Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire Archaeological Excavation

for Persimmon Homes South Coast

CA Project: 770678 CA Report: 18003

March 2018

Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire

Archaeological Excavation

CA Project: 770678 CA Report: 18003

Document Control Grid Revision Date Author Checked by Status Reasons for Approved revision by A 03.01.2018 JCC OG Internal review B 01.03.2018 JCC C 01.03.2018 KEW QA D 06.03.2018 JCC

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 3

1. INTRODUCTION...... 4

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND...... 5

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES...... 6

4. METHODOLOGY ...... 7

5. RESULTS (FIGS 3–5) ...... 8

6. THE FINDS ...... 9

7. THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ...... 11

8. DISCUSSION...... 13

9. CA PROJECT TEAM...... 14

10. STORAGE AND CURATION...... 14

11. REFERENCES...... 15

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 18

APPENDIX B: POTTERY ...... 19

APPENDIX C: WORKED FLINT...... 20

APPENDIX D: ANIMAL BONE ...... 21

APPENDIX E: THE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE ...... 21

APPENDIX F: OASIS REPORT FORM ...... 22

1 © Cotswold Archaeology Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire: Archaeological Excavation

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000)

Fig. 2 Plan of excavation area (1:1,500).

Fig. 3 North-facing section drawing of feature 1003 (1:20)

Fig. 4 Photographs of north-facing section through feature 1003

Fig. 5 Working photographs including partial dog skeleton (Registered Artefact 1)

2 © Cotswold Archaeology Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire: Archaeological Excavation

SUMMARY

Project Name: Land at Cranleigh Road Location: Portchester, Hampshire NGR: 460448 105420 Type: Excavation

Date: 13 to 19 December 2017

Planning Reference: APP/A1720/W/16/3156344

Location of Archive: Hampshire Museums Service

Site Code: CRDP 17

An archaeological excavation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in December 2017 at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire. The excavation area was located in the east of the broader development area to target a probable prehistoric well found within trench 9 of a preceding evaluation.

The feature was fully excavated and proved to be 3.74m deep with multiple fills and vertical sides, attributes indicative of the probable use of the feature as a well. A small assemblage of worked flint some with technological aspects suggestive of a date in the Late Neolithic or Bronze Age was recovered as redeposited material. The small pottery assemblage recovered from the feature included Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age fabrics and a few sherds of later Iron Age date.

Of some note were the skeletal remains of a dog found 2.43m down the well shaft. This deposit may have been intended to mark the end of the use of the feature as a well, with disuse also suggested by a metre of accumulated sediment below. The presence of this commonly Roman practice, Late Iron Age pottery in the earliest datable fill, and slag/metal working debris in the basal fill, point largely to a later prehistoric date for the feature, most probably to the Late Iron Age.

3 © Cotswold Archaeology Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire: Archaeological Excavation

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In December 2017, Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological investigation at the request of Persimmon Homes South Coast, at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire (centred at NGR: 460448 105420; Fig. 1).

1.2 Planning permission (APP/A1720/W/16/3156344) for residential development of up to 120 dwellings together with a new vehicle access from Cranleigh Road, public open space including a locally equipped area of play, pedestrian links to the public open space, surface water drainage and landscaping on land north of Cranleigh Road and west of Wicor Primary School, was granted on appeal by Fareham Borough Council (FBC). This was conditional (condition numbers 3 & 8) on a programme of archaeological work, comprising an archaeological excavation targeted upon a Prehistoric feature identified within the east of the proposed development area during a previous evaluation (CA 2017a).

1.3 The excavation was undertaken in accordance with a detailed Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) produced by CA (2017b) and approved by FBC. The fieldwork also followed Standard and Guidance: Archaeological Excavation (CIfA 2014); Archaeology and Planning: Guidance for Contractors (HCC 2013), and the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project Manager’s Guide and accompanying PPN3: Archaeological Excavation (Historic England 2015). It was monitored by David Hopkins, the Hampshire County Council Archaeologist (HCCA) responsible for advising the FBC through photographic and email updates.

The site

1.4 The proposed development area was approximately 2ha, and at the time of the excavation and comprised agricultural land bordered to the north and south by housing facing on to Quintrel Avenue and Cranleigh Road respectively, and by Wicor Primary School and further housing to the east. To the west lay farmland. The site was generally flat, but sloped gently to the south and east where the excavation area lay at 7.5m aOD. The site also lies 0.6km north of the Solent, a strait of water which separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England.

