fi - w

AG R I C U LT U RAL PES T S OF I N DI A ,

‘ AN D OF

E I AS T ER N AN D S OU T HER N AS A. O O AN D G I BB M RRIS N ,

' P E r' o H ER J Y S T AT I ON ER Y OF F C E RINT RS MA EST S I . AGRICULTURAL PESTS OF A INDI ,

AN D OF

EAS T ER N AN D S OU T HER N A IA S ,

VEG ET ABLE AN D AN I MAL ,

I N JUR I OUS T O MAN AN D HI S PR OD U C T S .

R EON EN ER AL ED WAR D BALF OU R S U G G ,

C O E PO D G B OF T H E I MPER I AL -R OY AL G OL OG C L I N S T I T U T E V E RR S N IN MEM ER E I A , I NNA ; FELLOW OF T H E M AD R AS U NIVERSIT Y ; AU T H OR OF “ ’ m mC YC L OPE D OF I N D I A AN D O F EAS T ER N AN D OU HE A S I A IA S T RN , “ ’ rm: B T EES OF I N D I A AN D OF AN D OU H S ma TIM ER ! EASTERN S T ERN A IA , ; F OU N D ER OF T H E G OVER N MEN T C EN T R AL U U MAD R A S M SE M, ;

OF T H E MYS OR E U U B G LO ET C . M SE M, AN A RE ;

L O N D O N H A U AR I T C 1 5 PI AD I LLY . BER N R D Q , C C

l 8 8 7 .

! C op yrigh t a ll righ ts reserved ]

PR EFAT R Y R EMAR K O S .

T HE blights and murrains of India have hitherto had

nl of hew s a ers their o y record in the pages journals and p p ,

official or occasionally in reports ; but, as the correspond

f n ow een ence below Will show, ef ect has b given to my recommendation to have periodical reports on occurring h pests, reports are coming to and , and the need for a

aceessible k more registry has suggested this boo . The expediency of havin g the text illustrated by plates

w d n and oo engravings is under consideratio . EDW D BALF OU R AR .

31 3 t M arch 1 887 .

F rom S urgeon G en eml Edw ard Ba lfow to th e U n der ec e a r o a te or I n di a S r t y f S t f .

2 OXF OR D S QU AR E, HYDE PAR K, LON D ON , th A us t 8 ug 1 885 .

I R — 3 rd S , The article Insects ? in the edition of the c media o I ndia a n d o Eastern a n d S ou th ern Asi a C y log f f , I first m t o is, think, the atte pt give a general view of the entomology of that Wide region . This is, in many ways , a very difficult branch of natural history ; but this article w as prepared and printed by me under the care of two Y EM KS 6 PREFATOR R AR . scientific n men, one of them ranking amo g the most learned of living entomologists, and I was favoured also w O w h o ith counsel from Miss rmerod , , in this country on to annually reports the insects injurious food crops , forest trees, and fruits , and the prevention of insect ravages . ’ The like of Miss Ormerod s form of reporting has n n to ever been done for I dia , although every year some extent, and from time to time largely, losses occur there from the pests which attack agricultural produce . di In a has hitherto been remiss in this matter, contenting itself With references as to individual insects or blights

' to such person s as were thought likely to be able to giv e of information . But the subject is far too great import ance to agricultural India to be left to be treated in so casual a manner, and the special knowledge now avail able might be utilized to describe the insects which inj ure the agricultural, horticultural, and forest produce of India , suggesting means of preventing, and remedies for same . The reports should be restricted rigidly to the 1 nj urious

- fit tw o insects , and should be half yearly, to in with the —I great agricultural seasons . have , etc . , a l E W B FO S ur eon G ener . D ARD AL UR, g

T o S ur eon G enera l Edw ard Ba our 2 Ox ord S ua re g lf , f q , H de Pa rk W y ,

I N D I A OF F I C E ,

24th S ep tember 1 885 .

S I R —I am S , directed by the ecretary of State for India 1 n C ouncil to acknowledge with thanks your letter 8 re aratmn o f of the th ultimo, with reference to the p p HA F -YEAR Y E T R C O N E L L R POR S E MME D D. 7 o fficial annual reports on the insects destructive to crops and forests in India and to inform you in reply that a copy of it has been forwarded to the G overnment of — a I am . HO C E W LPOL Indi , etc , RA A E.

T o H ora ce Wa l ole Es p , q ;

2 OXF R D S U AR E HY DE PAR K W O Q , , . , 28th S e t mb r p e e 1 885 .

D E S I R — I M O t AR , sent to iss rmerod copy of my let er ’ o f 8 S the th August, and copy of the ecretary of State s letter of 24 th instant in reply . I enclose now copy of the acknowledgment of these w M hich iss Ormerod has written to me . I beg the favour of your submitting to Her Majesty ’ s S ecretary of State that if this correspondence could be printed and circulated from here , all the entomologists and their entomological societies in all Europe could aid n in this very important investigation . There are o ly a few I o very in India. have no doubt but that I c uld d u l 2 0 0 — I am istribute sefu ly copies . , etc EDW D B F U AR AL O R .

' E rd Ba l u 2 rd u a re T o S u r eon G en era l dw a o r Ox o S W. g f , f q ,

D U N R OD G E PR G G R OVE L WOR H STE L , S IN , IS E T , 2 th e te r 1 5 S p mbe 885 .

D E ME O — I am AR . BALF UR , very much obliged to you for favouring me with a copy of your letter to the Under S ecretary of State for India relative to the importan ce of AT O Y R KS 8 PREF R REMA . acquiring serviceable information regarding the injurious 0 cr p insects of India, and also kindly giving me a copy official of the reply . m e I do not see that you could do better, as a co menc ment, than thus bring the subject shortly and clearly for m ward and, as far as I can for an opinion, I think that the course you suggest would be the constant means of saving thousands of pounds yearly— occasionally (perhaps ill more than occasionally) of saving m ions . I found this opinion , of course, on consideration of the unremunerative 0 outlay so often occurring on some of the great cr ps, notably (as coming specially under my notice) the loss f - by ravage of cof ee plant grubs . The information that is needed could be given by plain and simple jotting down by various persons of what they themselves have observed . On e man n h ow o otices, perhaps, deep the grubs g h ow so another, long they live ; and , by collating the w points, we get to know the hole history of habits, on which is what is needed to work . It may take a few years to get the whole life history of the insects, but we soon get in the way mentioned above (on which plan my own reports are formed) to learn the main find points, and then all observers are requested to the missing part of the history . hi w a If reports were formed in t s y, there would very shortly be a great increase of useful knowledge through out the Indian empire .

I present my reports yearly to the contributors, thus a nd w they take a personal interest in the work, , hat is immensely important in things of this kind, the book comes to them on publication ; they have not the i T trouble of ordering t . h e expense would be a mere ’ RMER D S MISS O O SUGGESTIONS .

n G I nothi g to overnment, seeing that , a private indi i vidual, have now for eight years, without the sl ghtest a th e E d assist nce, carried on work in nglan . The great mistake is in waiting until attack is u n usually destructive, and then consulting those who , k l classific ation though eminently s i led in of insects, have no idea or well - founded k n Ow ledge ‘ of the points of agricultural treatment or forestry which must be brought of to bear on the insects in some special stage their life . Likewise (as occurred not long ago) to advise reliance on the insectivorous animals of England for help in

Indi a or C eylon is a decided mistake . I f f , rom the long experience which I have now had of gainin g information on in sect attacks and formin g it into readable shape, you think any suggestions on my part would be of service, I should be most happy to give any attention in my power to the subject . But, meanwhile, m I may ost truly say that if the crop , or timber, or fruit growers of India were furnished with plain and com prehensive accounts of the history and habits of the fi ures common insect pests, accompanied by woodcut g , so as to convey the appearance of the pests without wearisome description of details, that all this would be ben efit of a national , soon paying the outlay hundreds m Mr . W a . times over ith renewed thanks, I , dear

Balfour, yours very truly, ELEAN OR O O A RMER D .

P S — P . e o fi . ray mak any use y u may think t of this l it wi l give me pleasure for it to be of any service . E A O . . . 1 0 F Y KS PRE ATOR REMAR .

T O u r eon G enera l E Ba l ou r 2 x d u r S . O or S a e g f , f q , H de Pa rk W y ,

D I A OF F I C E IN , m r 1 4th N ove be 885 .

S I R — I am S , directed by the S ecretary of tate for India in C ouncil to acknowledge - with thanks the receipt of of 2 8 th your letter September last, enclosing an interesting communication from Miss Ormerod on the of subject of the insect pests Indian crops and forests . am w In reply, I to inform you that a ry of this cor respondence has been forwarded to the G overnment of it India and that another copy of , and of your previous of 8 th letter the August last, has been sent to the of u l Society Arts, for p blication in their widely circu ated J u 7°n a l —I m ir o . a S , , your obedient servant ,

A 0 a . J . (1 A T HE AG R I C U LT U R AL PES T S OF I N DI .

AGRICULTURAL PESTS are the foes of man . The injuries inflict on which they man , on the products he has reared , on and the animals he has domesticated , are observable ‘ i n ev er - field y day life, in the , the garden , the poultry yard , the horse and cattle sheds, the sheep pens, and k arkh an a N o elephant and camel s . country is free from them , but in British India there are conditions peculiarly favouring their presence . The census of 1 8 8 1 showed its population to be 8 5 3 l of 6 9 9 5 2 7 4 7 a ricul sou s, whom , , were g t urist s , horticulturists, arboriculturists , and were tending animals. I n 1 8 8 4 8 5 of . the revenue British India was

‘ R s of - . which the land tax yielded R s . R s . were derived from R s Opium , and . from forest. In that year

human beings were killed by elephants , tigers, a leopards, wolves, bears, hy enas, and venomous snakes ; and of cattle killed the number w as The numbers engaged in agriculture, the great revenue obtained from the lands, and the losses the people are exposed to — l alb in dicate from wi d beasts, the need for protective measures ; and there has been a beginnin g made C In eylon , Travancore, Bengal, Burmah, and Siam , arrangements have been made by the respective G overn ments for snaring elephants ; also in India rewards of a 1 2 A or THE GRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

. hundred rupees and upwards are given for killing tigers

- and man eating leopards, with smaller sums for killing s snake ; also , as anthrax , epizootic aphtha, dysentery, and rinderpest carry off the cattle of the cultivators u h ow ff in great n mbers , to ward o these murrains has

‘ been a subject of serious thought . In the early part of on of this century, the pioneer this line economic r M M D . G research , ilchrist, of the adras edical Service , wrote A Pra cti ca l T rea ti se on th e T rea tmen t of th e D iseases o th e Ele h a n t C a mel a n d H orn ed C a ttle w ith f p , , ,

’ I n stru cti ons or Preservi n th eir E ceenc f g fi y, and ever since then the diseases of these animals have been receiving the attention of the C ommissariat and Veterinary D epart G ments . The Madras overnment has recently appointed

- an inspector, deputy inspector, and local inspectors of cattle diseases . This is a useful step, because these domestic animals are the Indian husbandman’ s sole of wealth . But the pecuniary losses from the ravages animal and vegetable pests on the cultivated products of th e country have n ever yet been made the subject of general inquiry, although seemingly their extent, even in comparatively favourable years, may be estimated at a of A large share the gross revenue of the country . subject of such moment might well have received early attention . Hitherto, however, India has been contenting itself with making references as to individual insects or blights to such persons as may have been deemed likely to furnish information regarding them . But the subject is of far too great importance to be treated in so casual a manner ; and in 1 8 8 5 I suggested that the special knowledge now available might be utilized to describe n the insects which i jure the agricultural, horticultural , ’ S o f and forest produce of India . Her Majesty s ecretary FFEE I N JU I S 1 3 C O AND COTTON R E .

State forwarded on that letter to the G overnment of of Journa l o th e S oci et India, and sent a copy it to the f y o Arts on 1 3 ovember f , in which it appeared the th of N 1 8 8 5 a M O , with an ccompanying letter from iss rmerod hi l supporting my views . The extent to w ch agricu tural produce is destroyed by animal and vegetable pests may fe w of receive a illustrations . The annual crop of cotton

t . British India may be es imated at cwt , of valued at seven crores rupees . I have seen , I think in Zoolo ist A ricul the g , a statement by the United States g C ff r tural ommissioner, to the e ect that in pa ts of India on e -fourth of the cotton crop is sometimes lost from the of a of D c ressaria ravages the larv e one insect, the p ossi iella C f g p . In eylon the loss to the cof ee planters from several tiny vegetable and animal pests was great ; w as fin all but that industry y ruined by a fungus , the

H ~v astatrix d emileia , which sprea through the island and Mr T h iselt on D the plantations in the Peninsula . . yer, Kew 1 2 J 1 8 8 1 in a letter dated , th annary , addressed to C ffi m O ce R ev . the olonial , entions as an estimate by the

B . th efive 1 8 7 1 Abbay for years up to , that the average f ff i n o C 4 5 c w t. yield co ee eylon had been per acre, whilst for the five succeeding years the average had been 2 2 1 8 6 9 only cwt. Also , that for the ten years to 1 8 8 Mr 7 . , Abbay had estimated the total loss due to the leaf dise ase at from to The ‘Acreage under C offee after 1 8 7 0 * had decreased

’ A a fl cre ge under C o ee . 1 4 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

n ff somewhat, but nothing to account for the crop falli g o to half the previous yield . India and C eylon agriculturists are not s oh ta ry f En . h o suf erers In bgland the annual yield of the p Edi n bu r h R evi ew t u s plantations, as the g ells , is about

7 c w t . . 1 8 8 2 per acre But a serious blight occurred in , and it was estimated that the whole produce of the hop land in England acres) did not exceed or v of 1 cwt., an a erage yield 72 cwt. per acre . The injury infli cted on the hop growers in that year by the h u muli hop aphis (Aphis ) , one of the ten different genera of insects that attack the hops, amounted to the value of

R ussia has not escaped . The yield of its corn crops sunk from the rate of 8 3 bushels per acre in 1 8 7 5 to 5 1 1 8 8 3 th e that of bushels per acre in , from ravages of insect swarms . h as In France the phylloxera, Which infested the Vine 5 3 firs t yard in departments , made its appearance in 1 8 5 w 1 8 8 4 T h e 6 as . , and reported on in vineyard

n surface existi g before the malady was hectares , but at the time of the 1 8 8 4 report it w as reduced to M of hectares . easured by the production

1 8 74 . wine , the yield of was hectolitres In 1 8 7 9 it sank to less than but in 1 8 8 4 it recovered to The C ommissioner of Agriculture for the U nited S tates has mentioned in his report of 1 8 74 (page 1 6 4 ) that their annual losses of cotton from ravages of cotton insects amount possibly to half a million bales in years of insect On e- a prevalence . fourth of a million bales , he s ys , would li in fliction 1 0 0 be deemed a ght , and yet, at $ per bale , 2 such a loss would be equivalent to $ Again ,

1 6 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

C W f . o O to eylon Professor estwood , the xford Univer s it M J 1 8 8 5 y useum, in anuary , revised what I had destructw e 1 n sects Mr then written as to ; and . Water M w house, of the British useum , revised nearly the hole in manuscript and the proofs as they passed through the C ’ press . The article oleoptera is from his pen , and F D r D a I E C . . that on ishes is chiefly by . Francis y, . - The alphabetical arrangement has been adopted for the c ontents , that being deemed the most suitable form in ou r the present state of knowledge . The people of India are skilled in the use of all the of implements husbandry, and in applying manures l economica ly, although in the latter they are far excelled n by the C hinese . But in protecti g their crops and in n r cleanly cultivatio , India is g eatly behind . On e of the protective measures against insect ravages, on which is strongly urged cultivators in all countries, is E to change the crops in successive years . ach insect species has its ow n particular plants on which alone it h n lives , and when deprived of food by a c a ge in cultiva tion , they die . The cucumbers, the rice and cotton f ai plants, the tea and cof ee shrubs , the bamboo , the s l , fir ow n on pine, and trees , have each their enemies ; and l of l and where a rotation crops is fo lowed , the parasites have to seek fresh marau ding ground once a twelve or month oftener, and are frequently kept away entirely or for a considerable period by an absence of their special Mr of food . . Scott says that a steady system of rotation c ereals generally with the pulses , would to a certainty impair the fecundity of the chief ravagers of the food — u — few crops, the gr b, maggot, and caterpillar forms, as of the insects with which the cultivated cr0 ps have to contend h n d a common food - stuff on the cereals and BY V C T U ES 1 PROTECTION INSECTI OROUS REA R . 7

A of pulses . large pe rcentage them would thus be d m estroyed fro season to season, before they reached

t h - ff eir particular food stu . M an may enlist the aid of the natural enemies of

these marauders . All insectivorous creatures should be f encouraged and protected . O birds may be named

crows , shrikes , woodpeckers, titmice , jays , starlings , lap

- wings, plovers , domestic fowls , and guinea fowls . Insects

are kept under by all the woodpeckers , conspicuously the C h r soc ola t es s ultan eus Oh r son otus S h orei y p , y , and Brachy t rn u auran iu ae of p e s t s . The eggs and larv insects are the a - C or natural food of the Sittin e or nut hatches , the erthias in Parr ae or . true creepers , and the titmice The hard C bodied beetles and other oleoptera are, in their perfect or imago state , eagerly seized while on the wing by

- shrikes, drongos , crows , rollers , bee eaters , thrushes , etc . The crow and the myna are the incessant foes of the r C cricket and grasshoppe family . The heiroptera, bats , an d V the Insectivora carnaria, the iverra, civets, are all

a d . insect feeders, n render valuable service to man The Acari and Ichneumonidae are destructive to cater pillars and grubs ; the ichneumons destroy the larvae of

-flies - many species of gall . The lady bird beetles, species f o C . occinella , are natural enemies of the aphides The C a Orabron idae Proct ot ru idae families halcidid e, , and p are

- parasites . Aphides or plant lice can be kept under by squirting a solution of soft soap mixed with a decoction ll of quassia . Traps may be used for caterpi ars , baited ” with their favourite food ; fires may be lighted to stifle insects with the smoke ; the cockchafer (Melolontha vulgaris) may be attracted by a lantern and intercepted b Le t o tilos With a small mesh net . The adjutant irds , p p L J mon oos H argala and . avanica, and the g , erpestes B 1 8 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

are i n griseus , are the foes of snakes , and protected India ; and India has n ow a close season for some birds and mammals .

S ome plants are known to have protecting qualities . L a inn eus, writing of the primrose, says , Sheep and goats it it ’ of it . eat , cows are not fond , horses and swine refuse

Mr. u s ff Scott tells that while other crops su ered , various u mbellifers w r , hich are cultivated in India for thei r m C m a omatic properties, as the Anethu sowa, oriandru F n m an mori F sativum , oe iculu p , . vulgaris , Petroselinum Pt ch otis h ad sativum , and y ajowan , a complete exemption of A 0 from insects all kinds . cr p of white mustard kills

- or. D scares the wire worm . ill grown in cabbage beds m protects the cabbages from caterpillars . The Sesamu I ndicum is afforded protection from insect attacks by the n presence of glands, which, as yieldi g a sweet secre

t ant W. ion , are sedulously haunted by a common . B 1 8 7 8 n ancroft , writing in , mentio ed that he had with advantage sown the D olichos lablab and C ajanu s Indicus

- fields pulse among the sugar cane , for the purpose of attracting the ichneumon flies which destroy the cane F n louse . rogs avoid localities where valerian is grow ,

and the hellebore is said to have protective Virtues . The D ekhan ryots protect their crops from deer by sowing s affl r f fi l s ow e o e d . as an edging their As to crickets , free irrigation brings them to the surface of the soil an d makes the grasshoppers skip out from their leafy

h arbou rin s - n g . Thinning, weeding, watering, hand picki g,

- and dusting with quicklime and wood ashes or soot, f are useful means o keeping them under. Pyrethrum V n m Bi ber P V illemot i c ar eu e s P Bi ebers . , ; . roseum , ; and , D ueh c wtre of C , plants the aucasus , merit cultivation in th R 1 8 6 2 India . The U nited States Patent O ee eport for PY ET H U C PHO ET C V . . 9 R R M , AM R , , PROTECTI E

d eclared the powdered leaves to be superior to camphor, or pepper, other insect destroyer. The powder is used

pure, or mixed with ten to twenty times its bulk of wood

or fl u is t o ashes o r. It useful against insects injurious t agriculture , hor iculture , and domestic economy ; useful

to protect wool, furs, and feathers , collections of natural h b ch icfl history, as mammals , birds , s cs , reptiles, and y a c gainst weevils , beetles, cri kets , roaches , moths, wheat fli es fleas a - , , m ggots , midges , plant lice , earwigs , spiders , a a f nts , etc like in their larva form and as per ect i n on sects . It is recommended to be blown plants in the

fie ld - v of , hot house, and conser atory , by means bellows ;

to be dusted and blown into walls and furniture , and

sprinkled upon feathers , furs , and woollens . In Southern

D of - - almatia, the powder the straight leaved pepper wort, n fleas Lepidium ruderale, Lin , is used against . In S R o ma outhern ussia, Aristol chia clematitis, Li , is used a of gainst bugs . In the United States , the powder the wood of C edrela odorata is used against all noxious

insects . C leanly farming is an indispensable duty in all efforts G that may be made to keep away insects . ranaries and s o - l floors t re rooms , wa ls and and rafters , should be care

fully brushed and washed with hot water, and all the w s eepings and dust burnt . M any weevils are impatient of light, and are destroyed

in stored grain by frequently turning it over, and w occasionally running it through a winno ing machine .

‘ Sprinkling powdered camphor in the store also kills or C disperses them . ultivators should remove all dead

wood , all withered branches and shoots , and all the bark m t fro s akes , posts , and palings ; burning all unrequired ‘ ch afl i all all , all nfected branches , stubble, rubbish , and 2 0 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

l fie d and barn refuse . D ead leaves and other vegetabl e

' substances , not thoroughly and completely decayed , are n M e almost sure to introduce destructive fu gi . anur heaps should be kept aloof from the neighbourhood o f m t infected places , and suspected anure turned and trea ed i a d . with l me . Beat all he ges and keep all ditches cle n K eep land free from weeds , remove grass all round fruit f K r ffin r o a . a a e t ees , and all it from orch rds erosene , p , and of be petroleum have all been found use . They can m or ixed with earth, ashes , sawdust , and sprinkled on i of nfected beds vegetables , or a kerosene solution may F or be thrown on plants with a syringe . the latter mode it t of applying , it is made into an emulsion , diluted wi h c om water, and used at once ; for if allowed to stand the K n on e ponent parts separate . erose e, quart ; milk, twelve F or ounces ; emulsify by active churning . use, dilute f r o . D with twelve to twenty times water , take soft soap ,

on e . one quart ; water, gallon ; bring to a boil Add one n gallon kerosene to twelve gallons soap solutio . Many other substan ces have been recommended to be used t o u — check mischievo s insects, the other hydro carbons , araffin e - p , and petroleum , also tar , gas water, ashes , soot, of quicklime , lime , and camphor . The stems plants and bushes near the ground are advised to be painted with limewash sulphates of iron and copper and nitrate of l d soda are a so use . or 2 1 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

f a An r o . Acarin . orde of insects the class Arachnoidea T m heir species are the ites . The families are arranged by naturalists as follows n a Tetra ychid e, spinning mites .

T a . rombidiid e, harvest mites ’ ' B delh dae , snouted harvest mites.

