, IAP Research Report, No. 2003-05, Institut für angewandte Physik, Universität Bern (2003)

Address: Institut für Angewandte Physik Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts Andreas Magun Tel.: +41 31 631 8914 Fax: +41 31 631 3765 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: CNR, Istituto di Radioastronomia, sezione di Firenze

Title of project: Italian national infrared telescope TIRGO

Project leader and team Prof. Gianni Tofani, director of the institute Dott. Enzo Natale, director of the department Dott. Filippo Mannucci, TIRGO supervisor

Project description: The TIRGO telescope is an Italian national facility for infrared observations. In the near-infrared wavelength range (1-2.5micron) both images and spectra can be obtained by the camera ARNICA, while the camera TIRCAM2 allows observations in the mid-IR regime (3-20 micron). During 2003 TIRGO activity was focused on observing galaxies in the local universe to address the issue of galaxy formation. The traditional picture is that their central region, the "bulge", formed early well before the disk in a so-called "monolithic collapse". Recently, it has been suggested that bulges could instead be formed after the disk, as an evolutionary phenomenon in which the central parts of the disk alter their shape and dynamics and become bulges. Several physical mechanisms have been proposed as the driver for such evolution. The near-infrared images of a large sample on galaxies acquired at TIRGO were decomposed (see Hunt, L.K., Pierini, D., & Giovanardi, C. 2004, A&A, in press) to homogeneously derive the properties of their disks and bulges. The statistical analysis of the data suggests that indeed there is a strict link between the properties of a bulge and those of its host disk. The link is stronger in galaxies with small bulges and degrades continuously as the bulge gets larger. All this fits nicely within the evolutionary scenario and is in contrast with the "monolithic" hypothesis.

Key words: infrared astronomy, infrared instrumentation

Internet data bases: http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/tirgo: TIRGO web pages http://tirgo.arcetri.astro.it: publicly accessible archive of all the data taken at the TIRGO telescope

Collaborating partners/networks: several italian institutions are collaborating with IRA in the development of new instruments: among the others, the Turin Astronomical Observatory and two institutes of the CNR located in Rome, IAS and IFSI.

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Refereed journal articles Gavazzi G., Boselli A., Donati A., Franzetti P., Scodeggio M., "Introducing GOLDMine: A new Galaxy Database on the WEB", 2003, A&A, 400, 451 Boselli A., Gavazzi G., Sanvito G., "UV to radio centimetric spectral energy distributions of optically-selected late-type galaxies in the Virgo cluster", 2003, A&A, 402, 37

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Lara, L.M., Licandro, J., Tozzi, G.P. Dust in Comet McNaught-Hartley (C/1999 T1) from Jan 25 to Feb. 04, 2001: IR and Optical Imaging A&A, 404, 373 . Richichi, A.; Calamai, "Infrared high angular resolution measurements of stellar sources. VI. Accurate angular diameters of X Cnc, U Ori and Eta Gem." 2003, A&A 399, 275 Conference papers Baffa, C "The Fasti Project" 2003, IV Convengo Nazionale di Astronomia Infrarossa, Perugia, Dicembre 2001. MemSait 74, 165 Corcione, L.; Busso, M.; Porcu, F.; Ferrari-Toniolo, M.; Persi, P. "Control system architecture for mid-infrared cameras: from TIRCAM2 to IRAIT" 2003, IV Convengo Nazionale di Astronomia Infrarossa, Perugia, Dicembre 2001. MemSait 74, 57 Corti, G.; Risso, S.; Busso, M.; Silvestro, G.; Corcione, L. "Infrared investigation from earth and space on the evolutionary state of a sample of LPV" 2003, IV Convengo Nazionale di Astronomia Infrarossa, Perugia, Dicembre 2001. MemSait 74, 205 Gavazzi G., "Estimating the mass of local galaxies from the NIR luminosity" Proc. conf. "The mass of galaxies at Low and high redshift", A. Renzini ed. 2003, Proceedings of the ESO Workshop held in Venice, Italy, 24-26 October 2001, p. 39 Mannucci, F. "Twenty year of TIRGO telescope" IV Convengo Nazionale di Astronomia Infrarossa, Perugia, Dicembre 2001, 2003, Mem. SAIt, 74, 101

Address: CNR, Istituto di Radioastronomia, sezione di Firenze Largo Enrico Fermi 5 I-50125 Firenze

Contacts Filippo Mannucci Tel: +39 055 2752230 Fax: +39 055 220039 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/tirgo/

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Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern

Title of project: SONTEL – Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and the study of high- energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the Sun

Project leader and team Prof. Erwin Flückiger, project leader Dr. Rolf Bütikofer, Dr. Laurent Desorgher, Michael R. Moser

Project description: The solar neutron telescope (SONTEL) at Gornergrat, Switzerland, has been in operation since 1998 as the European cornerstone of a worldwide network for the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic processes at the Sun. In 2003 the operation of SONTEL was continued. SONTEL was in operation during 99.3 % of the time. A few interruptions were due to breaks in the power supply longer than the autonomy time of the uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and to hang-ups of the data-taking computer. The reliability performance is expected to improve with a new data-taking computer system that will be developed and put in operation in 2004. During a large solar eruption on April 15, 2001, when solar particles were observed by cosmic ray detectors on Earth the proportional counters of SONTEL showed a large count rate increase that started several hours before the solar event onset and that had a much longer duration compared to the solar event response as recorded by the other detector channels (see our report on the SONTEL measurements at Gornergrat in the Activity Report 2001 of the International Foundation HFSJG). Simultaneously, an increased level of environmental radioactivity was measured in the detector housing. Since April 2001 further events of enhanced environmental radioactivity have been observed that were not associated with a GLE. For the investigation of these enigmatic increases we made additional measurements of the radon concentration in the detector housing. The measurements, taken from February 27 to March 21, 2003, are summarised in Figure 1. The data show that the radon concentration varied greatly. The counting rate of the proportional counters shows similar variation in the order of a few percent. The variation correlated highly with the radon concentration. The large increases in the radon concentration are also clearly visible in the recordings of the environmental radioactivity. On the other hand the changes in the counting rate of the 40-80 MeV scintillator channel reflect mainly the variations in the primary cosmic ray intensity. A possible explanation is the radon outgassing from the ground. During the season with little or no snow the radon outgassing from the ground under the lab container is well mixed with the surrounding air. However, during times with a thick snow cover the foundation is sealed and the outgassing radon can only leak into the labcontainer through an inlet for cables and escape through an opening for the ventilator (see Figure 2).

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Figure 1: Radioactivity measurements at Gornergrat in the time interval February 27 to March 21, 2003. From top to bottom: Hourly values of radon concentration in the lab container, relative counting rate of the SONTEL proportional counters, 6-hour averages of environmental radioactivity, and relative counting rate of the 40-80 MeV SONTEL neutron channel.

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Figure 2: Top: Picture of the lab container at Gornergrat with no snow (left) and with a thick snow cover (right). Bottom: Schematic diagramms of the possible scenario without snow (left) and with a thick snow cover (right).

At the end of October and the beginning of November 2003, a series of energetic solar eruptions occurred. For the solar eruption on October 28, 2003, the time of maximum X-ray flux was 1110 UT (see also our report in this volume on the neutron monitor measurements at Jungfraujoch). Therefore, the most suitable positions to detect solar neutrons by the detectors of the global solar neutron network were at European longitudes. However, due to the large zenith angle at that time of the year the chance to detect solar neutrons at latitudes such as Gornergrat is very small. From the analysis of the data made so far we conclude that SONTEL did not observe any solar neutrons during this event. Unfortunately, the energetic solar eruptions which followed the October 28, 2003, event occurred during times of day which were not favorable for the Gornergrat station. In particular, the X28 flare on November 4, 2003, the largest solar eruption ever observed, occurred at 1953 UT. Nevertheless, even in the absence of solar neutrons the SONTEL data during the October/November 2003 time period are of special interest, in particular for the study of solar-terrestrial effects. The comparison of the intensity-time profiles of the photomultiplier channels without anti (charged particles) with the intensity time profiles of the photomultiplier channels with anti (neutral particles) shows interesting but yet unexplained features during the dramatic decrease with onset on October 29, 2003. Further inspection of this phenomenon complementing the analysis of the NM observations at Jungfraujoch and of the global network of ground-based cosmic ray detectors is expected to yield new insight into both the response of the detector and the mechanisms which are responsible for the modulation of galactic cosmic rays in association with coronal mass ejections.