4 © Cotswold Archaeology Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire: Archaeological Excavation

1.5 The underlying bedrock geology of the area is mapped as Lewes Nodular Chalk Formation with superficial river terrace deposits of sand, silt and clay (BGS 2017). This was corroborated by the excavation (see section 5.2).

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 The archaeological background given below is a succinct summary of the archaeological desk based assessment by Foundations Archaeology (2014) and the results of an evaluation of the southern half of the site by Cotswold Archaeology (CA 2017a).

Palaeolithic – Neolithic (500,000 BC – 2400 BC)

2.2 Lithic scatters providing an undisturbed palimpsest of flint tools were found during excavations in 1975 at the archaeologically important site at Red Barns 1km to the north-east of the site ranging in dates from 425,000 to 200,000BC (Gamble et al. 2000). A scatter of lithics was also found 600m to the west of the site, ranging in date from Palaeolithic to the Mesolithic periods. Stray finds of hand axes are also known from the surrounding area of the site. The potential for prehistoric remains is therefore judged to be high.

2.3 A scatter of Neolithic flints was found 800m to the west of the site.

2.4 The evaluation (CA 2017a) identified one possible water hole in Trench 9 (Fig. 2); recorded as Feature 1003 in the excavation. The pit had steep sides but was not fully excavated during the evaluation. It was shown to contain small amounts of prehistoric pottery, struck flint and burnt flint.

Bronze Age (2400 BC – 700 BC)

2.4 A middle Bronze Age urn was found during groundwork for the M27 1.2km northwest of the site. To the west, also during construction of the M27 an inverted cremation urn was found. The urn contained cremated material and burnt flint and had been placed in a pit. A pit containing unworked burnt flint and late Bronze Age pottery was found 1km west of the site. At Cam Hills to the west of the site, three pits containing Middle Bronze Age pottery were recorded (Eddisford 2009).

5 © Cotswold Archaeology Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire: Archaeological Excavation

Iron Age - Roman (700 BC – AD 410)

2.5 The surrounding area was heavily settled in the Iron Age. Three gold coins belonging to the local Belgae tribe were recovered to the north west of the site. Multi-period activity (including Iron Age) has been recorded at Cams Hill. Late Iron Age activity is represented by two enclosures, four post-built structures, postholes, pits and pottery. Cams Hill continued in use into the Roman period.

2.6 A number of Roman coins were found 1.5km to the southeast of the site. Also located 2.2km to the south west of the site is Porchester Saxon Shore fort, Port Adurni. Thought to be built sometime in the 3rd century, Portus Adurni formed one of a number of coastal forts built by the Romans as a result of Saxon piracy in the English Channel.

Saxon - medieval (AD 410 - 1539)

2.7 Continuity of occupation into the Early Saxon period is evidenced by the finding of Sunken Feature Buildings containing 4th century pottery at Cams Hill. No other Saxon evidence is known from this period.

2.8 The site does not appear to have been occupied in the medieval period, and may have been used as farmland. Medieval activity in the surrounding area is represented by stray finds of medieval pottery and Porchester Castle located 2.2km to the south west of the site. During the 11th century the remains of the Roman fort Portus Adurni were utilised by the Normans to create Portchester Castle.

Post-medieval (1540 - 1800)

2.9 The site continued in use as farmland in the post-medieval and modern periods, though during the Second World War, anti-aircraft obstacles were placed within the site as shown by aerial photographs.

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 The objectives of the archaeological mitigation were to:

• record the nature of the main stratigraphic units encountered

• determine the overall presence, survival and potential of structural, domestic, industrial or funerary remains

6 © Cotswold Archaeology Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire: Archaeological Excavation

• determine the overall presence, survival, condition, and potential of artefactual and ecofactual remains

3.2 The specific aims of the work were to:

• record any evidence of past settlement or other land use

• recover artefactual evidence to date any evidence of past settlement that may be identified and if possible confirm the date of the prehistoric activity previously recorded • sample and analyse environmental remains to create a better understanding of past land use and economy

3.3 Research aims identified from the regional research framework (i.e. Solent-Thames Archaeological Research Framework (Chapters published 2006-2009) [further details of the regional research frameworks available can be found at http://www.algao.org.uk/england/research_frameworks])

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 The fieldwork followed the methodology set out within the WSI (CA 2017b). The location and depth of the excavation area was agreed with David Hopkins (HCCA) and informed by the results of the archaeological evaluation (CA 2017a). A 15m square excavation area was stepped in to a depth of 4.15m with a mechanical excavator in order to safely ascertain the depth of the single feature within the area. At each level, before reduction the profile of the feature was drawn and photographed and surveyed. All planning was set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates using Leica GPS and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4: Survey Manual. The excavation area was scanned for live services by trained CA staff using CAT and Genny equipment in accordance with the CA Safe System of Work for avoiding underground services.