H a . ydrachnid e, water mites

G a . amasid e, insect mite parasites i a . Ixod d e, ticks l ri Ha ac a dae . , marine mites ba id Ori t ze . , beetle mites a v iz Acarid e, true mites , id l st t H oder ae . sec ion, yp , subcutaneous mites 2 n d H o dae o . yp p , ichneumon mites d a 3 r . Tyroglyphid e, cheese mites 4 h t a . Sarcoptid e, itch and louse mites h 5t ae . Phytoptid , gall mites M any of this order of insects , the mites , the ticks , the itch and louse, cause much annoyance and discomfort, r alike to man and to domesticated and wild animals . D . Pereira found the addition of a few drops of acetic acid an effectual remedy against the attacks of the Acarus C e domesticus mites . hees mites are harmless when eaten . ch aea melicert e H u bn er D s A , , a moth of the family y on iidae C B C g , occurs in eylon , and at ellary in the eded D w as D Ph alaen a istricts , and named by rury noctua meli T h on dala n rc s . a certe Its larva is called hoole in C a e . 2 171111 or 2 AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

T - oil flow ers hey feed on the castor plants , the leaves and of on or of on e which they eat ; two three acres land , in T h e night, they will leave nothing but bare branches . plants seldom survive their attack, and at best yield only

- f one fourth o the produce . The cultivators drive them from the plants by smoking but this is impossible of on application when seeds are sown an extensive area, in which case the husbandmen give up all hopes of the firs t of crop . The adult larva has sixteen legs , the pair middle legs aborted ; t w o dorsal red tubercles on twelfth

- segment ; colour bluish grey, numerously speckled with

- - bluish black ; a lateral and sub lateral yellowish band , with an intervening bluish -grey line ; spiracles and fore

- e legs red ; a dorsal black stripe, bordered by reddish whit fifth spots , between and sixth segments ; head black

— T/ - V. M striped . Pupa formed within a leaf. h Ac eta. A large species of Acheta attacks the cas n arina trees . It lodges at the foot of the tree , and at nightfall ascends the tree and cuts off the young t op s — G a shoot See ryllid e . Actiniae and Medusae have more or less urticating

of . properties . The latter are the class radiata , and are commonly known by the name of sea- nettle and

- fih A o f s a . jelly . The Actini e are polyps cyanea Pondicherry secretes an extremely acrid and irritating

flu i - f— d. or o The Physalia , Portuguese man war, also of n causes a considerable amount irritation , the sti ging sensation continuing for hours . Physalia is a colony, the of S for individuals which are called zooids . ome are locomotion, others are feeders , and have other purposes, but they all look alike, the appearance presented being a n d - m o f blue , enta gle , jelly like ass threads , coiling, con n float ed an d tracting , extendi g , suspended from a rich

r 2 4 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS o INDIA .

lo ol 1 1 0 — 1 0 6 C L e ido tem o C e n v . . . 7 . p p f y , pp In alcutta,

- the caterpillar feeds on the castor oil plant , to which it is

- said often to do great damage . In the half year ending 3 0th 1 8 8 6 t alu s of June , the caterpillars in three q the Vizagapatam district caused considerable damage to the of E n Peni cillaria crops Sesamum orientale, leusine coraca a, n V spicata, and cotto . In the izianagram taluq the value f w s 2 0 o the Sesamum crop destroyed a estimated at R s . 0 ; and in parts of the G aj ap ati -nagram taluq this plant was so badly destroyed that it had to be ploughed up and R J other crops raised in its stead . ain fell in une, and B the insects appeared soon after . eing innumerable , the

‘ endeavours of th e people to collect and destroy them proved h Mr W futile , though the only remedial measures t at . ood Mason can s uggest are for the ryots to destroy as man y an d eggs , caterpillars , cocoons, and moths as possible , that

- l the castor oil p ant, the natural food, be grown in all T h e a waste places . caterpill rs are known to the people ’ C y ooch ie T d n as the umbl p , two amil wor s meani g ’ blanket insect, and the ryots allege that their crops

h r suffer almost every year. T e moth measures f om 1 % 2 n an d 1 - to inches across the extended wi gs , from to 5 n of n i ches from the forehead to the end the closed wi gs , h m n t e fe ale being the larger. The front wi gs are greyish six of u - h brown , with cross bands composed irreg lar s aped dark - brown spots edged with pale yellow ; th e hind w ings

- o u o or are red , with some dark brown sp ts sually m re less n d joined together so as to form three cross ba s in the female .

T h e an d - head , the thorax , the legs are greyish brown ; the m n of abdo en is red , with brown spots alo g the middle the

a d back and along the sides . The c terpillar is ark brown , with thick bundles of brindled hairs springing from n of u twelve longitudi al rows warts . The p pa or chrysalis T HE OF AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

i s also dark brown , and it is enclosed in an oval cocoon, st re ngthened an d protected by the probably poisonous — of . W hairs the caterpillar interwoven with the silk M. moeb of N ew A a . Sheep in certain country districts South Wales are liable to a disease somewhat resembling o w epithelial cancer . It is produced by an am eba , hich ff of a ects the hoofs , lips , and nostrils sheep and lambs . t ” d The epi helium grows with great rapidity, the wool rops o ff t an d n in the par s attacked , a festeri g sore is estab lish d n d flock s e . In studyi g the surroun ings of the so f e of artificial a fected , and by a proc ss breeding in an m D r Le n den feld aquariu , . found that the disease is due A a a to an amoeba ( . par sitic ) which enters into wounds of th made by the spines e variegated thistle . This plant

grows in profusion about the feeding grounds . The

n amoeba, havi g gained an entrance through a wound , multiplies very rapidly between the epithelial and horny of a layers the hoof. This dise se appears very closely to resemble the fungus - foot disease among the natives of the M mo adura district of India . The a eba reproduces itself

— D r Len den elel i n Li n s . ro n e n P . . S e by simple divi io f , N ew u th Wa les S o .

‘ ’ Am h m conicum fluk e V p isto a , cone shaped . ery m t h e ox m c x com on in , sheep, usk , elk, fallow and red d M e . er, goat, etc oisture being essential to the develop m of fiu k e - a n ent the larv e, sheep cannot be infested so lo g a s u they remain on high and dry gro nds . Amph istoma hominis is a parasite afflicting the natives o f uk r Assam . It belongs to the trematode or fl e orde of — D helminths . See istoma . Ancylonych a is a genus of th e Orth optera ; some species a th ff of — ttack e co ee plants C eylon . See Lachnosterna . An bi um n f o . O e species of this genus o beetles is known 2 6 PEs ' rs or THE AGRICULTURAL INDIA .

- t m n n e as the death wa ch , from its aki g a tapping oise lik

‘ n ld . t . e o o the icking of a watch They f ed dry wood , etc B - See ook worm . h n — D t Ant re us . See C oleoptera ermes idae . f n r o an d u . A ts are g eat destroyers seeds, fruits , s gars F sac c h ariv ora at ormica , the sugar ant, is supposed to get

- T h e the saccharine juices of the sugar cane . red ant, a S e of M peci s yrmica , bites severely . They avoid turmeric

d - pow er. They can be attracted into a cocoa nut shell it F with the kernel in , and destroyed . ormica gigas , an T h E . e ant of the ast Indies , has a female an inch long D or of C imya, great red ant eylon , bites with intense t Kaddi a is ferocity, and the bi e of the y , another species , much dreaded . Aph idaa or plant - lice are to be seen on almost eve ry field d s plant in the and gar en , and from their number u u One B ca se great injury to c ltivated plants . ritish

- fi h u muli E species is the hop y, Aphis another of urope v ast at rix T h is the destructive vine blight, Phylloxera . ey of live on the leaves and tender shoots trees , shrubs, and r ou t herbaceous plants , which they pierce in o der to suck

o f r i n the juices . Some the aphides which eside cases H n H are small emiptera, belongi g to the subdivision omo f m l r t era o H en e t a . p , and to the family the y y R c al The aphides multiply enormously . eaumur culat ed that fiv e generations proceeding from a single d t o mother, if no obstacle intervene , might give rise n of the astoundi g number individuals , s and some of them cause great loss to growing crop . On e of the most curious of their cases is that which is 8 11 C C h 6 . known as the hinese gall , from Aphis inensis , of D m This case grows on the leaves istyliu racemosum , Zu ce H ., a large tree of Japan , belonging to the family ama r 2 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS o INDIA . 7

D c ai n M G uibou rt i s e e s e . . m lida ( ) According to , it

‘ also developed on the buds of the tree which is c om

l Ou - - Ou - - Woo - mouly cal ed in Japan , pey tse, pei tse , pei F l h . t e tse . Some galls are useful alse gal s are found on P t er in h a P eb t . . Pistacia vera , . , and the lentiscus The as ma insect which produces them is the Aphis pistaci , Li , i a small black nsect, with a roughened thorax , very long

0

A of - legs, and white wings . species aphis attacks the i n cotton plant India . Aphides are readily destroyed of by water charged with metallic iron . The food the

C occi nellee - m , lady birds, consists al ost exclusively of O u aphides . ther aphidivoro s insects are numerous H C a minute ymenoptera, species of the families ynipid e, a C ae eu ro tera Ichneumonid e , and halcidid ; and among the N p , of C Ou species hrysopa or golden eyes . the mango , of C peach , and other trees the alcutta gardens, there is

- to be seen the sweetish substance known as honey dew, r supposed to be an excrementitious deposit f om aphides . it or t To remove , syringing with water, sof soap and

- w . d ew . ater, is recommended Ants eat this honey The 1 11 aphides, when large numbers, injure young shoots and w A on e Kamaon t igs . very pretty little is found in on ’ t h dabre e e tree . They excrete a white substance of a on sweet taste, Which cakes the leaves . Another aphis is found on the sal or Shorea robusta . f es Aphis cof e , the coffee louse , is found in small com mu nities on the young shoots and on the underside of

- the leaves of the cocoa nut tree , but occasions little injury . ’ The t hela disease is caused by the Aphis lanigera , a v fiask - iviparous Wingless parasite , with a shaped body , a six feet , two antenn e, two tubes at abdominal extremity,

u n a haustellum for punct ring, and a sucker for extracti g , and within this transparent sucker a perfect apparatus 2 8 G I C T or THE A R UL URAL PESTS INDIA.

r n - u fixed m esembli g a hand p mp ; the sucker is , the inia

n — - ture pisto plays , and the sap the life blood of the

— p lant is absorbed, and its leaves are destroyed . ’ The oily (t hela) honey- dew on the leaves is greedily e F F aten by the red and brown ants, ormica rufa and . i fusca ; and should the exudation be scanty, the ants , w th a th e their antenn e, stroke and fondle aphis until a supply B be secreted . oth sexes only exist in August, and one c u ongress yields the yo ng for six generations . After a p iring , the female deposits eggs , which in four days

n m r m a i ate . Immediately, f o every pore in their bodies , springs a cottony substance , which covers and protects i them , and they eat the leaf. As they grow, their wh te

- cover vanishes , and pale orange Wingless insects appear, ’ n the k oo gn ee of the Jats . T h e Aphis lanigera do es not attack cotton plants grow

T - ing near hemp . hey are destroyed by the lady bird

- h — E C C ros 0 u s d. ( occinella) and by the lace wing ( y p ) . c M u i h T e n R e t . 1 8 8 6 o n do e O . , ; g d A h m n t erou ae. e O s Api family of y p insects, popularly known as bees . The principal genera are Apis (the M B honey bees) , elipona, Trigona, ombus (the humble t X bees) , Apathus , An hophora, ylocopa (the carpenter En los sa Osmia M l - bees) , g , , egachi e (the leaf cutting bees) , An th oc oma H alic tu s S h e cod es . , Nomada, , p Some bees in th E e ast are markedly revengeful and even aggressive . At H on erbada the arn Pal, the N , bees have twice caused

E T h e - uropeans to be drowned . common hive bee of Britain is Apis mellific a ; the Italian bee is Apis ligustica ; the principal honey bee of the East Indies is dors ata the Apis . Aran eidae of n , the spiders, an order the Arach oidea of w class animals, of hich several thousand species are T E G I C T or 2 9 H A R UL URAL PESTS INDIA .

w known . They are among the most po erful insect

man b friends of , and they contri ute more perhaps than any other family to check the too rapid multiplication of insects . The families are

M alidae or - yg crab spiders , with the genera Mygale ,

At u s C ten iz a Ac tin 0 us N . yp , , p , emesia

a . Theridiid e, genera Latrodectus and Theridion

a ~ L r Lycosid e , wolf spiders , genera ycosa , with othe ili thirteen British fam es . Species of the Mygalidae and Lycosidae are among the pests of Indi a . Spiders are kept under by their attacks on each oth er they are at war with all small insects they are eaten by monkeys , squirrels, lizards , and frogs, and a Arach n oth erae n of genus of birds, the , the spider hu ters n India and Malayana , are their atural enemies . A a A Bomb s ce . rcti . genus of moths belonging to the y on e a There are several species in India, of which , Arcti fil i th Hors e d e . , attacks cotton plant Argades are arachnida which are closely allied to the ticks ; they differ from them by the inferior situation th e r c of mouth, and by their f ee onical palpi composed

. of four articulations . There are several species . Argas F tsch m M Persicus , , is common at iana, in Persia . Its of 1 s size is about that the common bug ; the body rough , c l u 1 of a blood red o o , and covered with some elevated m white spots ; these parasites attack an . In Persia it is said that they give the preference to strangers h as The bite produces acute pain , and it been even a b n sserted that they may ring on consumptio and death . E Species of argas occur in urope, Africa, and America .

' - 1 77seh er M T .

Art axa e Wa lker guttat , . Its larva attacked a castor E oil plant, sown in ngland . 3 I T r 0 THE AG R C UL URAL PESTS o INDIA .

B

Badh a of H B y , industan . light attacks growing sorghum ,

eni cillari a . p , and zea B H A n . e d akoli , of industan gr e caterpillar which estroys 0 rice cr ps . B H A u ala, of industan . gr b which eats the young of shoots wheat and barley when about six inches high . B n K of H A . s a gka, or atua, industan beetle which eat scien tific of the rice plant . The names these four are

’ V l difi ren t e . desiderata . ernacu ar terms vary in places Bat oc ra A of f e . L , o _ genus ongicorn coleoptera the

a . family Lamiid e There are several species in India , fiv e varying from three to inches in length, with long n f B t oc ra S . O e o a c piny horns them , ruber, the cu ru mi n a of C g beetle eylon and Southern India, penetrates the trunks of young cocoa- nut trees near th e . the ground , and deposits its eggs near centre The grubs, when hatched , eat their way to the top , and destroy t h e leaf. Sometimes a whole plantation is attacked . B — ear. See Mammalia . B k — T omi u ee c s . eer C as s . S B for h men o tcrou s ees . The popular name the y P — A id a S ee m. insects of the family Apid e. p B s T h e eetle . popular name for insects of the order B f C . ew oleoptera eetles are very numerous, and a of them are u seful to man ; others destroy timber and A red of orth c rn s eeds . beetle N India is described in ’ Mr Firmin er s . g book on gardening as very destructive t rn a Eu h iru . C eros e c s to cucurbitaceous fruits Species of , , Li urus n a M a n g , Luca id e, elolonthid e, are amo g the more — destructive See C oleoptera .

‘ 3 2 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

B mb 3 T ilia aku ra of H o yx, p , the y of the natives indu B 1 8 7 7 — 7 8 on stan , appeared in ehar in the poppy plant, i n — J c t S o t . caus ng great destructio . Bo -w o m - rs ok r , the death watch, a beetle which bo e through the leaves and boa rds of books ; it is a species n i m of A ob u . Among the insects which infes t books in are th e India two useful genera, the chelifer and lepisma , known respectively as the tailless scorpion and B fish . the insect oth of these shun the light, but they on ae of - pursue and greedily feed the larv the death watch , an d the numerous acari and soft- bodied insects which prey on books . Leaves of the margosa tree are placed in books to protect them, as also the powdered leaves of i n ru T h e i ell Ju sti c a ga da ssa . seeds of the N g a sativa and camphor are placed among the books to scare insects . i m See An ob u . B A e orer. popular term adopted in India to designat several different insects which bore into and destroy A — m economic plants . borer wor of India, with a white flac id - c body and reddish hued head , is described as committing great havoc in gardens and shrubberies of of S outhern India . It attacks all manner shrubs and m m trees indiscri inately, piercing the ste about two feet from the ground , and then boring downwards through the f k or root into the earth , and ef ectually illing the tree E or shrub . ucalyptus, acacia, and woodbine honey — suckle appear especially subject to its depredations . See mi Bat oc era ; D i atraea ; T o cu s . l h B t rich us A X o a i . s os . genus of the y p g The specie —R of . T . c h icfly affect the dead wood forest trees . ( E ae — Bots are larvae of insects of the family strid . See CE tridae s .

h f A - in Brarra o . , Swat wood louse that infests houses I C T or 3 THE AG R UL URAL PESTS INDIA . 3

w hich old mats are lying about . Their bites become in flam d scien tific red and e . Its name needs to be determined .

B m s s m - B a . ma rassica ca pe tri , Li , sub species napus, Li , of the rape, is peculiarly liable to the attacks of a species N -W blight , and in damp seasons in the orth estern Pro field Vinces , every plant in a is not uncommonly covered w with tiny insects (aphides) , hich suck the sap from the flow erin ff an g shoots , and e ectually prevent y seed from — D — r a t — a rson R . <2 R Ve n . S forming . . . Bruch us and R hynch ites are weevils of the family T R C . hynchophora , order oleoptera hey are small, but their ravages are of the highest detriment to the repro u iv n -W d ct e ess of the forests of the N orth estern Provinces . Entire seed crops of the Shorea robusta were destroyed 1 8 6 3 in the year . All the weevil family insert their flow er eggs in the stigma of the , which , when developed , has introduced the young larvae (which are hatched meanwhile) into the recently formed fruit or pericarp . ae r In this the larv live till nearly mature , when , by thei o or encroachments t wards the stalk, they cause the seed fruit to fall , and they escape into the earth to undergo the transformation into the pupa state . Species of bruchus are highly destructive of the forests of North ern r s India . B uchus weevil attack most leguminous seed — l pods , peas, beans , gram ; and live in the seed til per fectl y developed , when they escape by making an oval or i ran arius n circular orif ce . Bruchus g , Lin , is the bean of T w o beetle Europe . species of bruchus attack the stored poppy seed both in the larva and perfect state . One of them , about four lines long, is of a brownish I t h colour, with its wing cases striated . rapidly s ells the s un eeds , which also are injured and ited by the gluey C r 3 4 THE AGRICULTU RAL PESTS o INDIA .

of n nature its excrement, the pellets becomi g enveloped

- — D aot liu m i in a pale rose coloured mould, the y roseum, — m n which soon destroys their ger inati g power. Another species of smaller size also injures the poppy — 11 cott R 1 J. S . seed . . ; Bug is a popular term applied to several genera o f u of o f noxious insects , sually to those two families H C t bu on e emiptera . imex lec ularius , the bed g, of the C a imicid e, belongs to the order Hemiptera and to the family o or s r s G e c e ; they are ve y troublesome in Indian house . N of E bu otonecta glauca, urope, is a species of water g,

- fl commonly known as the boat y . Plant bugs of the

' Hetero tera C oreidce order P , families Scutata, , and Phy t ocoridae , live upon plants, trees , and shrubs, and feed out upon the juices which they suck of the soft tissues, m f any o them attacking j uicy fruits . It was the bugs and the borers chich y that ruined the coffee industry C w E a in of eylon , ith the loss to the uropeans eng ged f O th it o millions of gold . ther insects active in e work

bu adon idu m there have been the mealy g, Pseudococcus ; bu L a black g, ecanium nigrum ; a moth , Agrotis segetum ; th e bu o f An c lon ch u s on e white g, a species y y , of the C bu L es oleoptera , and the brown or scaly g, ecanium coffe ;

- L but the Aphides or plant lice , with species of the epido t era or bu tterflies Ph mat ea p , and the moth y punctata, E L e . c h es eridum have aid d in the ruin In urope, e anium p , on e of C occidee C the , attacks the orange, and occus ad n idum - n o is often mischievous in hot houses . The sto es of the C ordia myxa of the Kamaon forests are sucked by a large red bug . A bu of of n ae green g Burma , one the Ti gid , is very of injurious to fruit . They suck the juice oranges through T h e m d the skin . paddy bug of Bur a sucks the pad y or 5 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

h o f before the husk as b ecome hard . It is a spe cies C of S a fie lds imex, or one the cutellerid e, and whole of rice are sometimes abandoned in consequence not t h e

d of . u t evastation it commits . Some the b gs are mos 0 11 a ttractive in colour ; a green one is often seen leaves .

ff . z They are quite ino ensive if unmolested, but if irritated ff Hem C h u n dra D exhale an o ensive odour. utta of C alcutta says that if mulberry trees be grown in the c off t f f . t ee planta ions , the cof ee bug forsakes the cof ee plan

- —R T — . C a . for the better liked mulberry leaf. . See imicid e B nk A u a of H . , industan hairy caterpillar that eats the i ifi leaves of the cotton plant it has not been dent ed . Bu es n o f C pr tis is a genus of i sects the order oleoptera ,

i rri orn s a fam ly S e c e . The larv e are very destructive to ae living and dead vegetable substances . The Buprestid orth ern are peculiarly forest insects, and in N India attack the timber of coniferous trees . A of B C eramb x small species uprestis , along with a y , of attacks the wood of the Shorea robusta, in the forests K G rh w al of B a amaou and e . The grubs the uprestid e family exist in timber for a number of years before turn n ing out the perfect insect . After acquiri g maturity, they bore into the timber to the depth of two or three inches, and then undergo their metamorphosis . These beetles un fit often render timber for use . They commence a B underneath the bark . The larv e of a species of uprestis w as Mr t R . w o found by . Thompson boring or three of inches into felled logs sal (Shorea robusta) , in the Kotre D He d B e oon . foun another uprestis in the dead n th e timber of a living acacia catechu tree , and a other in of A m trunk a living mango tree . s all Buprestis of a shining colour is frequently ' foun d in the timber of the C heer pine , Pinus longifolia, quite destroying the logs 3 6 R or THE AGRICULTU AL PESTS INDIA .

It is only in the bark that t h e females can deposit their - f eggs, the sapwood and newly formed bark af ording the l arva nourishment ; and to protect felled timber, the bark — R T . should be removed as soon as the tree is felled . . S ee C oleoptera .

B -b s — e n S e C ae . uryi g eetle . oleoptera ; Silphid B h us af — ut er. See Scorpion . B utt erflies are said to be or in number . ew of F them have an economic value , and many of their l caterpi lars are very destructive to the leaves of vegetables . but terflies D Some have a wide range . anais chrysippus butt erfl G E y extends from reece to the ast Indies . It is El mn ias u n dularis n i h e A. mimicked by y , Argynnis p and inc on stans H olimn as misi u s Eu h oedra eleus , yp pp , p , Papilio h ti h il f C ar a s eta . O o merope , and y p thers are objects w K bu tterfl onder. allima inachis is the leaf y of India , K r l kt f u m a a e a o . and . p , S matra , rese bles dead leaves

C

C a nus I ndicus S ren e7° the - ja , p g , pigeon pea, has its principal enemy in frost ; in the N orth - Western Provinces a single of cold night utterly ruins the crops a whole district . D ’ l ern Arh a r ci . D . cf: F . V . ,

d A o f c n C alan ra . genus inse ts belongi g to the order R of th e n C . oleoptera, family hynchophora Some cala dra group are particularly destructive to grain , pulse, and

- millet ; others attack the sugar cane and the palmyra tree . Several of the species of calandra are popu larly known

C O. a as weevils . . granaria is the grain weevil ; oryz e is the rice weevil, which destroys rice, maize, and other

- C m u 0 food grains ; . pal arum inj res the palmyra tree ; T HE F AGRICULTURAL PESTS O INDIA .

i - a h ar . s cc injures the sugar cane C . comuta is the common B — — o f . S cott C C ur maize weevil engal J. . See oleoptera ; l id c u ion ae.