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Key words: Astrophysics, cosmic rays, solar neutrons

Internet data bases: http://cosray.unibe.ch/ http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ste-www1/div3/CR/ Neutron/index.html

Collaborating partners/networks: Prof. Y Muraki , Prof. Y. Matsubara, Dr. T. Sako, Dr. H. Tsuchiya, Solar Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan T. Sakai; Physical Science Lab., College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 2-11-1 shin-ei, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275, Japan Prof. A. Chilingarian, Cosmic Ray Division, Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, 375036, Armenia

Scientific publications and public outreach 2003: Conference papers Moser, M.R., L. Desorgher, and E.O. Flückiger, Solar Neutron Telescope at Gornergrat: Monte Carlo Simulation of Detector Properties, Annual Meeting of the Swiss Physical Society, Basel, 20-21 March, 2003. Bütikofer R., E. O. Flückiger, L. Desorgher, M.R. Moser, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, T. Sako, H. Tsuchiya and T. Sakai, SONTEL - Measurements at Gornergrat and environmental radioactivity, Proc. 28th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Tsukuba, Japan, 7, 4189, 2003. Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer, L. Desorgher, and M.R. Moser, Solar neutron observations at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat, Invited Paper, Workshop on "Cosmic Rays and Dark Matter“, Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, to be published, 2003. Moser, M. R., E. O. Flückiger, R. Bütikofer, L. Desorgher, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, T. Sako, H. Tsuchiya and T. Sakai, The Solar Neutron Telescope at Gornergrat, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 5, 09144, 2003. Moser, M. R., E. O. Flückiger, R. Bütikofer, L. Desorgher, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, T. Sako, H. Tsuchiya and T. Sakai, GEANT applications for the interpretation of ground-based solar neutron observations, Proc. 28th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Tsukuba, Japan, 6, 3215, 2003. Magazine and Newspapers articles “Lässt neuer Sonnensturm Polarlichter leuchten?”, Zeitung im Espace Mittelland, November 04, 2003. “Auf der Sonne ist einiges los”, Basler Zeitung, November 04, 2003. “Aurores boréales visibles jusqu'à mardi”, l'agefi, November 04, 2003. “Was ist mit der Sonne los?”, Blick, November 05, 2003. “Berner Physiker schauen genau zur Sonne hinauf”, Berner Zeitung / Bieler Tagblatt, November 06, 2003. “Die unberechenbare Sonne / Flares, Massenauswürfe und ihr Einfluss auf die Erde”, NZZ Neue Zürcher Zeitung, December 24, 2003.

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Radio and television Interviews with Rolf Bütikofer on local television TeleBärn and Radio Extra Bern about the solar eruptions end of October/beginning of November, November 4, 2003.

Address: Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts Rolf Bütikofer Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 Fax: +41 31 631 4405 e-mail: [email protected]

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Research areas at the various European high mountain observatories

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Borovetz Memorandum of Understanding

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The International Foundation HFSJG in the News

“Schweizer Alpen – Der Grosse Aletschgletscher”, WDR broadcast on December 25, 2003. (Mentioning the Research Station Jungfraujoch.) “Zehn Jahre in Eis und Schnee”, SonntagsZeitung, November 11, 2003. (Report on the photovoltaic plant at Jungfraujoch and the anniversary of 10 years in operation.) “Den Härtetest bestanden”, Berner Oberländer, November 8, 2003. (Report on the photovoltaic plant at Jungfraujoch and the anniversary of 10 years in operation.) “Seit zehn Jahren störungsfrei in Betrieb”, Berner Zeitung, November 8, 2003. (Report on the photovoltaic plant at Jungfraujoch and the anniversary of 10 years in operation.) “Zehn Jahre in Eis und Schnee”, Der Bund, November 8, 2003. (Report on the photovoltaic plant at Jungfraujoch and the anniversary of 10 years in operation.) “10 Jahre Dienst im Eis”, Thuner Tagblatt, November 8, 2003. (Report on the photovoltaic plant at Jungfraujoch and the anniversary of 10 years in operation.) “Einsiedler aus Berufung”, Sonntagszeitung, October 19, 2003. (Report on custodians Joan and Martin Fischer and the Jungfraubahn.) “Jungfraujoch liefert Beweise”, Berner Zeitung, September 17, 2003. (Report on the ozone layer and the gas chromatographic measurements by the EMPA at Jungfraujoch.) “Schädliche Kühlmittel”, Tages Anzeiger, September 16, 2003. (Report on the ozone layer and the measurement of coolants by the EMPA at Jungfraujoch.) “ ‘Beweismaterial’ auf dem Jungfraujoch”, Internationaler Tag für die Erhaltung der Ozonschicht, Walliser Bote, September 15, 2003. (Report on the ozone layer and the gas chromatographic measurements by the EMPA at Jungfraujoch.) “Echo der Zeit”, Radio DRS 1, August 12, 2003, (18:00 h) Interviews with Martin and Joan Fischer. “Gletscher schmelzen, das ewige Eis taut auf…”, Tagesgespräch, Radio DRS 1, August 12, 2003, (13:00 h) Interviews with Martin Fischer, Dr. Martin Funk, glaciologist ETH Zürich, and Kurt Amacher, head of the Grindelwald mountain rescue service. Report on the Aletsch glacier and research station Jungfraujoch in The Yomiuri Shimbun (Japanese newspaper), June 23, 2003. “Über den Wolken”, radio production of ARCHIMEDES, May 27, 2003, Udo Vieth, author. Interviews with Ernest Weingartner at the research station Jungfraujoch. “Regen rinigt zu wenig: Burgdorf Solaranlagen im Langzeitvergleich”, Berner Rundschau and Langenthaler Tagblatt, May 10, 2003. (Report on the photovoltaik plant at Jungfraujoch.) “On top of the world at Jungfraujoch”, The New York Times, January 19, 2003 (General report about Jungfraujoch, mentioning the Research Station Jungfraujoch.) “Hinter dem Felsenfenster liegt Bollywood”, Volker Mehnert, Frankfurter Allgemeine, February 13, 2003. (Travel report on Jungfraujoch.)

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Publication list Refereed publications

Balin, I. Serikov , R. Nessler , Y. Bobrovnikov , V. Simeonov, B. Calpini,Y. Arshinov and H. Van den Bergh , Pure rotational Raman-lidar technique on the Jungfraujoch multi-wavelength lidar system: implementation and new atmospheric retrievals, submitted to Applied Physics B. Barret, B., M. De Mazière and E. Mahieu, Ground-based FTIR measurements of CO from the Jungfraujoch: characterisation and comparison with in-situ surface and MOPITT data, ACP, 3, 2217-2223, 2003. Barret, B., M. De Mazière, and E. Mahieu, Groung-based FTIR measurements of CO from the Jungfraujoch: characterisation and comparison with in situ surface and MOPITT data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2217-2223, 2003. Bensch, F., Leuenhagen, U., Stutzki, J., Schieder, R. [CI] 492 GHz Mapping Observations of the High-Latitude Translucent Cloud MCLD 123.5+24.9, Astrophys. Journal 591, 1013, 2003. Buchmann B., Stemmler K., and Reimann S. Regional emissions of anthropogenic halocarbons derived from continuous measurements of ambient air in Switzerland Chimia 57 (9), 522-528 2003. Colaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, D. Schaub, C. Hueglin, C. Corrigan, M. Schwikowski, U. Baltensperger, Saharan Dust Events at the Jungfraujoch: Detection by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo and analysis of the events during the years 2001 and 2002, ACPD 3 5547-5594, 2003. Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, D. Schaub, C. Hueglin, C. Corrigan, M. Schwikowski, U. Baltensperger Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch: detection by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo and analysis of the events during the years 2001 and 2002, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 3, 5547-5594 (2003). Couach, O., I. Balin, R. Jimenez, P. Ristori, S. Perego, F. Kirchner, V. Simeonov, B. Calpini, and H. van den Bergh, “An investigation of ozone and planetary boundary layer dynamics over the complex topography of Grenoble combining measurements and modelling”, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, pp.549–562, 2003. Cramer, N., Photometry of B-type stars in the Geneva system, Archs Sci. Genève 56, 11-38, 2003. Cristofanelli, P., P. Bonasoni, W. Collins, J. Feichter, C. Forster, P. James, A. Kentarchos, P. W. Kubik, C. Land, J. Meloen, G. J. Roelofs, P. Siegmund, M. Sprenger, C. Schnabel, A. Stohl, L. Tobler, L. Tositti, T. Trickl, P. Zanis, Stratosphere-to-troposphere transport: A model and method evaluation, J. Geophys. Res. 108, NO. D12, 8525, doi 10.1029/2002JD002600 (2003). Fischer R., Dizzy heights. How the heart and lungs react to hypoxic states high up in the mountains, MMW Fortschr Med. 145(8), 31-32, 2003. Fischer R., Toleration of high altitudes by patients with heart and pulmonary diseases, MMW Fortschr Med. 145(8), 36-38, 2003. Gavazzi G., Boselli A., Donati A., Franzetti P., Scodeggio M., "Introducing GOLDMine: A new Galaxy Database on the WEB", 2003, A&A, 400, 451 Boselli A., Gavazzi G., Sanvito G., "UV to radio centimetric spectral energy distributions of

