5/6/2018 Topic 10 –Gymnosperms Topic 10 –Gymnosperms Hoefnagels 19.4 I. Characteristics of Lab Manual on Gymnosperms A. Sporophytes Optional: Rushforth et al. Chap 8 1. Dominant 2. Axillary branching* 3. Eustele* 4. Secondary Growth* *Spermatophyte characteristics *Spermatophyte characteristics I. Characteristics of I. Characteristics of A. Sporophytes A. Sporophytes 5. Heterosporous*: 5. Heterosporous*: a. Microspores made in strobili a. Microspores made in strobili *Spermatophyte characteristics *Spermatophyte characteristics 1 5/6/2018 I. Characteristics of I. Characteristics of A. Sporophytes A. Sporophytes 5. Heterosporous*: 5. Heterosporous*: a. Microspores made in strobili a. Microspores made in strobili *Spermatophyte characteristics *Spermatophyte characteristics b. Megaspores made in strobili or not Topic 12 –Gymnosperms I. Characteristics of B. Gametophytes ‐Not‐Dominant, not photosynthetic 2 5/6/2018 Hoefnaegels Fig 19.13 Topic 12 –Gymnosperms I. Characteristics of B. Gametophytes ‐Not‐Dominant, not photosynthetic a. Microgametophyte (pollen*) *Spermatophyte characteristics Topic 12 –Gymnosperms Topic 12 –Gymnosperms b. Megametophyte (in ovule*) I. Characteristics of C. Naked seed plants ‐gymnos = naked; sperma = seed ‐no fruits ‐ovule exposed in strobilus or cone at pollination. *Spermatophyte characteristics 3 5/6/2018 Topic 12 –Gymnosperms Topic 12 –Gymnosperms I. Characteristics of I. Characteristics of D. Three groups to know 1. Cycads II. Cycads 2. Conifers 3. Ginkgo Cycads Cycads A. Vegetative Morphology B. Reproductive…………………1. Dioecious a. Males w/ strobili. 1. Trees or Male strobilus shrubs on male plant. Sporangia on sporophylls 2. Pinnate leaves in rosette 3. Unbranched stem Cycas revoluta (sago‐palm) 4 5/6/2018 Cycads Cycads B. ReproductiveReproductive…………………1. Dioecious B. ReproductiveReproductive…………………1. Dioecious Aggregation b. Females w/ strobili b. Females w/ strobili of sporophylls or not. Strobilus on or not. in Cycas female plant of Zamia Ovules on Ovules on sporophylls sporophylls micropyle Cycads Cycads B. ReproductiveReproductive………………… C. Economic botany Seeds on ‐Ornamental horticulture sporophylls in Cycas. Seeds on sporophylls in Zamia 5 5/6/2018 Cycads Cycads Rare cycads fetch big money on black market Research on DNA technology to help prosecute. Cycads Cycads Rare cycads fetch big money on black market D. Biogeography & Conservation ‐Pantropical (rainforest to deserts) ‐Long fossil history (<200 my) ‐ca. 240 extant (surviving) species ‐threatened by poaching & black market 6 5/6/2018 Cycad Distribution Fossil Cycads neontological paleontological Cycads Cycads E. Cycads & Guam Dementia E. Cycads & Guam Dementia US territory 1898‐1941, 1944‐present. Japanese 1941‐1944 7 5/6/2018 Chamorro = indigenous people of Guam Lytico‐Bodig (sometimes called Guam dementia). *Extremely healthy by historical accounts. Demographics: Chamorro men; usu. strikes 25‐40 yrs. *20th century brought lytico‐bodig, leading Symptoms: Lytico = progressive paralysis that resembles ALS cause of death in 40’s, 50’s, 60’s. (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis); Bodig = parkinsons‐like shakes with Alzheimers‐like dementia. Prognosis: premature death. NIH investigates from 1940‐1990’s: NIH investigates from 1940‐1990’s: They Explore: They Explore: 1. Genetics (including sex‐linked) 1. Genetics (including sex‐linked) 2. Cycad pollen (BMAA discovered in 1950’s) 8 5/6/2018 NIH gives up in the 1990’s. Enter botanist Paul Cox, Oliver Sacks, flying foxes, & the return of NIH investigates from 1940‐1990’s: the cycads. They Explore: 1. Genetics (including sex‐linked) 2. Cycad pollen (BMAA) 3. Cycads as food (“fadang” flat bread; BMAA) Then, Insitute of Ethnobotany, NTBG, Hawaii. Now, Institute for Ethnomedicine in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. ‐Bats eat the seeds. ‐Bats eat the seeds. ‐Hyperaccumulate BMAA 400x in fatty ‐Hyperaccumulate BMAA 400x in fatty tissues (apparently unaffected). tissues (apparently unaffected). But, what’s the connectin to lydigo‐bodig? But, what’s the connectin to lydigo‐bodig? 