C annab s sa a n n i tiv , Lin , the hemp plant, is grow through ou t all the south of Asia ; that of the N orth -Western

Provinces is by the lowest class of cultivators , and the ’ Ma phrase, y hemp be sown in thy house , is one of the t commonest abusive impreca ions . Its several products, b sabz a d in toxi charras, hang, or si dhi, ganja, are hurtful cants . They are indulged in by the men of several of a n t the r ces of India, and insa ity has of en been traced to A W . their use . omen are not addicted to their use person intoxicate d with charras is often uncon scious for

— D ( 12 a day or two . . F . C an h a dae A n t ri . family of insects with irritati g pro rti s t flies of c h iefl p e e . The blis ering India are y the M labris or M c ich orii C y eloe , the antharis gigas, and the C a M labris c ich orii anth ris violacea . y is common in the D H neighbourhood of acca, in the yderabad country , in K D r H urnool, and numerous other localities . . unter fifth published a good account of this in the vol . of the

‘ T ra nsa ctimw o th e A a ti c ociet 2 1 6 18 i . s S . f y, p The insect

i - or about an nch long , and one third broad ; the elytra wing coverts are marked with six cross stripes of deep blue and C n t russet brown . The a tharis violacea is of en mixed T h e T elin i fl with specimens of meloe in the bazaars . y , if procured before the mites have commenced its destru o

on e - d n tion , yields on an average thir more of cantharidi than the Spanish fly of th e European shops . The blue fly is of uncertain strength ; Meloe trian th ema is so called from its being usually found on the plant named Trian t bi o r H sc a d . hema decandra ( p , in ) The Indian blistering M labris ust ulata an d M n beetles , y p . punctum , are fou d in or 3 8 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

a u n l rge q antities at certain seasons all over Souther India . i M e mu th e h in ich or i . es M . c and pustulat a sed by C e:

' Meloe is a name given to a genus of insects allied to Mylabris an d C antharis ; they are remarkable for the n W short ess of the elytra and the absence of wings. hen a t the larv e are born they attach themselves to hymenop era ,

“ which are searching for food ; by this means . they are of n e transported to the nests the bees, where they conti u W to live and complete their development. hen a meloe m is irritated or attempted to be captured, it discharges fro

‘ a w the joints of the legs a Viscid acrid liquid , of yello th e colour, and having odour of amber or of violets . ‘The vesicating insects possess a singular softness ff t of the elytra and the integument, di ering from tha f of o other insect tribes . The explanation this fact i s found in the histological, and not on the chemical , w as characters of the wing, as at one time supposed .

B at r etween the two layers , which are connected thei edges by chitin , there is a considerable space , and the are two layers connected by chitinous pillars, which , m although thin and delicate, for substantial supports . In most other insects the chitinous layers are much thicker, the pillars more numerous , and the spaces are almost obliterated . The peculiarities noted have, it is believed , much to do with the irritating nature produced by minute particles of wings when applied to the skin of human ’ beings . C apnodium mangiferum infli cts inj ury on the trees it ‘ c ofie - t s inhabits similar to that of the e rot . It obstruc m the sto ata of the leaf to which it adheres . The Arto F as errimum M carpus integrifolia, icus p , angifera Indica, V ni V i h t ii S o a . p g , are their favourite trees C h m s t nc o a m to art a u i t rius, Li , plants are reported

r 4 0 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS o INDIA .

I t n attacks o ly the exhausted capsules , and destroys the T d or seed . hey are kept un er by the pied starling, ablaq ’ S t urn o astor myna, the p contra of naturalists . A th e V small white round worm , in izagapatam district, th e n is found at root of you g graft mango trees , which t of hey kill . Their presence is detected by a loosening

- the earth around the root stem , and the presence of small f r I t n o . a ts a g ey colour, covering the ground , too , awaits fi ation identi c . Many caterpillars exactly resemble in tint the leaves u t tt r they feed pon , o hers are like li le b own twigs , and many are so strangely marked or humped , that when motionless they can hardly be taken to be living creatures ’ — tt T en n en t s e lon - B utt rfli co C . e es S . at all . J. ; y See C ecidom ia or z aa Wood Ma son y y , . About the year 1 8 7 9 — 8 0 Mon h ir , an insect in g threatened to become

M r W - M very destructive to the rice crops . . ood ason iden tified n C e cidom ia it as belongi g to the genus y , and as related to the Hessian fly which ravaged the Wheat fields V U Mr V ood - Ma in the nited States . This genus , . son n an d says , had ever before been found in India, he pro

C cidom ia or z m or - fl e . posed to call the species y y , the rice y H e considered it as likely to prove a most formidable t offic ers pes , and recommended that the district should be u instr cted to make further inquiries , and carefully watch

o r its pr g ess . C ecidomyia tritici and Lasiopt era obfus cat a are wheat d H fl of E mi ges . The former is the essian y urope and G B T America , and the latter is of reat ritain . hose of

- . W M India await attention . ram x e e R m Mr C e b T h o son . y v tic , . p , has been so named by T hompson because of its peculiarly attacking the wood of

r : t the sal t ee, Shorea robusta not, however, in its heal hy T or A 4 1 THE AGRICUL URAL PESTS INDI . and vigorous state ; but no sooner has the flow of healthy s a of a C eramb x p ceased , than a host young larv e of the y v i at ca are hatched . This species never attacks the timber when the bark has been removed ; and it is only after the tree has been killed and the bark allowed to remain that it is resorted to by the beetles for the purpose of a d are breeding. This n a little buprestis the only beetles “ that attack sal wood in the forests of Kamaou and — h s n G R T om o . arhwal . . p C mb x K era 3 . y , p In some localities of amaou and G a Oeramb x arhwal, however, the larv e of a species of y attack the young saplings in the s al forests to a very great t h e extent . Like grub of the Prionus on the tea plant, C eramb x first u this y bores downwards , then p, destroying n the pith, and eating for itself a round chan el, extending from the root to the highest point that the insect can reach without disclosing the place of its retreat . The ff h . ow plant is killed Trees a ected by this insect may,

of - ever, be known by the little heaps sawdust looking excrement collected at their roots , ejected through an a aperture m de on purpose by the insect . C eramb x 3 C D y , p . The edrela toona and albergia sissoo trees are both affected by a larger species of C erambyx on m than is found sal . Also , a inute species attacks the k living bar of Acacia cat echu . They get underneath the

- bark , and eat away the newly formed wood . Their presence within the tree is detected by the exudation of e — R T h om son a gummy substanc . p . C eramb x 3 of y , p . The larva another species attacks the R ottlera tinctoria . This is over four lines long, and as thick as the thumb .

The grubs of a species inhabit the mango and pine trees . C . A of erastes genus horned serpents, allied to the 4 2 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

c ar C e ras t sJE tiac us vipers . The principal spe ies e the e gyp — — , C s u M T . . and era tes Persic s . See Snakes . C eri ost erna adiat o gl r, a longicorn beetle , which eats away the bark and destroys the leading shoot of the V s r casuarina tree . aluable ca ua ina plantations have been successfully formed along the shore of the C oromandel C eriost ern a coast, but they have a nocturnal enemy in this gladiator. C h f 3 eli er, p , tailless scorpions, are not injurious though

- u so supposed . They live on mites and wood lice, eating p t these insect pes s of books . There are several species — An obi um widely distributed See . C h s me dae a ry o li larv e attack the cotton plant . C icadella 3 , p , attack the cotton plant . C cad dae A of R i i . family the order hynchota and sub S th e order Homoptera . Tacua peciosa is a black species of

E C - r astern Archipelago . In the hina tea boxes is anothe G eean a a black species with yellow spots ( maculat ) , and a smaller black species with blood - red abdomen (Huech ys C ae u sanguinea) . The icadid live pon trees and shrubs ,

sucking out the juices of the you ng tender sh oots and roots .

C icendela C h n n A - of th e i e sis . richly coloured species - fields of C an d tiger beetles , is abundant in the rice hina C oct o u tt ata of Japan . . g Assam is an inch in length . C c a n m n n f it i er rieti u , Li , suf ers greatly from frost, flow er fields caught by it in , and whole of healthy plants are sometimes ruined by a cold n ight in Jan u ary or F G th e ebruary . reat injury also often results from of a iden tifica ravages the bab dura caterpillar . It awaits

— D 2 r ( F . Ve n G ha n a tion . . . . C imicidw or , bugs , belong to the order Hemiptera and e Helo ltis Ant on ii to the family G ocores . pe is a name of

- — — B u - . M T . the tea bug . See g ; Tea bug ; 1 1 1 1 AGRICULTURAL rs srs or INDIA. 3

h — d C o h s Mo s a . l t e t . See Tinei e A H as C occide . family of omopterous insects known - — C scale insects . See occus C cin a l - - oc ell are known as the ady bird or lady cow . In the larval and mature stages they are said to feed exclusively on the injurious parasites on plants of th e

- - or . aphides plant lice ; but, in Bengal; a twelve spotted species undoubtedly feeds on the leaves and flow er- buds

- - S cott. t . a J. C of nearly all the C ucurbitace e. See oleop era

‘ C occus adonidum — of Euro e , in the hot houses p , often

’ m - L n iu rn e ca . co mits great injury . See ; Pseudococcus C ock oach r . This name is given to the Periplaneta P orientalis , and the American . americana . Also to species is th e Blabera Pan ch lora Ph oras . of genera Blatta, , , p fl w r They destroy the young shoots and o e stem of orchids.

They soil and injure books and clothes , and are peculiarly troublesome in ships . They shun the light .

C c -nut m C - s o oa pal . ocoa nut trees have great enemie On e in the shape of two beetles . of these is a large

C ul R h n h 0 h orus S a da urc io ( y c p , ) , called the red beetle , nearly as big as the stag-beetle of Britain ; the other is

Or ct es . the y rhinoceros , so called from its projecting horn The red beetle is so called from the red mark on the upper part of its breast . Its attacks are said to be on the nut, but those of the rhinoceros beetle are on the of W terminal bud the palm stem . hen so injured , the di v bud es, and , the crown of the leaves falling off, lea es

- the cocoa nut tree a mere bare stem . The same result

the t . occurs to other palms, as palmyra, the be el , etc , as d in which the top bud , or cabbage it is calle , is destroyed . C offee t rees have been injured by many insects and ‘ M R H 1 1 All a bou t . r C 8 . 8 plants . . aldane , in , in his book , 4 4 . r THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS o INDIA .

G ra bs; gave the Singhalese vernacular names and figures Mr h 0 . W O . of several pests , and of these . aterhouse has

' identified Araeocerus c ofieae Anomola C a the , elata, am ri C linteria c hloron at a in uis mena variabile , , Lachnosterna p g , Leu h li in i Mi l x h h n co o s u s me a ant orr i a. P p g , and Mr ietn er 1 8 6 0 w . N , in , gave the follo ing list of the ff C v iz enemies of the co ee trees in eylon , .

C oleo tera p . P d u ad nidum it r s eu ococ c s o w o meal bu . , h e y g L iu s m ffe l t l . e an I n . B w n r bu c c o a k Lis . M b o s ca es W . o , . . , r y g L ni um l k u N b ac b . . gr , . , g di r S n c la um N ietn e i R a bh . D res d Hedw i 1 858 y , . g , ; dn e i Ber rt c L G a k J. Ho . S o nd. . o 1 84 9 r r , . , . A is c off N ffe l u ees c o e o s e . p h , . , ra i m l t h a t i I . s S c eo e r c a i otch i n tit . g ,

L e ido tera p p . Alo l tin ea ra a a ac C m . ex , , p p . i O ia C e lan ca N . rgy y , Eu ti oc s v ir un c ula Wa lla. pr g , T i i xi l i a. a d i h l . c e u F e . t r h g , . N aro sa c on s rs a lk e a W . p . Limac d ra i s tw Ent a t o es c osa We . c . g , q Drepan e ‘ Z uz ra fieae e e c o , N . A i i n ot s e et um black ub . s We V. gr g , , gr lle ri mor h a li h e n ol de F l in lit G a o c s e t] . p , . B mi l n i F el oar a C e a ca d . in lit y , . u i m i l B l c os t aria eld. n it F . . e g , Eu i h i ri F l t e a c offea . i it c a e d n l . p , l i i T o t rix c offearia F e d . n l t r , . G rac illaria c oifeifoliella M a tch , .

D i r p te a . h m fi i n t n M ch . A t o z a ? c o eae N . a y ,

th o tera Or p . Ph mat ea un c tata D y p , .

An c lo n ic h a 3 . w it e ub . y , p h gr Arhin d t ru or es ? es ct , N . A t ra p e . Aca us c off es N r e ,

' a mma lza flI .

li r in Kel Prom c offee rat . olu n da El oti G a . G , y , T HE or 4 5 AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA.

A t v astatrix mos destructive fungus , the Hemileia , a 1 8 7 1 of C ppeared in , and completed the ruin the eylon ff on e- co ee industry, reducing the yield half. ' C ofiee- b e or r is a name applied to several beetles , espe ciall a X lotrech u s uadri es y to a sm ll longicorn ( y q p ) , which causes terrible damage to young trees the larvae

' of — S ee Bor r . e . boring into all parts the _ t_ rees C o d S eas n f l o . Insects af ecting the cold season crops C C are species of Aphis , assida, occinella, Haltica, Locusta , n d — R a . . T Thyea eucharis . C oleoptera is the order of insects commonly known as S beetles . ome species have already been de scribed , and some thousands of new ones are annually e b ing discovered . The principal families are The C icen delidae and C arabidae (tiger beetles and N ben eficial ground beetles) . early all of these are , and i i - D t c dae . are carnivorous . y , water beetles , also carnivorous n a o a n Staphyli id e, m stly carnivorous . Silphid e, the buryi g N beetles . The species of ecrophorus and Silpha are use n ful they feed o carrion, and by scratching the ground from under dead animals, they partially bury them

(whence their name) . D a of h icfl ermestid e . The species this family feed c y ae D on dry animal matter. The larv of ermestes are n about half an inch lo g, clothed with long erect hair, of most them being brown in colour. They do much mischief to skins . D ermestes v ulpinus is found in most parts of the w D lardarius - orld . ermestes is the bacon beetle . The ae of larv anthrenus are similar to those of dermestes, but of f much smaller, and have tufts sti f hair at their tails , which they erect when alarmed . mus orum Anthrenus e does much mischief in museums . A r 4 6 THE AGRICULTUR L PESTS o INDIA .

Anthrenus v orax did much damage to the stores of ’ s oldiers c oats in India .

a a . Scarab eid e Nearly all the species live in dung, - S including the sacred beetle (Scarab aeus sacer) . ome s pecies of t his family j n India are of great size (Helio i i nida t o c o r s s w . p ) , measuring more than inches in length

Melolon th idee c ock ch afers . an d tt R ut elidae The ( ) he , both f ch ic fl on t eed on living vegetable matter, y roo s of d h s . gras es , shrubs, and trees , often oing muc mischief Leu co h olis in uis in uis Mimela p p g , Lachnosterna p g , xan t h orrh in a ff , Anomala elata cause much damage to co ee Oeton iidae - trees . The (the rose beetles) , very similar in M ae on e C linteria their habits to the elolonthid ; species, c h loron ata f ff , does much mischie to co ee trees , the grub tin t h e s ea s . g root , and the beetle the blossom Buprestidae and Elateridae (click - beetles) ; the larvae n i n feed on livi g wood , and are more or less jurious. a h in urious Tenebrionid e, a large family, few of w ich are j ;

- Tenebrio is the meal worm beetle .

- C a e . antharid e, the blist r beetles C a n C urculionid e, the weevils , includi g alandra and R h n ch o h oru s m oriz ae y p , the pal weevils ; Sitophilus and ran ariu s a g , the corn weevils . Bruchid e, very destructive t o seeds , especially beans . On e of Araeoc eru s Anthribidae . species this group ( ff es of co e ) does much mischief to seeds various kinds , including coffee beans, and is met with nearly all over the world . a C ae Lamn dm - Prionid e, erambycid , and , the long horned ae e beetles . The larv of these beetl s live on both living

a n d . dead wood, and often do much mischief Some of the beetles themselves also injure the trees by gnawing o ff the smaller twigs .

4 8 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA.

C n — G . otto . See ossypium C ck field t h e r ri ets, house, , and mole , belong to orde a — C lin drodes r O G . G l rthoptera, and family ryllid e See y y li S ch iz t lu dae ; odac y s . C rocodiles are numerous in the rivers of Africa and E tw o Southern and astern Asia, and are of families, C a G ae rocodilid e and avialid another family, the Alliga t oridae of C , are reptiles America . rocodiles evince great old cunning, and carry off many people , both young and , fish Man and devour innumerable . does not escape ; and o pe ple in boats, as also goats, dogs, and ponies venturing - are near the river sides , are seized by their great jaws , or swept into the water by their tail . There has not been of adopted any systematic mode destroying them , yet it would not be di fficult to discover their nests and destroy tw o their eggs . Their nests rise feet out of the water, and B Mr e . the R ev . Bancroft o ke mentions that Symonds i n 1 5 on e A n C eylon found 0 eggs in nest . net of stro g rope with a hook is used to catch them . C o a a n a Lima s r t l ria ju ce , , the san hemp , is sometime of stifles used to clean land , as the closeness its growth all it - D etc weeds which may attempt to compete with . .

Vern a n . F . . S

' C of th e C ulicidae an d ulex is a genus , gnats mosquitos , m n both of them painfully harassing to a and animals . M l osquito , gnat, midge are popu ar names applied to different insects of the family C ulicidae. The females of m e only are greedy blood ; if this fail the , they live lik

u f . the males on the j ices of lowers . The females alone pierce the skin , by means of an anger with teeth at the fl end ; they suck the blood , and, before they y away, m distil a liquid Venom into the wound . The bite see s ae ff t o to have an an sthetic e ect, which does not cause it r THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS o INDIA . 9

be felt till some time after . And if the mosquito be killed t before it has injected the poison into the Wound , here is no subsequent pain or irritation . M T u mich e G osquitos, in the creek in the unnison V C alley, olorado , when the small young trout rise to the ’ s on urface to breathe , will alight the trout s head and

i e o v a a n t . S . G a o . kill ( , N The larv e of the dr go h f fish . o ies destroy young In the damp parts India , At mosquitos abound . eventide they rise in myriads I raw adi from the , and cling around the trees like clouds , B and the poorest urman sleeps under a mosquito curtain . If the itching sensation which their bites occasion be yielded to and the part be scratched , numerous and

e Edi n bur h som times large leg sores are formed . The g ‘ R eview for October 1 8 8 6 mentions that rich and fertile portions of the Southern United S tates are in capable of cultivation from the hosts of mosquitos ff that abound in them . The same insect e ectually shuts out portions of British America from explora ’ tion . In India, the people , to scare away mos of quitos , suspend a plant the Aloe perfoliata ; the C hinese bu rn wormwood rolled up in the form of pastill es w ith some fragrant resin . Pennyroyal plants suspended in a room are said to be equally effective fleas flies Va n Ben eden 1 1 6 against , and mosquitos . , . C urculionl dae are weevils . They attack , principally of in their larva stage, every part vegetable tissues , and a all sorts of plant life . These larv e are very destructive 1 orch ards an d al alike to forests and , to seeds and cere s s A n ur - tored in granaries . large umber of the C c u lionidae pass the early stages of their metamorph os is

— in the pith of stems of trees and plants . See C oleoptera C lindrodes C am belli - on e of G r l y p , a mole cricket, the y D T HE R r 5 0 AGRICULTU AL PESTS o INDIA .

“ lidae n M n t t of , i habits elville Island , on the or h coas

21» Australia ; is about 2 inches long . It burrows into the — of m . C stems plants , and causes the to wither See ricket ;

G ryllid ae.

n - n Cy ips . The gall produci g insects are numerous and of great variety in the forests of the North - Western an d Provinces . They puncture lay their eggs in large v numbers in the fruits , seeds , and lea es of plants , and the C o f excrescences are known as galls . ynips the common

Li n n a C e . g ll is the ynips gall e tinctoria, Another species folii Lima C C . is . quercus , , and a third is the quercus t o F ab7 — — G m R . T . 2 . j , See alls

Deio eia h p pulc ella is widely distributed , and occurs in

India . Its caterpillars feed on the kernel of the seed of Ph rosti ma v en en osum w the y g , hich contains the poison C aeren ia a ous principle , and its pup e have been found r o entrapped in the centre of the ha d bean . The ex re

‘ ment of its larvae contains the principle of the bean unaltered .

Del h ax sacch arivora - fl G p , the cane spittle y of renada

B H t h e - n and ritish onduras, ravages sugar ca e there . It has not been observed in India . Depressaria gossipiella attacks the cotton plant of

- C G India . See otton ; ossypium .

D m - s C . er este . See oleoptera Diat raea sacch ari M - . In the auritius , sugar cane is

r h u Mr 0 . m u ed Proceras sac ch ari a s . j by the p g , which J Westwood has supposed may be identical with th e

' D iat raea sacch ari G u i ldi h Ph alaen a sacc h aralis o r , g , and L or 5 1 THE AGRICULTURA PESTS INDIA .

i ci us n C s acch aralis F abr . hilo , The borer of the Queensla d c a ne has been supposed to be the larva of this D iatraca s ac h ari on r n e c . It enters the cane its appea i g abov

t . ground , and ea s up the heart It is supposed to be M Proc eras identical with the borer of the auritius ,

h ri h a D iatraea sac h ari C sac h ar lis s acc a us . c c a p g is the hilo , h M F abrtct zts t e . . It occurs in United States The auri tius sugar - cane is one of the varieties now cultivated

-W in the North estern Provinces of India, but it is not i it known if the D atraea has accompanied . D ma h e aticum F n h isto p ( asciola hepatica) , Li , the r-fluk e F live , is found in rance , and is not uncommon in H orw a G olland , Sweden , N y, and even in reenland . The 8 -fluk liver e is from 1 5 to H, of an inch in length . It as c iola causes great loss of sheep and cattle . F trachealis

— - of . M T inhabits the windpipe birds . See Amphistoma .

D - of J orcus titan, a large stag beetle ava , family

Lucanidae . D h D oryp ora . Potato beetle , the oryphora decem fl o fir - . e fl lineatum , does not occur in India The c mmon y o r bu Ph otin us lightning g, pyralis, has been often it mistaken for . Dre ano nath us Jerdon or Har e n ath u p g saltator, ( p g s salta t or Jerdon of of of M , ) , an ant the Peninsula India, alabar, M m and ysore, has the name saltator fro its making sur or prising jumps when alarmed disturbed . It is very pugnacious , and bites and stings very severely.

Dr - f y rot, a disease af ecting timber, is produced by the attacks of several fungi . It increases in rapidity accord ing to the amount of p otassmm and phosphoric acid which is contained in the wood where it occurs . Wood felled in the spring is rich in both these materials , and dry - rot spores are e asily cultivated in it ; but winter 5 2 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA . felled trees contain much less both of the acid ah d th e m N - of of t o potassiu . ine tenths the decay timber is due rot occasioned by the common wood fungus . This para site develops under two conditions , namely, moisture and

u heat, and both are present in new , green , or nseasoned old or d timber employed in buildings . In seasone timber, the former is wanting, and hence greater durability . n If moisture o ly be present without heat, the fungus will h as n o not grow ; if heat without moisture , it equally c i nfluen c e s ope for development, and hence the protecting of — F u n ventilation . See gi .

Durkh i o f H t o , an insect industan , very destructive

a id n i ti n An of the rice plant ; it aw its e t fic a o . insect similar name is very destr uctive to the you n g indigo plant .

E

E a dae or - i l teri , click beetles , in the r larva stage , are

B - M of s known in ritain as wire worm . any the specie of attack all sorts cultivated vegetable produce . In B of engal they are destructive wheat, barley , and millets , T h e ae on e injuring the plant, root and stalk . larv of species penetrate the potato tubers and destroy their W . e inner parts heat and barley crops , when freely mix d f e with mustard plants , suf er less than other crops . Som of the species live for tw o or three years in the larva of state, and do in this time great damage to crops corn . Larvae of a click -beetle have been found at the roots of - a m the Queensland sugar cane , but no dam ge from the d d — S co t t . has been etecte J. E e s co ac G certn er f l u ine r ana, , suf ers greatly from heavy ra n u i , and a good year for rice is a bad year for ele sine , or I N DI THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS A . 5 3

rse m rofitable o f a n d vi ce ve . It is the ost p the minor r an d millets . It can be p eserved for sixty years in pits ,

i n ern Ma rw a — V . D F . . cfc greatly advantages dearths . . n i ti s d ee E d op In ica attacks the cotton plant . S

G ossypium .

- - Mon h ir E s . peira, p , a large red and black spider , about g o n G n the anges , forms giga tic webs , stretching across the s u fficien tl f paths , y strong to of er considerable opposition o f of to a traveller . The reticulated parts the webs are a an d 5 bright yellow colour, about feet in diameter, but h 1 0 2 0 e have a stretc of to f et , including the great guy ropes , by which it is fastened to some neighbouring tree d o r clump of bamboos . The spi er sits in the centre wait n of e ing for its p rey . O e them when xpanded measured C 6 inches across the legs . aptain Sherwill found a

f t ari n ia on e s pecies o Nec entangled in of their webs . E h d or A ryt rina In ica, dadap . letter published in the Weekly C eylon Observer for 2 7th November 1 8 8 4 stated f - 1eaf H v astatrix w as that the cof ee disease , emileia , ’ c aused by planting dadap trees between the coffee 0 11 plants for shade , and that wherever coffee is planted or h forest land , where no dadap trees are used for s ade , t here is no sign of leaf disease . But there has not been o bserved in Southern In dia any connect ion between the presence of erythrina trees and the prod uction of leaf d 0 11 f of isease ; the contrary, the ef ect planting erythrina h as beneficial f been distinctly , not hurtful , to the cof ee it e trees which is plant d to shade . Euch eirus lon imanus g , a chafer that attacks the palms . It is known in the Moluccas as the grand sagueir feeding beetles , because they perish in thousands during the n n ight, by droppi g into the palm wine collecting buckets . of C l It is one the Lamellicorn o eoptera . 5 4 T HE r AGRICULTURAL PESTS o INDIA .