147 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 optically-selected late-type galaxies in the Virgo cluster", A&A, 402, 37, 2003. Gerber, D., I. Balin, D. Feist, N. Kämpfer, V. Simeonov, B. Calpini, and H. van den Bergh, “Ground-based water vapour soundings by microwave radiometry and Raman lidar on Jungfraujoch (Swiss Alps)”, Atm. Chem. and Phys. Discuss., 3, pp 4833- 4856, 2003. Gruber, S., Hoelzle, M. & Haeberli , W. (2003, submitted). Rock wall temperatures in the Alps. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. Guerova G., E. Brockmann, J. Quiby, F. Schubiger and Ch. Mätzler (2003): "Validation of NWP mesoscale models with Swiss GPS Network AGNES". J. Appl. Meteorol., 42, 1, pp. 141-150, 2003. Guerova G., J.-M. Bettems, E. Brockmann and Ch. Mätzler (2003): "Assimilation of COST 716 Near Real Time GPS data in the nonhydrostatic limited area model used in MeteoSwiss". Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., submitted Aug. 2003. Gysel, M., E. Weingartner, S. Nyeki, D. Paulsen, U. Baltensperger, I. Galambos, G. Kiss, Hygroscopic properties of water-soluble matter and humic-like organics in athmospheric fine aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 3, 4879-4925, 2003. Hafok, H., Stutzki, J., 12CO(J= 2-1) and CO(J= 3-2) observations of Virgo Cluster spiral galaxies with the KOSMA telescope: Global properties, Astron. & Astrophys. 398, 959, 2003. Henning, S., E. Weingartner, M. Schwikowski, H.W. Gäggeler, R. Gehrig, K.-P. Hinz, A. Trimborn, B. Spengler, U. Baltensperger, Seasonal variation of water soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl), J. Geophys. Res. 108, NO. D1, 4030, doi 10.1029/2002JD002439, 2003. Henning, S., E. Weingartner, M. Schwikowski, H.W. Gäggeler, R. Gehrig, K.-P. Hinz, A. Trimborn, B. Spengler, U. Baltensperger, Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl), J. Geophys. Res. 108, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002439 (2003). Huber M., M. Blumthaler, J. Schreder, B. Schallhart and J. Lenoble, Effect of inhomogeneous surface albedo on diffuse UV sky radiance at a high altitude site, J Geophys Res, under review. Ineichen D., G. Beutler and U. Hugentobler (2003): "Sensitivity of GPS and GLONASS orbits with respect to resonant geopotential parameters". Journal of Geodesy 77, pp. 478-486, 2003. Jimenez, R., M. Taslakov, V. Simeonov, B. Calpini, F. Jeanneret, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, J. Feist, and H.van den Bergh, Ozone detection by differential absorption spectroscopy at ambient pressure with a 9.6 µm pulsed quantum-cascade laser, Appl. Phys. B (2003) DOI: 10.1007/s00340-003-1358-5. Knüsel, S., D.E. Piguet, M. Schwikowski, H.W. Gäggeler, Accuracy of continuous ice-core trace-element analysis by inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 2267-2273 (2003). Knüsel, S., D.E. Piguet, M. Schwikowski, H.W. Gäggeler, First results of trace element analysis in ice cores using continuous ice melting (CIM) inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS), J. Phys. IV France 107 (2003). Lara, L.M., Licandro, J., Tozzi, G.P. Dust in Comet McNaught-Hartley (C/1999 T1)

148 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 from Jan 25 to Feb. 04, 2001: IR and Optical Imaging A&A, 404, 373, 2003. Levin, I., B. Kromer, M. Schmidt and H. Sartorius, 2003. A novel approach for 14 independent budgeting of fossil fuel CO2 over Europe by CO2 observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(23), 2194, doi. 10.1029/2003GL018477. Levin, I., B. Kromer, M. Schmidt, and H. Sartorius, A novel approach for independent budgeting of fossil fuel CO2 over Europe by 14CO2 observations, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 (23), 2194, 2003. Lüthi, Th., A. Magun and M. Miller, “First observation of a solar X-class flare in the submillimeter range with KOSMA”, Astron. & Astrophys., in press 2003. Marty, C., R. Philipona, J. Delamere, E.G. Dutton, J. Michalsky, K. Stamnes, T. Stoffel, S.A. Clough and E.J. Mlawer, Downward longwave irradiance uncertainty under arctic atmospheres – measurements and modelling, J. Geophys. Res. 108(D12), 4358, doi:10.1029/2002JD002937, 2003. Nessler, R., N. Bukowiecki, S. Henning, E. Weingartner, B. Calpini, U. Baltensperger, Simultaneous dry and ambient measurements of aerosol size distributions at the Jungfraujoch, Tellus 55B, 808-819 (2003). Newman, P.A., N. R. P. Harris, A. Adriani, G. Amanatidis, J. Anderson, G. Braathen, W. Brune, K. Carslaw, M. Craig, P. DeCola, M. Guirlet, S. Hipskind, M. Kurylo, H. Küllmann, N. Larsen, G. Mégie, J.-P. Pommereau, L. Poole, M. Schoeberl, F. Stroh, B. Toon, C. Trepte, and M. Van Roozendael, An overview of the SOLVE-THESEO 2000 campaign, J. Geophys. Res. 107, doi:10.1029/2001JD001303, 2002. Richichi, A.; Calamai, "Infrared high angular resolution measurements of stellar sources. VI. Accurate angular diameters of X Cnc, U Ori and Eta Gem." A&A 399, 275, 003. Rinsland, C. P., A. Goldman, T. M. Stephen, L. S. Chiou, E. Mahieu, and R. Zander, SF6 ground-based infrared solar absorption measurements : long-term trend, pollution events, and a search for SF5CF3 absorption, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 78, 41-53, 2003. Rinsland, C. P., D. K. Weisenstein, M. K. W. Ko, C. J. Scott, L. S. Chiou, E. Mahieu, R. Zander, and P. Demoulin, Post Mount Pinatubo eruption ground-based stratospheric column measurements of HNO3, NO, and NO2 and their comparison with model calculation, J. Geophys. Res. 108(D15), 4437, ACL1, doi:10.1029/2002JD002965, 2003. Rinsland, C. P., E. Mahieu, R. Zander, N. B. Jones, M. P. Chipperfield, A. Goldman, J. Anderson, J. M. Russell III, P. Demoulin, J. Notholt, G. C. Toon, J.-F. Blavier, B. Sen, R. Sussmann, S. W. Wood, A. Meier, D. W. T. Griffith, L. S. Chiou, F. J. Murcray, T. M. Stephen, F. Hase, S. Mikuteit, A. Schulz, and T. Blumenstock, Long- term trends of inorganic chlorine from ground-based infrared solar spectra: Past increases and evidence for stabilization, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D8), 4252, ACH10, doi:10.1029/2002JD003001, 2003. Schneider, N., Simon, R., Kramer, C., Kraemer, K., Stutzki, J., Mookerjea, B., A multiwavelength study of the S 106 region. II. Characteristics of the photon dominated region, Astron. & Astrophys. 406, 915, 2003. Stohl, A., P. Bonasoni, P. Cristofanelli, W. Collins, J. Feichter, A. Frank, C. Forster, E. Gerasopoulos, H. Gäggeler, P. James, T. Kentarchos, H. Kromp-Kolb, B. Krüger,

