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Neuropharmacological Exploration of Grangea Maderaspatana(L.) Poir an Inclusive Review

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Neuropharmacological Exploration of Grangea Maderaspatana(L.) Poir an Inclusive Review High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 Neuropharmacological exploration of grangea maderaspatana(L.) poir an inclusive review. Aruna B1, V Santhosh Kumar2 1.Asst.Professor Dept.Of Pharmacology, Dr.KV Subbareddy Institute Of Pharmacy 2.Professor , Department Of Pharmacology, School Of Pharmaceutical Sciences ,Vels Institute Of Science,Technology And Advanced Studies(VISTAS ),Chennai. Abstract Grangea maderaspatana(L.)poir is a popular indian medicinal plant belongs to the family asteraceae. This plant is commonly known as madras carpet. This species is utilized in many countries for medicinal purposes. The leaves are used as stomachic, sedative, an emenogogue, and an anti -flatulent, a carminative. The roots are used as an appetizer, astringent to the bowels, galactogogue etc. in many countries the whole plant is used. Phytochemical composition of this plant has marked effect on brain cholinergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. Usefulness of this plant in various neurobehavioral disorders is explained in this review. Keywords: G. maderaspatana, neuropharmacology, anxiety, depression, parkinsonism, autism. Introduction Herbal medicines play an important role in preventing and treating diseases in human beings. In recent years there has been a resurgence of interest rediscover medicinal plants as a source of potential drug candidate. The asteraceae family is one of the largest plant families with more than one thousand generes and twenty thousand species. Many of the plants of this family are used in traditional medicine. Since ancient times, plants have been the used in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurvedic, Chinese and African traditional medicines. The interest of modern medicine for medicinal plants significantly increased due to the recently found enormous therapeutic potential of these plants[1]. Thus, many plants of the Asteraceae family are used for symptomatic relief of several neuropsychiatric disorders . More than that, animal and cellular modelIing experiments were performed to present scientific proof for their proper correlations between traditional use and scientific research on Asteraceae family plants for treatments of neuropsychiatric disorders such as AD, PD, schizophrenia, autism, depression Volume 26, Issue 12, 2020 119 http://www.gjstx-e.cn/ High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 and. In this way, this review aims to assemble traditional and scientific knowledge of Asteraceae in neuropsychiatric disorders therapy. These plants are widely used in alternative medicine due to their effects on the nervous system, being studied both on cellular and animal models. In this way, medicinal plants are preferred in drug therapy research due to the wide population interest. The plants phytochemical composition is mainly consisted in cholinergic, dopaminergic or serotonergic molecules which are involved in the pathophysiology of the neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, autism, anxiety or depression. Therefore, this review aims to comprise all the available information regarding this family plants in order to find further correlations between or to explain their neuropsychiatric use. Thus, many plants of this family are used for symptomatic relief of several neuropsychiatric disorders [9]. More than that, animal and cellular modeling experiments were performed to present scientific proof for their properties [10-11]. Correlations between traditional use and scientific research on family plants for treatments of neuropsychiatric disorders such as AD, PD, schizophrenia, autism, depression and anxiety are necessary for neuropsychiatric potential molecules discovery. Unlike the potentially addictive and forceful action of widely used psychostimulants, chronic and moderate administration of g.maderaspatana , appears to nourish rather than deplete neurons. In this way, this review aims to assemble traditional and Asteraceae family plants. G.maderaspatana-Plant profile Kingdom : Plantae Subkingdom: Planta Tracheophyta Subdivision: Spermatophyta Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) Subclass: Asteriidae Order: Asterals Family: Asteraceae Synonyms Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir., G. adansonia, Artemesia maderaspatana Volume 26, Issue 12, 2020 120 http://www.gjstx-e.cn/ High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 Vernacular names Gujarati : Jhinkimundi, Nahanigora, Khamundi Hindi : Mukhatari, Mustaru Malayalam : Nelampala; Marathi : Mashipatri Tamil : Mashipatri Telugu : Machi-Patri Urdu : Afsantin Phytoconstituents The chemical constituents reported in different parts of the G.maderaspatana L. plant are mentioned below. Steroidal constituents, hardwickiic acid, the corresponding 1, 2- dehydro-derivative, acetylenic compounds, eight new clerodane