E e-Fl m a i n y y, a inute winged insect which appe rs

- spring time in myriads over all India, and clusters in d doors on any hanging strip of cloth or h it of threa .

. They irritate the eyelids, and are popularly surmised to T cause ophthalmia . hey are easily destroyed by burning

- — n Pi s a. a co e shaped paper . See p

F Helmin th a are ilaria, a genus of the , The species u F n or - rm th e all banef l . ilaria medine sis guinea wo is

H a n a dracunculus . aving gained entrance into the hum n tw o t o or t o body, it takes from months a year more d d c an fe w become evelope . It be withdrawn in a u min tes from the more exposed parts of the body , by n n h it cutting down on it and inserti g a probe be eat . If i n flammation be broken , and suppuration follow, of a

F n — D r T Ii severe form . ilaria sanguinis homi is . . . ’ L M E H er M B ewis , . . , Assistant Surgeon , ajesty s ritish F th e C orces , attached to Sanitary ommission with the G of I d ae overnment ndia, iscovered this h matozoon as

m of E R e ort inhabiting hu an blood uropeans in India . ( p 1 8 1 a a r mmi ssi F 7 S n it C o on . a , y ) ilari e abound in the D r . C . e soft parts of many birds Spencer obbold , an abl

E F i n Writer on ntozoa , found the ilaria attenuata worm

— - Helmin th a a kite See G uinea worm ; . F h as is . Sharks , although best known to landsmen givin g cause for sorrow by their destruction of human

n life , are not the only dangerous i habitants of tropical

fih n d . s seas Some are i jurious when taken as foo , and T h produce symptoms resembling those of poisoning . e ff h n n deleterious e ects whic are produced by the tu y,

or 5 6 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

C i F i sh es o Za n z iba r 1 8 6 6 olonel Playfa r ( f , ) denies these fih s being poisonous . M Olu eonia In the Straits of alacca, p perforata has never been known to produce bad effects . S O u pecies of the genus stracion are at times deleterio s , h r s a w y M M. t s and al a s so are the eletta venenosa, and y , Va t C C u e c a itan eus 0 7m , the aranx fallax , , the Scarus p , , h D ti rin u s Ou t B are t e . and iodon g , The alistes very on indigestible , even poisonous, after they feed certain zoophytes . th e H Orein u s are n u Some carps in imalayas, as , very m or m wholeso e , cause poisonous symptoms until accusto ed W to them . ith strangers they set up intense colic pains , diar1 h a n S eni i lotu s of and often oe and vomiti g . The p the Assam rivers gives rise to these symptoms with most strangers . D r f A. N . C o ollas , the French avy, writing from 1 8 6 1 Pondicherry in , mentioned that dangerous symptoms Were produced in that commun ity by using the ca lou l ou ou ve iden tified G obiu s C ue . , which he as the criniger, t Va l fi n e h ff . . This s is apt to a ect all stra gers The people had alw ays to remove carefully the head and intestines , and wash with repeated waters ; fowls died an d dogs vomited and died on eating the heads and viscera . Some Mauritius fish are said to be unhealthy when the coral is in bloom . Mr F Eastern Arch i ela o . orbes mentions , in his p g , that a species of Scarus of the lagoons of the C ocos Keeling island requires to be prepared for the table with very great

- care for should the gall bladder be ruptured, and its - flesh fish contents escape into the body cavity, the of the becomes quite poisoned . Several fatal cases had occurred or 5 7 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA.

i n n the settlement, especially amo g children, who, almost m flesh i mediately after partaking of the , were seized with

. .giddiness and stupor, followed by death n uill ri albilabris The siluroids Plotosus a g a s and P. o M At ccur in the seas of the alay Peninsula . Penang, t h e latter species is less numerous than the former ; both c of a re eaten by the poorer lass natives . The wounds T h e or from both are equally dreaded . siluroids sheat fih m s es are generally well armed . They have ostly strong o d rsal and pectoral spines , often serrated , with which i fli n they can n ct da gerous lacerated wounds . The siluroid

h l h r n d T a assoP y e has a distinct poison glan . In the marine a n d estuary species the S pinal armature is invariably pre s e n o f ent, and the serrat d spi es on the tails the skates ' c ause lacerated wounds while the S yn an ce ia verrucosa h as of a tube at each its dorsal spines , and a poison gland at its base . The wounds are very venomous . It f o . is, however, rare along the coasts India The spine in the tail of the Trygon n arnah i n flic ts a l D r D a acerated wound , and . y had to amputate the arm f fih H o a person wounded by this s . e thinks that there may be some noxious secretion likewise occasioning i fish rritation , as seen from the scorpion Saccobranchus

' i ossilis O and the larias magur . Indian natives believe t h at the Saccobranchus fos silis and C larias give poisonous wounds, but no glands have as yet been detected in them . Y e t n w m should a ative be ounded in the hand, ost acute

‘ i n fl m iii am ation at on c e set s . In one instance the arm l up to the shoulder, in a few hours, en arged to double its n ormal size, accompanied by intense agony . w Punctured ounds, in which no direct poison has been of traced , are especially dreaded from species Pterois and h their allies . The spines about the head of Platycep alus , 5 8 T HE TU OF AGRICUL RAL PESTS INDIA . and the spin e at the side o f the tail in the lancet fis lr

n fl sh u e . Aca thurus, give more a than a p nctured wound W t o ith wounds from simple spines , the symptoms seem

du e of t of n be mostly to the state heal h the recipie t . Species of Polyacanthus i nflic t punctured wounds with u of fin s the spino s rays their dorsal . Species of T etrodon h ave the power of in flati ng th e i n or y abdomen , and this state , when taken handled , the for emit a grating sound . They are also remarkable tenacity of life , which they are capable of sustaining for several hours after having been taken out of their T clement . hey have a peculiar, disagreeable , odour, of G obioidae i for resembling that the , which cont nues several years in specimens preserved in spirits of wine . e of d Some speci s Tetrodon are undoubte ly poisonous, and one I n species is used in Japan for committing suicide . th e M n an d alayan countries they are co sidered poisonous, are even objected to as manure . n n th e of Teuthis, Li . All species this genus are M edible , though supposed by the alays of the Straits to s be highly poisonou . They are not eaten by them, but fish set aside among offal of to be used as manure .

' C um r l n c n e e a n d Va e i en s D M T . ; F . ; F — lea . See Pulex .

F — M - fiies E ae lies ay are species of the phemerid .

D - d a o f ragon fiies belong to the Libelluli ae. The larv e certain flies often torment th e human species .

T h e flesh - fl Mat M y is the Sarcophaga carnaria, e , usca

a n of - carnari , Lin . Its body is a golden yellow anteriorly ,

T h - fi n . e and covered with lo g, stout, black hairs blue y

r m - R ob D ew Mu o fl C . eat y is the alliphora vomitoria, , sca o Lima M c h r soce h ala D e G eer a vomit ria, , . y p , ; it makes T h e -fl L C ae loud buzzing noise . golden y is the ucilia sar, T I1 14] or 5 9 AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

D u ae m R ob. ew M C n fl L , sca sar, Lin . The ho inivorous y , . min i a T h f h o v or C . e ae o M , inhabits ayenne larv the usca F a twa meteorica, , is sometimes developed in the stomach f T h e e ottl flie o man . blu ? e and some other s give birth to larvae already hatched : the blue - bottle to which in 2 4 hours will increase two h undred times in h i m a d weig t, and eat up refuse an al matters . Linn eus sai M ‘ that three individuals of . vomitoria will devour a dead it — M e . T . Phi s n o . hors as quickly as a lion could do . p -S ee M a uscid e . F k — D lu e . See istoma . Flying Fox is the name given by Europeans in India to a frugivorous bats of the family Pteropodid e, genera

Pteropus and C ynopterus . They roost during the day

o f on trees , generally in large colonies, to the number

n n many hundreds , ofte , occupying a si gle tree . Towards fl sunset they y off, sometimes to great distances , to trees of th e that are in fruit, for the garden fruits, and those n im fi , ber, and g trees, returning at early dawn from their n i hunti g grounds to the r roosting tree, where they

n wrangle to get the best places, striking with their wi g claw, screaming and cackling, and circling round the tree n till they can hook o . They hang with their heads

G n r an . o fl u d down The aleopithecus vola s, ying lem r, h the ying squirrels , species of Pteromys , are similarly — raiders on fruit gardens J. F — R rog . See eptile . F ungi of various genera are cause of detriment to valuable vegetable products, and animals even do not u escape . Among the more hurtf l in India are species

C a un dium C a Olasteris orum D of p , h etomium , p , iplodia , D oth idea E G len os ora H v ast atri x , urotium, p , emileia , Hen dersonia , Hydnum , Isaria, Lentinus, Pellicularia , ‘ 6 0 U or THE AGRICULT RAL PESTS INDIA .

Pes taloz z ia R U and , Puccinia, ussula , Septoria, romyces ,

Ustilago .

Some fungi are important as food , while others are or poisonous , are destructive to the plants upon which t th e hey grow, and same alga often serves as host for f several dif erent fungi . Among the poisonous are mus cari l us R urdius . Agaricus , ussula emetica, and Boletus

Boleti prefer woods as habitat . M C essrs . ooke and Berkeley thus summarize the dele t e riou s in fluen c e of fungi Oh ma n n , whe eaten inadvertently ; poisonous also by t h e destruction of his legitimate food, and in producing

a nd n aggravating ski diseases . Oh a ni ma ls or , by deteriorating diminishing their food

supplies , and by establishing themselves as parasites on

some species .

0 77. la n ts d of p , by hastening the ecay timber, also

! e n t stablishi g hemselves as parasites, and impregnating the s oil . Fungi exert an important i nflu en c e on the skin F or - d diseases of man . avus scald hea , called also

porrigo , has its primary seat in the hair follicles Plica

polonica occurs everywhere Tinea tonsurans , Alopecia , S cosia C h ion h e y , and yp are known , and hospital gangrene

suspected .

C h ion h e C Berkele M 3 If Va n d ke yp arteri, y, ycetoma, p , . y C a rter u , is the f ngus whose ravages cause the deeply

seated disease known as the Madura foot . t In domestic animals, as in ca tle disease and in h f o . insects , as wit species Torrubia D r - l lac r man s y rot fungi are Meru ius y , Polyporus h ybridus . Ergot is the sclerotioid condition of a species of the 6 1 T HE AGRICULTURAL PESTS or INDIA . ;

on on C laviceps fungus which occurs rye , on wheat, and n many of the wild grasses . It is employed medici ally .

In certain seasons ergot is much more common than . in others , and farmers and graziers believe that in such seasons it is not uncommon for cattle to slip their young n n through feedi g o ergotized grasses . M of eil h err ylitta, an underground fungus the N g y H ills , is closely allied to , if really distinct from , the - of of so called native bread Tasmania . The natives India ’ ’ call it the little man s bread , in allusion to a tradition

‘ that the N eilgh erri es were once peopled by a race of M la idesc en s Horn M . pigmies . The small hard ylitta , p , , f o C . hina, is used there medicinally

Berkele th e Peridermium Thomsoni , y, fungus attacks Abies Smithiana on the Himalayas at elevation of 8 0 0 0

- . n on e feet The leaves become reduced in le gth half, , curved , and sprinkled, sometimes in double rows , with f o . the large sort this species , which at length prove fatal . anth é lmin ti cu s Berkele Polyporus , y, grows at the root of B an th el old bamboos , and is employed in urma as an

min i P F 7 r . t c . a o G . fomentari s , , is the amadou erman tinder . ‘ ’ rami nis Puccinia g , the corn mildew , is dimorphous ,

on e - T ric h obasis as having a celled fruit ( ) , as well a two w its a c om celled fruit (Puccinia) . The corn milde and c t panying rust occur wherever corn is cultivated , whe her

or on H l . in Australia the slopes of the ima aya . The ’ o n same may be said of smut, for Ustilago is as comm i n E D r C n Asia and America as in urope . . ooke has see it on numerous grasses , as well as on barley from the Panjab also a species different from Ustilago maydis on florets of the male maize , from the same locality and i n 1 8 7 0 on e of a on , form Ustil go made its appearance . 6 2 U F THE AGRIC LTURAL PESTS O INDIA .

f t n rice , and is said to have a fected a considerable por io o f the standing rice cr0 p in the vicinity of D iamond H r w a n i n f . s o arbou It described as constituti g, some t h e h infested grains, a w itish , gummy, interlaced , thread n o f like mycelium , growi g at the expense the tissues of ff t the a ected organs , and at la t becoming conver ed into a of d more or less coherent mass spores , of a irty green o f B c n o (1 . olour, the exterior the formed grains eneath the outer coating the aggregated spores are of a bright orange - red ; the central portion has a vesicular appear ‘ ’

r. ance , and is white in colou Bunt is another pest T l f ( i letia caries) , which occupies the whole arinaceous of of portion the grains wheat . Sorghum and the small millets are liable to attacks

from allied parasites . Ouma Sclerotium stipitatum, , occurs in nests of the white ant ; the people suppose it to possess medicinal v irtues . i C . Stilbum and Isaria, genera of fung , occur in eylon of Torrubia, a parasite genus the fungi , of which twenty - fiv e species are known ; one seen in N ew f u D r H tw o o . G uinea on a species cocc s . ooker found in K M n e the hasia ountains . O American species occurs at

D r lin T . a e C . j g, and two in hina hey kill their insect hosts

T s T ul of C on orrubia sinensi , . , hina, is developed dead T T a lori u . caterpillars ; it is val ed there medicinally. y grows from the caterpillar of a large moth of Australia ; Z T R obe rtsii of and in N ew ealand . attacks the larva H epialus virescens . Botrytis Bassiana is a fungus which attacks and

— ' Mr k d e R ev . D e a n th . d . 7 C oo estroys the living insect . Berkele D 7 C ooke i h th e Econ omic R ecords o th e I n di a y ; . f O iee j .

6 4 A or THE AGRICULTUR L PESTS INDIA .

T saltsal a E in the Arabian version , and y in the thiopian

G th e C n om a s the reeks give it name of y y , and the negroe of - v ii 1 8 Tse tse . It is mentioned in Isa . . . This insect is on e u th e of the Muscidae . It us ally frequents bushes and on m reeds the borders of arshes . It is larger than a

fl - common y, and of a whitish yellow colour. The horse , c x do the , and the g, after they have been attacked by fe w this insect, waste away and die in the course of a days ; those which are fat and in good condition soon die, while the others drag on a miserable existence for some r fli s su ffi ien t weeks . Three o four e are c to produce these di disastrous results . The blood of the animals which e is altered and diminished in quantity — M T G lunda lli ti — ff o E o . C M , the coffee rat See o ee ; ammalia . G oud H t a, of industan , is very des ructive to growing pulse . It needs to be determined . G ss m h b m o ypiu er aceu . The cotton plant is attacked by H orsfieldii C ic adella T h loc ba species of Aphis, Arctia , ( yp y ) , a on e of C h r somelidee D e ressaria the larv e of the y , p gossy i ll u de En i tis F of e a S a n rs d o . a p , , P Indica, etc rom the larv e D e ressaria U t C the p , the nited Sta es Agricultural ommis s ion er states that on e - fourth of the cotton crop of India is N ow t sometimes lost . , allowing annually one pound weigh

of of 3 , raw cotton , to each its this at annas the pound represen ts a value of in round numbers R s h . Add to t is the exported 1 8 5 — 8 6 l R 8 s . cwt . in , va ue the cotton

grown in India may be cwt. , value about

sixteen crore . The cotton worm of the United States is Bu ch n er N x lon a S a the Aleta argillacea, , the octua y , y. Their cotton bug or cotton stainer is the D yderc us

' ll h e s uture us S e . , f The year 1 8 7 7 in the United S tates was an unusual r 6 5 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS o INDIA .

e v t w as harv st, ne er heless the loss in the cotton crop e stimated by their Board of Agriculture at d ollars . In the N orth -Western Provinces caterpillars are often of very destructive growing cotton , sometimes stripping a field entirely of its leaves ; and an immense deal of loss " results from the ravages of a smal white grub called ‘ ’ fin di s . , which lives within the pod Stagnant water, especially at the commencement of its growth, is most R harmful . ain , when the pods begin to open , is also very fibr e . damaging, as the becomes discoloured and rotten Early frosts may altogether terminate the picking season a month or six weeks before it would otherwise have th e ended , and hence desire to get the cotton seed into b the ground as soon as possi le . C otton plants in Southern India were described by D r of . Shortt as subject to the attacks a kind of mildew , but it was found to be a diseased condition formerly of E A classed with fungi , under the name rineum . of species Torula attacks cotton pods after they are ripe . p D Vern Ka a s 1 B oe F . . 0 ( 2 . p ; . . racillaria coffeifolliella f G . Its larva mines the cof ee s m leave It is very com on . G - — C d . rain weevil . See oleoptera ; C urculionidae; C alan ra

- h 0 . 0 . W.

G dae O rylli , an insect family of the order rthoptera ,

n n field o havi g amo g its species the house , , and m le i . G l H t crickets The Acheta, ryllotalpa vu garis , elio h s i S ch iz oda ct lu s mon st rosu s arm gera , and y are the more On e G o . f N a destructive species of ryllus , orthern Indi , ‘ ’ ’ a or h un e called by the poppy cultiv tors phanga p g , is d h es a voracious fee er w en full grown , cropping the leav a n d of th e an d u n n in fes tin stalks poppy other yo g pla ts ,

F. 6 6 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

the crops over large areas . They multiply and increase ’ A of L l udh ia s rapidly . species ower Benga , the g , attack N D the young poppy plant in ovember and ecember . Some species of G ryllus attack the young poppy plant in all its stages ; others follow the seed into granaries , and th e G i of H ryllotalpa vulgaris , w th species Acheta , eliothis a av erae t armigera, and Tetranychus p p , take par in the of r A a work destruction . Acheta campest is , . domestic , and another species or variety in Bengal appear from I t h N ov mber f f h e e close of e to the middle o Jannary. y rarely attack the poppy plant in its germinating stage, con fin in g their attacks to the later stages of develop ’ - T h n ur ment of its root leaf system . hey are the j e g of H A of industan . species Acheta frequently commits sad 0 11 n havoc the you g poppy crops, extending in dry seasons N ov ember from to Jannary, emerging during the night

r t n - T h e f om heir hidi g place in the soil . insectivorous birds are great helps in their suppression , and dusting the

or plants with powdered charcoal and lime, ashes and — — l cot C in drod s H . l J. S t e lime , is usefu See y ; eliothis G ryllotalpa vulgaris is often a serious pest to the n poppy , cutti g over with its powerful mandibles con i rabl s de y advanced plants . It makes very extensive and u variously directed nderground channels . The easiest of e flood mode d stroying them is to their haunt, and catch the insects as they emerge . It is a destructive creature B of nocturnal habits . It seems to be known in engal as

ia c c - — c oor oor J. S ott. the g g , or chingra. r T HE AGRICULTURAL PESTS o INDIA . 6 7

Haem sis H Ha op . orse leech is a name applied to em o sis of Aulostomu m p sanguisuga, and to a species . The l ee on H mo atter is voracious they f d all creatures . ae psis u Me u sanguis ga, g , is met with in Sweden , in the so th of

S n . pai , in Portugal , and in Turkey It is very common of on e of u in the north Africa, and is the main ca ses of f d o . isease in the animals Algeria It has feeble jaws, n d H a can only penetrate mucous membranes . ence the necessity for it to introduce itself into the natural cavities of oxen , horses , and other herbivora, camels , mules ; and n fossee of into the mouth , pharynx , asal , and trachea man

n T when drinki g water. here are three principal varieties o f F leeches employed medicinally in rance . These are

1 st 2 nd 3 rd , the grey leech ; , the green leech ; , the d 1 n of ragon leech . The leeches the damp climate Assam T i . al e cause much njury to travellers hey small, and a i n n umbei s c s of dhere to the legs , au ing loss blood and

ulcers .

L C n and leeches of eylon are about an inch in le gth , a n d fin e n of as as a knitting eedle , but capable distention t o of A - the size a quill . closely woven cloth is n eeded to prevent their attack . The wound which they i n flict n of is on the more te der and less exposed parts the body, a n d on the fetlocks of horses ; and the hill leech of the

Sikkim streams is no less inimical . Haltica h as a species in Ben gal very similar to the - fi n flea- of E H n turnip y or tur ip beetle urope, . emorum . It feeds on the young leaves and fiow er-b uds of the a must rd . 6 T r 8 THE AGR ICUL URAL PESTS o INDIA .

Heli ocopis cupido larvae attack the cotton pla nt in it s

T h e a n bud . larv e are dispersed by sprinkli g ashes ove r t h e plant . H h m o n e of G r dae eliot is ar igera, the ylli , is very gener

U B e a th e N - W r ally diffused through pper ng l , orth este n t h e Provinces , and the Panjab . It attacks leaves and cap s u les of the poppy and all the various pulses , especially the mu s soors E n C ( rvum lens) , cha a ( icer arietinum) , and mutur P urh ur C ( isum sativum) , less frequently ( ajanus Indicus) , a n d e n on t h e s. boring into poppy capsules , f edi g seed W e s ith the poppy, the cat rpillars feed from the lower leave u a p to the capsule , which they penetrate , and there p ss

b n into the pupa and perfect form , the male moth ei g of r a a pale orange colou , one female colouring being of

of r Bu t darker and another a pale hue . the imprisoned t mo h rarely makes its escape from the capsule indeed , scarcely on e in ten gets ou t ; and they have vigilant

in t h e on foes mynas , which , perching the bored capsules ,

a o of t r s w tch the perations the ca erpilla , and hould it

e re rn n a d appear at the ap rtu , the y imme iately strikes ,

n i n t and rarely fails in withdrawi g it whole or in par .

r J t a n or M . ohn Scott asser s that neither this c terpillar any other with which he made experimen ts will attack the parts of the opium poppy w hen in any w ay replete

rm H o h with a no ally concentrated milk sap . eli t is armigera suddenly in th e se as o n of 1 8 7 7— 7 8 attacke d a t h e poppy crops in the Patna and Sh habad districts . C areful hand pickin g of the affected caps ules w as t d ff on e u . a the ly rem dy s ggested It has, i erent times , t t o o proved most destruc ive cotton cr ps , eating into l T h e t o the capsu es . Opium poppy is not supposed

K mir On e . be its natural food . species occurs in ash

- t t . J. S co r 0 9 T HE AGRICULTURAL PESTS o INDIA.

Helminth s living in man are of three orders

A A 2 T R M A D A 3 . D A 1 N M D . . . . . E TO E TO CESTO

l m d d Di t a Bus kii B t i a at A t . ncy os omu uo e s om o hr oceph lus l us . D h e t icu m T a ia comni un is la al . . a . a n e p en ; rv , h t i i i D . e ter h a c a i l d . l a Asc r s umbr co es op y . Cys cer us cellu os . T a la . a . ar a a a D . at As c . l t . nceol um n n fiav o D o h th al i T . un ct a a Fila i a ti l . mob um. t . r len s , ymph p p T i i a Medin en si s F est ucaria l ti . la a at . c , , en s ech nococcus rv , li T h ec osoma san ui i v et eri ocu . g Ech nococcus i i la S piropt era hom n s . co . norum T lon i va i . i S trongylus g g inerm s .

at T . a can th o tria s la n us . rva, t ac an i . . t h o r t n . a t ocu S ro g ren l s Cys s . T d ta i l T i a i a . . ar a r chin sp r lis en l s v , E i i T ric o e h a d1 s ar. c . i c p lus p h n hom n s .

T . t i i la enu coll s ; rva ,

t . t i lli Cys enu co s .