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C. Land, J. Meloen, A. Papayannis, A. Priller, P. Seibert, M. Sprenger, G. J. Roelofs, H. E. Scheel, C. Schnabel, P. Siegmund, L. Tobler, T. Trickl, H. Wernli, V. Wirth, P. Zanis, C. Zerefos, Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO, J. Geophys. Res. 108, NO. D12, 8516, doi 10.1029/2002JD002490 (2003). Troller M., B. Bürki, M. Cocard, A. Geiger and H.-G. Kahle (2002): "3-D refractivity field from GPS double difference tomography". Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(24), 2149, doi:10.1029/2002GL015982, 2003. Van der Marel H., E. Brockmann, S. de Haan, J. Dousa, J. Johansson, G. Gendt, O. Kristiansen, D. Offiler, R. Pacione, A. Rius and F. Vespe (2003): "COST-716 Near Real-Time Demonstration Project". Jap. Meteor. Soc. J., submitted March, 2003. Weingartner, E., H. Saathoff, M. Schnaiter, N. Streit, B. Bitnar, U. Baltensperger, Absorption of light by soot particles: determination of the absorption coefficient by means of aethalometers, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1445-1463, 2003. Whalley, L. K., A.C. Lewis, J.B. McQuaid, R.M. Purvis, J.D. Lee, K. Stemmler, C. Zellweger, and P. Ridgeon, Two High-speed, Portable GC Systems Designed for the Measurement of Non-methane Hydrocarbons and PAN: Results from the Jungfraujoch High Altitude Observatory, accepted Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2003. Zanis, P., E. Gerasopoulos, A. Priller, C. Schnabel, A. Stohl, C. Zerefos, H.W. Gäggeler, L. Tobler, P.W. Kubik, H. J. Kanter, H. E. Scheel, J. Luterbacher, M. Berger, An estimate of the impact of stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) on the lower free tropospheric ozone over the Alps using Be-10 and Be-7 measurements, J. Geophys. Res. 108, NO. D12, 8520, doi 10.1029/2002JD002604 (2003). Zanis, P., P.S. Monks, T.J. Green, E. Schüpbach, L.J. Carpenter, G.P. Mills, A.R. Rickard, N. Brough, and S.A. Penkett, Seasonal variation of peroxy radicals in the lower free troposphere based on observations from the FREE Tropospheric EXperiments in the Swiss Alps, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 (10), 1497, 2003. Zanis, P., T. Trickl, A. Stohl, H.Wernli, O. Cooper, C. Zerefos, H. Gäggeler, C. Schnabel, L. Tobler, P.W. Kubik, A. Priller, H. E. Scheel, H.J. Kanter, P. Cristofanelli, C. Forster, P. James, E. Gerasopoulos, A. Delcloo, A. Papayannis, H. Claude, Forecast, observation and modelling of a deep stratospheric intrusion event over Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3, 763 (2003). Zellweger, C., J. Forrer, P. Hofer, S. Nyeki, B. Schwarzenbach, E. Weingartner, M. Ammann, U. Baltensperger, Partitioning of reactive nitrogen (NOy) and dependence on meteorological conditions in the lower free troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3, 779-796 (2003).

Conference presentations / Posters

Baffa, C "The Fasti Project" 2003, IV Convengo Nazionale di Astronomia Infrarossa, Perugia, Dicembre 2001. MemSait 74, 165 Balin, I., M. Parlange, C. Higgins, R. Nessler, B. Calpini, V. Simeonov, H. van den Bergh, The atmospheric boundary layer at the Aletsch glacier (3600 m - Switzerland), Proc. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Eos Trans. AGU, 84(46), H22B-0931

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(2003). Baltensperger, U., The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Programme, EGS-AGU- EUG Joint Assembly, Nice France, April 6-11, 2003. Barrie, L.A., U. Baltensperger, The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme, HIMONTONET-Workshop, Borovetz, Bulgaria, June 30-July 4, 2003. Blumthaler M., Measurements and trends of UV-radiation in Alpine environments. Arctic-Alpine Ecosystems and People in a Changing Environment. 23.02.-01.03.2003, Tromso, Norwegen, (invited talk, paper in preparation as book chapter). Brockmann, E., D. Ineichen and M. Troller (2003): "Using interpolated zenith total delays from permanent GPS networks for improving the heights derived from local GPS campaigns". Paper presented at the EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 6-11 April, 2003. Brockmann, E., D. Ineichen, M. Kistler, U. Marti, A. Schlatter and D. Schneider (2003): "CH-CGN activities in Switzerland". In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF). EUREF Publication No. 12 (in prep.), 2003. Brockmann, E., S. Grünig, D. Ineichen and U. Wild (2003): "Estimating zenith total delays from the Swiss permanent GPS network AGNES with time delays of 2 weeks up to 10 minutes". Paper presented at the EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 6-11 April, 2003. Bütikofer R., E. O. Flückiger, L. Desorgher, M.R. Moser, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, T. Sako, H. Tsuchiya and T. Sakai, SONTEL - Measurements at Gornergrat and environmental radioactivity, Proc. 28th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Tsukuba, Japan, 7, 4189, 2003. Coe, H., J.D. Allen, M.R. Alfarra, P.I. Wiliams, K.N. Bower, G. McFiggans, M.W. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, E. Weingartner, C.E. Corrigan, U. Baltensperger, In situ measurements of cloud-aerosol interactions at a mountain-top site in the Swiss Alps, Proc. European Aerosol Conference 2003, Madrid, Spain, J. Aerosol Sci., I, S161- S162 (2003). Coe, H., J.D. Allen, M.R. Alfarra, P.I. Wiliams, K.N. Bower, M.W. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, E. Weingartner, C.E. Corrigan, U. Baltensperger, Measurmeents of aerosol-cloud interactions, including on-line particle chemical composition, at the Jungfraujoch Global Atmosphere Watch station, EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice France, April 6-11, 2003. Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, R. Gehrig, Sahara dust events at the Jungfraujoch: A precise determination of events calculated by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo, Proc. European Aerosol Conference 2003, Madrid, Spain, J. Aerosol Sci., II, S971-S972 (2003). Corcione, L.; Busso, M.; Porcu, F.; Ferrari-Toniolo, M.; Persi, P. "Control system architecture for mid-infrared cameras: from TIRCAM2 to IRAIT" 2003, IV Convengo Nazionale di Astronomia Infrarossa, Perugia, Dicembre 2001. MemSait 74, 57. Corrigan, C.E., E. Weingartner, Z. Qian, U. Baltensperger, Scavenging of black carbon by cloud droplets, Proc. European Aerosol Conference 2003, Madrid, Spain, J. Aerosol Sci. I, S83-S84 (2003).