4.2 Fieldwork commenced with the removal of topsoil and subsoil from the excavation

area by mechanical excavator with a toothless grading bucket, under archaeological

supervision.

7 © Cotswold Archaeology Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire: Archaeological Excavation

4.3 The archaeological features thus exposed were hand-excavated to the bottom of archaeological stratigraphy where they could be safely. All features were planned and recorded in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual.

4.4 Deposits were assessed for their environmental potential and five features considered to have potential for characterising the earlier phases of activity were sampled in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites.

4.5 All artefacts recovered from the excavation were retained in accordance with CA Technical Manual 3: Treatment of finds immediately after excavation.

5. RESULTS (FIGS 3–5)

5.1 This section provides an overview of the excavation results; detailed summaries of the contexts, finds and environmental samples (biological evidence) are to be found in Appendices A-F.

Geology

5.2 The natural geology consisted of chalk and reddish brown clay with flint (1014) between 2.71m below current ground level (BCGL) and 4.15m BCGL, above this layer alluvial deposits of yellowish/reddish-brown clayey-sand with occasional flint and chalk (1002) with a thickness of 2.3m were laid. This in turn was overlain by 0.18m of mid brownish-grey clayey sand subsoil (1001) and subsequently 0.23m of dark greyish-brown sandy-silt topsoil (1000).

Area 1 (Figs 3-5)

5.3 The excavation area was centred around a single circular well measuring 3.74m deep (incorporating the previously recorded depth during the evaluation (CA 2017a)). It had a length and width of 1.5m and 1.52m respectively with vertical sides which broke sharply to a flat base.

5.4 The well was filled with ten fills, the earliest of which was a dark greyish-brown silty- clay fill 1013 which was 0.36m thick. No finds were retrieved from this. Overlying this

was mid greyish-brown silty-clay fill 1012, this was derived from the collapsing

8 © Cotswold Archaeology Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire: Archaeological Excavation

largely unstable surrounding geology and measured 0.2m thick. No finds were retrieved from this either. This was covered by fill 1011 which measured 0.36m thick. This was a mid orangey-brown and bluish-grey silty clay which also contained no finds.

5.5 The remains of a small dog (RA1) were found at the base of fill 1010, which was a light greyish-brown silty-clay with abundant flint deliberately sealing the burial and overlying fill 1011 with a thickness of 0.3m. It also contained worked flint.

5.6 Above fill 1010 was mid greyish brown silty-clay secondary fill 1009, it was 0.46m thick and produced two fragments of late Iron Age pottery. Fill 1009 was covered by dark orangey-brown silty-clay fill 1008 which contained common sub-angular flint and measured 0.28m in thickness.

5.7 Dark greyish-brown silty-clay fill 1007 measuring 0.78m thick lay sequentially above fill 1008 and contained two heavily degraded skulls of pig and sheep, which could not be retrieved due to their poor preservation. It contained four sherds of abraded of Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age pottery, which was thought to be residual, and two sherds of Late Iron Age pottery as well as worked and burnt flints. Fill 1007 was overlain by 0.72m of dark greyish-brown silty-clay fill 1006. Fill 1006 contained lenses of light yellowish-brown silty-clay, six tiny fragments of possible Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age residual pottery, two sherds of late Iron Age pottery and worked flint. Above this lay a 0.41m thick mid orangey-brown silty-clay fill 1005 which contained dark greyish-brown silty-clay lenses and did not produce any datable material. The latest fill within the pit, over laying fill 1005, was dark greyish- brown silty-clay fill 1004 which measured 0.54m thick. Although fill 1004 did not produce any datable material, the same fill identified during the evaluation contained several sherds of abraded prehistoric pottery (CA 2017a).

6. THE FINDS

Pottery 6.1 A total of 21 sherds of pottery, weighing 39g, was recovered, including five sherds (20g) from evaluation trench 9 (Table 1, Appendix B). The material is abraded and highly fragmented, with a mean sherd weight (MSW) of just 1.9g. The pottery has been fully recorded according to the Guidelines of the Prehistoric Ceramics

Research Group (PCRG 2010). Each sherd, or group of related sherds, has been

9 © Cotswold Archaeology Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire: Archaeological Excavation

assigned a pottery record number (PRN) and details of fabric, form, rim diameter, surface treatment and decoration have been recorded to an Excel spreadsheet, available in the project archive. Full fabric descriptions are presented in Appendix B.

