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Chapter 1 - Introduction
EURASIAN MIDDLE AND LATE MIOCENE HOMINOID PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY AND THE GEOGRAPHIC ORIGINS OF THE HOMININAE by Mariam C. Nargolwalla A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Anthropology University of Toronto © Copyright by M. Nargolwalla (2009) Eurasian Middle and Late Miocene Hominoid Paleobiogeography and the Geographic Origins of the Homininae Mariam C. Nargolwalla Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto 2009 Abstract The origin and diversification of great apes and humans is among the most researched and debated series of events in the evolutionary history of the Primates. A fundamental part of understanding these events involves reconstructing paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic patterns in the Eurasian Miocene; a time period and geographic expanse rich in evidence of lineage origins and dispersals of numerous mammalian lineages, including apes. Traditionally, the geographic origin of the African ape and human lineage is considered to have occurred in Africa, however, an alternative hypothesis favouring a Eurasian origin has been proposed. This hypothesis suggests that that after an initial dispersal from Africa to Eurasia at ~17Ma and subsequent radiation from Spain to China, fossil apes disperse back to Africa at least once and found the African ape and human lineage in the late Miocene. The purpose of this study is to test the Eurasian origin hypothesis through the analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of distribution, in situ evolution, interprovincial and intercontinental dispersals of Eurasian terrestrial mammals in response to environmental factors. Using the NOW and Paleobiology databases, together with data collected through survey and excavation of middle and late Miocene vertebrate localities in Hungary and Romania, taphonomic bias and sampling completeness of Eurasian faunas are assessed. -
New Hominoid Mandible from the Early Late Miocene Irrawaddy Formation in Tebingan Area, Central Myanmar Masanaru Takai1*, Khin Nyo2, Reiko T
Anthropological Science Advance Publication New hominoid mandible from the early Late Miocene Irrawaddy Formation in Tebingan area, central Myanmar Masanaru Takai1*, Khin Nyo2, Reiko T. Kono3, Thaung Htike4, Nao Kusuhashi5, Zin Maung Maung Thein6 1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan 2Zaykabar Museum, No. 1, Mingaradon Garden City, Highway No. 3, Mingaradon Township, Yangon, Myanmar 3Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8521, Japan 4University of Yangon, Hlaing Campus, Block (12), Hlaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar 5Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan 6University of Mandalay, Mandalay, Myanmar Received 14 August 2020; accepted 13 December 2020 Abstract A new medium-sized hominoid mandibular fossil was discovered at an early Late Miocene site, Tebingan area, south of Magway city, central Myanmar. The specimen is a left adult mandibular corpus preserving strongly worn M2 and M3, fragmentary roots of P4 and M1, alveoli of canine and P3, and the lower half of the mandibular symphysis. In Southeast Asia, two Late Miocene medium-sized hominoids have been discovered so far: Lufengpithecus from the Yunnan Province, southern China, and Khoratpithecus from northern Thailand and central Myanmar. In particular, the mandibular specimen of Khoratpithecus was discovered from the neighboring village of Tebingan. However, the new mandible shows apparent differences from both genera in the shape of the outline of the mandibular symphyseal section. The new Tebingan mandible has a well-developed superior transverse torus, a deep intertoral sulcus (= genioglossal fossa), and a thin, shelf-like inferior transverse torus. In contrast, Lufengpithecus and Khoratpithecus each have very shallow intertoral sulcus and a thick, rounded inferior transverse torus. -
Isotopic Dietary Reconstructions of Pliocene Herbivores at Laetoli: Implications for Early Hominin Paleoecology ⁎ John D