151 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Corti, G.; Risso, S.; Busso, M.; Silvestro, G.; Corcione, L. "Infrared investigation from earth and space on the evolutionary state of a sample of LPV" 2003, IV Convengo Nazionale di Astronomia Infrarossa, Perugia, Dicembre 2001. MemSait 74, 205. De Mazière, M., B. Barret, T. Coosemans, F. Hendrick, J.C. Lambert, V. Soebijanta, M. Van Roozendael, Validation of MIPAS operational level 2 products using ground- based network data, oral presentation at ASSFTS11, October 8-10, 2003, Bad Wildbad, Germany. De Mazière, M., T. Coosemans, B. Barret, T. Blumenstock, A. Griesfeller, P. Demoulin, H. Fast, D. Griffith, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, R. L. Mittermeier, J. Notholt, C. Rinsland, A. Schulz, D. Smale, A. Strandberg, R. Sussmann, S. Wood, M. Buchwitz, Validation of ENVISAT-1 Level-2 Products Related to Lower Atmosphere O3 and NOy Chemistry by a FTIR Quasi-global Network, in the Proceedings of Envisat Validation Workshop, Frascati, Italy, 9-13 December 2002, ESA SP-531, 2003. De Mazière, M., T. Coosemans, B. Barret, T. Blumenstock, P. Demoulin, H. Fast, D. Griffith, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, R. Mittermeier, J. Notholt, C. Rinsland, A. Schulz, D. Smale, A. Strandberg, R. Sussmann, S. Wood, and M. Buchwitz, Validation of ENVISAT-1 level-2 products related to lower atmosphere O3 and NOy chemistry by an FTIR quasi-global network, in Proc. First ENVISAT Validation Workshop, ESA/ESRIN, Italy, 9-13 Dec. 2002, ESA SP-531, 2003. Duchatelet, P., E. Mahieu, R. Zander, P. Demoulin, B. Barret, and C. P. Rinsland; Updating the Jungfraujoch database: current status, in Proceedings of the “Sixth European Symposium on Stratospheric Ozone”, Göteborg, Sweden, September 2-6, 2002, EUR 20650, ISBN 92-894-5484-9, pp. 136-139, 2003. Flückiger, E.O., ATPROMO and the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, 1st ATPROMO meeting (Atmosphere Parameters and Radiation On Mountain Observatories), 7-8 May 2003, Area di Ricerca Roma - Tor Vergata, Italia. Flückiger, E.O., Cosmic Ray Absolute Flux and Variation Measurements, Invited Presentation, HIMONTONET European Workshop, 28 June - 3 July 2003, Borovetz, Bulgaria. Flückiger, E.O., The High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat, invited paper presented at the Workshop “High Mountain Observatories and the Challenges of the 21st Century”, Borovetz, Bulgaria, 28. Juni - 3. Juli 2003; in Obser- vatoire de Montagne de Moussala OM2, fasc. 9, 2003. Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer, L. Desorgher, and M.R. Moser, Solar neutron observations at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat, Invited Paper, Workshop on "Cosmic Rays and Dark Matter“, Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, to be published, 2003. Gavazzi G., "Estimating the mass of local galaxies from the NIR luminosity" Proc. conf. "The mass of galaxies at Low and high redshift", A. Renzini ed. 2003, Proceedings of the ESO Workshop held in Venice, Italy, 24-26 October 2001, p. 39. Graf, U. U., Heyminck, S., Michael, E. A., Stanko, S., Honingh, C. E., Jacobs, K., Schieder, R. T., Stutzki, J., Vowinkel, B., SMART: The KOSMA Sub-Millimeter Array Receiver for Two frequencies, SPIE, 4855, 322, 2003.

152 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Gruber, S., Haeberli, W. and Noetzli, J. (2002) The Thermal Regime of Steep Alpine Rock Faces. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, 2003. Gruber, S., Peter, M., Hoelzle, M., Woddhatch, I. & Haeberli, W. (2003) Surface temperatures in steep Alpine rock faces. Gruber, S., Peter, M., Hoelzle, M., Woddhatch, I. & Haeberli, W. (2003) Surface temperatures in steep Alpine rock faces - a strategy for regional-scale measurement and modelling. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Permafrost 2003, Zurich, Switzerland. Gruber, S.; Hoelzle, M.; Haeberli, W. (2003) Distributed process-based models of mountain permafrost: the importance of accurate spatial input and calibration data. EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly. Nice, France, 06 - 11 April 2003. Guerova, G., J.-M. Bettems, E. Brockmann and Ch. Mätzler (2003): "Assessment of the impact of GPS data assimilation on the performance of the NWP model of MeteoSwiss: Case studies". International Workshop on GPS Meteorology, Tsukuba, Japan, 14-17 January, 2003. Henning, S., S. Bojinski, K. Diehl, S. Ghan, S. Nyeki, E. Weingartner, S. Wurzler, U. Baltensperger, Aerosol partitioning in mixed-phase clouds at the Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl), EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice France, April 6-11, 2003. Henning, S., S. Bojinski, K. Diehl, S. Ghan, S. Nyeki, E. Weingartner, S. Wurzler, U. Baltensperger, Investigation of mixed-phase clouds at the Jungfraujoch, Proc. European Aerosol Conference 2003, Madrid, Spain, J. Aerosol Sci., I, S79-S80 (2003). Jakob, H., Simon, R., Kramer, C., Mookerjea, B., The Carbon content in the Galactic Cygnus X/DR21 star forming region, in “Proceedings of the 4th Cologne-Bonn- Zermatt-Symposium”, ed. S. Pfalzner, C. Kramer, C. Straubmeier, and A. Heithausen (Springer Verlag), held September 22-26, 2003, in Zermatt, Switzerland, (in press). Kramer, C., Jakob, H., Mookerjea, B., Schneider, N., Brüll, M., Simon, R., Stutzki, J., CII, CI, and CO in the massive star forming region W3 Main, in “Proceedings of the 4th Cologne-Bonn-Zermatt-Symposium”, ed. S. Pfalzner, C. Kramer, C. Straubmeier, and A. Heithausen (Springer Verlag), held September 22-26, 2003, in Zermatt, Switzerland, (in press). Lambert, J.-C., J. Granville, M. Allaart, T. Blumenstock, T. Coosemans, M. De Mazière, U. Friess, M. Gil, F. Goutail, D. V. Ionov, I. Kostadinov, E. Kyrö, A. Petritoli, A. Piters, A. Richter, H. K. Roscoe, H. Schets, J. D. Shanklin, V. T. Soebijanta, T. Suortti, M. Van Roozendael, C. Varotsos, and T. Wagner, Ground- based comparisons of early SCIAMACHY O3 and NO2 columns, in Proc. ENVISAT Validation Workshop, Frascati, 9-13 Dec. 2002, ESA SP-531, 2003. Lambert, J.-C., V. Soebijanta, Y. Orsolini, S. B. Andersen, A. Bui Van, J. P. Burrows, Y. Calisesi, C. Cambridge, H. Claude, M.-R. De Backer-Barilly, J. de La Noë, M. De Mazière, V. Dorokhov, A. Fahre Vik, S. Godin-Beekmann, F. Goutail, G. H. Hansen, G. Hochschild, B. A. Høiskar, P. V. Johnston, N. Kämpfer, K. Kreher, E. Kyrö, J. Leveau, J. Mäder, G. Milinevski, J-P. Pommereau, P. Quinn, U. Raffalski, A. Richter, H. K. Roscoe, J. D. Shanklin, J. Staehelin, K. Stebel, R. Stubi, T. Suortti, K. K. Tørnkvist, M. Van Roozendael, G. Vaughan, and Folkart Wittrock, Coordinated Ground-based Validation of ENVISAT Atmospheric Chemistry with NDSC Network Data: Commissioning phase Report, in Proc. First ENVISAT Validation Workshop,