6.2 Most of the assemblage derives from a single feature – well 903/1003, with a single sherd (1g) from the subsoil of trench 9. All are featureless body sherds in flint- tempered and sandy fabrics (Table 1, Appendix B). The flint-tempered material, 16 sherds (28g) ranges from an unoxidised sherd from a thin-walled (3mm) vessel with well-finished surfaces, to a fully oxidised sherd, 10mm thick, from a coarseware vessel. The flint-tempered sherds are of Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age date, and probably residual in these deposits. The five sandy sherds (11g) are all unoxidised, 5-6mm thick, and of later Iron Age date. A glauconitic component in the sand suggests they derive from the Upper Greensand deposits, located some 20km to the north-east of the site.

Flint

6.7 A total of 26 worked lithics (265g) and 22 pieces (454g) of burnt, unworked flint were recovered from the hand-excavation of five separate deposits (during evaluation and excavation) and the bulk soil sampling of one deposit. The burnt flints have been discarded.

6.8 Lithics were recorded according to broad artefact/debitage type and catalogued directly onto a Microsoft Access database. A reduced level of recording was carried out due to the very small assemblage size. Attributes recorded included weight, colour, cortex description (the outer surface of a flint nodule or pebble), degree of edge damage (micro-flaking), rolling (abrasion), breakage, burning and recortication. The latter presents as a white or blueish surface discoloration resulting from chemical change within the burial environment (Shepherd 1972, 109). See Appendix C, Table 2 for detail.

Raw material, condition and provenance

6.9 The raw material in all cases is flint, which is grey or brown in colour (only one item is slightly recorticated). Cortex is present on 13 items – it is abraded on two and chalky on the remainder. This suggests that it was chalk flint which was mainly exploited – this may have been collected from the chalk plateau of the Hampshire Downs c.8km to the north. All but two of the flints were recovered from fills of

well/waterhole 1003. One flint each was retrieved from subsoil and topsoil. Heavy

10 © Cotswold Archaeology Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire: Archaeological Excavation

edge damage and moderate rolling was noted for the latter two flints, which is to be expected for redeposited material. Feature 1003 has been dated to the Late Iron Age on the basis of associated pottery. The flints from this feature are in relatively good condition, with slight or no edge damage recorded on 71% and slight or no rolling on 96%. This suggests that, although these flints are also residual, they have not moved far from where they were originally deposited. Six flakes (24%) are broken.

Range and variety

6.10 All 26 flints are flakes. Evidence of Mesolithic/Early Neolithic knapping practices, such as blade production, soft hammer percussion and preparation of the striking platform, are absent. Features suggestive of less precise knapping, which is most typical of Late Neolithic/Bronze Age flintworking, are present but in small numbers – one flake has an incipient cone of percussion (from a mis-hit), one has a siret fracture and 19% end in hinged terminations.

Discussion

6.11 All of the lithics were recovered as redeposited finds. The lack of diagnostic tools makes it difficult to establish a date for the assemblage, however, technological aspects suggest that a date in the Late Neolithic or Bronze Age is the most likely.

7. THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

Animal Bones

7.1 A partial dog skeleton was recovered from context 1010 (See Appendix D, Table 3).

The remains were in very poor condition, highly fragmentary, with signs of fresh breakage and a few refitted fragments. Many of the bones were water worn, which is consistent with their recovery from a well or waterhole, and suggests they were affected by running water during part of their deposition, following decomposition of soft tissue. The teeth remained in the mandible, however, implying minimal disturbance, and there was no sign of gnawing, suggesting that the bones were not available for scavengers, and were of disposed of rapidly. There was no sign of butchery or burning, suggesting that the carcass was not processed in any way, although poor surface preservation means that butchery marks may have been obliterated

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7.2 The animal was identified as dog rather than fox based on measurements of a complete third metatarsal (Ratjen and Heinrich 1978). Except for the metatarsal, no elements from the hind quarters were recovered (Table 1). The absence of a baculum therefore cannot be used to suggest this was a female. All bones retrieved were fused indicating a mature animal, and the tooth wear further refined this to indicate that the dog was between three and four years of age (Horard-Herbin 2000). It is not unusual for dog remains to be found as associated bone groups at Roman settlements (Morris 2011, 89), and they are commonly found in wells, most probably as a closure deposit (Rattue 1995, 27), which may be the case at Cranleigh Road.

7.3 The skulls of pig and sheep from fill 1007 were not examined as they were too heavily degraded and were not retrieved from the context. The bone identification was made on site and therefore has not been reported on.