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 243 (2007) 272–306 www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Isotopic dietary reconstructions of Pliocene herbivores at Laetoli: Implications for early hominin paleoecology ⁎ John D. Kingston a, , Terry Harrison b a Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States b Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, United States Received 20 September 2005; received in revised form 1 August 2006; accepted 4 August 2006 Abstract Major morphological and behavioral innovations in early human evolution have traditionally been viewed as responses to conditions associated with increasing aridity and the development of extensive grassland-savanna biomes in Africa during the Plio- Pleistocene. Interpretations of paleoenvironments at the Pliocene locality of Laetoli in northern Tanzania have figured prominently in these discussions, primarily because early hominins recovered from Laetoli are generally inferred to be associated with grassland, savanna or open woodland habitats. As these reconstructions effectively extend the range of habitat preferences inferred for Pliocene hominins, and contrast with interpretations of predominantly woodland and forested ecosystems at other early hominin sites, it is worth reevaluating the paleoecology at Laetoli utilizing a new approach. Isotopic analyses were conducted on the teeth of twenty-one extinct mammalian herbivore species from the Laetolil Beds (∼4.3–3.5 Ma) and Upper Ndolanya Beds (∼2.7–2.6 Ma) to determine their diet, as well as to investigate aspects of plant physiognomy and climate. Enamel samples were obtained from multiple localities at different stratigraphic levels in order to develop a high-resolution spatio-temporal framework for identifying and characterizing dietary and ecological change and variability within the succession. -
GC University Lahore
GC University Lahore PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF PAKISTAN SIWALIKS Name: MUHAMMAD TARIQ Session: 2007-2010 Roll No: 05-GCU-PHD-Z-07 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Nusrat Jahan Department: Zoology PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF PAKISTAN SIWALIKS Submitted to GC University Lahore in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology by Name: MUHAMMAD TARIQ Session: 2007-2010 Roll No: 05-GCU-PHD-Z-07 Department of Zoology GC University Lahore DEDICATION This work is dedicated to MY LOVING PARENTS (Gulzar Ahmad and Sugran Abdullah) through whom I acquired indefatigable temperament, morality, and determination for achieving objectives in every walk of life MY YOUNGER BROTHERS (Muhammad Yasin and Muhammad Noor-ul-Amin) who gave hope and strength to meet with the challenges of life MY YOUNGER SISTERS Zainab Gulzar, Shahida Gulzar and Shakeela Gulzar for their care, affection and cooperation MY DEAREST DAUGHTER (Kashaf Tariq) who proved great blessing for achieving goals of my life ALL GREAT SOULS who pursue their dreams with persistent efforts to make this world a better place to live in DECLARATION I, Mr. Muhammad Tariq Roll No. 05-GCU-PHD-Z-07 student of PhD in the subject of Zoology session: 2007-2010, hereby declare that the matter printed in the thesis titled “Palaeoenvironmental Study of Pakistan Siwaliks” is my own work and has not been printed, published and submitted as research work, thesis or publication in any form in any University, Research Institution etc in Pakistan or abroad. ________________ _____________________ Dated Signatures of Deponent RESEARCH COMPLETION CERTIFICATE Certified that the research work contained in this thesis titled “Palaeoenvironmental Study of Pakistan Siwaliks” has been carried out and completed by Mr. -
J Indian Subcontinent
Intercontinental relationship Europe - Africa and the Indian Subcontinent 45 Jan van der Made* A great number of Miocene genera, and even Palaeogeography, global climate some species, are cited or described from both Europe and Africa and/or the Indian Subconti- nent. In other cases, an ancestor-descendant re- After MN 3, Europe formed one continent with lationship has been demonstrated. For most of Asia. This land mass extended from Europe, the Miocene, there seem to have been intensive through north Asia to China and SE Asia and is faunal relationships between Europe, Africa and here referred to as Eurasia. This term does not the Indian Subcontinent. This situation may seem include here SE Europe. At this time, the Brea normal to uso It is, however, noto north of Crete was land and SE Europe and During much of the Tertiary, Africa and India Anatolia formed a continuous landmass. The Para- were isolated continents. There were some peri- tethys was large