T hose living in the alime n tary canal are the An cylos t omu m B t Ox urus T a , Ascaris , o hriocephalus , y , enia , and ri e h alus Out n T coc p . of the alimentary ca al are found th e D F e st u caria F istoma , , ilaria, Spiroptera, Strongylus , and h soma C h elmin th a ae T ec o . ysticerci are larv which are furnished with a caudal vesicle . There are three prin i c pal species . C ysticercus bovis is the measle of the ox ; i t r T ae mediocan allat a is the larva of the cestoid wo m nia , a - common form of tape worm . It is in small segments ,

' a n d each ripe segment of the tape —worm contains about

T ae - eggs . nia solium is the tape worm derived from t h e 111- pig it is an entozoon often causing severe health . T D r C here is another which . obbold supposes belongs t r to the sheep . They attain hei position in man by - F his eating uncooked or ill cooked food . lesh food pro p erly cooked may be eaten with safety . The prevalence o f entozoa i n military ration beef will be seen from th e ‘ foll owing extract record from Peshawar — R ead Military or 7 0 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

D 8 O 1 8 6 9 w epartment letter , th ctober , for arding state ment of cattle found infected during the month o f

1 8 6 9 : ou t of 8 4 0 3 1 t o August slaughtered , were found

1 9 . have cysts, of these having presented at Peshawar 1 8 6 9 : of 7 3 2 Statement for September out slaughtered , 1 5 7 . were infected , detected at Peshawar Statement f 9 0 6 ’ O 1 8 6 9 o 3 . for ctober out slaughtered , infected

H l ltis Ant nu W od—M hson - r e o e o o . o p , Tea bug mosquito

~ H brac on iformi a O . s blight . ther species are and nigr ,

Wai iou o e g ; c ll ris, pellucida, from Philippines podagrica

th i r — - and e v o a of Assam S ee Tea bug . H m vast at rix e ileia , an entophyte, causing the leaf dise ase of the coffee planters of the south of India and

of ff - C eylon . It is the fungus the co ee leaf disease . 0 11 r Its spore (Uredo spore) , germinating the damp unde e of f e a surfac the co f e le f, emits a short delicate tube d which sen s a prolongation through a stoma, and the further development of this resu lts in the production of T h m f H the intercellular mycelium . e myceliu o emileia of not only robs the leaf valuable materials , but it diverts t h e flow u of nutritive substances, and by occ pying space

r in the tissues of the plants , it prevents these tissues f om

’ li f ofi fulfil n g functions o service to the c ee tree . It has been on e of the greatest scourges with which the coffee enterprise of Southern India has had to contend . The f 1 8 4 o . 7 yield fruit diminished Prior to , the average

for five C 4 5 . e yield years in eylon had been cwt per acr , 2 but in the five succeeding years the yield was only 9 cwt . H m of e iptera, or bugs , an order insects ; among its destroying genera are the Aphis and C occus of the two

- — Bu families Aph idae or plant lice and gall insects See g.

H b Li n n - fi ippo osca equina, , the horse y , is an insect

n D th e ~ belongi g to the order iptera, and to family Pupi

7 2 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS or INDIA .

H lesinus fraxini F a twa ash o f y , , is the bark beetle d H lesin i Englan . In India the y attack the bamboo and D D n Mr. the pi e . Thompson has known , in ehra oon , a species o f Hylesin us attack and so entirely eat the poles of of and rafters houses made the sal tree , as to cause the o f i n a roofs the buildings to fall ; and a simil r occurrence. ’ i n n C a buildi g in the hills, in which the heer pine , — R n T . Pinus lo gifolia, was used . . H m n h y e optera, an order in w ich naturalists arrange t o several insects , some of them useful , others injurious th e T man and his industries , as species of genus enthredo , family S curifera ; also the C ynips family ; and the Xylocopa

f r H wood borers o the family Mellifera o bees . ymen th e flies optera comprise gall insect , ichneumon , sand

wasps , mason wasps , mining wasps , stinging ants, common

ants , wasps , hornets, carpenter bees, honey bees , and d m — of n am er bees , almost all them i jurious . They v w mostly ha e stings with hich to protect themselves , of t h e and the pain from the thrust that of the wasp , bee ,

u n the hornet, or the ichne mon is co siderable, death even f m f E resulting from the attacks o a ultitude o bees . ven large birds like the myna carefully fly off to avoid the ’ hornet s attacks .

I s acch ari s - cerya is the waxy ugar cane louse , known Le Pou a h é B of also as Poc lanche , Queensland and M Mr H Li R m auritius . . . ng oth supposes that it is ilked

ormica ru fon i ra by a small black ant , F g , in the same H mann er as species of the Aphides are by other ants . e

- considers it to be the cause of injury to sugar cane .

I d f Li n n n igo era tinctoria, . The most dreaded source or 3 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA . 7

o f damage to the indigo plant is continued wet weather, which renders the plants tall and woody, without much

o v r f liage, and by a kind of etiolation pre ents the p oper of A development the dye property . proper allowance o f sunlight is as necessary to the production of the dye r — D 9 f . ( o F . as wate is to the growth the plant .

I h — tc . See Sarcoptes . d Ixo es, the ticks, a genus of Acarina, are parasitic on I n m 0 11 I most animals . . rici us is co mon the dog , . bovis I o n . C . E cattle and deer ; brevipes occurs in eylon urope ,

Africa, and America have other species , all of them

M o . ovin us hurtful The sheep tick , however, the el phagus , fl H a is an apterous y of the family ippoboscid e .

Jackal — M . See ammal .

K

Kadh a or G a dh of H y , ia in the language industan , is an insect more or less troublesome to v arious products of fild e s N orth ern . h as the and gardens of India It a rough , or of - warty, shagreened skin , a dirty ash grey colour . It iden t ifi ti n needs c a o .

L

L ch n n A C a oster a . genus of Lamellicorn oleoptera of t h e M ae T h e S family elolonthid . pecies are very numerous 4 or 7 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA.

. na in India , and do much mischief to trees Lachnoster ’ in uis of W w - r p g alker, the yello bellied cockchafe , a n ff brown species , about an inch lo g, injures the co ee

D C i n of d — ~ S ee trees in imbula , eylon , and parts In ia . ff C o ee Trees . L d - b d — C d C ae. a y ir s . See oleoptera ; occinelli

L m c n o f C e a elli or es, an insect family the order oleopt ra. Its genera most hurtful to livin g and dead vegetable Eu ch irus substances are the and Lucanus . L h n lath ros G at yrus sativus, Lin , is the y of the reeks, n i r l of R a d c c e cu a . a the omans It is a co rse kind of pea , notorious for its effect in producing paralysis if eaten in h as n s quantity . This been ascribed to its itrogenou l . C constituents , in which it is excessively abundant olone . m 1 8 3 3 — 3 4 t Slee an , in , found half the youth of bo h o f E O it m sexes villages in ast udh affected with , and any w T h e had entirely lost the use of their lo er limbs .

i n n Widespread occurrence of paralysis Sind , after a seaso in which this crop was grown in an exceptionally large area, attracted considerable attention ; and in the Azam of a t garh district Hindustan , where it forms an import n f f H o . item diet, similar ef ects have been observed orses and bullocks when much fed on it are equally liable to of n lose the use of their limbs . C ases paralysis amo g the horses in the military station of Almora were traced t o the fraudulent admixture of this pea with the grant

’ ' — — m f o D dc Ve . u F . supplied for the s e o the tro ps .

Kasci ot .

Lat rodect es lu ubris i 0 1 o f g , the kara ku t black worm

O Kir h iz of fin er n a . c an the , is about the size a g il It jump several feet , and its bite is very venomous . l 1 2 3 S ch u er . . . y , ii p m L C dae . ecaniu , a genus of the occi family of insects F T HE AGRICULTURAL PESTS O INDIA .

idnm h es r . E L. e In urope, p attacks the orange Lecanium on e of of C f e nigrum , the two black insects the eylon cof e ° — l L c ofie£c . p anters . . is the brown or scaly bug See ff T C o ee rees . h — i L Haemo s s . eec es . See p L m fih s 8 s . epis a, p , the insect which infests books Thi and C helifer tailless scorpion eat the soft bodied acari 1 n r — - w o1 m that j u e books See Book . Le tocorisa B n alensis lVestw oorl L a T h u n be e . p g , , acut , m,

L v aric orn is F a bri ca s Mu n u of . , ; J vandu the Tamil o f an u ar people of Tinnevelly ; G andi Assam . About J y

1 M r L -W C of t 8 8 6 . ee , arner, ollector the Tinnevelly distric M of the adras Presidency, brought to the notice of the f R 5 0 f D o . o irector evenue Settlement, that per cent the ri ce cr0 ps nearly throughout the S rivillipu t ur taluk had Le t ocorisa Ben alen sis s been injured by the p g . Thi insect belongs to the family C oreidae of the order R hyn m of m of e chota, the vast ajority the embers which liv n upon the juices of plants , a few o ly, such as the common

- n w as bed bug , attacki g animals . This bug described in 1 8 3 7 b W C a ta lo u e o H emi y Professor estwood , in his g f

tem 777. th e C ollecti on o th e R ev H o e F . W . p f . p If the all synonyms prove to refer to one and the same species , it of will be found to range , under slight variations form , C B M from India and eylon , through urma and the alay

' afiect s - s countries, to Australia, wherein it low lying land suited to rice cultivation , only occasionally creeping a

- short distance up contiguous hill sides . Le t ura A h as p . small species of this insect genus been observed in numbers in the logs of the harder woods K G A of amaou and arhwal . larger species has also been L n seen . The genus belongs to the family o gicornes , C — R T h m on a o s . order oleopter . p 7 6 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

L ice are classed by naturalists among the Anoplura ,

a - M and include the fe ther and hair eating family allophaga , t M T rin ot on D oc o h oru s N irmus wi h its genera enopon , , p , , G on iocot es G on ioides L Orn ith obi us , , ipeurus , , Trichodectes , Haemat om z u s Haemat o n u s t y , py , Ph hirius, and the true lice

P. an d genus Pediculus, which has capitis its varieties . L of ff ice of different species , some di erent genera , attack do c x birds , sheep , the g, cat , , elephant, and the monkey . T t w o of on e urkeys are the hosts of species lice , named

Li cu ru s or ol tra ez iu s l p meleagridis p y p , ives principally o n G onioides st lifer the wings ; the other, y , prefers the ’ f r — Mor n ced a o t0 s C clo i . head , neck , and breast the bi d . y p Ligurus ruficeps is the sugar- cane beetle o f the U n ited

States . It is a stout black beetle, half an inch long,

of - n which bores into the stalk the sugar ca e underground .

It has not been traced in India . Lixus A n of Lixu s . longish weevil , seemi gly a species , o n e of the divisions into which the Longirostres have M r T been made, was constantly found by . hompson under o f the bark felled logs . It bores with facility through

the softer parts of wood . L n or C o f o gicornes apricorn beetles , a family the order mb x C . C era oleoptera Its more injurious genera are the y ,

L Le t ura M r an d . amia, p , onochamus , P ionus , Saperda L h L ae r ured orant us . The epiphytic oranthace pa asites inj

a il h rri T h e t h e Acacia mel noxylon of the N e g e e s . parasite — d t . covered the larger branches , iver ing the sap See

Parasites .

L dae or e - ucani , stag b etles , are pre eminently wood T f . a eeders hey live , in their l rva stage, in the interior

of the trunks of large trees . Species of the genus occur

Mr H n 0 11 throughout India . . ope , writi g the insects i ffih L D r. r t s c W. G ollected by in As am , mentions ucanus E A F T H GRICULTURAL PESTS O INDIA .

L ffl ii L n cii L n . L R a es S e . F . . orsteri , , p , curvide s , bulbosus , i L l t er. L . u n c and p g The ucanus cervus , when in fe led l o or logs , are easily ki led by immersion in c ld water, N by pouring scalding water into their hole . o grub can

n withstand t his operatio .

T h e - stag beetles in India are numerous , and common of of as to individuals, and are , the whole order wood

t e e beetles , the mos d structive to living trees . Their larva live for three or four years i n the interior of trun ks of oak N T al on e , and about aini barely in ten of the trees an d ae o f o u escape their ravages . These the larv Pri n s beetles seem exclusively to attach themselves there t o oak T r of the as their habitation . hey bore to the hea t

M a - v the stem , in winding passages . ale st g beetles ha e been found feedin g on the renewed bark (after shavin g)

of C su ccirubra M C on . inchona trees , in askeliya , eyl

h as e n t o The female much short r ma dibles , and is said use them in forming a hole in the trunks of trees for the f Mr W i 1 8 o . . . 7 reception its eggs . estwood says ( p ) the perfect insect feeds on the honey - dew u pon the leaves of the oak ; they also feed upon the sap exuding from th e fin el wounds of trees , which they lap up with their y ae an d h as ciliated maxill lower lip . It been supposed of ch i c fl e i n t h e that the larva this insect , which y hid s n m r willow and oak, remaini g that state seve al years , is the animal so much esteemed by th e R omans as a T h n es . e delicacy , and named cossus i jury which it caus i n ot is often very considerable , bor ng only into the solid

n f t e A - o . e wood , but also i to the roots the r e stag beetl received from Maskeliya was a male with immense L th e mandibles , and greatly resembled ucanus cervus ,

m - f E — T o R . com on stag beetle urope . . L n a . ycosa tarantula. Tara tul spiders are poisonous 8 R OF 7 THE AG ICULTURAL PESTS INDIA.

They belong to the genus Lycosa of Latreille . c ha racterized by havin g the eyes arranged in an elongated — q uadrilateral form . There are several species . See

- as . Araneid M T .

M B M r H . 1 8 3 aggot. . (Sir) . . Loch mentions (p ) that in all the C hinese prisons a small maggot lodges a fe w inches under the surface , and is a scourge of the prisoners .

M a a aggot , grub , and caterpillar are popul r terms pplied a to the larv e of certain insects . M o f H e n erl c akora, in the vernacular industan , a g u vae of o de red term for fo r kinds of lar longic rn beetles, p at ors on the Shorea robusta and the pine . Mamestra papaverorum attacks the g rowing poppy in M F e bruary and arch . They become entrapped in the — R T maturing capsules . . M mm s — a a al The bear , boar, eleph nt, galeopithecus, a or fl in fox hy ena , Jackal , porcupine , pteropus y g , cynopterus ,

h w i n flic t on . s rew , and olf, all injury man and his products I n 1 8 8 2 — 8 3 , in British India, the numbers of persons killed by wild beasts and snakes were and of c attle so killed as under

8 0 A THE AGRICULTUR L PESTS or INDIA .

i n d of 1 8 3 disappeared the mid le 8 . N ot only was t h e f m co fee blighted , but the grass eadows and the forest d trees were covered with a fungoid isease . In Sumatra, f e f ' h not alone the buf alo s suf ered ; numbers of the elep ants , the deer, and the wild pigs died in the forests , and by preying on the dying herds even tigers fell victims to th e f t h . o e pestilence In Timor, also , in the higher parts

a island , the c ttle were attacked while in the southern th e plains , pigs and the horses , which there run wild in herds , were found scattered about in the forest dead . T h e elephants , sometimes solitary , sometimes in herds , at times do much injury to villages . T h e shrews passing over food articles so taint them. with the musky odour as to make them useless . T h e porcupine does much harm to plantations .

. The wolves , wild dogs , and jackals hunt in packs, but destro m N ot there is no record of the wild dog y g man . so of the other two . G 1 8 74 D . In , y Surgeon eneral John Shortt proposed a ff of n ff very e ective mode destroyi g tigers , to which e ect m ight be given . In India the wild boar frequently occupies a patch of

- sugar cane . While man and domesticated animals have t o be pro t ect ed th e against the attacks of carnivorous mammals, man horned cattle of India demand from a special care . l ’ They are the agricu turists chief wealth ; and anthrax , in flict rinderpest, dysentery , and epizootic aphtha vast M s losses . Beginnings have been made . The adra G overnment has (1 8 8 6) an I n spector and D eputy- Inspector of C t D at le iseases , with fourteen local inspectors ; and the

n F x x of 1 8 7 9 of G ~ G la ders and arcy Act (Act . ) the overn ment of India w as framed to stamp out these diseases . or 1 ' THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

In India the most important diseases of horned stock a re - - a - rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, hoven , qu rter ill, bh ooh n ee pleuro pneumonia, or purging, cystic disease ,

t . hroat swelling, and anthrax R I n di a n inderpest is the designation given , in the C a ttle Pla ues R e ort h - g p , to the ighly infectious disease D r 1 8 4 8 m . G which ilchrist, in , described under the ter a ’ B A a or . Burra Az r, great sickness The urra z r occurs u C in an epizootic form over all India , B rma, and eylon, but has various native names . It is highly infectious, and recovery is rare . The yearly loss is very serious , f ’ and to be counted by hundreds o thousands . The natives ‘confess their powerlessness to treat this disease and the India C ommissioners can only recommend a of n quarantine isolation the sick cattle, buryi g those that R ’ die, and disinfecting of localities . inderpest, cholera, and small - pox are hot—weather diseases they do occur simultaneously, but not invariably, necessarily, or even ’ very frequently. Inoculation from this distemper d ’ resulted in the development of a varioloid isease .

- - F oot and mouth disease does not cause great mortality. The deaths are caused by inability to eat owing to disease of of the mouth , or to severe ulceration the feet owing to the development of maggots . The mouth is recommended 1 to be washed with a solution of alum ( 1 0 grs . to a nd the feet to be treated with camphor and oil or carbonic acid and oil . It is the Aphtha epizootica . Hoven is an exceedingly common form of fatal disease ff among Indian cattle . It consists of su ocation from over

m or flatu s . distention of the ru en , with food or Tapping the is not known to the people, and they mostly think A u of disease incurable . large aggregate amo nt stock yearly falls Victims to this preventible and curable disease . F 8 2 or A THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDI .

u - or - - d Q arter ill quarter evil, the black leg of Scotlan , occurs in Jessore . It has its origin in causes which may f of af ect the members a herd in common , and thus may f assume the aspect o an epizootic . It is often fatal . Pleuro -pneumonia is known in the Panjab and Sind ; or and , although not so general destructive as rinderpest

or bh oohhee . , the disease is a common and destructive one

It appears to be more sporadic than epizootic . The people do not think it is contagious ; but this is not in G accordance with the opinion in reat Britain, South

Africa, and Australia, and it is recommended to act upon the contagious View . Bh oohn ee or purging is an endemic disease of th e n Pa jab , caused by improper diet and watering, and occurring to an exceptionally severe extent in an excep ti n all o y dry year. C E v et erin oru m yst disease , chinococcus , is the larva of a T enia echinococcus , and is prevalent among all Indian

a m - can ellata cattle . T enia edio is the beef helminth . Throat disease is epizootic and fatal amon g Indian C cattle . It was not seen by the ommissioners, but was surmised to be a swelling of the parotid and submaxillary u of glands, or an eff sion blood into the subcutaneous of fire cellular tissue the neck and dewlap . The people the parts . The males of the larger of the mammalia have fierce an d combats for supremacy, the defeated combatant, w driven from the herd , leads a solitary life , al ays morose,

n a d frequently mischievous . In C eylon the elephants so ’ u apart are known as the rog e, but the term is applied f to the similarly separated males of the wild buf alo, the hippopotamus, and sperm whale , and in that state they o out of often g their way to attack man . r 8 3 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS o INDIA.

Mala an u s u The Ursus y , Sciurus palmar m or palm s m quirrel , the common rat, and the pal martin , Para d oxu rus typus , are all accused of destroying the cocoa 1 nut . D eer will n ot enter fields when the safflo w er has been s own intermixed with the cereals or millets . D ogs refuse to sleep on rugs beneath which mint h as 1 8 1 - R e ort . S ee . 7 . been laid p , Helminths M n m T h e I n dia n A meulturist of 1 9 th a go Wor . g the D ecember 1 8 8 5 quotes the R eta c mel B aggot native ‘ n ewspaper as stating that the fly is so tenacious of life Y ou that it thrives within the heart of the fruit . cut a d fruit apparently soun , without a spot on the surface, 10 ! fl u out when , the y iss es of the interior and buzzes a u E s bout yo . These insects have degraded the a t Bengal m ango for at least more than half a century, and yet no ’ i ntific notice has been taken of the matter . The s c e name o f this insect is a desideratum . M e — S e H elminth s easl e . M n h D elolo t idae. In the tea plantations of the ehra D t o on e o f oon , a small beetle occurred , supposed be t his family . It lay two or three inches in the ground d uring the day . It was dug up in bushels and destroyed . Melolontha vulgaris is the common cockchafer of E M R 1 8 5 — ri ul . 6 6 6 a c urope . eiset estimated that, in , g t ural prod uce to the value of more than a million sterling was destroyed in the D epartment of S eine Infé rieure . There a re many species belonging to the Melolon th ideou s or C eton ideou of s genera in C eylon . Under the name white a of M a grub were included the larv e various elolonthid e, the c C m ff ockchafers of eylon , which do uch harm to co ee plan t ation s l o d . , young and , by eating the roots of the trees Mr J L b . G of u . R ambodde ordon , , considered the white gr PE r 4 THE AGRICU LT U RAL s s OF INDIA . to be by far the greatest enemy of the coffee trees with

w th e h e . n ev er hich planter had to contend, as knew a single tree recover after their attack ; and he adds that R ambodde tw o they had destroyed, at , in years , between fin e f Mr eight and ten thousand trees of old cof ee . G ordon used to dig up the soil at the foot of the trees h n — R T h om s d . on and take out such grubs as he could p . M h s o inus — elop agu v is the sheep tick . See Ixodes . M — C . ites . heese mites can be eaten with impunity S ee

Acarina .

Mollusca in flict injury on man and his industries .

W E d : oodward, writing in nglan , says All the land snails are vegetable feeders, and their depredations are but too

' well known to the gardener and farmer ; many a cr0 p of winter corn and spring tares has been wasted by the ’ ravages of the small grey slug . They hold white mustard l in abhorrence , and fast or shift their quarters whi e that ’ D - crop is on the ground . ilute lime water and very weak alkaline solutions are more fatal to snails than e ven salt .

O of C . The genus ctopus , one the ephalopoda, destroys of th e many the crustacea, and its long arms cling to of arms and legs of people in the water . The habits the f m n predatory mollusca o India await exa inatio . Among the mollusca, the cone species , the genus pleurotoma , i i n fl m infl ct bit es which a e and become dangerous . M och am s soon na th e on u g , a Longicorn beetle, attacks ‘ ’ ‘ ’ seemul h e t a h llum s oon n a M Bombax p p y , the g oringa ‘ ’ m roon rah E ter os er a . p yg p , and the g rythrina suberosa It is a magn ificen t beetle of the tribe C a ; and . erambycid e r a n are its large la v e, armed with powerful ma dibles , very Out of destructive to the woods of these trees . a six

m r - M . foot log of oringa, Thompson collected forty three or 8 5 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

fi r a v e o ae . p erfect beetles, six pup e, and about a dozen larv Another mon och amou s beetle attacks the Butea frondosa an d i the wild w llow, Salix tetrasperma, entering the A t runk and boring in all directions . third species has its pupae inclosed in solid cocoons made of a substance

n l - of resembli g lime, with a shell fu ly one sixteenth an firm a inch in thickness , quite hard and . Its larv e and pupae are both found in the woods of the Odina w odier m — T h om n R . so n d h t a h llu . a Bombax ep p y p . M s b h H o quito lig t . ave toon trees anything to do with mosquito blight ? The manager of the C henga Tea E state noted that, both in the hills and here , these trees d are always more or less blighted the whole year roun , a n d that the tea bushes under them and near by are ’ a fi W lways the rst to be attacked . herever toon trees are ‘ o n s o the garden , he adds , the blight is worst, that I would recommend every tree being cut down , as they are perfectly useless and valueless— all leaves and small ’ - - . H elo elt is branches to be burned . See p ; Tea bug . Moth s known to science n umber to S ee C f of ee Trees .

M dae. A of usci family dipterous insects , including

-fi - th e flesh - fi the common house y , the blue bottle, y, the - fl - h orides oestrides green bottle y, the tse tse, the p , . The number of diptero u s insects on the globe is estimated at — e F to S e lies .

M coidea - D D C u nn i n h a m A y parasitica, . . g . cryptogam plant observed at C alcutta on the leaves of the C amellia Japon i ca as a destructive sloughing blight occurrin g also o n tea and rhododendron leaves, ferns, and crotons . M — alidae. ee yg S Araneidas. M m or of M r yr eleon, ant lion , are species the y meleon tidae M , and the genera yrmeleon and Palpares . 8 6 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS or INDIA .