Palaeoenvironmental Evidence

7.4 A single sample (16 litres of soil) was processed from well 903 of possible prehistoric date within Trench 9 taken during the evaluation stage and a further two samples (35 litres of soil) from the same feature (under the number 1003) during the excavation phase of work on the site with the intention of recovering environmental evidence of industrial or domestic activity on the site from this feature. The samples were processed by standard flotation procedures (CA Technical Manual No. 2). Preliminary identifications of plant macrofossils are noted in Table 1 following nomenclature of Stace (1997).

7.5 The flots were small with between 35 and 50% rooty material and modern seeds.

The charred material was poorly preserved (Appendix E, Table 4).

7.6 Fill 904 (sample 1) identified during the evaluation stage (CA 2017a), contained a very small quantity of charred plant remains and charcoal fragments greater than 2mm. The few charred plant remains included indeterminate grain fragments and the charcoal included twig wood pieces. The assemblage is likely to be representative of dispersed material.

7.7 Sample 5 was taken from fill 1010 around dog skeleton RA1. A few small charcoal

fragments greater than 2mm but no charred plant remains were recorded from this

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deposit. Low numbers of small fragments of slag/metal working debris were also noted.

7.8 Basal fill 1013 (sample 8) again contained a few small charcoal fragments greater than 2mm but no charred plant remains, together with a low number of small fragments of slag/metal working debris.

7.9 The environmental remains appear to indicate that this feature may have been in an area used for pasture and animal husbandry. It is unlikely that crop processing activities were taking place in the immediate vicinity while this well was in use. There may be a small indication of some small scale industrial activity taking place in the wider area. There is no potential for any further work on the environmental material.

8. DISCUSSION

8.1 Feature 1003 (feature 903 in evaluation CA 2017a) was confirmed to be an isolated feature within the excavation area, circular in plan and probably a well, based on the depth and vertical morphology.

8.2 Two small sherds of pottery within the deepest datable fill of the well (1009, -2.23m down the well shaft) might tentatively suggest the feature went out of use as a well at the earliest in the Late Iron Age, with intentional disuse as a well evidenced by the dog skeleton in the fill below (1010).

8.3 A metre of sediment lay below fill 1010 (fills 1011, 1012 and 1013) from which palaeoenvironmental analysis of basal fill 1013 indicated small scale industrial activity in the wider area from slag/metal working debris, evidence that is more commonly an indicator of a later prehistoric onwards date (pers. com. Sarah Wyles).

8.4 There was no evidence for a well lining, which was not uncommon amongst similar features of Iron Age date at Heslington East, Yorkshire (Roskams et al. 2013), but probably meant that the feature was only seasonal or at least intended to be temporary.

8.5 The articulated dog skeleton (RA1) was at the base of, and sealed by compact flint fill 1010, 2.43m down in the shaft of the well. The heavily degraded crania of a

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sheep/goat and pig were also found further up in fill 1007 of the well. Deposits such as these are commonly recorded from Roman wells at urban and rural sites throughout the country, most likely marking the closure of the well (Fulford 2001; Roskams et al. 2013; CA 2017c). Some of the best examples include Oakridge (Maltby 1994) and Baldock (Chaplin and McCormick 1986), though these are typified by the occurrence of larger numbers of dogs in association with human remains and other groups of animal bone (CA 2017c).

8.6 The faunal remains at Cranleigh Road are the only indicator of a possible Roman characteristic to the well, but on the basis of a poor pottery assemblage, it is possible that the well might have gone out of use in the early Roman period.

9. CA PROJECT TEAM

9.1 Fieldwork was undertaken by Jeremy Clutterbuck, assisted by Steve Bush and Amelia Weatherill. The report was written by Jeremy Clutterbuck. The pottery report was written by Grace Jones, the worked flint report by Jacky Sommerville, the faunal remains report by Matilda Holmes and the plant microfossils and charcoal report by Sarah Wyles. The illustrations were prepared by Charlotte Patman. The fieldwork was managed for CA by Oliver Good and the post-excavation was managed by Oliver Good.