and extended from the valley of ods when faunal exchange with the northern the Rhone to the Black Sea, Caspian Sea and continents occurred, but these periods seem to further to the east. The Tethys was connected have been widely spaced in time. During a larga with the Indian Ocean and large part of the Middle part of the Oligocene and during the earliest East was a shallow sea. During the earliest Mio- Miocene, Africa and India had been isolated. En- cene, Africa and Arabia formed one continent that demic faunas evolved on these continents. Fam- had been separated from Eurasia and India for a ilies that went extinct in the northern continents considerable time. -
Early Hominid Evolution and Ecological Change Through the African
Kaye E. Reed Early hominid evolution and ecological Institute of Human Origins, 1288 9th change through the African Street, Berkeley, California 94710, U.S.A. & Bernard Price Institute for Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontological Research, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, The habitats in which extinct hominids existed has been a key issue in 2050, South Africa addressing the origin and extinction of early hominids, as well as in under- standing various morphological and behavioral adaptations. Many researchers Received 15 January 1996 postulated that early hominids lived in an open savanna (Dart, 1925; Revision received 1 August Robinson, 1963; Howell, 1978). However, Vrba (1985, 1988) has noted that a 1996 and accepted 9 October major global climatic and environmental shift from mesic, closed to xeric, open 1996 habitats occurred in the late African Pliocene (approximately 2·5 m.y.a.), thus implying that the earliest hominids existed in these mesic, wooded environs. Keywords: Australopithecus, This climatic shift is also suggested to have contributed to a pulse in speciation Paranthropus, ecological diversity, events with turnovers of many bovid and possibly hominid species. Previous paleoecology. environmental reconstructions of hominid localities have concentrated on taxonomic identities and taxonomic uniformitarianism to provide habitat reconstructions (e.g., Vrba, 1975; Shipman & Harris, 1988). In addition, relative abundances of species are often used to reconstruct a particular environment, when in fact taphonomic factors could be affecting the propor- tions of taxa. This study uses the morphological adaptations of mammalian assemblages found with early hominids to reconstruct the habitat based on each species’ ecological adaptations, thus minimizing problems introduced by taxonomy and taphonomy. -
From the Lower Part of the Irrawaddy Formation, Myanmar
New discovery of a large-sized Tetraconodon (Artiodactyla, Title Suidae) from the lower part of the Irrawaddy Formation, Myanmar Chit-Sein; Thaung-Htike; Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Tin-Thein; Author(s) Rössner, Gertrud E. Citation Asian paleoprimatology (2006), 4: 186-196 Issue Date 2006 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199763 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Asian Paleoprimatology, vol. 4:186-196 (2006) Kyoto University Primate Research Institute New discovery of a large-sized Tetraconodon (Artiodactyla, Suidae) from the lower part of the Irrawaddy Formation, Myanmar Chit-Seini,Thaung-Htike2, Takehisa Tsubamoto2'3, Tin-Thein4, and Gertrud E. Rossner5 'Departmentof Geology, HinthadaUniversity, Hinthada, Myanmar 2PrimateResearch Institute , KyotoUniversity, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan 3Centerfor PaleobiologicalResearch , HayashibaraBiochemical Laboratories, Inc., Okayama700-0907, Japan 4Departmentof Geology , Universityof Yangon,Yangon, Myanmar 5Departmentof Earth andEnvironmental Sciences , Paleontology Section, and Geobio- Center,Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany Abstract New fossil dentitionsof a large-sized Tetraconodon (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Suidae)were discoveredfrom the lowerpart of the IrrawaddyFormation, Migyaungye Township,Magway Division, central Myanmar. These specimens are the largest among the Tetraconodonspecimens ever found in Myanmar.The molar dimensions of thesespecimens are similarwith those of Tetraconodonmagnus but are smallerin the dimensionsof last -
The Miocene of Western Asia; Fossil Mammals at the Crossroads of Faunal Provinces and Climate Regimes