- They are useful to man . They excavate cup shaped hollows, at the bottom of which they lie in ambush and seize the insects that fall down the smooth sides .

— h . N ecrop orus See C oleoptera ; Silphidae . ' d C mmer Lima od W N ma. c es est e r lepi a, , the graciosa, ,

d - short, broa , pale green , with black spines, which feeds on C asmin iflora the arissa J , stings with fury . It occupies it s also the Thespesia populnea, and at a certain stage of

growth descends by a silken thread and hurries away. N a c n a n n ep i ere , Li , commonly called water scorpion or u water spider, is a hemiptero s insect, belonging to H H d the section eteroptera , and to the family y rocores . N - europtera, the lace wing order of insects, to which

belong the termes , white ants, of the family Plani a pennes . The larv e attack growing and dead vegetable E Ma flie d m . s atter xamples of this class are y , ragon

flies t n . , winged whi e a ts b m n N u r N c n a c n . n a e i otia a t a u , Li , and r stica, Lin , said in the N orth -Western Provinces never to be attacked f by insects . The leaves occasionally suf er from a grey ’ w k a ti in milde called p the Azamgarh district . ma h a T a . 6: Vern . D . 0 F .

N oc ua exclamationis kh u mw a of t , the the Assamese, of h the heart and dart moth , is the common pest eld and

garden crops . In the caterpillar stage it attacks the th e young poppy plant, cutting across the stalk close to fift t o surface of the soil, and in a night will cut down y c a r 111ar a hundred or more plants . The te p is nearly l 2 cylindrical, and é to inches long .

r 8 8 THE AG RICULTURAL PESTS o INDIA .

While still in their larval state they travel in search of nourishment ; but their great wanderings are in h ight r when they have attained their perfect state . They clea everything off the s urface of the ground as completely as fire if it had been visited by , and have sometimes caused S T h a la ba disastrou s famines . outhey in says

n ard t e c ome a da k c ontinuous cloud O w h y , r n e ated m riads n umb e less Oi c o gr g y , r , T h e rushi n g of w h ose w ings w as as th e soun d r ad ri er eadlon in it s c ourse Oi a b o v h g , u m a m untain summit or th e roar Pl n ged fro o , t mn m Oi a w ild o cean in th e au u stor , ’ of r ks S hatterin g its billow s on a sh ore oc .

N orth ern They have repeatedly invaded India, Sind , R u B D C D ajp tana, the ombay ekhan, and the eded istricts and Major Moore mentions that on on e occasion they M 5 0 0 devastated aharashtra over a width of miles .

The starling, Pastor roseus , is their great destroyer ; but as in their larva state, they travel onwards, trenches are dug in their front, into which they fall and are covered S C D Ma over. warms appear in the eded istricts in y and J 7 0 une , depositing their eggs , about in each hole, and three months is the period of incubation . trid s ( E c x o (E (Es e . L strus bovis, , the estrus ; . ovis, h l m ( E L oe or C e a e ea . u L , the sheep strus p y ovis ; eq i, , ( E le h an tis o . e the horse estrus . p takes up its abode f ( E o . CE in the stomach the elephant . equi and . ovis cause the death of many of their victims . ( Estrns f E equi occurs in the south o urope and Persia . 1 s on It a dipterous insect . Its eggs are deposited the hair of the horse , and licked into the stomach, and when r (E complete the insects pass th ough the canal . . ovis , of

E E l - urope and the ast Indies , ays its eggs in the nostrils r 8 9 THE AGRICULTURAL rnsrs o IN DIA .

f o the sheep , and the worm from it occupies the frontal

. s inuses, and gives rise to fatal diseases um A m Opi . yellow mould resembling Sporotrichu B 2 . 0 . 0 h as been seen ( ) in the heart of a ball of opium , a n d a white mould also occurs on opium , and more than “ f o n e species is troublesome in the Opium factories o India .

— B . 0 ( ft . . See Poppy

P

Palm trees are attacked by the R h yn ch Oph orus palm fa m Eu ch irus lon iman u s S h aen o ru , the g , chafer, the p h oru s lani en n is C M p p p , weevil of eylon ; and in alacca, t h e cocoa -nut trees are further injured by the Xylotrupes r t gideon and O yc es rhinoceros . n m frument aceum R oash Pa icu , , is liable to damage from ff e . xcessive rain, and su ers from blight It is sown a little or a before after the rains bre k . The crop is a bountiful

n Vern . a w e m o e . S .

n m miliaceum Lima Pa icu , , is sown in March , and of ripens towards the middle May . It is very liable to ' d — D ( 9 ern C h eeh n a F . V . . amage from the hot winds . .

Para n x r z ali W d- Ma son o o s oo . p y y , The Burmese people ’ s a four bli h t s y that their paddy is liable to g , which they

Y - - - o -bo Oo- - o - name wet pyat p , Pin or shonk p , Sat mee,

- b oo Mr and Palan y , and these have been described by . M T oo -b oo of ouna . The Palan y blight Burma is caused Para on x or z alis of M r W - w h o by the p y y . ood Mason , s ays it is a small insect belonging to the hetero c erous division of the order Lepidoptera . In two stages o f u its metamorphosis, it is known to the B rmese as

- - bo -b oo on e the Tein doung and the Palan y , the being 9 0 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

l T h the caterpi lar and the other the pupa or C hrysalis . e

l millim ! 7 . caterpil ar is about , or rather more than t ” millim b a long. The pupa is fusiform, . long y “ 22 5 millim 1 s 1 2 millim . broad . The cocoon . long and 2 5 broad . It is composed of whitish silk. The Parapon yx oryz alis is an animal of considerable interest n at urah st s to , inasmuch as in its larval stages it is s pecially modified for a purely aquatic life ; in th e caterpillar stage, breathing water by means of tracheal gills W—M a as s or th e P r ite are animals vegetables . The former, for or of r greater part of their life, live in on the bodies othe V r animals . egetable parasites attach themselves to othe plants, Whose juices they absorb . Among the parasitic n d vegetables are several fu gi . The genera of the or er L ae V oranthace are all parasitic ; the mistletoe, iscum m album , is found on the alder, elm, maple, olive, ulberry, l H m pop ar, walnut, and willow in the i alaya and the V mon oicu m on Elaeoden Suliman range ; . is parasitic ox cedri dron and other trees . Arceuthobium y grows on of J the branches the uniperus excelsa, often killing of N eil h erries the branch . Species Loranthus on the g of n destroyed plantations Australian acacia, attacki g the

and -H peach other trees ; while , in the Sub imalayan th e n tracts , oak, platanus, salix , rhododendron , ma go , i all ff m Loran th . peach, and pear su er fro other

Animal parasites attack man and other animals . Among 3 n them may be named Acari, p , the Argas, Ascarides, A cy lost omu m C r E F , Bothriocephalus, ystice ci, chinococci, ilaria, F h ea fiu k es Helmin th a u istularia, , , harvest bug, , lo se , G i stridea Ox uru s S arc o tus S iro t era S t1 on lus , y , p , p p , gy a T h m i h alus ecoso a T r coce . T enia, , tick, p The bites of all ar f n l n e o . painful, many them da gerous In c assifyi g THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS or INDIA . 9 11

a n E - par sites , they are usually arra ged as ndo parasites or E ntozoa when they infest the internal organs, such as

n . the stomach and bowels , lu gs, liver, kidneys , etc. and as Ecto - parasites or Epizoa when found on the external f surface o the body . of There are at least other six orders noxious animals, d which though so calle are not parasites, but which have a special interest to stock -owners and veterinary practi ti r iz N e Ac an th o on e s v . C c e , ematod , Trematoda, estoda ,

'

D . C on n h z e . W S oe phala , iptera, and . Trachearia , l I 1 D ec — H A 9 h . 1 8 5 . ee V S S e kirk n d. t 8 S , , yn elminths .

a s or - th P rrot . The tota rose ringed parrakeet rips up e

“ of ripe capsules the poppy. If much disturbed , they u steal suddenly down , cut off the caps le , which they i n carry to some adjoining tree . They are usually flock s small , and if not watched they soon seriously fild reduce the seed produce of a e . P um scrobiculat um Li a m of aspal , , is sown in the end O f June and cut in ctober. It suf ers considerably from of m the attacks insects, but is said to be protected fro the ravages of birds by its car being partially concealed — in the leaf sheath , as is the case with the coarse varieties

of. rice . Its use is liable to produce a sort of intoxica ’ — D 1 — _ Js 1 er K al . V n . o a tion . 1 . Peenash HI N its , D . The larva of some insect takes up of abode in the cribriform plate the ethmoid bone, and pro duces the disease known as the p een ash in N orth - Western

India . The larva is small, articulated, and terminates in an d a spiral tail ; its mouth eyes are distinct.

’ cu a k h o h lla efiusa riseo- Pelli lari oleroga, yp p y , , g alba are

P lh ulari r ff - . e c a or o fungi koleroga, black rot, co ee leaf i rot, a fungus, an epiphyte which njures the leaves of f the cof ee tree . r 9 2 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS o INDIA .

P nicill ria ld e a c t . spi ata, , the bulrush millet, suffers s till more than S orghum vulgare from the microscoPic ’ E i n fungus known to nglish farmers as bunt, and the N orth -Western Provinces is reported to be often infected

‘ ba ulia u with a species of mildew called g (P ccinia, w first n hich manifests itself in spots on the foliage , and the in t otal destruction of the grain . But it owes in great measure its liability to these diseases to the poverty of on the soil which it is cultivated , and the mildew is said to be most destructive in cases where it has been grown N too frequently on the same land . ext to an absolute f of f or ailure rain , this millet suf ers most from damp flow er rainy weather while it is in , by which the proper f f flow r ertilization o the e s is prevent ed . The stamens

“ h ang outside th e flow er- envelopes entirely u nprotected

from the weather, and it is perhaps to this that the Peni cillaria owes its peculiar liability to damage from n O o rain . If rain fall in the beginni g of ct ber, it is no uncommon thing to see a Pen icillaria h eld with hardly a — D er on of? E V n . single grain formed its spikes .

n a — C Peripla et . See ockroach . ’ h d Lim or a . P aseolus ra iatus, , is the urd mash If t of d th e here be a long continuance amp easterly winds, f — D r 2 F . e n U rd . ( V . plants suf er greatly from mildew . , M ash .

Ph llot reta m m -fl of y ne oru , turnip y Britain . h — P ylloxera . See Aphides . Ph ymatea punctata aided in destroying the coffee f — a . industry o C eylon . S ee C icadid e ; C offee Trees ’ h n1 an - o - P ysalia pelagica, the Portuguese war, stings if

f - A tin h o . c eae andled , causing a good deal irritation See . Pi sa p , a troublesome dipterous insect which swarms rnsrs or THE AGRICULTURAL INDIA . 9 3 on of S the banks the streams in ikkim it is very small ,

floatin g like a speck before the eye . The bite of th e pipea leaves a small spot of extravasated blood under the n ot cuticle, very irritating if opened . It resembles a

flea B ih ‘ , and is found on the banks of the ungeet river 1 8 8 3 s Sikkim . In , an expedition was ent by the Indian G h overnment against the Aka, a ill tribe whose territory of lies to the north Tezpur on the Brahmaputra . Both

‘ amo n g troops and followers serious disability and loss of of — service resulted from the bite this small insect . S ee

E e -fl y y . P um v n n n P Li n a is ar e se, Li , and . sativus , , are the h f eld and garden peas . Like gram , they suf er (especially of the white varieties) from frost, and from the ravages ’ b a D rte — em M r . V E . a ta . t the insect called ba dura , B a a t n a . P oppy. The native cultivators engaged in the cultivation of the opium poppy distinguish several varieties which

f h ttle ih , dif er outward appearance, but considerably of in the amount and quality the opium they yield . In ‘ N -W -fiow red the orth estern Provinces , it is the white e varieties that are grown for opium . In Malwa, the or flow ered red purple kind is extensively cultivated .

The insect enemies of the poppy are many, and have been arranged in three classes 1 . Insects attacking the young poppy in N ov ember — D mb r z A t ece e . an d and Acheta campestris, domesticus, G Acheta undetermined species ; rylli , two species G ryllotalpa vulgaris . 2 . Insects attacking the maturing poppy in F ebruary — a av erorum N c o 3 ~ and March Mamestra p p ; tua, p ; Bom b x 8 bh ooa G 8 2 . y , 1 , the buro ; ryllus, p 3 . Insects which attack the poppy seeds in the . 9 4 A or THE AGRICULTUR L PESTS INDIA .

ran aries z— 8 a C g Bruchus , p , larv e and imago ; alandra, a S o 3 a . perfect insect ; dipterous l rv e ; it na, p Tetranychus

~ a averae 3 p p ; Tipula, p . The protection of the poppy plant is an object of G great moment to the overnment of British India, as will be recognised when it is mentioned that in the ten 1 8 7 5 1 8 8 5 years to inclusive , the Indian revenue from R Opium averaged s . or deducting the ex i u r en d t e R s . p , an average net receipt of

1 8 8 5 - 8 6 In the year , the value of the opium exported r R s f om India was . 1 8 8 Mr Joh n n D e ah on 7 . e In , Scott, writi g from g the of enemies of the poppy, reported that classes moths h on e F appear t ere at two periods, in ebruary and March , wh en in their caterpillar state they are the foes of the an d young poppy ; another class appearing in August, disappearing in the early part of September, the cater pillar form of which feed chich y on the young crops of or the rainy seasons, legumes pulses . He recommended earlier sowings , rotation of crops , and on the appearance of the vernal insects , sprinkling the young plants in the evening with quicklime mixed w or ith ashes soot . Liberal irrigation , he says , brings the cricket and grasshopper class to the surface , where hand picking and birds aid in their destruction . F M 1 8 7 1 In ebruary and arch , the poppy crop in

Behar was very seriously injured by heavy rain , aecom anied M p by hail, and this was followed in arch by blight of an unusually injurious character , under which the e plant withered and turned black, and eventually di d . The poppy in the Benares district became similarly

. w as diseased . The disease attributed to the inclement wv eath er. But in the south o f the Patna district a grub

9 6 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

Peronospora arborescens is a most serious parasitic

of - c on fin d foe the opium poppy . It is a blight mould e the to the leaves, and is more or less common on plant or of D ff in one other its modes of development. i er m e of o f u e ce in the degree oxygenation the j ices promote , th m of e . suppress, or impede develop ent this mould

Ph eli ea - h oen o p Indica, one of the broom rapes , is a p t o gamic root parasite , frequently causing much damage W of the poppy. here it is frequent occurrence, mustard u seeds sho ld be sown along with the poppy seeds . The b ut growth of the poppy is not checked, it never yields the ful l amount of opium . It is in many districts a serious pest to the poppy is very prevalent in parts of Orob ran ch e O D . a the Patna ivision cernua and . Indic , , t w o - th e species of broom rapes in Bengal, are parasites of tobacco plant . ‘ ’ ‘' Sun burning is the moork a or Joork a of th e natives, due to the sun scorching the plant . The leaves d are dry and withered, with more or less discoloure

- i n purply black or brownish veins . It occurs hot seasons, n with a deficie cy of moisture in the soil . R f oot canker occurs in stif clayey soils, with an excess of of or the oxides iron manganese , or with an excess of

- of . any the alkaline salts The tap root becomes corroded , and the leaves wither from below upwards . first Petechia . The leaves acquire a pale yellow tinge , and s ubsequently the whole surface becomes gradually studded with specks and patches of a pale purply - black fin d ch ic fl t o con e . colour, but y to the leaves It is due overcrowding in damp soils . G angrene occurs on all the affected plants ; juices

k. exude , forming small black specks, or even large blac tears, all over the plant . or TIIE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA . 9 7

liu s n T ri coth e ium D ac t m . c or y roseum ( y roseum) , — n thread mould , is a creepi g mycelium , from which arise e fe w short erect thr ads, crowned above with a obovate , i i T h fir t u n st itat e . e s p spores mass is at white , but at a length cquires a pale rose colour . It occurs on various or s objects, living dead , and is sometime highly destruct

m r ive to the cucu ber plants . It is very common ove m a on all the poppy during moist war weather, and lso u Opium everywhere, but does not injure the opi m .

- Trichoderma viride , a minute thread mould , with m snowy white threads , fro which spring numerous spores fi ’ f - r I t afi cts o a pale greenish yellow colou . e the roots and f base of the stem o the poppy.

3 0 11 Sporotrichum , p , is not unfrequent the roots of the poppy . C ladosporium herbarium is very common in the older t gummy exudations of the poppy, and on any injured par .

M mu ce do - n ucor , an extremely common , blackish looki g mould . Are ma on g moniliforme , the necklace brand , is found the stem and leaves of the poppy . Lec th ea 3 1 8 6 6 — 6 7 y , p , is a yellow rust, which in formed a dense and thick layer over the surface of the m ’ flax n . leaves of the pla t, Linu usitatissimum

T ri ch obasis 8 n - , p , an ora ge coloured rust , is a parasitic fungus which causes extensive injury in the later cereal 0 B cr ps of engal , barley and wheat more especially. It also affects the tobacco and hen bane plants . U 3 2 on stilago, 2 , is detected the millets , or from the - a smut coloured e rs . C a aterpillars do some damage , and to attr ct them such crops as lettuce are sometimes mixed with the poppy . An east wind during lanci n g time is exceedingly harm a R r 11131 4 9 8 THE AG ICULTURAL PESTS o 1 .

D r D ful x . . . , as the juice is prevented e uding properly C of M 1 8 7 5 unningham , the Bengal edical Service , in , published microscopical n otes regardin g the fun gi present — Joh h cott 1 8 t S 7 7 . in opium bligh , Poppy seeds in the granary and store pots are injured

z— B by several insects ruchus, two species , in their larval C 3 1 ' and perfect form ; alandra , 1 , the perfect insect only a dipterous larv e ; Sitona, larva and perfect forms ; T n a av erae T 8 etra ychus p p , poppy seed mite ; ipula, p , the w larvae and pupae. The insects hich attack the young N D F M a poppy in ovember, ecember, ebruary, and rch are 3 G r Acheta, three species ; Bombyx , p ; the yllus, two

s - h an h a G H elioth es pecies , the kala j g ; ryllotalpa vulgaris — N Vern . r D ( fa F . a migera ; and two species of octua . .

P a — F st . o . See ungi n — M m Porcupi e . See a malia .

Prionus, a genus of the longicornes or capricorn beetles . of n — R T They inhabit the plants an Alpine regio . P d c adonidum o f C f seu ococ us , the mealy bug eylon co fee

planters . P raminis n uccinia g , the corn mildew fu gus . h P ea . P P a Pulex, the genus . canis , . felis, . gallin e, h P o . . meles are the eas of the dog , lion , f wl , and badger Fleas are numerous even on the sea - shores of the cool a of G Br B ut i n clim te reat itain in the hot weather. u tropical countries, in warehouses and other b ildings for where no diet them seems to exist, they are occa ll i n a . Mr W M n o . . W s . y in myriads illiams, writi g in S ci en ce G ossi D 1 8 8 4 fleas p , ecember , says he had found i n limestone caverns, where their only possible supply of food w as the animal matter that may have remained i n ch iefl the fossils , of which the limestone was y com

posed . They appear in countless numbers in India ,

1 0 0 T HE AGRICULTURAL PESTS or IN DIA .

R n s mm n s Dima ici u co u i , , the castor oil plants , when allowed to stand three or four years in the N orth-Western n - for o Provi ces, become breeding ground a hairy br wn

— — D ( 9 F caterpillar, which is supposed to bring ill luck . . .

' — Ve7' n Arch ote . .

R of T h omson u ust is a disease plants . Peridermium , Berh ff a of , a ects the foli ge and twigs coniferous trees of N orth ern H O India and imalaya . ther known species are

h e E P l tin u m n C n . e a k . E Periderm pini, , urope ; , Li , urope P ol umn i L c . and . eaf rusts are also known to be caused M M L ev M T remulae by elampsora salicina ; . populina, . ,

M b ulin D e M rz e L ev et a sm . Ku . . , ; padi , . Uredo

L th Lee L L e ec ea . a Quercus ; y mixta, saliceti , ; Puc

i ni run ru m P D U ke c a o . C oo p ; . buxi , romyces buxi , ,

Himalaya .

S h m officinarum Lim - c a . M ac aru , , is the sugar cane any of varieties it are grown in India , but they may be

- c noticed here as edible and non edible ane, the former n r bei g eaten raw , as a f uit, while the latter is utilized in u E the manufacture of s gar. dible cane is much the thicker, softer, and juicier, and is grown with very high

- cultivation . Its principal variety is in the N orth Western ‘ ’ h au n N Provinces known as the p da . In the orth Western Provinces the most distinct varieties of non ’ iz dik h n f v . c a o edible cane are four in number, the ’ R oh ilkh an d barokh a C , called in awnpore, growing as ‘ ’ i 1 0 on e 5 or 6 or h gh as feet ; of feet, called agholi ‘ ’ matna ; thirdly , a hard , tall, reddish cane, of poor ‘ ’ in quality, called chin , and grown without irrigation ’ m te da p localities and fourth , the dhor, a dwarf cane, whi H r 1 0 1 T E AGRICULTURAL PESTS o INDIA .

u - s u and hard . S gar cane is propagated by layer or c ttings , t w e t o o r u o t . long enough to incl de internodes, w nodes

u ir joints . The yo ng canes are produced from b ds, which S r artificial m p ing from the nodes under sti ulation , by burying them for several days in damp earth , and soaking i B in water for twelve hours before plant ng . In areilly , an s acrificial ordinary plough , which has been appeased with ff o erings of turmeric and rice , and decorated with the ‘ ’ first tika in red earth , strikes the furrow . This is i n followed the same furrow by a second , with mould

. board attached , to widen and deepen the furrow Behind this comes the sower, wearing silver ornaments , with a necklace of flow ers round his neck and a red tika on his He m forehead . is usually fed with ghi and sweet eats He before commencing . is called the hathi or elephant . He thro w s the bits of cane into the furrow immediately behind the second plough , at intervals of about a foot .

Behind the elephant comes a second man , called the or w t kawa cro , who picks up the bits hat have not

u t a nd fallen into the furrow , and p ts hem in properly ; or acco m occasionally the gudha donkey, a third man , of panics the elephant, carrying a basket cuttings , which he supplies as needed .

- N - W ff Sugar cane, in the orth estern Provinces , su ers at m of on e o f times fro the attacks caterpillars , them , called ’ w kans a in the Meerut district, attacking the young ’ s an oth er th e - hoots, and h silai , the full grown plants . T h e most serious injury to cane grow n on low lands results from being flooded in the rainy season . It is a

costly plant to grow, occupying the ground for many

months, requiring a rich soil , abundant manure , and

T h e An ima l Pa ra s ites o th e u a careful irrigation . f S g r ca ne H R L T rii n r . b o e C . , by Ling oth ( ondon , , 0 2 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA. says a species of H 0 plos te rn u s is the common chafer of u o f Q eensland . Its grub destroys the roots the sugar m u cane, causing the leaves to beco e brown and dry p ; first h the growth of the cane is thus arrested, and the hig fields wind knocks its over . In this manner whole of a cane are killed . In the early stage , the larv e are N D occupied in gnawing the root . In ovember and ecember, the chafers, fully developed , appear above ground in swarms , remaining inactive during the day , but feeding A F h ariv ra . n s acc o eagerly at night ant, the ormica , is supposed to get at the sweet juices of this plant . The - M an d waxy sugar cane louse, known to the auritius B n Le a ourbon pla ters as pou poche blanche , is the h ari Mr R sacc . . Icerya It occurs in Queensland , and oth F supposes that it is milked by a small black ant, ormica rufon i ra t h e S of g , in same manner as pecies Aphides are H e milked by other ants . considers it to be a cause of

t h e r- U injury to cane . The suga cane beetle of the nited Li ru s ru fice s L e i s States is the gy p , It a stout black beetle , half an inch long , which bores into the stalk of

- d - n i n the sugar cane under groun . Sugar ca e ravages

G - fl D el h ax renada are caused by the cane spittle y, p sac ch arivora i n N l U ; ata , by the cane smut, stilago sac ch ari e m , a dis ase analagous to the s ut of wheat and M e sacch ari h a us maize ; in the auritius, by the Procer s p g , Mr W which . estwood has supposed may be identical with

’ D iatraea s ac ch ari G u ilden Ph alaen a s ac ch ari the , g, and , F a bri ci u s of . The borer the Queensland cane has been

o f D i t raea s ac ch ari supposed to be the lar va this a . It h u t e . enters cane above ground, and eats p the heart It M r u is believed to be identical with the borer of the au iti s , Proceras sac ch ari h a u s the p g .