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ESA/ESRIN, Italy, 9-13 Dec. 2002, ESA SP-531, 2003. Lüthi, Th., A. Murk , A. Magun , A. Lüdi , V. Vasic, “A Multibeam Instrument for Solar Flare Observations at Millimeter Wavelengths - Quasioptical Design and First Antenna Pattern Measurements”, 28th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves, ed.: N. Hiromoto, Japan, pp.: 219-220, 2003. Mahieu, E., C. P. Rinsland, R. Zander, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, and M. De Mazière, Tropospheric and stratospheric carbonyl sulfide (OCS): long-term trends and seasonal cycles above the Jungfraujoch station, in Proceedings of the “Sixth European Symposium on Stratospheric Ozone”, Göteborg, Sweden, September 2-6, 2002, EUR 20650, ISBN 92-894-5484-9, pp. 309-312, 2003. Mannucci, F. "Twenty year of TIRGO telescope" IV Convengo Nazionale di Astronomia Infrarossa, Perugia, Dicembre 2001, 2003, Mem. SAIt, 74, 101 Marti, U., A. Schlatter and E. Brockmann (2003): "Analysis of vertical movements in Switzerland". Paper presented at the EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 6-11 April, 2003. Miller, M., Graf, U. U., Kinzel, R., Kramer, C., Lettau, M., Stenvers, K., Stutzki, J., Photogrammetric surface measurement of the KOSMA 3m-Telescope, SPIE, 4855, 594, 2003. Moser, M. R., E. O. Flückiger, R. Bütikofer, L. Desorgher, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, T. Sako, H. Tsuchiya and T. Sakai, GEANT applications for the interpretation of ground-based solar neutron observations, Proc. 28th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Tsukuba, Japan, 6, 3215, 2003. Moser, M. R., E. O. Flückiger, R. Bütikofer, L. Desorgher, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, T. Sako, H. Tsuchiya and T. Sakai, The Solar Neutron Telescope at Gornergrat, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 5, 09144, 2003. Moser, M.R., L. Desorgher, and E.O. Flückiger, Solar Neutron Telescope at Gornergrat: Monte Carlo Simulation of Detector Properties, Annual Meeting of the Swiss Physical Society, Basel, 20-21 March, 2003. Nessler, R., N. Bukowiecki, S. Henning, E. Weingartner, B. Calpini, U. Baltensperger, Dry and ambient measurements of aerosol properties at the Jungfraujoch high alpine research station, 22nd Annual Conference of the American Association of Aerosol Research, Anaheim CA, USA, October 20-24, 2003. Nessler, R., N. Bukowiecki, S. Henning, E. Weingartner, V. Simeonov, U. Baltensperger, Dry and ambient measurements of aerosol properties at the Jungfraujoch high alpine research station, Proc. European Aerosol Conference 2003, Madrid, Spain, J. Aerosol Sci., I, S151-S152 (2003). Nyeki, S., L. Vuilleumier, A. Heimo, N. Kämpfer, C. Mätzler, A. Vernez and P. Viatte, Column water vapour using a PFR radiometer at a high-alpine site. 2003 EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 5, 08726. Papayanis, A., Tsaknakis, D. Balis, A. Chaikovski, F. de Tomasi, I. Mattis, V. Mitev, G. Pappalardo, J. Pelon, C. Perez, S. Puchalski, V. Rizi, L. Sauvage, V. Simeonov, N. Spinelli, T. Trickl, G. Waughan, M. Weininger, V. Matthias, A. Haagard, M. Alpers and A. Castanho, Three years of observations of Saharan dust outbreaks over Europe monitored by a coordinated LIDAR network in the frame of the EARLINET project, Sixt International symposium on tropospheric profiling-Needs and Technologies,

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September 14-20, 2003 Leipzig, Germany, p. 225. Philipona, R., B. Dürr, C. Marty, A. Ohmura and M. Wild, Radiative forcing – measured at Earth’s surface - corroborate the increasing greenhouse effect. Poster at American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA, 8 – 12 Dec. 2003. Philipona, R., Strahlungsmessungen in den Alpen bestätigen die Zunahme des Treibhauseffektes. Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Meteorologie, Jahresver- sammlung, Fribourg, Switzerland, 8. Okt. 2003. Philipona, R., Surface radiation measurements in the Alps reveal the increase of the greenhouse effect, XXIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), Sapporo, Japan, 30 Jun. – 11 Jul. 2003. Philipona, R., Untersuchung des Treibhauseffektes in Bezug auf Klimaver- änderungen, Antrittsvorlesung an der ETH-Zürich, Switzerland, 23 Jan. 2003. Schneider, D., E. Brockmann, D. Ineichen, S. Grünig, A. Wiget and U.Wild (2003): "Applications of GPS meteorology using the Swiss permanent GPS network AGNES". Paper presented at the IUGG in Sapporo, Japan, June 30 - July 11, 2003. Schüpbach, E., E. Flückiger, and N. Güdel, Jungfraujoch: science, tourism and UNESCO world heritage, Exkursionsführer 54. Deutscher Geographentag Bern 2003, Geographica Bernensia, Geographisches Institut der Universität Bern, 2003. Troller, M., A. Geiger, B. Bürki, E. Brockmann and H.-G. Kahle (2003): "Use of satellite navigation systems for determination of 4-dimensional atmospheric refractivity field". Paper presented at the IAIN World Congress in Berlin, October 2003. Troller, M., A. Geiger, E. Brockmann, B. Bürki and H.-G. Kahle (2003): "GPS Tomography on a Permanent Network in the Mountainous Region of Switzerland". Paper presented at the EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 6-11 April, 2003. Troller, M., E. Brockmann and A. Geiger (2003): "Estimation of Spatial and Temporal Path Delays Based on the Permanent GPS Network in Switzerland". Paper presented at the EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 6-11 April, 2003. Van der Walt, D.J., Nyambuya, G., Kramer, C., Holleran, M., Butner, H., High mass stars associated with lower mass molecular clouds, in “Proceedings of the 4th Cologne-Bonn-Zermatt-Symposium”, ed. S. Pfalzner, C. Kramer, C. Straubmeier, and A. Heithausen (Springer Verlag), held September 22-26, 2003, in Zermatt, Switzerland, (in press). Vogel, B., E. Brockmann, P. Kummer, U. Marti, D. Schneider, A. Schlatter, A. Wiget, U. Wild and W. Gurtner (2003): "National Report of Switzerland: New Developments in Swiss National Geodetic Surveying". In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF). EUREF Publication No. 12 (in prep.), 2003. Vollath, U., E. Brockmann and X. Chen (2003): "Troposphere: Signal or noise?". Paper presented at the ION in Salt Lake City, 2003. Vuilleumier, L., A. Heimo, A. Lehmann, A. Vernez and P. Viatte, UV erythemal measurements by the Swiss Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring program. 2003 EGS-

155 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

AGU-EUG Joint Assembly. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 5, 10950. Weingartner, E., M. Gysel, C.E. Corrigan, U. Baltensperger, Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl), Proc. European Aerosol Conference 2003, Madrid, Spain, J. Aerosol Sci., I, S11-S12 (2003). Wild, M., G. Guerova, J. Morland, Ch. Mätzler and E. Brockman (2003): "Water Vapor Over the Alps: GCM simulations versus GPS Observations". Paper on Climate change; joint projects P2.1 and P2.4, 2003.

Edited books

Blumthaler, M. and A. Webb, UVR climatology, in "UV effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems", Ed. E. W. Hekbling and H. Zagarese, Comprehensive Series in Photochemistry and Photobiology – Volume 1, Chapter 2, The Royal Society of Photochemistry, Cambridge, UK, ISBN 0-85404-301-2, 21-58, 2003. De Mazière, M., and B. Barret, Retrieval of tropospheric information from ground- based FTIR observations, supported by synergistic exploitation of various ground- based and space-borne measurement techniques and data, in P. Borrell, P.M. Borrell, J.P. Burrows and U. Platt, Sounding the troposphere from space: a new era for atmospheric chemistry (TROPOSAT: EUROTRAC-2 Subproject Final Report), Springer, 315-326, 2003. Kerr, J.B., G. Seckmeyer, A. Bais, G. Bernhard, M. Blumthaler, S. Diaz, N. Krotkov, D. Lubin, R. McKenzie, A. Sabziparvar and J. Verdebout, Surface Ultraviolet Radiation: Past and Future, in " Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002", WMO Report No 47, Chapter 5, World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003. Noone, K., U. Baltensperger, A. Flossmann, S. Fuzzi, H. Hass, E. Nemitz, J.P. Putaud, H. Puxbaum, U. Schurath, K. Torseth, H. ten Brink, Chapter 5: Tropospheric Aerosols and Clouds, Towards Cleaner Air for Europe - Science, Tools and Applications; Part 1: Results from the EUROTRAC-2 Synthesis and Integration Project, Margraf Publishers, ISBN 3-8236-1390-1,157-194 (2003). Valks, P.J.M., A.J.M. Piters, J.-C. Lambert, C. Zehner, and H. Kelder, A Fast Delivery System for the retrieval of near-real time ozone columns from GOME data, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 24, pp. 423-436, 2003. Van Roozendael, M., C. Fayt, C. Hermans, and J.-C. Lambert, Retrieval of tropospheric BrO and NO2 from UV-visible Observations, in P. Borrell, P.M. Borrell, J.P. Burrows and U. Platt, Sounding the troposphere from space: a new era for atmospheric chemistry (TROPOSAT: EUROTRAC-2 Subproject Final Report), Springer, 67-71, 2003. Wengraitis, S., M. Blumthaler, J-P Cesarini, E. Chaney, P. Koepke, S. Madronich, J. Schwanda, D. Sliney, F. Urbach, A. Webb and U. Wester, Spectral weighting of solar ultraviolet radiation, Commission International de l'eclairage Technical Report 151:2003, ISBN 3-901-906-20-7, 1-30, 2003.