1. Why primarily in men? 2. Why could it be passed to men from other tribes only through marriage? 3. Why did it arise during 20th century, then peak in 40‐60’s? 9 5/6/2018 Topic 12 –Gymnosperms Conifers A. Vegetative Morphology I. Characteristics of 1. Branched trees or shrubs 2. Leaves needle‐like II. Cycads III. Conifers Pinus resinosa (red pine) Taxus baccata (English yew) 10 5/6/2018 Conifers Conifers A. Vegetative Morphology A. Vegetative Morphology 4. Leaves usually 5. Resin canals evergreen (but throughout. not always) stomata Resin canal Resin canal Vascular bundle Larix laricina (American larch) Metasequoia glyptostroboides (dawn‐redwood) pine needle – transverse section Conifers Resin makes conifers the quintessential A. Vegetative Morphology symbol of fresh scents. 5. Resin canals throughout. Resin canals spruce twig – transverse section (Fig. 22.3) 11 5/6/2018 Conifers Conifers Female cone: ovule/seed scales B. Reproductive Morphology B. Reproductive Morphology (modified branches) in axils Male strobilus: 1. Monoecious of bracts. or Dioecious sporophylls with sporangia. male strobilus (“pollen cones” of laypersons) female cone (a compound strobilus) End of 2nd season, Conifers embryo, seed, & Cone of balsam fir B. Reproductive Morphology cone is mature (with bracts (cone is larger, exerted from 2 seasons for brown & woody; scales) opens itself or via 1st Spring (pollen fertilization, fire) received; cone red, embryo & seed small & open) development (cone Seeds visible here green & closed). in broken cone. 12 5/6/2018 Conifers B. Reproductive Morphology Pine “nuts” 2. Seed Cones typically woody, w/ winged seeds Cypress & Redwood Family Pine, Spruce, & Fir Family Conifers C. Economic botany Not all cones are 1. Lumber & paper pulp big & woody. 2. Pine “nuts” Seed has aril around it in yew. Cone with one ovule in yew family 13 5/6/2018 Conifers Conifers C. Economic botany C. Economic botany 1. Lumber & paper pulp 1. Lumber & paper pulp 2. Pine “nuts” 2. Pine “nuts” 3. Turpentine & rosin 3. Turpentine & rosin 4. Amber turpentine distillation rosin pine resin pine resin amber Conifers Conifers C. Economic botany C. Economic botany 1. Lumber & paper pulp 1. Lumber & paper pulp 2. Pine “nuts” 2. Pine “nuts” 3. Turpentine & rosin 3. Turpentine & rosin 4. Amber 4. Amber 5. Sounding boards 5. Sounding boards 6. Christmas trees 14 5/6/2018 Other uses: Conifers 7. Boat sealer, caulk, patch (resin). D. Biogeography 8. Survival food (inner bark – Amerindians –raw or candied, dried 1. Pine (Pinaceae) and Cypress (Cupressaceae) strips). families dominate Northern Hem. 9. Scurvy Prevention (tea – needles or inner bark ‐ Amerindians). 2. Podocarp (Podocarpaceae) and Araucoid (Araucariaceae) dominate the Southern. Araucariaceae Araucariaceae Norfolk Island “Pine” (Araucaria heterophylla); Norfolk Island – between New Zeland Monkey puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana); central Chile & New Caldeonia 15 5/6/2018 Araucariaceae Wollemi “pine” (Wollemia nobilis); Australia (1994) Wollemi “pine” (Wollemia nobilis); Australia (1994) Topic 12 –Gymnosperms Podocarpaceae I. Characteristics of II. Cycads III. Conifers IV. Ginkgos Podocarps (156 spp.) of southern hemisphere 16 5/6/2018 Ginkgos Ginkgos A. Vegetative Morphology B. Reproductive Morphology Dioecious Ginkgos Ginkgos B. Reproductive Morphology C. Economic botany Dioecious ‐Ornamental horiticulture ‐Seeds Asian delicacy ‐Extract increases blood flow. 17 5/6/2018 Ginkgos D. Biogeography 1.Today: China 2. Fossils: Asia and Western N America 18.