T h e - ae of - be ctle wire worm , larv the click , are to be

r mm 0 4 THE AGRICULTU RAL PESTS o 1 .

nd dae M or C e u i n n S colope ri . yriapods entiped s occ r I dia M cistoce h alu s u n c tifron s 1 0 inches long . e p p is a species o f E C e lon en sis the ast Indies . Scolopendra y is of that

S c t uberc uliden s E t S c . c oeru island ; . is of the as Indies ;

- of C . lio viridis is Australia, as also is remata Smithii h u n — T G eop elu s C mmi gii occurs in the Philippines M . s f X l h a i S o o o . c lytu , a genus the y p g

n - S corpio s . The true scorpions belong to the sub family on e of th e Scorpiones, the Arachnoidea, and include B B C ae of E B uthus afer, . sar the ast Indies , and . imper An dro t on n s ator (locality doubtful) . c priamus occurs in an d of An droc ton ns R Java , species in angoon and other o f E W parts the ast Indies . ith the scorpion when about to strike , an exceedingly minute drop of the poison is d of S seen to exu e at the extremity the pine , the discharge taking place before this is introduced into the flesh of the Victim ; but the secretion becomes more abundant when

m w Bla n ch ard the point eets ith the resisting body ( ) . The poison is expelled by the contraction of the surrounding fibr s - e . M T muscular . . S n b sex utt at a corpio eetle, Anthia g . S m m nd m n T h e til N mth -W s esa u I icu , Li n . in the e tern

m - ern V . Provinces is liable to damage fro ill timed rain .

' — D t T el . c F . .

S Bea m" etaria italica, . is sown at the commencement f the a r o . G r ins, and reaped in Septembe reat loss is

e - V 7 n Kew na s of e . ustain d by the depredations birds . ee

D at F .

S of B a ilk is produced by several genera the ombycid e,

' k - - v called sil worms . Silk worms are liable to se eral Luisett diseases . es are w orms which have not strength m l to oult. They shou d be early removed , as they die Ar ian s a t and infect the room . p h ve exhausted all heir or 1 0 5 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

i n a strength the l st moult, and have not even strength to eat. h at or Yellow or flat worms easily die . The mous are t t w e sof and indolen orms , becom very fat from eating a great deal , and soon die and become putrid .

The most severe disease , as the most general , is the A muscadine . worm may be eating as usual , when suddenly it becomes a dull white , and not long after dies ,

- becoming reddish and rigid . Twenty four hours after death a white efflores cen ce shows itself round the head fi u n o r . and ri gs , and soon after all the body becomes y flour b ass ian a This is a fungus , the Botrytis , of which the mycelium develops itself in the fatty tissue of the cater fru ctifies pillar, attacks the intestines , and in the exterior . t o Some suppose this disease be contagious . The G attine ailment is an epidemic disease which of n T h e shows itself from the very beginning the reari g . E losses it occasions in urope are very great . The

k - d domesticated sil worms in India are greatly iseased . S n A ito a . beetle which attacks the stored poppy I r1 oe . t seed, , maize , wheat, barley, and the millets is on e of the most destructive of the many kinds of insects which affect th e granaries of India it is about an eighth o f n an inch lo g , of a pale chestnut brown colour. The larva forms and perfect forms are alike destructive .

J. S cott .

S h a - itop ilus oryz e, the common rice weevil of India . S k na es, in natural history , are placed in the class R O . eptilia , and order phidia They are numerous in the E E ast Indies and in the astern seas . All the sea fish ermen snakes are poisonous, and dreaded by . They a re H a classed by naturalists as .the ydrophid e, and com Acal t us Ai s urus D iste ria E h prise the genera yp , py , , n ydrina , 0 6 THE AGRICULTURAL Pns rs or INDIA.

H Plat uru s T h e . are ydrophis , Pelamis , and land snakes t m m grea ly the more numerous , but there are not any of the — n n C D Me aer poisonous , ge era Bu garus , allophis , aboia , g h X n urela s N O e . Ophis , aja, phiop agus, and p In India, in 1 8 8 4 — 8 5 1 2 8 , persons and 7 cattle died from

n - G n R s s s ake bites, and overnme t gave . in reward for s killing poisonous snakes . These reward are the only means had recourse to by the B ritish Indian G B ut be overnment to destroy snakes . the people might

- encouraged to keep fowls , and particularly the guinea fowl ,

e - an d to destroy the eggs and young snak s . Snake birds n E the mo goose are their natural enemies . arth , the ligature , and the knife are the means al w ays at hand t o remedy of of the bites venomous snakes . Some the pythons of 1 2 4 n India are 6 to feet lo g . Snakes are said to avoid N t l the fennel plant, igella sa iva, as we l as all places strewed with fennel seed . S l ur i l o dae , G p g , a family of the class Arachnoidea a eodes aran eoides on e of S of , this family, is a great pider the C r I t m n e ent al Asia steppes . oves abroad at ight, to seiz as d an d and eat all weaker creatures , lizar s , bats, musk

G e rats . aleodes f talis has been known to kill a sparrow , T r and they even eat their ow n speci e s . hi ty to thirty fiv e of t t his genus are known to naturalis s .

'

S h m Pena or of . org u vulgare, , is the cholum Juari India The most peculiar o f the dise ases t o which it is liable is

o that which makes the young stalks p isonous to cattle , if

- eaten by them when semi parched from want of rain . Oi the fact there can be n o doubt ; in the s c arcity o f 1 8 7 7 large numbers o f cattle were known to perish from

t n in flat ed of this cause , heir bodies becomi g after a meal

' n ar t t the you g Ju plants, and dea h ensuing shortly af er

d e l a A n n war s , appar nt y in severe p in . good expla atio

1 0 8 L or THE AGRICULTURA PESTS INDIA .

’ m n lamb disease . Another species of a si ilar appeara ce ,

u u the Strongyl s micr rus , is the cause of the disease in ’ r calves and young cattle termed hoose or husk , f om the a nimal sufferi ng from them being subject to violent and c h ts t onvulsive of coughing. It is of en fatal to calves .

- The pig is also infested with a similar worm , which is n A t named Stro gylus suis . four h species, the Strongylus o f contortus , is a habitant the fourth stomach of the sheep a n d m goat, and is the cause of the disease ter ed parasitic ’ rrh A fifth cata . gastric f species, Strongylus armatus , ’ ff n o a ects the horse s stomach . It is w believed that the of ova of these parasites , after passing from the body n l their host, retai their vitality in damp places on y , and that nice bites of green grass , such as that growing on the s of on ides open drains, and damp spots pastures other o f o va wise dry, are sources danger, as the parasitic infest

— T h e I ndi a A ri cult urist — H s . such grasse g See elminths . n l rifi d or G ur S u c a e . ugar, , gur is an article of general c onsumption . There is perhaps no article of food which rofit able bu t m is so p to the storer, at the sa e time the t storage is accompanied by great risks . There is grea d m ur anger fro wasps and hornets, and heat causes the g to melt . To guard against these dangers , the gur is E buried in bhusa (bran) . ach pari (a large cake , average on e i n au n ds i n and a half weight) is placed the sun , cut tw o n in and dried, and agai cut and dried, so that each m pari is ade into four pieces . These pieces are laid in a store - room on n ark ul matting spread over a layer o f

T h e h ttle . O bhusa . pieces are kept a apart ver them

w . is thro n bhusa, and the sides closed in with tat Some t imes a l arge sheet of coarse cloth (chandni) is used to

cover the heap . or 1 0 9 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

T ac s Jav a on e o f C a ua peciosa, a native of , the icadid e ,

a — S ee C i c adidae 3 h . is black, and inches in lengt T aen m Li n n e ia soliu , . This speci s , which is familiarly or known as the solitary tape worm , is a very common s — H entozoon . There are several specie See elminths . T arantula spiders are popularly believed to be exceed l i n g y poisonous . These animals belong to the genus Lycosa of Latreille ; they are characterized by having the

n eyes arra ged in an elongated quadrilateral form . There a are sever l species . T ea—bug or mosqu ito blight of Assam is the Helopeltis h i ra O H t e ov o . ther species of this genus are . nigra and H brac on iformis of N e w G Wai iou H . uinea and g . H c ollari f l . s o H pellucida and the Phi ippines . podagrica, An H . t on ii of some unascertained habitat. attacks the l n II Brad i i cacao p a ts in C eylon ; . y does much misch ef to the cinchona plantations in Java and another specie s J (not yet described) injures the tea plants also in ava . The Tea - mite or red spider of Assam planters is the bi o n latu s Tetranychus c . ‘ Mr W -M n 1 8 8 4 f . t o ood aso , writing in , remarks hat m u the numerous ani als which prey pon the tea plant, two only are at present known to do such injury to it as materially to diminish the profit s of owners of tea estates ; ” th e - or M B h these are Tea Bug osquito lig t, and the ’ - r R d of Tea Mite o e Spider planters . The former damages the young and tender shoots required for manu facture into tea , and thus causes direct loss to the planter while the latter c on fin es its ravages to the full - grown 1 1 0 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA.

u n fit leaves , and by so injuring these organs as to them for the performance of their important functions , checks t h e of growth green shoots, prevents the bushes from h in flicts t ushing, and thus upon him indirect loss . Bo h the mite and the bug pass their whole lives on the tea n plant, and neither has bee met with on any other plant .

Y et - the tea bug, known as the mosquito blight , has been s h n d l upposed to she ter in the toon trees , planted along

f - W t h e roads o the tea gardens . herever there are toon trees , the mosquito blight is said to prevail ; and the most severely attacked tea bushes are said to be those near the t oon (C edrela toona) . Mr R . . Thompson mentions that a beetle deposits eggs of into the main stem the tea plant at the root, and the v lar a, so soon as hatched , bores into the pith and then w or orks up down, the tunnel being of a size to ultimately kill the plant . The larva undergoes the pupa change in the tunnel near the root . A t ea blight caused by the at tacks of acari on the tea plants, as also of other Wingless insects, is said to be — R C . . prevented by planting hemp ( annabis sativa) T . T h d -flies r ent re o . The saw and thei caterpillars never n on attack wood , but live e tirely leaves , though the perfect insects are known to lay their eggs in the bark — of R . T . trees . T m or of er ites, white ants, species the insect family m ae . Ter itid , do enormous mischief Their attacks are on or indiscriminate all wooden , woollen, cotton , paper

- articles ; rarely growing plants , though the sugar cane is o ften injured by them ; and as they form galleries in their d d estructive advances, their ravages are often undiscovere , m however uch they may be watched . The queen will n Ma lay eggs in a day for a lo g time . ny

1 1 2 R or THE AGRICULTU AL PESTS INDIA .

i n m but no way impairs the returns of opiu extract . I t h ot d — r s J. S cott is more abundant in , y season . T h a h C alotrO is t yp euc aris attacks the p gigan ea . T dae A o f M -L . n a inei group icro epidoptera, comprisi g

r of m la ge number of species . Some the feed upon v ege

“ of table substances ; some live in the stalks plants , corn , etc . , others mine the surface of the leaves , or live M between the surfaces of leaves . any of the species form galleries or moveable cases ou t o f the materials on upon which they feed . Some species feed feathers ,

h . air, or dry animal matter The clothes moths belong G ’ to this family . Some species of alleria live in bees nests , and occasionally do much mischief.

T of -fl or ipula , Species tipula are known as the crane y - a t daddy long legs . The larv e hatched from heir eggs on of feed the tender rootlets grass and other herbage , n t and also attack you g plants . They of en do an immense of of amount mischief, laying bare large patches meadow,

T h e and destroying great quantities of young corn . o f on e B 1 8 7 8 caterpillar engal species , in , was a very off serious enemy of the young poppy , eating it during

I t - on the night . is three quarters of an inch l g , appearing D of n in ecember to the middle Jan ary, when they bury n ae themselves in the soil and cha ge to pup , the perfect F M N insect appearing in ebruary and arch . othing bu t

- was hand picking found of use . The head of the lar va n is black and horny, with kee ly incisive jaws , the

- - body colour varies from clayey brown to greyish black . a m n Tipula larv e do uch i jury to the stored poppy seed , but can be prevented by sprinkling powdered camphor — R J. S . T . in the pots and granaries . . ; T m of n H lesin us o ici . The species the ge era y , Scolytus ,

o . and Tomi ns are small beetles , but numerous and common or 1 1 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA . 3

T o ch iefl f mici y af ect bamboos, and are very destructive H les in i t to them . The y also at ack the bamboo , but not r t so vigo ously as their smaller bre hren the Tomici , and both are detected by the powdery e x cremen t e d matter

out n which they and their larvae throw . O e small species of Hylesinu s in great numbers attacks the dead u wood of the cheer pine , and when hatched nderneath

i n the bark , they bore all directions , the tendency, how f l o o . ever, being to reach the centre the g They do not attack living trees , nor logs that have had their bark o ff on mon o ra h u s 1 8 6 0 stripped . Tomi s perforans , g p , in , attacked the beer barrels in the commissariat stores of B L urma and ower Bengal , and the contents oozed out of n from a multitude pores, causi g great loss . The soldiers gave the insect an apt name — they called it f — R s T . Tippling Tommy. Tomici greatly af ect bamboo .

T - d d m of e At u s rap oor spi ers co prise species the gen ra yp ,

C teniz a M of M alidae ~ , ygale , the tribe yg and order Aran i e dae.

T Owen m richina spiralis, , a ne atoid parasite, has its seat in the muscular system of the human race . They n as may exist in such umbers to defy enumeration , yet their presence does not seem in the least to impair the functions of the part in which they are embedded and W similarly, as mentioned by Professor illiams , sheep u have been killed in prime condition by the b tcher, and h t eir lungs found loaded with filaria . A female may h ave to embryo . They have not yet

i n — Ar s 1 4 2 l st u J. o t J l 1 8 . 1 . S . 7 been detected India f , , y T m m nn . W En riticu sativu , Li heat . Indian , like glish o f wheat, suffers from the attacks microscopic fungi , but a n not to the s me extent, owi g doubtless to the greater of t dryness the clima e . There is , however, a consider H 1 1 4 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA. able difference in this respect between one locality an d M R oh ilkh an d D another. In the eerut and ivisions, where a of winter r ins are regular occurrence, and dense mists often D a difficult prevail in ecember and J nnary, it would be to h n d a wheat - h eld in which some plants were not attacked f by rust, and occasionally considerable damage is suf ered from it ; w hile in the centre and south of th e N orth Western Provinces it often requires a con siderable amount of searching in order to discover such specimens . The common est of the fun gus disease to which wheat is ‘ ’ liable is the on e kno w n as rattua or which E m r u appears to be identical with the nglish ilde w o r st. The plant tissues become filled with minute orange th e coloured spores , which when ripe burst through fiss ures plant skin in longitudinal , sprinkling the leaves and ears with a reddish powder. In this condition it is of T ri ch obasis known to botanists under the generic name , from the fact that each spore is furnished with a short r - hai like protrusion or stalk. As the plant ripens, of n of clusters minute bodies appear, each consisti g a

k fix ed n - stal in the leaf tissues, beari g a double celled head . These bodies grow out in clusters, each cluster t h appearing to the naked eye a minute black spo . In t is u w as stage the fungus is known as P ccinia , and long T ri ch obasis supposed to be a separate plant from the , of instead merely a stage in its history . When ears of wheat are distorted and thickly covered with a dark brown or black dust, the .plant is infected with the disease known to English farmers as ‘smut ’ ‘ ’

an d . (Ustilago) , to natives as kandwa The dust is composed of very minute globular spores far smaller o f T rich obasis than those , but resembling them in being n R si gle celled . ust does not necessarily altogether

T HE F AGRICULTURAL PESTS O INDIA .

r infected g ain is examined a year after harvest, they will a be found matted together in an ent ngled mass, appar

bu t d . ently torpid , showing no signs of eath or decay This would seem to indicate that their life in the wheat on e grain is only chapter of their history. The worms have since been ident ified as belonging to N u the order ematoidea, and are apparently of the gen s

Tylenchus . They issue from the infected grain when s n n own , and attack the growi g corn , gaining admissio flow ers w into the , hen as yet undeveloped , preventing the of development the grain, and producing in its place a green gall (mistaken for the grain above) in which the y ’ r id rn a n du m G eh u n — D de es efi Ve . G , . . F . T mb d dae t ro i ii . Species of this section at ack in swarms n the poppy seed in the gra aries and store pots , reducing f it to cha f and dust, and their excreta gluing the seed together in pellets more or less bulky . It looks like a minute spider, being not more than a line in length , shiny, and of a rich claret colour. It multiplies with A great rapidity . little powdered camphor sprinkled

— an ff S cott . among the store pots is e ectual preventive J. T an i h id S ee et r c w . Acarina, U

’ U d m u re o segetu , a parasitic fungus, known as sm t. U sacch ari N stilago , sugar cane smut, of atal , an a nalagous disease to the smut of wheat and maize .

V

VeS idw h p . The family of ymen oPterou s insects com m nl o . V y known as wasps The principal genera are espa, T HE OF 1 1 7 AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

Pol ia An b . V crabron i Polistes, y Indian hornet ( espa ’ of On e of formis) builds a nest great size . India s boldest ’ fl th e birds, the myna, ees before hornet s threatened ormi ca smara din a attacks . The F g , an ant of all India, is a off a s id to drive the w sps .

— V ae. Wasp . See espid

— W C a . eevil . See urculionid e

— n . White A ts . See Termites d- — b . Woo orer. See Borer

X

X or ylocopa, carpenter bees , bore tunnels in timber, th e flow ers where they collect honey and farina of , leaving a lump of the compound in a divided cell for th the nourishment of e young larva when it is hatched . E h as of ach cell , with the egg, a separate supply food . i m a w . The larv e are sub cyl ndrical, hitish wor s They w i undergo the pupa state ithin the r respective cells,

u t and come o the perfect bee after a brief period. S X n The largest pecies is . purpurea, the bho ra ; it is a n -fli h ted stro g g , active insect, very destructive to the wood o f n th e d of buildi gs , and also to ead wood forest trees .

On e of K w as them , at the urnool hospital, seen to strike d a sparrow dea . X h a i A R h n ch o h oru s C l p g . group of y p oleoptera ,

of - containing a large number wood boring species . The o H lesin us principal genera are Tomi ns, y , Scolytus, and

Platypus . 1 1 8 or THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS INDIA .

X lotrech us — C ff - y . See o ee borer. Xylot rupes gideon attacks the cocoa nut trees

Malacca .

Zea m Li n n 1 n N -W ays, the orth estern Provinces is n c si gularly free from disease of any kind, and the only inse t ff ’ from which it su ers is a small caterpillar, called salai ‘ ’ or l - si ai, which burrows in the stalk and leaf sheaths . On the other hand , it is more liable than any other crop of to the depredations parrots, squirrels, wild hog , jackals ,

n porcupines, and thieves and at least for a fort ight ’ before harvest time some member of the cultivator s family has to watch the crop from a tall platform field in the centre of the , armed with a sling or catapult or M thong, and shouting to scare the marauders . aize is

' -D ern Mulch uet m ( fa F . V a very exhausting crop . . . j . Z uz eridw e . , a family of moths Their caterpillars feed

of -S ee in the wood of the inside of the trunks trees . C ff o ee .

1 2 0 X INDE .

t da a a t h e o t a s . Bun , Tille i , p . , Fungi Chrysomeli e , f mily of Cole h t e ra . T e a t t t v t a . a Burying bee les, . Coleop er p l rv e of hese insec s a re ch i efly injurious t o t h e leaves

C ABBAG E t h e t o a t a t t a . , p bud of p lm rees of pl n s , Coleop er , Gossypium - i d lidae t a a i t a n u t a a e t c . 7) C c e n e t be el , coco , p lmyr , , iger bee les , f m ly a -n u t a t h e t a a a ll th e Coco P lm . of Coleop er ; ne rly C aeren i a t h e a re a a n d , poisonous principle of species c rnivorous bene Ph ros ti m v en e n o su m a v fici al t a a . . y g be n , , Bug , Coleop er D ei o eia a t a p pulchell . Cimex lec ul rius, Bed bug, Bug . - f fi v a . a a v t a . C lliphor omi ori , Blue y , Cimicid e , Bug a a Flies . Cl dosporium , poppy dise se , m i r a I t s e C a a r mi na v a i bile . grub P ppy C l ri a s a F l sh t h e a t a v. injures coffee pl n in Ceylon , m gur, . C la s t eris orum f v . F Co fee . p , ungi . t a a v a w t t . i . C mphor po der pro ec s s ored Cl viceps, fungus, Fung T e tran i h idae t a t a v c . . a seeds , . Click bee les , El erid e, q , lso f m t a . C a u n di u v . p , . Fungi Coleop er a a a t h e t a C lin t e ria ch loron at a a t C r bid e ground bee le f mily , rose bee le , t h e t a a all t h e th e t a a a of Coleop er ne rly one of Ce oniid e , f mily of ar t h e t I species e c arnivorous an d bene Coleop era . t does much ficial t t o t h t v . a . t e ea , Coleop er injury coffee rees , grub a a a a a fish 21 t h e t a n d t h e t th e C r nx f ll x, poisonous , . ing roo s , bee les t a Fish . blossoms , Coffee , Coleop er . a a a a vf u a a t a C rp of Him l y , poisonous, . Coccul s cumin us, food of Bom b x m Fish . y , q . a t X a 3 G l t a a l a C rpen er bee , ylocop , p , ochin grub , ryl o lp vu g ris , q a t a o ffe e ~ le a f ro t a a lso Hymenop er . , Pellicul ri , t a a t a r G olu n da Ellio i 27. a s . t a th e a t . C ssid , p , cks cold se son Coffee , , Coffee ff t t a 27 ro a . v crops of Nor hern Indi , . Cold Co ee , C pnodium , q . a f t are t h e Se son . Co fee rees much injured by a t - a t a a t a t a in u is C s or oil pl n , food of Ach e meli four bee les, L chnos ern p g , t a n d 3 L e uc o h olis in uis An omola at a cer e Bombyx , p , Ricinus p p g , el , a n d Mim la x 7 e an t h orrh i n a 2 . communis . , ff a a a t t a . C su rin rees , injured by Ache Co ee io rn a a a n d C e r s t e . v . a a a i t s t , q Cordi myx in K m ou frui att w a w a a t a a C le killed by s llo ing sm ll s ones sucked by l rge red bug , - a t a . Bombyx , on c s or oil le ves , Bug

. a a th e t t e a Bombyx Coreid e , f mily of He erop r , ” a t t a t a a v . C le murr ins , . M mm ls . Bug .

1 881 v . 1 1 . t a 1 4 Census of , . p Corn bligh in Russi , p . . t a m w t a a a Cen ipedes , Scolopendrid e , g . Corn eevils, Si ophilus gr n ri s a a v t a a n d S o ri z ae Cer mbycid e , . Coleop er . . , et on iidae t a a t t C ic c adella s , rose bee les , f mily of Co on enemies, , p ,

D e r a . t h e t a m. es sari s Coleop er , q p , p , a t v t t w w t t Ch e omium , . Fungi. Co on gro n i h hemp in er a H o lost ern u s Lach n o t t Ch fer, p , spersed is pro ec ed from Aphis t Me l l n h on a a v A h idae a o o t . s ern , . l niger , . p a a a a a - a 3 a a Ch rr s , Hind . , resin of C nn bis Cr b spiders, Myg le , 1 , Ar n at a e idae s iv , . a -fi l a v a 3 xv . Cheer pine , Pinus longifoli , . Cr ne y , Tipu , p , q t t t of a Bupres is, Cheer Pine . Crops, pro ec ion , by cle nly cul iv i ts a a v 1 5 . t a tion t at t o Chinch bug, r v ges, . p . , ro ion , insec iv rous a v es t an d a a Chinese g ll , . Aphid . insec s, birds , m mm ls ; by C h i on h e a a t a a t w t t t yp , M dur foo , Fungi . re ring pl n s i h pro ec ing T am a a t fire s t a t Cholum , . , Sorghum vulg re , q u li ies , use of , r ps, ne s , m w at 1 6 g . er, p . . X 1 2 1 INDE .