10. STORAGE AND CURATION

10.1 The archive is currently held at CA offices in Andover whilst post-excavation work proceeds. Upon completion of the project, and with the agreement of the legal landowners, the site archive and artefactual collection will be deposited with Hampshire Cultural Trust which has agreed in principle to accept the complete archive upon completion of the project. A summary of information from this project, set out within Appendix F, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

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11. REFERENCES

BGS (British Geological Survey) 2014 Geology of Britain Viewer

http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html Accessed 31 October

2017

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2017a Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire: Archaeological Evaluation. CA Typescript report 17675

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2017b Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Excavation

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2017c Land at Oak Lane, Bredon, Worcestershire: Archaeological Excavation. CA Typescript report 16668

Chaplin, R. and McCormick, F. 1986 'The animal bones', in Stead, I.M. and Rigby, V. (eds) Baldock. The Excavation of a Roman and Pre-Roman Settlement 1968-72 Britannia Monograph 7, 396–415

DCLG (Department of Communities and Local Government), 2012, National

Planning Policy Framework

Eddisford, D. 2009, 'Excavations at a Multi-Period Site near Cams Hill School, Fareham, Hampshire: Germanic Influence on the Late Roman Hampshire Coast?’, Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society 64: 81-104

Ford, S., Bradley, R., Hawkes, J. and Fisher, P. 1984 ‘Flint-working in the Metal

Age’. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 3(2), 157–73.

Foundations Archaeology, 2014, Land North of Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Fareham, Hampshire, Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

Fulford, M. 2001 'Links with the past: pervasive 'ritual' behaviour in Roman Britain' Britannia 32 199–218

15 © Cotswold Archaeology Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire: Archaeological Excavation

Gamble, C, Wenban-Smith, F and Apsimon, A 2000 ‘The Lower Palaeolithic site at Red Barns, Portchester: bifacal technology, raw material quality, and the organisation of archaic behaviour’ Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 66: 209-257.

Horard-Herbin, M. 2000. 'Dog management and use in the late Iron Age: the evidence from the Gallic site of Levroux (France).' In Crockford, S. (ed) Dogs Through Time. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports Int Ser 889

Maltby, J.M. 1994 'The animal bones from a Romano-British well at Oakridge II, Basingstoke', Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeol. Soc. 49, 47–77

Morris, J. 2011. Investigating Animal Burials: Ritual, Mundane and Beyond. Oxford: British Archaeological Report: British Series 535

Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group (PCRG), 2010. The Study of Prehistoric Pottery: General Policies and Guidelines for Analysis and Publication Occasional Papers Nos 1 and 2, http://www.pcrg.org.uk/News_pages/PCRG%20Gudielines%203rd%20Editi on%20(2010).pdf

Ratjen, H. and Heinrich, D. 1978. Vergleichende untersuchungen an den metapodien von fuchsen und hunden. Kiel: 4

Rattue, J. 1995. The Living Stream: Holy Wells in Historical Context. London: Boydell & Brewer

Roskams, Steve, Neal, Catherine, J., Richardson, Jane et al. (2013) A Late Roman well at Heslington East, York: ritual or routine practices? Internet Archaeology. ISSN 1363-5387

Shepherd, W. 1972 Flint: Its Origin, Properties & Uses. London. Faber and Faber

Stace, C. 1997 New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge, Cambridge University

Press Books

Whittaker, J. C. 1994 Flintknapping: Making & Understanding Stone Tools.

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Austin. University of Texas Press.

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APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Length Depth/ Fill Context Width Spot- Area Context Type Context Description (m) thickness of Interpretation (m) date No (m) 1 1000 layer Topsoil Dark greyish brown clayey silt 15 15 0.2 with occasional sub angular flint, rare CBM and burnt flint. Friable. 1 1001 layer Subsoil Mid brown clayey silt with 15 15 0.2 common sub angular flint and rare chalk and CBM flecks. Compact. 1 1002 layer Natural Dark reddish brown sandy clay 15 15 >3.74 with common sub angular flint. Compact. 1 1003 cut Well Circular with gentle concave 1.5 1.52 3.74 sides at the top and steep vertical towards the bottom with flat base. 1 1004 fill 1003 Secondary Fill 10th Fill of well. Dark greyish 1.52 0.54 brown silty clay with occasional sub angular stone and flint

1 1005 1003 Primary Fill 9th Fill of well. Mid orangey 0.94 0.41 brown silty clay with rare sub angular stone and flint 1 1006 1003 Secondary Fill 8th Fill of well. Dark greyish 1.18 0.72 brown silty clay with rare sub angular stone and flint 1 1007 1003 Secondary Fill 7th Fill of well. Dark greyish 1.4 0.78 brown silty clay with very rare sub angular stone and flint

1 1008 1003 Primary Fill 6th Fill of well. Dark orangey 1.5 0.28 brown silty clay with common sub angular flint 1 1009 1003 Secondary Fill 5th Fill of well. Mid greyish 1.44 0.46 brown silty clay with rare sub angular flint and stone 1 1010 1003 Secondary Fill 4th Fill of well. Light greyish 1.44 0.3 brown silty clay with common sub angular flint <60mm.