© Majid Mirzaie Ataaabdi (synopsis and Papers III, IV, V, VI) © J. T. Eronen, M. Mirzaie Ataabadi, A. Micheels, A. Karme, R. L. Bernor & M. Fortelius (Paper II) © Reprinted with kind permission of Vertebrata PalAsiatica (Paper I) Cover photo: Late Miocene outcrops, Ivand district, northwestern Iran, September 2007 Author’s address: Majid Mirzaie Ataabadi Department of Geosciences and Geography P. O. Box 64 00014 University of Helsinki Finland [email protected] Supervised by: Professor Mikael Fortelius Department of Geosciences and Geography University of Helsinki Finland Reviewed by: Professor Sevket Sen Departement Histoire De La Terre Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris France Professor Jordi Agustí Institute of Human Paleoecology and s. Evolution University Rovira Virgili, Tarragona Spain Opponent: Professor George D. Koufos Department of Geology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece ISSN 1798-7911 ISBN 978-952-10-6307-7 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-10-6308-4 (PDF) http://ethesis.helsinki.fi Helsinki University Print Helsinki 2010 Patience brings what you desire, not haste Mowlana Rumi To my Family To the people of IRAN رزا طآدی، م.، ٢٠١٠. ون آی ری، داران ل در ذره ام ھی وری و رژم ھی آب و ھوا. ارات داه ھ. ھ. ۶٩ ور و ١٠ رو. ﭼﻜﻴﺪه آی ری راردان در ذره ره ھی دی دم (ارو، آ و آر) دارای ه زی ات از راه آن وچ و راش داران و ام ھی وری ورت ر ات. وود ان ه وژه، آر داران ل ون در ر آ ادک وده، ودھی زرگ و ز در ن آ ھده ود. در ان ژوھش ش ده ات ام وش ھی را و رر آر داران از ل رد ھ و ی ا د ن ان ودھی ھش د. -
Suidae from Kanapoi
Journal of Human Evolution 140 (2020) 102337 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol Suidae from Kanapoi * Denis Geraads a, b, ,Rene Bobe c, d a Sorbonne Universites e CR2P-MNHN, CNRS, UPMC-Paris 6 e CP 38, Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, 8 Rue Buffon, F-75231, Paris Cedex 05, France b Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Deutscher Platz 6-D-04103, Leipzig, Germany c Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile d Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK article info abstract Article history: The whole collection of Suidae from Kanapoi is revised in the context of the systematics and evolution of Received 9 November 2016 Nyanzachoerus in the Pliocene of Eastern Africa. It contains only two species, Nyanzachoerus kanamensis Accepted 4 May 2017 and Notochoerus jaegeri. The size and morphology of their premolars overlap, but not those of their m3s. Available online 21 October 2017 No transitional form between them is known in Kenya, but some populations from Uganda and Ethiopia display intermediate characters, suggesting that No. jaegeri could be descended from a kanamensis-like Keywords: ancestor. However, the cranial remains of No. jaegeri from Kanapoi are insufficient to formally establish Africa the affinities of the species. On the basis of the dentition, Notochoerus euilus could be descended from No. Kenya Pliocene jaegeri. The noticeable absence of Kolpochoerus at Kanapoi (and in the whole Turkana Basin at that time) fi Kanapoi remains unexplained. The presence of a species with af nity to Nyanzachoerus tulotos at Ekora raises the Suidae possibility that uppermost Miocene sediments occur there. -
144A © 2009 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
Technical Session X, Friday 10:30 Formation at Riodeva (Teruel, Spain). Characters shared with T. riodevensis holotype SEDIMENTOLOGY, TAPHONOMY, AND ICHNOLOGY OF LATE JURASSIC include: curvature and asymmetry of tooth crown, expansion of crown, outline of humerus, DINOSAUR TRACKS FROM THE JURA CARBONATE PLATFORM (NW medial deflection of the proximal end of humerus, shape and prominence of deltopectoral SWITZERLAND): INSIGHTS INTO THE TIDAL-FLAT PALEOENVIRONMENT crest, vertical ridge in the distal half of the ulna (considered as diagnostic of Turiasauria), AND DINOSAUR DIVERSITY, LOCOMOTION, AND PALEOECOLOGY configuration of metacarpals, and bone proportions. It differs from T. riodevensis holotype MARTY, Daniel, Palaeontology A16, Section d’archeologie et paleontologie, Porrentruy, by the smaller size and the more rectangular ungual phalanx in lateral view. The sediments Switzerland from which the Riodeva specimen was recovered were previsouly thought to be Tithonian to Berriasian in age. The presence of this species in Portugal, in beds confidently dated as Early This study