Fourth Quarter 2017 Issue No. | 27

enviroEnvironmental Protection news Department

Photo Source: Saudi Aramco A Message from Omar S. Abdulhamid, EPD Manager

Saudi Aramco is working hard to excel in environmental and community health fields, leaving no stone unturned in its quest to produce hydrocarbons in a sustainable manner. Issue 27 of Enviro News provides clear evidence of this sweeping commitment to environmental and operational excellence. Flip through the pages and get a taste of the projects, campaigns, and best practices evolving across the company. There are many.

In this issue, find out how Saudi Aramco monitors the effectiveness of its Manifa Causeway to ensure marine habitats remain healthy and vibrant, thanks to this remarkable engineering success story. And speaking of ecosystems, Saudi Aramco’s work in the Red Sea not only protects marine life, it uncovers it as well. Ongoing collaboration efforts between Saudi Aramco and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology have unearthed a previously unknown species of marine worm. Today, inermonephtys aramco is known to science and proudly bears the Company’s name. Also in the issue, we will revisit the launch of the “Field Guide to the Biodiversity of Dhahran,” a must-have for all in our community. Likewise, learn more about the sharks that call the Arabian Gulf home and methods used to conserve water in our operations.

Separately, this issue will also address Saudi Aramco’s many efforts to protect the community and workers’ health—in your home especially. Rest assured that your drinking water is safe, and before tossing unused food into the garbage, learn what those dates on the packaging really mean. Speaking of managing refuse, considerations to develop an Integrated Solid Waste Management Facility in the Eastern Province are under study. Back in your kitchen, learn more about the additives that go into your favorite dishes and look for tips to cut down on food waste—the environment will thank you.

The Environmental Protection Department (EPD) invites you to enjoy this lengthy edition of Enviro News. As always, we look forward to hearing from you and your ongoing efforts to keep diminishing our environmental footprint while contributing to the Kingdom’s sustainable growth and prosperity.

Environmental Protection Department Manager, Omar S. Abdulhamid

Enviro News Editorial Board Chairman, Mohammad Othman Khaled Abdulkader Francisco Estevez Forrest Jones Abdullah Alsuhaibany Mohammad Hajri Jumaan Qahtani Hussain Aseeri Ziad Hawi Abdullah K. Tawlah

For questions, comments, or any other inquiries regarding enviro news, please contact Forrest Jones at alfred. [email protected] or 013-880-9845. 2 table of contents horizons 01 In-depth 25 Bridging the divide Under study

Monitoring the success of the Manifa Causeway 02 Saudi Aramco assesses feasibility for developing an integrated solid waste 26 A life of its own management facility in the Eastern Province Dhahran’s rich biodiversity detailed in Sustainable future new field guide 03 Initiative saves water at company facilities 34

Duly dubbed Leftovers A new marine species in the Red Sea named Dealing with food waste disposal in 37 after Saudi Aramco 10 Saudi Arabia

Safe in every drop Testing ground EPD rolls out water safety plans beginning In situ chemical oxidation in remediation of 40 with Dhahran community 12 groundwater technology

Save the dates Familiarity with food expiration labels saves money, energy, and our planet 14 in focus 43 Add them up Yanbu' Refinery Dept. wins A look at food additives from a regulatory 44 perspective 17 International Green Apple Award

Fish finders Saudi Aramco offshore facilities attract whale 19 sharks, open doors to potential tourism venue enviro snaps 51 Protect and conserve Heat of the moment Manifa Producing Department unveils new The Lesser Crested Tern overcomes high groundwater protection programs to save water 21 temperatures to successfully breed in 52 Saudi island sands Enviro News, Issue 27 | Table of Contents

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1 Enviro News, Issue 27 | Horizons Bridging the divide Monitoring the success of the Manifa Causeway

Alaa Abu Arafah, MPD

Operational since 2013, the massive while simultaneously allowing for The results of this careful offshore Manifa field has a capacity a natural flow of water needed to collaboration is already paying off. to produce 900,000 barrels per day sustain marine life, easier said than In multiple reports, KFUPM scientists of Arabian heavy crude, allowing done. This balance between the have concluded the causeway, thanks the Kingdom to maintain its leading environmental and operational needs to its design, has maintained, and in position as a global energy supplier. posed a challenge for all involved, fact enhanced, the natural circulation The most striking aspect about which included Project Management of tidal waters into and out of Manifa this mega- project is the massive Team (PMT), Manifa Producing Bay. causeway built to allow for oil Department (MPD), Environmental Dissolved oxygen rates are higher production in an environmentally Protection Department (EPD), King than they were before construction, sustainable manner. A company Fahd University of Petroleum and making those shallow waters a landmark, the Manifa Causeway Minerals (KFUPM), and Drilling & healthier environment for fish and is an engineering success story Workover. Today, the causeway, shrimp larvae. Coral has grown in that illustrated how collaboration which comprises of 27 drilling size and seem to be spreading onto among Saudi Aramco departments islands connected by a 42-kilometer the rocks of the Manifa Causeway and local universities allowed causeway and 14 bridges, allows for itself. Seagrass meadows have also for environmentally friendly oil environmentally stable oil production, increased, covering more area than production that spared expense to thanks in part to the design, as well before construction. marine ecosystems. as the monitoring program. Far from destroying the fragile Manifa Bay is an area of the Arabian An effective and specifically tailored ecosystem at Manifa Bay, the Manifa Gulf marked by high primary monitoring program involving Causeway is now a habitat for the productivity from a marine ecology several entities helped solidify the shrimp and fish populations that call perspective. Beneath the surface project’s success, most notably the Manifa their home, which is affirming of the waters lie delicate habitats 10-year partnership between Saudi Saudi Aramco’s determination supporting marine ecosystems and Aramco’s Environmental Protection toward environmental protection. local economies that depend on Department and King Fahd University them, so its vitality could not be of Petroleum and Minerals. overlooked during the planning stages.