1 1011 1003 Primary Fill 3rd Fill of well. Mid orangey 1.42 0.36 brown with patches of bluish grey silty clay with rare flecks of charcoal and common sub angular flint. Hard. 1 1012 1003 Primary Fill 2nd Fill of well. Mid greyish 1.44 0.2 brown silty clay with rare sub angular flint 1 1013 1003 Secondary Fill 1st Fill of well. Mid greyish 1.38 0.36 brown silty clay with rare sub angular flint

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APPENDIX B: POTTERY

Table 1

Fabric No. Wg (g) MSW (g) F1 11 13 1.8 F2 4 4 1 F3 1 11 11 Q1 5 11 2.2 Total 21 39 1.9

Fabric descriptions

F1: A soft, rough fabric containing a common amount (30%) of flint, <5mm, angular, poorly sorted, in a silty clay matrix.

F2: A soft, rough fabric containing sparse (5%) flint, <2mm, angular; moderate (10%) quartz, fine to coarse- grained, rounded to sub-rounded, poorly sorted.

F3: A soft, rough fabric containing a moderate amount (15%) of flint, <6mm, angular, poorly sorted; sparse (7%) iron oxides, <1mm, rounded, moderately sorted, in a silty clay matrix.

Q1: A soft, sandy fabric containing a common amount (20%) of medium to coarse-grained quartz (including a glauconitic component), colourless, milky and rose-coloured grains, sub-rounded, well-sorted.

APPENDIX C: WORKED FLINT

Table 2 CA Weight Context Description Spot date Raw Material Type # Site (g) 2017a 904 Pit 903 LBA/EIA residual Burnt flint 17 317 2017a 904 Pit 903 LBA/EIA residual Burnt flint 5 137 2017a 901 Subsoil Flint Flake 1 84 2017b 1000 Topsoil Flint Flake 1 7 2017a 904 Pit 903 pre LBA/EIA residual Flint Flake 1 5 2017a 904 Pit 903 pre LBA/EIA residual Flint Flake 1 1 2017a 904 Pit 903 pre LBA/EIA residual Flint Flake 1 1 2017a 904 Pit 903 pre LBA/EIA residual Flint Flake 2 1 2017a 904 Pit 903 pre LBA/EIA residual Flint Flake 1 0.5 2017a 904 Pit 903 pre LBA/EIA residual Flint Flake 2 8 2017a 904 Pit 903 pre LBA/EIA residual Flint Flake 1 13 2017a 904 Pit 903 pre LBA/EIA residual Flint Flake 1 11 2017a 904 Pit 903 pre LBA/EIA residual Flint Flake 1 0.8 2017b 1006 Well 1003 LIA Flint Flake 1 7 2017b 1006 Well 1003 LIA Flint Flake 1 7 2017b 1007 Well 1003 LIA Flint Flake 1 10 2017b 1007 Well 1003 LIA Flint Flake 1 9 2017b 1007 Well 1003 LIA Flint Flake 1 4 2017b 1007 Well 1003 LIA Flint Flake 1 21 2017b 1007 Well 1003 LIA Flint Flake 1 0.9 2017a 904 Pit 903 pre LBA/EIA residual Flint Flake 1 3 2017a 904 Pit 903 pre LBA/EIA residual Flint Flake 1 6 2017b 1007 Well 1003 LIA Flint Flake 1 49 2017b 1007 Well 1003 LIA Flint Flake 1 7 2017b 1007 Well 1003 LIA Flint Flake 1 8 2017b 1007 Well 1003 LIA Flint Flake 1 1

APPENDIX D: ANIMAL BONE

Table 3: Minimum number of each element (MNE)

Element MNE

Skull 1 Mandible 2 Thoracic vertebra 2 Vertebra 3 Scapula 2 Humerus 2 Radius 2 Ulna 1 Carpal 2 3rd metatarsal 1 Lateral metapodial 1 First phalanx 1 Total 20

APPENDIX E: THE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE

Table 4: Assessment table of the palaeoenvironmental remains

Flot Vol size Roots Charred Notes for Charcoal Feature Context Sample (L) (ml) % Grain Chaff Other Table > 4/2mm Other Prehistoric Well Evaluation Indet. 903 904 1 16 10 50 * - - grain frag */* - Excavation slag/metal working material 1003 1010 5 16 10 35 - - - - -/* (*) slag/metal working material 1003 1013 8 19 5 50 - - - - */* (*)

Key * = 1–4 items; ** = 5–19 items; *** = 20–49 items; **** = 50–99 items; **** = >100 items

APPENDIX F: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire

Short description An archaeological excavation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in December 2017 at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire. The excavation area was located in the east of the broader development area to target a probable prehistoric well found within trench 9 of a preceding evaluation.

