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Home , Araucaria, Araucaria araucana, Araucaria heterophylla, Cycas, Cycas revoluta, Spermatophyte

5/6/2018

Topic 10 – Topic 10 –Gymnosperms

Hoefnagels 19.4 I. Characteristics of Lab Manual on Gymnosperms A. Optional: Rushforth et al. Chap 8 1. Dominant 2. Axillary branching* 3. Eustele* 4. *

* characteristics *Spermatophyte characteristics

I. Characteristics of I. Characteristics of A. Sporophytes A. Sporophytes 5. Heterosporous*: 5. Heterosporous*: a. made in strobili a. Microspores made in strobili

*Spermatophyte characteristics *Spermatophyte characteristics

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I. Characteristics of I. Characteristics of A. Sporophytes A. Sporophytes 5. Heterosporous*: 5. Heterosporous*: a. Microspores made in strobili a. Microspores made in strobili

*Spermatophyte characteristics *Spermatophyte characteristics

b. made in strobili or not Topic 12 –Gymnosperms

I. Characteristics of B. ‐Not‐Dominant, not photosynthetic

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Hoefnaegels Fig 19.13 Topic 12 –Gymnosperms

I. Characteristics of B. Gametophytes ‐Not‐Dominant, not photosynthetic a. Microgametophyte (*)

*Spermatophyte characteristics

Topic 12 –Gymnosperms Topic 12 –Gymnosperms b. Megametophyte (in *) I. Characteristics of C. Naked ‐gymnos = naked; sperma = seed ‐no ‐ovule exposed in strobilus or cone at .

*Spermatophyte characteristics

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Topic 12 –Gymnosperms Topic 12 –Gymnosperms

I. Characteristics of I. Characteristics of D. Three groups to know 1. II. Cycads 2. 3.

Cycads Cycads A. Vegetative Morphology B. Reproductive…………………1. Dioecious a. Males w/ strobili. 1. or Male strobilus on male . Sporangia on 2. Pinnate in

3. Unbranched stem

Cycas revoluta (‐palm)

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Cycads Cycads B. ReproductiveReproductive…………………1. Dioecious B. ReproductiveReproductive…………………1. Dioecious

Aggregation b. Females w/ strobili b. Females w/ strobili of sporophylls or not. Strobilus on or not. in female plant of Zamia

Ovules on on sporophylls sporophylls

micropyle

Cycads Cycads B. ReproductiveReproductive………………… C. Economic

Seeds on ‐Ornamental sporophylls in Cycas.

Seeds on sporophylls in Zamia

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Cycads Cycads Rare cycads fetch big money on black market Research on DNA technology to help prosecute.

Cycads Cycads Rare cycads fetch big money on black market D. Biogeography & Conservation ‐Pantropical (rainforest to deserts) ‐Long history (<200 my) ‐ca. 240 extant (surviving) species ‐threatened by poaching & black market

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Cycad Distribution Fossil Cycads neontological paleontological

Cycads Cycads E. Cycads & Guam Dementia E. Cycads & Guam Dementia

US territory 1898‐1941, 1944‐present. Japanese 1941‐1944

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Chamorro = indigenous people of Guam Lytico‐Bodig (sometimes called Guam dementia). *Extremely healthy by historical accounts. Demographics: Chamorro men; usu. strikes 25‐40 yrs. *20th century brought lytico‐bodig, leading Symptoms: Lytico = progressive paralysis that resembles ALS cause of death in 40’s, 50’s, 60’s. (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis); Bodig = parkinsons‐like shakes with Alzheimers‐like dementia. Prognosis: premature death.

NIH investigates from 1940‐1990’s: NIH investigates from 1940‐1990’s: They Explore: They Explore: 1. Genetics (including ‐linked) 1. Genetics (including sex‐linked) 2. pollen (BMAA discovered in 1950’s)

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NIH gives up in the 1990’s. Enter botanist Paul Cox, Oliver Sacks, flying foxes, & the return of NIH investigates from 1940‐1990’s: the cycads. They Explore: 1. Genetics (including sex‐linked) 2. Cycad pollen (BMAA) 3. Cycads as food (“fadang” flat bread; BMAA)

Then, Insitute of , NTBG, Hawaii.

