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KANUTI NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Fairbanks, Alaska

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KANUTI NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Fairbanks, Alaska KANUTI NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Fairbanks, Alaska ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT Calendar Year 1994 KANUTI NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Fairbanks, Alaska ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT Calendar Year 1994 U.S Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM REVIEWS AND APPROVALS KANUTI NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Fairbanks, Alaska ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT Calendar Year 1994 anager '--~ ~ Regional Office Approval Date KANUTI NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Fairbanks, Alaska INTRODUCTION Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge was established on December 2, 1980 by Public Law 96- 487, the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act. The refuge includes approximately 1,430,000 acres of public lands. The Lands Act required interim management by the refuge ofunconveyed Native lands within the refuge that were selected under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. The acreage of the refuge is constantly changing as lands are conveyed to Native regional corporations, village corporations and to individuals. At the present rate, it will be years before all lands are conveyed, surveys are completed, and easements are established for access to Native and refuge lands. The Kanuti Comprehensive Conservation Plan was initiated in Spring 1984. It was completed in Spring 1987, and a Record of Decision was signed by the Regional Director in the Fall 1987. Current refuge programs include gathering baseline data, documenting refuge resources, and recording their present and historical use. The refuge was primarily established as a waterfowl breeding area, especially for white­ fronted geese. Species referred to in the Lands Act {Section 302(4) (B)} include white­ fronted geese and other waterfowl, migratory birds, moose, caribou and furbearers. The purpose ofthe refuge is to "conserve fish and wildlife populations and habitats in their natural diversity." The Lands Act also states that the refuge will fulfill treaty obligations, furnish the opportunity for continued subsistence use by local residents, and ensure adequate water quantity and quality for fish and wildlife populations and habitats. The refuge is a roadless area larger than the State of Delaware, located in a broad basin formed by the Kanuti and Koyukuk River valleys. The area is bound by the southern foothills ofthe Brooks Range on the north, east, and west. The Ray Mountains rise to the south ofthe refuge. Elevations range from 500 feet to over 3,000 feet in the surrounding mountains. The refuge is on the Arctic Circle between 66" and 67° north latitude, and 151 o and 153° west longitude. It is about !50 miles northwest of Fairbanks. The trans-Alaskan Oil Pipeline/Dalton Highway corridor passes within eight miles east ofthe refuge. The refuge office is in Fairbanks where other land management agencies and organizations that have lands in or adjacent to the refuge are headquartered. A field station for the refuge is located at Bettles Field (Bettles), which is shared with the Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve. There are no roads to the refuge so all operations are by air to large lakes and rivers. Ground work is conducted from boats and on foot. The climate of the refuge is continental, with slightly higher precipitation than other Interior Alaskan areas. Summers are short with moderate temperatures; winters are very long and cold. Spring and fall are brief and abrupt. Thaw begins in April, and the rivers break up in mid-May. The temperature range, from -70"F to 93°F, is among the widest on earth. Almost all the snow that falls during the winter accumulates until spring because thaws are rare. The average annual precipitation for the area is 12-13 inches. Most of the refuge is boreal forest and taiga. The area is a complex of small, diverse plant communities formed by many physical, sera! and fire factors. Predominant plant communities include closed forests ofwhite spruce/paper birch on uplands, and white spruce/cottonwood along the Koyukuk River. Poorly-drained areas support open black spruce forests with sphagnum moss/sedge/grass under stories. Muskegs cover much of the lower valleys. In wet areas, muskegs grade into treeless bogs dominated by small shrubs. Tall shrub thickets occur along water courses and on some upland sites. The Kanuti River drainage with Taiholman Lake in the distance. 