Theses

Barret, B., Inversion et caractérisation de profils de constituants atmosphériques à

156 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003 partir de mesures FTIR sol, Thèse soutenue a l’Université Libre de Bruxelles, le 19 septembre 2003 (Promoteur: P.C. Simon, Co-promoteur: M. De Mazière) - grade obtenu: Docteur en Sciences. Guerova G. "Application of GPS derived water vapour for numerical weather prediction in Switzerland", PhD thesis, University of Berne, 2003. Gysel, M., Hygroscopic properties of aerosols. Investigations of particles from jet engines and the remote troposphere, Ph.D. Thesis, No. 15245, ETH Zürich, 2003. Peter, M., Untersuchung von Felstemperaturen im alpinen Permafrost, MSc Thesis, Universität Zürich, 2003. Purvis, R.M., Transport and distribution of non methane hydrocarbons in the free troposphere over Europe, (FREETEX 2001 and 2002), PhD Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003 Schreder, J., Messung der räumlich verteilten solaren UV-Strahlung in Europa, PhD Thesis, University Innsbruck, 2003. Steiner U., Variation of lung function during short and long term stay at an altitude of 3454 m. MD Thesis, Universität Munich, 2003.

Data publications and reports

Cosmic Rays, Spatium No. 11, Association Pro ISSI, International Space Science Institute, November 2003. Data of the 18IGY-Neutron Monitor Jungfraujoch, 01.01.-30.06.2003. Data of the 18IGY-Neutron Monitor Jungfraujoch, 01.07.-31.12.2003. Data of the 3NM64 Neutron Monitor Jungfraujoch, 01.01.-30.06.2003. Data of the 3NM64 Neutron Monitor Jungfraujoch, 01.07.-31.12.2003. Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Annual Report 1.7.2002-30.6.2003. Laboratoire de Physique Solaire et Atmosphérique – Groupe Infrarouge de Physique Atmosphérique et Solaire, Description – Recherche – Prospective, submitted to the Geophysics/Geodesy and Astronomy/Astophysics committees of the Belgian Academy of Sciences, Servais, Christian, ed., Université de Liège, 2003. Lüthi, Th., A. Lüdi , A. Murk , A. Duric, A. Magun, “The Bernese Multibeam Radiometer for KOSMA (BEMRAK) - Instrument Design and First Antenna Measurements, IAP Research Report, No. 2003-05, Institut für angewandte Physik, Universität Bern (2003). Montzka, S. A., P. J. Fraser, J. H. Butler, D. Cunnold, J. Daniel, D. Derwent, P. S. Connell, S. Lal, A. McCulloch, D. E. Oram, C. E. Reeves, E. Sanhueza, P. Steele, G. J. M. Velders, and R. Zander, Controlled substances and other source gases, Chapter 1 of WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002, WMO Report No. 47, pp. I-1 to I-83, World Meteorological Organization, P.O. Box 2300, Geneva 2, CH 1211, Switerland, 2003. NABEL, Luftbelastung 2002, Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 360 Luft, Bundesamt für Umwelt Wald und Landschaft, Bern 2003. Ozone, rayonnement UV et aérosols (GAW) in Annalen 2002 MeteoSchweiz, Zürich

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(2003). Putaud, J.-P., U. Baltensperger, E. Brüggemann, M.-C. Facchini, S. Fuzzi, R. Gehrig, H.-C. Hansson, R.M. Harrison, A.M. Jones, P. Laj, W. Maenhaut, N. Mihalopoulos, K. Müller, F. Palmgren, X. Querol, S. Rodriguez, G. Spindler, H. ten Brink, P. Tunved, R. Van Dingenen, B. Wehner, E. Weingartner, A. Wiedensohler, P. Wåhlin, F. Raes, A European aerosol phenomenology. Physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, EUR 20411 EN (2003). Sueyoshi, T., Permafrost Temperature monitoring in Jungfrau-Ostgrat, Annual Report 2003, VAW, ETH Zürich, 2004. (in German) Technischer Bericht zum Nationalen Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe (NABEL), EMPA, 2003. TROTREP Tropospheric Ozone and Precursors, Trends, Budgets and Policy, Synthesis and Integration of Results, Paul S. Monks, ed., 2003.

Popular publications and presentations

“Auf der Sonne ist einiges los”, Basler Zeitung, November 04, 2003. “Aurores boréales visibles jusqu'à mardi”, l'agefi, November 04, 2003. “Berner Physiker schauen genau zur Sonne hinauf”, Berner Zeitung / Bieler Tagblatt, November 06, 2003. “Die unberechenbare Sonne / Flares, Massenauswürfe und ihr Einfluss auf die Erde”, NZZ Neue Zürcher Zeitung, December 24, 2003. “Lässt neuer Sonnensturm Polarlichter leuchten?”, Zeitung im Espace Mittelland, November 04, 2003. “Was ist mit der Sonne los?”, Blick, November 05, 2003. Berner Zeitung 17.9. 2003: „Jungfraujoch liefert Beweise“. Tages Anzeiger 16.9. 2003: „Schädliche Kühlmittel“. Weingartner, E., „Wettermodifikation - Wann regnet eine Wolke aus und wie lässt sich dies beeinflussen?“, DRS3, 11 August 2003.

Radio and television Interviews with Rolf Bütikofer on local television TeleBärn and Radio Extra Bern about the solar eruptions end of October/beginning of November, November 4, 2003.

158 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Index of research groups / institutes Research group / institute Project Page ABB Switzerland, Ltd., Cosmic ray induced failures in biased high power 113 Semiconductors semiconductor devices Belgian Institute for Space Atmospheric physics and chemistry 77 Aeronomy www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/ http://www.oma.be/ESACII/Home.html Berner Fachhochschule, Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV 19 Hochschule für Technik (photovoltaic) plant at 3453 m und Informatik (HTI) http://www.pvtest.ch/ Burgdorf Bundesamt für Automated GPS Network in Switzerland (AGNES) 47 Landestopographie http://www.swisstopo.ch Climate and Environmental Comparison of 2H, 3H and 18O in precipitation taken at the 97 Physics and Dept. of Sphinx station and in shallow ice cores taken at the Chemistry and Jungfraufirn Biochemistry, Universität Bern Climate and Environmental AEROCARB: Airborne European Regional Observations of the 53 Physics, University of Bern Carbon Balance http://www.climate.unibe.ch/ http://www.aerocarb.cnrs-gif.fr/ http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/public/carboeur/ Climate and Environmental 85Kr activity determination in tropospheric air 85 Physics, University of Bern http://www.climate.unibe.ch/ CNR, Istituto di Italian national infrared telescope TIRGO 129 Radioastronomia, sezione TIRGO web pages http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/tirgo di Firenze Tirgo data archive http://tirgo.arcetri.astro.it Department of Chemistry, Free Troposphere Experiment 2003 (FREETEX) 71 University of York, School http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~chem89/Intro_group.htm of Environment / Department of Chemistry, University of Leeds École Polytechnique Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water vapor and temperature 9 Fédérale de Lausanne by LIDAR (EPFL) http://lpas.epfl.ch/lidar/research/LidarJungfrau/Jungfrau.html EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss Monitoring of halogenated greenhouse gases 27 Federal Laboratories for http://www.nilu.no/niluweb/services/soge/ Materials EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL 31 Federal Laboratories for http://www.empa.ch/nabel Materials 14 Institut für Umweltphysik, Long-term observations of CO2 at Jungfraujoch 57 Universität Heidelberg http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/ Institute for medical Solar UV irradiance 43 physics, University http://www.uibk.ac.at/projects/uv-index/index.html Innsbruck Institute of Applied Solar Sub-Millimeter Flare Observations with KOSMA 125 Physics, Universität Bern http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/