diterpenes including five clerodane, a nor clerodane, a secoclerodane and a norsecoclerodane derivatives along with auranamide, grangolide and eudesmanolides have been reported from various parts of G. maderaspatana[3]. A clerodane derivative, 15-hydroxy-16- oxo-15,16H-hardwickiic acid (15-hydroxycleroda – 3, 13-dien-15, 16-olide-18-oic acid) has been isolated from the aerial parts of G. maderaspatana[4]. Three components viz., eudesmanolide, (-) frullanolide, (-) -7-alpha- hydroxyfrullanolide and a new eudesmanolide (+) -4 alpha, 13-dihydroxyfrullanolide have been isolated from the whole plant of G. maderaspatana. A new eudesmanolide was named (+) – Grangolide[5]. Penta and hexamethoxy flavones have been isolated as 3‟5- dihydroxy- 3,4‟,5‟,6,7-pentamethoxy flavone, 4‟,5-dihydroxy-3,3‟,5‟,6,7-pentamethoxy flavone (murrayanol) and 5-hydroxy-3,3‟,4‟,5‟6,7-hexamethoxy flavone in addition to previously reported clerodane ditepenes from the Diethyl ether – Petrol – Methanol ( 1:1:1 ) extract of the aerial parts of Grangea maderaspatana[6]. Two new 5-deoxyflavones, 6-hydroxy-2′,4′,5′- trimethoxyflavone (1), 6-hydroxy-3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavone (2) and a known flavone, 7,2′,4′- trimethoxyflavone (3) have been isolated from the whole plant of Grangea maderaspatana[7]. The plant contains diterpenoid compounds of labdane and clerodatetrean type, such as the analgesic constituentent-15, 16-epoxy-7-hydroxy-3, 13, 14-clerodatrien-18-oic acid; steroids, chondrillasterone and chondrillasterol; diterpene, strictic acid, a phenylalanine derivative, Volume 26, Issue 12, 2020 121 http://www.gjstx-e.cn/ High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 auranamide and the allergenic compounds, eudesmanolides, (-)-frullanolide, (-)- hydroxyfrullanolide and (+)-grangolide[8]. A new diterpenoid has been isolated as 8-hydroxy- 13E-labdane-15yl-acetate from the acetone extract of Grangea maderaspatana[9] 1 Singh et al. (2013)[14] were identified 21 constituents constituting 91.5 % of the oil from aerial parts of Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. It was characterized by the dominant presence of sesquiterpenoids (sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons 36.1 % and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids (28.4 %). Most abundant compounds are γ-gurjunene (26.5%), terpinyl acetate (20.8%) and hinesol (11.7%). Pharmacological activities: Jain et al., 1993 assessed a mixture of flavonoids extracted from the Grangea maderaspatana plant for oestrogenicity and antiimplantational activities, in the mouse. In the 3 day uterotrophic bioassay, administration of the drug at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight per day, intramuscularly to ovariectomized females, resulted in a highly significant (pof the oil obtained by steam distillation of extract of aerial parts of Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir., using, DPPH radical scavenging, metal chelating and reducing power assays. The oil showed antioxidant potential with significant reducing power (ASE/mL 2.01 ± 0.00), chelating activity (IC50 1.80 ± 0.15) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 2.90 ± 0.96)[11] . Omhare et al., 2012 identified that the aqueous and ethanol extract (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, p.o.) of Grangea maderaspatana Poir., effectively inhibited CCl4 and paracetamol induced changes in the serum marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and ALP) in a dose-dependent manner as compared to the normal and the standard drug silymarin treated groups. Hepatic steatosis, hydropic degeneration and necrosis observed in CCl4 and paracetamol treated groups were completely absent in histology of the liver sections of the animals treated with the extracts. The results suggest that the ethanol extract of G. maderaspatana possess significant hepatoprotective activity[12]. Singh et al., 2013 demonstrated an Antimicrobial activity of the oil obtained by steam distillation of aerial parts of Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir., against gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria and fungi using agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) values of the oil was in the range of 2.67 ± 0.58 to 11.00 ± 0.00 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the oil was ranged from 5 to 30 μL/ mL for tested microorganisms. The activity was more pronounced against Candida albicans (ZOI = 11.00 ± 0.00 mm, MIC = 5 μL/mL) followed by Streptomyces candidus (ZOI = 9.33 ± 0.58 mm, MIC Volume 26, Issue 12, 2020 122 http://www.gjstx-e.cn/ High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 = 5 μL/mL), while the oil was least effective against Aeromonas hydrophila and Klebsiella pneumoniae[13] . Rachchh et al., 2013 evaluated Anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of G. maderaspatana (1000 mg/kg, p.o.) using acute model of carrageenan induced rat paw edema. Indomethacin was used as standard in this model. The extract showed significant protection against carrageenan induced
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