9/94 P. Martin The diversity of the habitat provides an equally diverse wildlife population of approximately 157 bird, 34 mammal, and 16 fish species. The zillions of mosquitos found on the refuge during the summer months fuel many of these species. Nesting waterfowl include white­ fronted geese, Canada geese, northern pintails, American wigeon, scaup w., and scoter w . The white-fronted geese are mainly Central Flyway birds, the Canada geese are mainly Pacific Flyway birds, while the ducks come from all of the major flyways in North America. Four villages are adjacent to the refuge boundaries: Evansville/Bettles Field are north and Allakaket/ AJatna are west. The villages and other scattered, permanent dwellings in the area have a population of about 400. The majority are Athabascan Indians, with some Eskimos and Caucasians. Most of the people use the refuge for a part of their subsistence lifestyles. ) Allakaket residents preparing salmon and sheefish. 8/94 B. Whitehill Historically, gold mining was widespread in the area. Several settlements existed in the late 1800's along the rivers. No mining or claims are currently active in the refuge, and no remains from the historic activity are obvious. However, there are active gold placer mines upstream from the refuge on the tributaries of the Koyukuk River. Several archaeological sites exist in the refuge. Some ha ve been identified as cemetery and hi storical sites, and have been selected by Native groups. Others probably exist, but are unidentified. INTRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A. HIGHLIGHTS .......................... 1 B. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ...................... 1 C. LAND ACQUISITION 1. Fee Title ........................................................... 5 2. Easements .......................................................... 6 3. Other ................................................ Nothing to Report 4. Farmers Home Administration Conservation Easements .......... Nothing to Report D. PLANNING 1. Master Plan ......................................................... 6 2. Management Plan .................................................... 6 3. Public Participation ................................................... 8 4. Compliance with Environmental and Cultural Resource Mandates ................ 8 5. Research and Investigations . ....................... 9 6. Other . ............................ 9 E. ADMINISTRATION 1. Personnel . 11 2. Youth Programs . 17 3. Other Manpower Programs ............................... Nothing to Report 4. Volunteer Program . ............. 18 5. Funding ........................................................... 18 6. Safety . .. 19 7. Technical Assistance ... 23 8. Other . .. 23 F. HABITAT MANAGEMENT 1. General ............ 25 2. Wetlands ........................................ ....... 27 3. Forests ........................................................... 28 4. Croplands . Nothing to Report 5. Grasslands . Nothing to Report 6. Other Habitats . Nothing to Report 7. Grazing Nothing to Report 8. Haying . ...... Nothing to Report 9. Fire Management . ....... 29 10. Pest Control Nothing to Report Page 11. Water Rights . ........................... 44 12. Wilderness and Special Areas ........................................... 44 13. WPA Easement Monitoring ............................... Nothing to Report 14. Farmers Home Administration Conservation Easements . Nothing to Report 15. Private Lands .......................................... Nothing to Report G. WILDLIFE 1. Wildlife Diversity .................................................... 44 2. Endangered and/or Threatened Species ................................... 45 3. Waterfowl ......................................................... 45 4. Marsh and Water Birds ............................................... 46 5. Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns and Allied Species ................................ 46 6. Raptors ........................................................... 47 7. Other Migratory Birds ................................................ 48 8. Game Mammals . 55 9. Marine Mammals ....................................... Nothing to Report 10. Other Resident Wildlife ............................................... 59 1 1. Fisheries Resources . .............................. 67 12. Wildlife Propagation and Stocking Nothing to Report 13. Surplus Animal Disposal .... Nothing to Report 14. Scientific Collections . ............. ........ 67 15. Animal Control .......... Nothing to Report 16. Marking and Banding ................ .......................... 68 17. Disease Prevention and Control . Nothing to Report H. PUBLIC USE 1. General ........................ ................................. 71 2. Outdoor Classrooms - Students . ................................ 71 3. Outdoor Classrooms - Teachers . .............. 75 4. Interpretive Foot Trails . Nothing to Report 5. Interpretive Tour Routes . Nothing to Report 6. Interpretive Exhibits/Demonstrations . ........... 76 7. Other Interpretive Programs . Nothing to Report 8. Hunting ........................................................... 76 9. Fishing . ................ 77 10. Trapping . ............ 78 1 1. Wildlife Observation . Nothing to Report 12. Other Wildlife Oriented Recreation
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