159 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Research group / institute Project Page Institute of Astrophyiscs High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform 5 and Geophysics, Université Spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere de Liège http://sunset.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/girpasf.html/ http://www.nilu.no/nadir/ ftp://ndsc.wwb.noaa.gov/pub/ndsc/jungfrau/ftir/ Institute of Geodesy, MATRAG – Modelling of Alpine Tropospheric Delay by 99 University of the Radiometers and GPS Bundeswehr Munich, http://www.bauv.unibw-muenchen.de/institute/inst9/ Germany Labor für Radio- und VITA Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with annual 87 Umweltchemie der resolution Universität Bern und des http://lch.web.psi.ch/ Paul Scherrer Instituts Laboratory of Atmospheric Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the 35 Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Jungfraujoch Institut http://www.psi.ch/gaw http://www.psi.ch/lac MeteoSwiss, Payerne Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements 15 http://www.meteoswiss.ch/ MeteoSwiss, Zurich The unusual weather conditions in 2003 117 Physikalisches Institut, Neutron Monitors - Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays 109 Universität Bern http://cosray.unibe.ch/ Physikalisches Institut, SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and 131 Universität Bern the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the Sun http://cosray.unibe.ch/ http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ste- www1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html I. Physikalisches Institut, KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie 121 Universität zu Köln http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de Radioastronomisches http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/gg Institut, Universität Bonn http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~webrai/index.php Physikalisch- Solar and atmospheric radiation measurements 65 Meteorologisches http://www.pmodwrc.ch/ Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center Pneumologie, Comparison of lung volumes and impulse oscillometric lung 115 Medizinische Klinik function before and after short term high altitude exposure Innenstadt, University of Munich Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Operation of a 70 cm amateur beacon transmitter, operation of 69 Bern a 23 cm voice repeater station, study of high frequency propagation conditions. http://www.relais-hb9f.ch, http://wap.relais-hb9f.ch Royal Netherlands Sunphotometry at the High Altitude Research Station 91 Meteorological Institute Jungfraujoch (KNMI), De Bilt, http://www.knmi.nl/~knap Kipp & Zonen B.V., Delft, http://www.kippzonen.com The Netherlands

160 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2003

Research group / institute Project Page Section of Environmental Continuous aerosol radioactivity monitoring 81 Radioactivity, Radiation http://www.bag.admin.ch/strahlen/ionisant/radio_env/document Protection Division of the ation/d/document2001.php Swiss Federal Office of Public Health University of Zürich, Rock-face temperature monitoring 59 Department of Geography, Glaciology and Geomorphodynamics Group University of Zurich, Swiss Alpine Airborne SAR-Experiment (SASARE) 103 Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories (RSL) Versuchsanstalt für Permafrost temperature monitoring in alpine rock walls 61 Wasserbau, Hydrologie und http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/index.html Glaziologie, ETH Zentrum, Zürich

International Foundation HFSJG: http://www.ifjungo.ch/

Index of projects Project Research group / institute Page AEROCARB: Airborne European Regional Observations of Climate and Environmental 53 the Carbon Balance Physics, University of Bern http://www.climate.unibe.ch/ http://www.aerocarb.cnrs-gif.fr/ http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/public/carboeur/ Atmospheric physics and chemistry Belgian Institute for Space 77 www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/ Aeronomy http://www.oma.be/ESACII/Home.html The unusual weather conditions in 2003 MeteoSwiss, Zurich 117 Automated GPS Network in Switzerland (AGNES) Bundesamt für 47 http://www.swisstopo.ch Landestopographie Comparison of 2H, 3H and 18O in precipitation taken at the Climate and Environmental 97 Sphinx station and in shallow ice cores taken at the Physics and Dept. of Jungfraufirn Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bern Comparison of lung volumes and impulse oscillometric lung Pneumologie, 115 function before and after short term high altitude exposure Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, University of Munich Continuous aerosol radioactivity monitoring Section of Environmental 81 http://www.bag.admin.ch/strahlen/ionisant/radio_env/docume Radioactivity, Radiation ntation/d/document2001.php Protection Division of the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health Cosmic ray induced failures in biased high power ABB Switzerland, Ltd., 113 semiconductor devices Semiconductors

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Project Research group / institute Page Free Troposphere Experiment 2003 (FREETEX) Department of Chemistry, 71 http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~chem89/Intro_group.htm University of York, School of Environment / Department of Chemistry, University of Leeds Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the Laboratory of Atmospheric 35 Jungfraujoch Chemistry, Paul Scherrer http://www.psi.ch/gaw Institut http://www.psi.ch/lac Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements MeteoSwiss, Payerne 15 http://www.meteoswiss.ch/ High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Institute of Astrophyiscs and 5 Spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth Geophysics, Université de atmosphere Liège http://sunset.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/girpasf.html/ http://www.nilu.no/nadir/ ftp://ndsc.wwb.noaa.gov/pub/ndsc/jungfrau/ftir/ Italian national infrared telescope TIRGO CNR, Istituto di 129 TIRGO web pages http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/tirgo Radioastronomia, sezione di Tirgo data archive http://tirgo.arcetri.astro.it Firenze KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie I. Physikalisches Institut, 121 http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de Universität zu Köln http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/gg Radioastronomisches http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de Institut, Universität Bonn http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~webrai/index.php 85Kr activity determination in tropospheric air Climate and Environmental 85 http://www.climate.unibe.ch/ Physics, University of Bern Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV Berner Fachhochschule, 19 (photovoltaic) plant at 3453 m Hochschule für Technik und http://www.pvtest.ch/ Informatik (HTI) Burgdorf 14 Long-term observations of CO2 at Jungfraujoch Institut für Umweltphysik, 57 http://www.iup.uni- Universität Heidelberg heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/ MATRAG – Modelling of Alpine Tropospheric Delay by Institute of Geodesy, 99 Radiometers and GPS University of the http://www.bauv.unibw-muenchen.de/institute/inst9/ Bundeswehr Munich, Germany Monitoring of halogenated greenhouse gases EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss 27 http://www.nilu.no/niluweb/services/soge/ Federal Laboratories for Materials National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss 31 http://www.empa.ch/nabel Federal Laboratories for Materials Neutron Monitors - Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays Physikalisches Institut, 109 http://cosray.unibe.ch/ Universität Bern Operation of a 70 cm amateur beacon transmitter, operation of Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F 69 a 23 cm voice repeater station, study of high frequency Bern propagation conditions. http://www.relais-hb9f.ch, http://wap.relais-hb9f.ch

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Project Research group / institute Page Permafrost temperature monitoring in alpine rock walls Versuchsanstalt für 61 http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/index.html Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, ETH Zentrum, Zürich Rock-face temperature monitoring University of Zürich, 59 Department of Geography, Glaciology and Geomorphodynamics Group Solar and atmospheric radiation measurements Physikalisch- 65 http://www.pmodwrc.ch/ Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center Solar Sub-Millimeter Flare Observations with KOSMA Institute of Applied Physics, 125 http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/ Universität Bern Solar UV irradiance Institute for medical physics, 43 http://www.uibk.ac.at/projects/uv-index/index.html University Innsbruck SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and Physikalisches Institut, 131 the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic Universität Bern eruptions at the Sun http://cosray.unibe.ch/ http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ste- www1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water vapor and École Polytechnique 9 temperature by LIDAR Fédérale de Lausanne http://lpas.epfl.ch/lidar/research/LidarJungfrau/Jungfrau.html (EPFL) Sunphotometry at the High Altitude Research Station Royal Netherlands 91 Jungfraujoch Meteorological Institute http://www.knmi.nl/~knap (KNMI), De Bilt, http://www.kippzonen.com Kipp & Zonen B.V., Delft, The Netherlands Swiss Alpine Airborne SAR-Experiment (SASARE) University of Zurich, 103 Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories (RSL) VITA Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with Labor für Radio- und 87 annual resolution Umweltchemie der http://lch.web.psi.ch/ Universität Bern und des Paul Scherrer Instituts International Foundation HFSJG: http://www.ifjungo.ch/

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge financial support and support in kind from

Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF), Bern Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bruxelles Nationaal Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Brussel Max-Planck Gesellschaft, München The Royal Society, London Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien Schweizerische Akademie der Naturwissenschaften (SANW), Bern Jungfraubahn AG, Interlaken Gornergratbahn-Monte Rosa-Bahnen AG, Brig Burgergemeinde Zermatt, Zermatt Canton of Bern Mammut Sports Group AG, Seon

The Foundation HFSJG is also truly indebted to the individual research groups and institutes for their contributions to this report for the year 2003 and for their seemingly boundless enthusiasm for the work at the research stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat.

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