is based on dinosaur tracks from the Swiss Jura Mountains, excavated on multiple Tithonian, may allow a more precise date for the Riodeva type locality of early Tithonian in superimposed paleosurfaces located within Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) biolaminite age. The humerus of the Portuguese T. riodevensis is 152 cm long. Although shorter than the intervals. The approach is first actualistic by studying processes acting during the formation Spanish specimen (790 mm), it represents a large individual. All adult sauropods recovered and taphonomy of human footprints on tidal-flats, notably the stabilizing role of microbial in Portugal thus far are very large individuals: Dinheirosaurus (estimated body length is 20- mats. -
Simpson Et Al 2015 Late Miocene Hominin Teeth from the Gona
Journal of Human Evolution 81 (2015) 68e82 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol Late Miocene hominin teeth from the Gona Paleoanthropological Research Project area, Afar, Ethiopia * Scott W. Simpson a, b, c, , Lynnette Kleinsasser d, e, Jay Quade d, Naomi E. Levin f, William C. McIntosh g, Nelia Dunbar h, Sileshi Semaw i, j, k, Michael J. Rogers l a Department of Anatomy, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4930, USA b Institute for the Science of Origins, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA c Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA d Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA e Barrick Cortez, HC 66 Box 1250, Crescent Valley, NV 89821 USA f Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA g New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources & Department of Environmental Science, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA h Department of Environmental Science, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA i Centro Nacional de Investigacion sobre la Evolucion Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierro de Atapuerca 3, Burgos 09002, Spain j The Stone Age Institute, 1392 West Dittemore Road, Gosport, IN 47433, USA k CRAFT, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA l Department of Anthropology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT 06515, USA article info abstract Article history: Since 2000, significant collections of Latest Miocene hominin fossils have been recovered from Chad, Kenya, Received 22 August 2009 and Ethiopia. -
The Cleveland Museum of Natural History
The Cleveland Museum of Natural History December 2007 Number 56:152–157 NYANZACHOERUS SYRTICUS (ARTIODACTYLA, SUIDAE) FROM THE LATE MIOCENE OF LEMUDONG’O, KENYA LESLEA J. HLUSKO Department of Integrative Biology University of California, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building Berkeley, California 94720-3140 [email protected] AND YOHANNES HAILE-SELASSIE The Cleveland Museum of Natural History 1 Wade Oval Drive Cleveland, Ohio 44106-1767 ABSTRACT Lemudong’o Locality 1 is a late Miocene mammalian-dominated fossil site in the Narok District of southern Kenya. Suidae specimens from this site are scarce and fragmentary, however the recovered specimens can be confidently assigned to Nyanzachoerus syrticus based on the size and morphology of the third molars and the relative size of the third and fourth premolars. This species designation indicates a late Miocene/early Pliocene biochronological age, which accords with 40Ar/39Ar determinations of ,6.11 Ma (Deino and Ambrose, 2007). These Lemudong’o specimens indicate that N. syrticus inhabited the southern part of what is now Kenya by 6 Ma, the earliest known appearance of the species south of Lothagam, Kenya. Introduction The last decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in the recovery of late Miocene and early Pliocene mammalian fossils Lemudong’o is a 6-million-year-old fossil site in the Narok from sites in eastern and central Africa such as Lothagam (Harris District of southern Kenya (Ambrose et al., 2003, 2007; Deino and Leakey, 2003) and Lukeino (Pickford and Senut, 2001) in and Ambrose, 2007). Primarily, mammalian fossils have been Kenya, Aramis and the West Margin of the Middle Awash recovered from the Lemudong’o Locality 1 (LEM 1) and nearby (WoldeGabriel et al., 1994; Haile-Selassie et al., 2004) in Ethiopia, contemporaneous localities, consisting of a large number of the Warwire and Nkondo Formations in the Albertine Rift of colobine primates and hyracoids.