The feature was fully excavated and proved to be 3.74m deep with multiple fills and vertical sides, attributes for the probable use of the feature as a well. A small assemblage of worked flint some with technological aspects suggestive of a date in the Late Neolithic or Bronze Age was recovered as redeposited material. The small pottery assemblage recovered from the feature included Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age fabrics and a few sherds of later Iron Age date.

Of note was the skeletal remains of a dog found 2.43m down the well shaft which was probably intended to mark the end of the use of the feature as a well, particularly with a metre of accumulated sediment below. The presence of this commonly Roman characteristic, Late Iron Age pottery in the earliest datable fill, and slag/metal working debris in the basal fill, point largely to a later prehistoric date for the feature, most probably to the Late Iron Age.

Project dates 13 to 19 December 2017

Project type Excavation

Previous work Field evaluation (CA 2017)

Future work Unknown

PROJECT LOCATION

Site Location Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire

Study area (M2/ha) 2ha

Site co-ordinates 460448 105420

PROJECT CREATORS

Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology

Project Brief originator David Hopkins (Hampshire County Council Archaeologist)

Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology

Project Manager Oliver Good

Project Supervisor Jeremy Clutterbuck and Steven Bush

MONUMENT TYPE Well

SIGNIFICANT FINDS None

PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content (e.g. pottery, (museum/Accession no.) animal bone etc)

Physical Hampshire Cultural Trust Animal Bone, Pottery, Flint, Residues A2017.104

Paper Hampshire Cultural Trust Context Sheets,

Registers, Drawings

Digital Hampshire Cultural Trust Photographs, Report

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2018 Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire: Archaeological Excavation. CA typescript report 18003

23 4 460000 4 462000 6 6 0 2 0 0

110800008000 0 0 0 0

110600006000

110400004000

N Andover 01264 347630 WILTSHIRE Cirencester 01285 771022 SURREY Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 HAMPSHIRE w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE WEST SUSSEX Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, CITY OF Hampshire POOLE SOUTHAMPTON

FIGURE TITLE

ISLE OF CITY OF Site location plan WIGHT PORTSMOUTH BOURNEMOUTH 0 1km

DRAWN BY CP PROJECT NO. 770678 FIGURE NO. © Crown copyright and database rights 2017 CHECKED BY DJB DATE 22/12/2017 Ordnance Survey 0100031673 APPROVED BY OG SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1 2 FIGURE NO. FIGURE 01264 347630 01264 771022 01285 826185 01392 564660 01908 trench www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk [email protected] e w Andover Andover Cirencester Keynes Milton Exeter 770678 1:1,500 22/12/2017 area evaluation DATE PROJECT NO SCALE@A3 revious boundary excavation (excavated/unexcavated) section location site p archaeological feature A 050m DJB OG CP A Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Cranleigh Land at Road, Hampshire Plan of excavation area FIGURE TITLE FIGURE PROJECT TITLE PROJECT of of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Office Stationery Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Digital mapping with the permission the with mapping Digital Survey Ordnance the from Reproduced 100002109. Trust Archaeological Cotswold copyright © Crown DRAWN BY DRAWN CHECKED BY CHECKED APPROVED BY APPROVED m 5 A 0 A

460600 T17 Inset T15 T13 T7 T16

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Q T5 T9 T11 T14

T12 Cranleigh Road T8

460400 T4 T10 T3 T2 T6 T1

105400 105600

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E W 8.0m AOD

1004

1005

1003

1006

1007

reduced ground level

1008

1009

reduced ground level

1010

1011

1012

1013

01m1:20

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire

FIGURE TITLE North-facing section of feature 1003

DRAWN BY CP PROJECT NO. 770678 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 20/12/2017 APPROVED BY OG SCALE@A4 1:20 3 Feature 1003, looking south (sclae 1m)

Feature 1003, looking south (scale 1m)

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire Feature 1003, looking south (scale 1m) Feature 1003, looking south (scale 1m) FIGURE TITLE North-facing sections of feature 1003

DRAWN BY CP PROJECT NO. 770678 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 20/12/2017 APPROVED BY OG SCALE@A3 NA 4 Working photograph of animal skeleton excavation

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Land at Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Hampshire Plan photograph of animal skeleton Working photograph of animal skeleton excavation, looking south-east (scale 1m) FIGURE TITLE Various photographs of animal skeleton excavation

DRAWN BY CP PROJECT NO. 770678 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 20/12/2017 APPROVED BY OG SCALE@A3 NA 5