C teniz a M alidae t a Eu ch iru s a t Lamelli , genus of yg , r p , P lm rees ,

e a as . . door spider , . Ar neid cornes E it h c ia c off a a v at m v . u e e ri . ooch i e T a . . a Cumbly p , , Alope p , C erpill rs, - a t t a a n u t t v. C . Curculio ck coco rees, offee - t v i u n u l Wa lk r a n u t a . c a e Coco P lm Euproc is g , , one of a T h e a a th e t h e t a att a t h e f Curculionid e . l rv e of Lepidop er , cks co fee

t d a a n d at da a t i n v . at ll a . Bupres i e El eri e feed on pl n Ceylon , C erpi rs

w v t a . t v . . living ood , . Coleop er Euro ium , Fungi ummi n oc era C ga beetle, B at ruber , v q . . r F AVU S v . . , Fungi

a a v . t a . y ne , c ini F e s t u caria t a t th e C A len is , helmin h of t a a va a a ys icercus cellulos , l r of T eni C at a v . t . order Trem od , Helmin hs C . ac an th ot ro c us - communis , t a 3 . v. Fish insec , Lepism , p , Book a a a a an th ot rias vf l rva of T en c , . i w orm . l t e min hs . 7 m ia H 1 . Oe c ido . Fly , y t -an d- t a t a Foo mou h dise se , or Aph h D ABR EE R K amaon t an f T EE of , hos of z a a a t v . . epi oo ic , M mm ls a hi 77 es ' p s , . phid . A t v . B at oc era Fores enemies , , Bruchus D ac t li u m t a - y roseum , hre d mould t t a C a Bug, Bupres is , Coleop er , p a a. n m poppy dise se , creepi g y n m n i ru m n o diu ma g fe , C eri ost er a

c eli u m v . , . oppy t P gla dia or . a a t t a a d p ree ry hr n Ind c m. D , E i i , q a v . t A h idae Formic , An s , p , Honey - a a 3 . D ddy long legs, Tipul , p . q dew a a a V es , Icery , S cch rum , a a I t a n is chrysippus . is l rgely D pidae .

v B u t t erflies . mimicked , . Frost ruins grow ing C aj anus Indicus at w a t An obi u m 77 e h ch , , . Book an d a t . v D Cicer rie inum , q . w orm .

v a t a . Demodex , . S rcop id e AL P H C U V LA malei c h u s v t a EO IT E S O NS , lying D er . a . G F , S rcop id e F ox lemur , lying . a v t . F Dimy , An s m r F G allerio o h a eld . t l rin a a fish 0 p lichenoides, , Diodon g , poisonous , .

e . . s offee Fi h . C - f a t v . t a . ll insec , ynips, ymenop er a v . . G C H Diplodi , Fungi a v . A h idae t t a w at G lls , p . Diplosis ri ici, Americ n he a a a v . a a . 1 5 m sid e , c rin v. . . G A midge , p

G an dik i . t a t t h e , Rice Dis om , genus of helmin hs , of a a flo w e r ad a a . v. nj , he of nn bis , q at a v. t G C order Trem od , Helmin hs . a v . t a a . mosu rn v pes, cleros om syng mus t rac e . es G S Dis ylium , Aphid . a a a v . f vi lid e, . rocodiles D ot h ide a v . . G C , Fungi G e o core s a t a v . , f mily of emip er , a flies . H Dr gon , Culex , Flies a imicid e, Bug . D re an a s . a t a ff . C p , p , C erpill rs , Co ee

G irw i v . t . D s on iidae a t a fungus, Tri icum y g , mo h f mily ,

G len os ora v . F . a a p , ungi Ach e . a t v . . D t ic idae th e w a t t a i Gn , Culex y , er bee le f m ly of t a . v. oa s njured by Bomby , q t h e Coleopt era ; t hey a re carn i vor G i x G obiu s B a a criniger, y of Beng l, v t a . ous , . Coleop er poisonous , Fish .

G oor ooria . t a a Ec n moc ooc us H M a a g , Hind , Gryllo lp O INIS , l rv of a vulg ris, a a t a e . t . T eni den lis , Helmin hs fl R . v e t erin o mm a a Green y , ice Echinococcus , l rv of v t t . f rub , . gro is sege um T een ia v . a a . G A echinococcus , M mm ls 1 G u darlah t 2 . . B insec , oppy a th e a m. P ugloss , genus of Apid e, q u r 77 a m i G , . ug r . E h e er dte v . . S p , Flies z t a t a v t - an d - t Epi oo ic ph h , . Foo mou h

a a a . HALAC AR I D E v . a a . dise se, M mm ls , Ac rin t v t H a li ct u s t h e a Ergo , . Fungi, Tri icum . , genus of Apid e, 1 2 2 l N DEX.

a t a a e at t a th e ara ffin e t t ar H l ic , speci s cks cold Kerosene , p , pe roleum , a n t a w at a s w at t are se so crops of Nor hern Indi , er, g er, soo , pro a t e c t l v e v 20 Cold Se son . , . p . .

K h t i d . H ar e n at h us a tat . a . w v . N ic o ti an a p g s l or, syn of p , Hin , Milde , K h umw a D re an o n ath u s a t at xv . . N c ot a t p g s l or , g , Hind , u sege um , eli ris a th e S c ra m H ocop , genus of a q .

b aeidae v t a a . a a s crobicu , . Coleop er . Kod , Hind , P sp lum

a v ast at rix Er a t xv . Hemilei , Coffee , y l um , q

i a m. th rin a a . a a s . Indic , Fung Kole rog , Pellicul ri , p , g w a tt a t Koon n e e a a Hemp gro n ne r co on pl n s g , Hind . , Aphis l niger ,

t t a a v. v. es . pro ec s from Aphis l niger , Aphid A h idae p .

. W G m AC v . hi es H en ders on ia th e . , one of Fungi , g L E IN S , Ap d m i t a a L e t a fl C ecido a t . a Hessi n y , y ri ici, L h i ( y ), Hind , poppy bligh ,

t t a . v . . He erop er , Bug Poppy f Pol c t t v . a t a . a a stis v . . His iophorus , S rcop id e L khn , y y , Tri icum - a filari m de w t t t a t a . Honey , excremen i ious deposi L mb dise se , S rongylus , g

a t h e a a a a v . t a . on le ves from Aphis l niger , L miid e , Coleop er f t a v es a t s . 72. . . Aphid . L nce fish , Ac n hurus , p , Fish t at t u t h e a Hoose or husk, S rongylus micrurus, L rodec us , gen s of Theridiid e,

t filaria . v . ra as v . S rongylus A neid . - H o t a v . . 1 4 a a b u t t erflie s a a p bligh in Engl nd , p , lso Le f , species of K llim , es v tt Aphid . . Bu erflies . - v a a s a tt v a . Hoven , . M mm l Le f cu ers , . Apid e

v A l dae . Le c t h e a w t a Humble bees , . p y , yello rus poppy dise se ,

a F . Hydnum , fungus , ungi Poppy .

a n a v . a a . t a v . Hydr ch id e, Ac rin Len inus , fungus , . Fungi

a v . a L e uc o h olis in u is t Hydrophid e , Sn kes . p p g , insec grub , H lesi n us v X lo h a i at t a t h e c ofie e a t y , . Tomici , y p g . cks pl n in Ceylon ,

H oderidae a a 1. t v. W. 2 a . yp , Ac rin . , Coffee , Coleop er H o odae v” a a Lh i a do nidu m yp p , . Ac rin . , Hind . , Thrips ,

Lih ell ulidae a flies v . , Dr gon , Flies .

Li s . AR I A a u v . . ru v . a a IS , fung s, Fungi gy , S cch rum t a . ma W t o f t v a t Li c o de s a a es . . I ch mi es , . S rcop id e gr cios , , syn ’

a 72. N eoera a C ra m r . v a s o a a e . Ixodid e, Ac rin . lepid , , q , l a t i a f C erp ll rs, Co fee .

JELLY F H v a t ( Edi oda s . a IS , . Medus . Locus , p , p , species

Je w riah t v. a t ta t h e a insec , Poppy . cks cold se son crops of

Jb . a ta t a engur, Hind , species of Ache , Nor hern Indi , Cold t E i da a v. a z a ( d o . cricke s , Gryllid e, q . lso Schi o Se son , p

a t . t a t a . d c ylus Louse mi es , S rcop id e Joork a - t fl d v a a a . , Hin . , poppy sun bligh , . Lucili C es r , Golden y , Flies

. a a a a v . Poppy Lycosid e, f mily of Ar chnoide ,

Juarl . a a as . , Hind , Sorghum vulg re , Ar neid

Ju re e t . a t v , Hind , poppy bligh , . PO MAD U R A F O C h i on h e a t PPY OT, yp C r eri , v . Fungi . KAD D YA v a a . t a w a a , An s . M r , Hind . , Eleusine cor c n ,

a a a an d K . aralect a a K llim in chis p , le f but terfi s d at ie v . B utt erflies a a a , . M sh , Hind . , Ph seolus r i us ,

a w a a a t xv . K nd , Hind . , b rley smu , q t a v a a bu a don idum Us il go, . Hordeum vulg re, Me ly g , Pseudococcus , t v Tri icum gx . ‘

a 1 d t a . H n . a t a . a . a v. v t a K ngni, , Se ri I lic , q Medus , Ac ini

a w a . v . a a . a th e ida . v. K ns , Hind , S cch rum Meg chile, genus of Ap e, q

a a . at at xv. a a v. t . K s ri , Hind , L hyrus s ivus, g Mel mpsor , Rus

I N 1 2 4 DEX.

t es . ZA a S AB . a a a Pl n lice , Aphides, Aphid , Hind , le ves of C nn bis a t a fish i n flic t t at a v Pl yceph lous punc ured s iv , q . . w a a fossili s fish i nflict s ounds, Fish . S ccobr nchus , , at X l o h a i w Pl ypus , y p g . poisonous ounds , Fish . - . fi w a a a S af o er a t a t t . Pleuro pneumoni , M mm ls , C r h mus inc orius , q

a a . S a u eir t Eu ch eirus Plic polonic , Fungi g bee le, longi t 3 a a a i nflict a Plo osus, p , M l y se s, m nus ,

w . a a i a Z e a a severe ounds , Fish l i or S l i , Hind . , m ys . '

t V a . S al t re e S h orea t a Polis es , espid e , robus , enemies, t m a a . Oe ra b x Poly c n hus , Fish y . bi a V a - Pol . S a n t a a a . y , espid e hemp , Cro l ri - Pol c s ti s t . a a a a a a flesh fl y y , Tri icum S rcoph g c rn ri , y , a Polyporus , fungus, Fungi . Flies . - t a . S a t Para on x o r z alis . Polyps , Ac ini mee, p y y m n t a . aw a a fru e Porrigo, Fungi S n , Hind . , P nicum man - of-w ar a a 7) ) t 7 . Por uguese , Phys li , cum , q . - t a . a a . Ac ini Sc ld he d , Fungi '

t at t a d a a c ofie ae . Po o bee le , Doryphor ecem e ly bug, Lec nium , Bug

at a . ca rabaeidae t a . line um , Doryphor , Coleop er a a a a a Pou poche bl nche , Icery Sc rus , of Cocos Keeling l goons , h i a a sa c c ar a . . , lso S cch rum poisonous, Fish

a t a . a a a . Prionid e, Coleop er Scleri sis , poppy dise se, Poppy

8 . w t h e t t Prionus , p , burro s in pi h Sclero ium , Fungi . mb x l o h a i th e t ea a t Oera t X . of pl n , y , Scoly us , Tomici , y p g

a a . t a 8 Luc nid e Scorpion , illess , Chelifer, p , t man an d t -w Protec ion of domes ic also Book orm . a al a - at an d fish a a nim s , by sn ke e ing birds Scorpion , S ccobr nchus fos

a a . 1 7 . . m mm ls , p silis , Fish

t t t es . t a t a a th e t t a Pro ec ive insec s , Aphid Scu , f mily of He erop er , t t a t a t h e Pro ec ive pl n s , le ves of Bug . - a a J ti 1 a an daru ssa S e a t t t a an d sa . m rgos , us c g , ne le , Ac ini e Medu e

N a a t v a a w w a t at . igell s i , C mphor ood , Seh n , Tri icum s ivum - a a a w . S e mi lot u s s . a s a C mphor, C nn bis , Book orm p , p , poisonous A s m

t a t a fish . Psorop es , S rcop id e . , Fish

t fish i nfli ct t e t oria a . P erois , punc ured p , fungus , Fungi v in u s w . t a o ounds , Fish heep ick, Meloph gus , t t a t a s . a P eromys , p , Flying squirrel, hore robus , des royed by Cer m F ox b x vatic a t Flying . y ; o her enemies , Bru t s t a F o x . u t a P eropodid e , Flying chus , B pres id e , Bupres i , t t mb x u a a C era . P ccini , fungus, Rus , Tri i y a t a t an a i cum . hore robus , hos of ph s ,

t a t t t A h idae . Pyre hrum pl n s , insec des royers , p

. 1 8 . H . a a a p Siddhi , ind , le ves of C nn bis ,

AD A A a . a . a a . R I T , Medus Sil i , Hind , S cch rum

a a a a a a h eh w a . R pe, Br ssic n pus, Br ssic Siluroids , , ell rmed , Fish iz t ran ari u s an d S . or ae a . t c mpes ris Si ophilus g ,

R at tu a n t . w t a . fu gus , Tri icum Corn eevils, Coleop er

R ed t 3 0 . at t a t t a a t . bee le , 1 of Curculio, cks Smu , Us il go, lso Tri icum - - a n u t t a n u t a . a a . coco rees, Coco p lm Sn il , Mollusc

m z a 7) e th e A idee . 7) . fl C e c ido i a . . S h c ode s a Rice y , y ory e, q p , genus of p , q

t a a . a as a . Rinderpes , M mm ls Spiders , Ar neid , Epeir

t a a . t a a w m t h e Roo c nker, poppy dise se , Poppy Spirop er hominis, or of

t at t a t 7) at a t . Ro n of crops s rves insec s, order Nem od , Helmin hs 1io t m a a Sporo richu mould , poppy dise se ,

u a a . . R ssul , fungus , Fungi Opium EX I N D .

- t a t t ta a a a t a . S g bee le, Dorcus i n , Luc nus, Trichi exigu, C erpill rs , Coffee is T ri h o ba s t . s . a a . c p , Luc nid e , Poppy, Tri icum a a a t f t n . o S ilbum , Fu gi Trichoceph lus disp r, helmin h ' ~ t a ch ia t a M atch Oof t h e at a t . S geome ric , , order Nem od , Helmin hs - i c . a t a c Trichoderm viride , hre d mould - fi in arum a a a a a of c . Sug r c ne , S cch rum , poppy dise se , Poppy

T ric ot h ec iu m s n . D roseum , y of ac g - e a a sacch ari t li u m . Sug r c ne louse , Icery , y roseum , Poppy a a a a th e da lso S cch rum . Trigon , genus of Api e,

S c os ia . t t a t a a a y , Fungi Tri on cris us , S l m nder ,

t a t a . a a a a . Symbio es, S rcop id e S l m ndr S n an ce ia a h as a u arnak h a s a t a y verrucos , poison Trygon , il spine ,

a F ish . gl nd , Fish . - la i m N i et n eri . T s e t s e a t a 7) . S n c d u . y , syn of Tris , Glossin morsi ns , q os ori um a B erle - fl a t a p p G rdneri , , Turnip y , H l ic nemorum , Phyl lo t re t a 7) Coffee . nemorum , q . . t a Tylenchus , Tri icum s t ivum .

AI LL s conrron 3 T h loc b a . T ESS . Chelifer, p , yp y , Gossypium - a w . a a a . lso Book orm Tyroglyphid e, Ac rin a T nk, Rice . - a w t a a U R D . a a at . 7) . T pe orm , Helmin hs , T eni , Hind , Ph seolus r di us, q

t . solium . Uredo, Rus - 3 th e a w t a t . Tenebrio , p , me l orm bee le , Uromyces , fungus, Rus

t a . t a a a Coleop er Us il go, fungous poppy dise se, t s . a a Te rodon , p , Fish . Poppy, S cch rum . t Teu his , Fish . h ala s so h r n V rs c un ALB M a t T e s . h as a U a p y , p , poison , P r si es . a gl nd , Fish . T h e c os oma san u ic ola a t V L are a g , helmin h WEE I S killed or sc red by ex t h e at a 7) He1 os u re t o t of order Trem od , . p ligh , Bruchus, Rhyn min h t s . c h it es a 1 9 , Rhynchophor , p . at t s at y Whe , Tri icum ivum , d a a l of a a at C e c idom i a t t Theri iid e, f mi y Ar chnoide , Whe midges , y ri ici , Aran eidae a . La sio t er obfus c at a an d s p , Diplosi T h ok ra a t t a , Hind . , Broom r pes , ri ici , Cecidomi .

Po . t adon idum ppy Whi e bug , Pseudococcus , h on dal T a h oola C an . a a ff . , , Ach e meli Co ee t . 7) . hi t An c loni c h a 8 . cer e , q W e grub , y , p ,

a a att a th e d t a . Thye euch ris, cks col Coffee, Melolon hid e a t i a i a t a a a n d w a se son crops of Nor hern Ind , W ld be s r v ges re rds , a a a Cold Se son . M mm ls .

T h n n u s v a . th e da A a y ulg ris , Fish Wolf spiders , Lycosi e, r n

s . a a a . e idae . Tick, Ixodes, p , lso Ac rin

t C i cen dela xv. Brarrah Tiger bee le , Chinensis , q Wood louse, .

T il . a 7) , Hind , Ses mum Indicum , q . . ia T il ak u ra . s . X YLOC OPA a . y , Beng Bombyx, p , , A id e

. X lo h a i 11 q y p g , G 0 0 .

ti a 8 . t X lo t re c h u s uadri e s f t e Tille , p Bun , Sorghum . y q p , Co fee re a t a Tine onsur ns, Fungi . borer of Ceylon , Coffee borer .

a N t a a 3 . Tob cco , ico i n , p q . - - a F un 1 Y WET PYA r z alis . Torrubi , g T o y t t 8 . a a 7) Tor oise bee le, p C ssid , q . . t ff i a l c o e ar F e d . off Z EU ZER A C OFF EE v. a t i a Tor rix , , C ee , C erp ll rs , a a Torul , fungus , Gossypium . Coffee . t an d t d Z a ta Trees, fores s , shrubs , des roye imb , G lossin morsi ns, C eramb x by y , 8p . q . R I ES C S U LT ED AU T HO I T ON .

- a a a a a. t 1 885 Surgeon Gener l B lfour , Cy clop edi of Indi Third Edi ion . .

D r A a t h e G obiu s . . . Coll s on Criniger

D r a R ot a a fi d . . Cooke on Le f or Kole Rog , in Indi Of ce Economic Recor s I flu en an D r M LL D t at n ce d B C . . and Fungi , heir N ure , , Uses . y . . Cooke, . ,

M . J . . R ev . Berkeley, M A s in i Jou rn al t t M E . t a . a F C . a . . D nvers , q , Agricul ure Ind Socie y Ar s y

1 878.

- J F t an d J. B . an d a th e t t . Du hie Fuller, Field G rden Crops of Nor h Wes ern

an d R oorkh ee 882 . Provinces Oudh . . 1

t a a . v w t 1 886 . Insec R v ges Edinburgh Re ie . Oc ober t B A M n d a t . a J. . . Tropic l Agricul uris . y . Ferguson Colombo ’ F ir in er s a a a a 1 869 m g M nu l of G rdening for Indi . .

D r. a t A a t a at th e at t t h e Willi m Gilchris , Pr c ic l Tre ise on Tre men of

a th e a t a an d d att . 1 851 . Dise ses of Eleph n , C mel , Horne C le

R C . a a All a t . H ld ne, bou Grubs . Colombo .

D r G . a t w T h e S ea an d i t s i d a T h e a . H r ig , L ving Won ers lso, Tropic l

World . v st t ix fie a a n Mr a a a a a a r c o e . t o . d Hemilei , le f dise se Repor s , by M rsh ll W r , 81 Mr a Mr T h i s elt on t at 1 8 ; by . D niel Morris by . Dyer ; Adminis r ion t t h e t a t a a an d Repor by Direc ors of Roy l Bo nic G rdens , Ceylon Ceylon ’ at 1 881 a th e Legisl ive Council s Proceedings, , in Coloni l O e Records . F W h R ev . . . t e E t th e a a a an d Hope , on n omology of Him l y s a of Indi . a t th e i s 1 8 a att a . 71 . Indi , Repor of Commiss oner on Indi n C le Pl gues ‘ D r M Le od t t h e z t a att w a in . . Repor on Epi oo ic Dise ses of C le in Lo er Beng l ,

t th e th e t a N o . i. Selec ions from Records of Governmen of Indi , xlii 1 869 .

ad a t t att a 1 0th a N o. 366 M r s Governmen Repor on C le Dise ses , Febru ry, of

1 868 N o . t th e t h e t , in . lxix Selec ions from Records of Governmen of a Indi .

Miall an F w d at h a a t 1 8 8 . L . C . d . t e . 7 Green oo , An omy of Indi n Eleph n A i - a di a Z 1 . Moq u n T ndon , Me c l oology . 1 86 w a th e t a Andre Murr y on Ap er .

M E AR D A IT H 1 P AD LLY L D R . B RN U R C 5 C C N Q , I I , O ON

T HE C YC LO P/ED IA O F I N D IA

AN D OF EAS T ER N AN D S OU T HER N AS A I .

BY U R G E N G EN ER AL ED WAR D BALF OU R S O .

PR ES S N O T I C E EX T R A C T S ‘ E t i t d wit dia 0 1 a t a fa t very h ng connec e h In , her p e e, r s , m nu c ures an d p , ’ — ts urna l N a ti on a l I h eli um. Associ a ti n A 1 d . J 88 t 5 . pro uc o o , ugus

‘ ’ ' i of t ati ti al ial an d t l i al w lt — A a . D 7 m ne s s c , commerc , e hno og c e h a, ly md Au t 1 88 ele ra h 22 5 . T g p , gus

Absolutely indispensable t o all public men w h o aspire t o treat Indi an ’ — m h Ath enceu 24 t N b 1 885 . ti . ques ons , ovem er ‘ is t in bu t ai t o b e aid of t l w i T here no h g p r se s hese vo umes, h ch must ’ h e at t a i t a t o all blic an d writ - T h T b e of t . e imes gre es ss s nce pu men ers ,

d 28th D b 1 885 . Lon on , ecem er

‘ ’ i is a at an d u ful w k — T h e t m i T . S c s a n d b h s gre se or o , E n urgh 2n d , 1 86 Ja nuary 8 .

‘ ’ ° k of f th e w k w ill b e al abl — B r As a boo re erence , or v u e . it7sh T rad e

a l l st Ja n a 1 886 . Journ , n ry ‘ Where can a ccurat e i nform ation be obt ained a bout India ? T h e

l aedia of dia li it an d n ot for dia b ut for th e Cyc op In supp es ; only In , ’ ' A ia -Asia t7e uarterl R evi ew Ja a f t . 1 8 a t o S 8 6 . great er p r ou hern s Q y , nn ry ‘ ld be in th e li a w t la mall of w h o Shou br ry, he her rge or s , every one s a d al an d a ti la a t of dia - T h e w ishes t o p o sess soun gener p r cu r ccoun In .

et 23rd Janu ar 1 886 . L anc , y

e w h o b d of t i l a di a c an a l w il h e H ecomes possesse h s Cyc op e r re y , h e ’ n b k of f for dia t i dia ui a t . lives i n In , req re y o her oo re erence In n op cs

l M a il 28th Ja a 1 886 . l I a dra s , nu ry

T hese t hree volumes cont ain an enormou s a mount of information ab t dia an d t A ia all . As a b k of f w e c an ou In Sou hern s gener y oo re erence , i ai t a t o s a t at it h as ab l t l i al an d give it no h gher pr se h n y h so u e y no r v , T S ta t r l h ul 1 8 m i . h e ec o d ot J 8 6 a dl a c t t . h r y o pe or p , Lon on , y t