Now, Institute for Ethnomedicine in Jackson Hole, Wyoming.

‐Bats eat the seeds. ‐Bats eat the seeds. ‐Hyperaccumulate BMAA 400x in fatty ‐Hyperaccumulate BMAA 400x in fatty tissues (apparently unaffected). tissues (apparently unaffected).

But, what’s the connectin to lydigo‐bodig? But, what’s the connectin to lydigo‐bodig? 1. Why primarily in men?

2. Why could it be passed to men from other tribes only through marriage?

3. Why did it arise during 20th century, then peak in 40‐60’s?

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Topic 12 –Gymnosperms Conifers A. Vegetative Morphology

I. Characteristics of 1. Branched trees or shrubs 2. Leaves needle‐like II. Cycads

III. Conifers

Pinus resinosa (red ) Taxus baccata (English yew)

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Conifers Conifers A. Vegetative Morphology A. Vegetative Morphology

4. Leaves usually 5. Resin canals (but throughout. not always)

stomata

Resin canal

Resin canal

Larix laricina (American larch) Metasequoia glyptostroboides (dawn‐redwood) pine needle – transverse section

Conifers Resin makes conifers the quintessential A. Vegetative Morphology symbol of fresh scents.

5. Resin canals throughout.

Resin canals

spruce twig – transverse section (Fig. 22.3)

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Conifers Conifers Female cone: ovule/seed scales B. Reproductive Morphology B. Reproductive Morphology (modified branches) in axils Male strobilus: 1. Monoecious of . or Dioecious sporophylls with sporangia.

male strobilus (“pollen cones” of laypersons) female cone (a compound strobilus)

End of 2nd season, Conifers , seed, & Cone of balsam fir B. Reproductive Morphology cone is mature (with bracts (cone is larger, exerted from 2 seasons for brown & woody; scales) opens itself or via 1st Spring (pollen fertilization, fire) received; cone red, embryo & seed small & open) development (cone Seeds visible here green & closed). in broken cone.

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Conifers B. Reproductive Morphology Pine “nuts” 2. Seed Cones typically woody, w/ winged seeds

Cypress & Redwood Family Pine, Spruce, & Fir Family

Conifers C. Economic botany

Not all cones are 1. & paper pulp big & woody. 2. Pine “nuts”

Seed has aril around it in yew.

Cone with one ovule in yew family

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Conifers Conifers C. Economic botany C. Economic botany 1. Lumber & paper pulp 1. Lumber & paper pulp 2. Pine “nuts” 2. Pine “nuts” 3. Turpentine & rosin 3. Turpentine & rosin 4. Amber

turpentine distillation rosin

pine resin

pine resin amber

Conifers Conifers C. Economic botany C. Economic botany 1. Lumber & paper pulp 1. Lumber & paper pulp 2. Pine “nuts” 2. Pine “nuts” 3. Turpentine & rosin 3. Turpentine & rosin 4. Amber 4. Amber 5. Sounding boards 5. Sounding boards 6. Christmas trees

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Other uses: Conifers

7. Boat sealer, caulk, patch (resin). D. Biogeography

8. Survival food (inner bark – Amerindians –raw or candied, dried 1. Pine () and Cypress (Cupressaceae) strips). families dominate Northern Hem. 9. Scurvy Prevention (tea – needles or inner bark ‐ Amerindians). 2. Podocarp (Podocarpaceae) and Araucoid () dominate the Southern.

Araucariaceae Araucariaceae

Norfolk Island “Pine” ( heterophylla); – between New Zeland Monkey puzzle (); central & New Caldeonia

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Araucariaceae

Wollemi “pine” ( nobilis); (1994) Wollemi “pine” (Wollemia nobilis); Australia (1994)

Topic 12 –Gymnosperms Podocarpaceae I. Characteristics of

II. Cycads

III. Conifers

IV.

Podocarps (156 spp.) of southern hemisphere

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Ginkgos Ginkgos A. Vegetative Morphology B. Reproductive Morphology Dioecious

Ginkgos Ginkgos B. Reproductive Morphology C. Economic botany Dioecious ‐Ornamental horiticulture ‐Seeds Asian delicacy ‐Extract increases blood flow.

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Ginkgos D. Biogeography 1.Today: China 2. : Asia and Western N America

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