With that in mind, building a causeway and man-made islands was the only way to develop the Manifa oil field. Doing so would allow for the responsible production of oil (Photo Source: Saudi Aramco) 2 Environmental Protection Department A life of its own Dhahran’s rich biodiversity detailed in new field guide

Chris Boland, EPD

Have you ever wondered what that more. The Environmental Protection professional quality photographs quirky crested bird hopping around Department's (EPD) new Field Guide taken by Dhahran residents, along Dhahran is called? Or have you to the Biodiversity of Dhahran can with helpful descriptions of the ever wanted to know how many help you identify everything that native plants and animals recorded native flowers grow wild around grows, flies, scurries, and swims within the Dhahran community. Most the jebels in Saudi Aramco's largest in and around the Company’s readers are astonished to discover residential community? Have you headquarters. that 265 species of birds have been ever seen a small hedgehog in recorded in Dhahran, along with The Field Guide to the Biodiversity Dhahran Hills and wondered if you more than 100 species of native of Dhahran contains more than 350 simply imagined it? Well, ponder no plants, 12 species of reptiles, at

The Field Guide contains photographs and descriptions of over 350 plants and animals recorded in Dhahran, such as the Arabian Toad-headed Agama on page 126.

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4 Environmental Protection Department least seven species of mammals, one least seven species that are formally two plants (Arta and Harm), one species of frog, and countless species listed as internationally threatened fungus (Desert Truffle – a traditional of invertebrates. with extinction, including four species delicacy), one reptile (Dhub), one that are listed as vulnerable (Dhub, mammal (Arabian Red Fox [pictured]), EPD has produced 10,000 copies European Turtle-dove, Greater and all dragonflies. of the field guide, which the Spotted Eagle, and Eastern Imperial department is giving to interested Furthermore, Dhahran contains at Eagle [pictured]) and three species residents and employees of Dhahran least three reptile species that occur that are listed as endangered (Steppe to help raise biodiversity awareness. only in Arabia and nowhere else Eagle, Saker Falcon, and Basra Reed- The major contributors to the field on earth (Yellow-spotted Agama warbler). Fourteen more species guide were Chris Boland from [pictured], Arabian Short-fingered are listed as near threatened and EPD, Jem Babbington from EXPEC Gecko, and Haas’s Fringe-toed decreasing, which means they are Advanced Research Center, Phil Lizard) and three plant species also likely to become vulnerable in the Roberts from Projects Procurement largely restricted to the region (Cakile next few years. Department, and the late Irene [pictured], Ghurayra’, and Shuhayba). Linning (a wonderful former resident In addition, at least 15 species found In addition, two species of reptile of Dhahran). in Dhahran are listed as species of were first discovered to science from national high conservation priority, specimens collected in Dhahran Dhahran’s conservation according to the Saudi Wildlife (Schmidt’s Fringe-toed Lizard, and value Authority, which means these species Haas’s Fringe-toed Lizard). have been identified as being of A key message to emerge from The field guide highlights the fact national conservation concern and/ the field guide is that Dhahran is that Dhahran is a key site for birds or important for maintaining Saudi one of the most important sites for within the region. A staggering cultural heritage. These include seven biodiversity in the Kingdom. The 265 species have been recorded birds (such as falcons and eagles), Company’s headquarters supports at

The Eastern Imperial Eagle is one of seven species found in Dhahran that are globally threatened with extinction (Photo: Phil Roberts)

5 Enviro News, Issue 27 | Horizons in Dhahran, comprising more than Consider for a moment how morning or late afternoon), meaning half of the bird species recorded extraordinary it is that these birds— that people rarely get more than a throughout all of Saudi Arabia. some only 11 centimeters tall and quick glimpse of these shy but special These range from the tiny Graceful weighing less than a tablespoon of animals. Indeed, other small mammal Prinia (weighing only 6 – 8 grams water—fly such vast distances every species probably occur in Dhahran, and standing only 10 centimeters year to breed. How fortunate for but they have not yet been formally tall) to the majestic Eastern Imperial them that the Dhahran community recorded. Eagle (weighing 4,500 grams with a contains a diversity of habitats Dhahran’s mammals can be divided wingspan of 215 centimeters). This that provide food, water, and into aerial and terrestrial species. magnificent diversity is a result of safety. Likewise, how fortunate for The aerial species include at least Dhahran’s mixture of habitat types, Dhahran’s residents to have the three species of bats, which were including jebels, semi-arid scrub, opportunity to catch glimpses of surveyed by EPD in 2015 using wetlands, spray fields, evaporation such special birds from places as far ultrasonic detectors. The most ponds, ornamental ponds, sports as South Africa, Sri Lanka, Norway, common bat species detected was fields, parks, and gardens with each Siberia, and Alaska as they pass Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, which is often seen supporting different types of birds. by our home on their epic annual flying around street lights during the voyages. A large percentage of birds recorded warmer months, capturing tens of in Dhahran are migrating between In addition to migratory species, thousands of insects every night. their breeding grounds (usually many birds live in Dhahran year- At least four terrestrial mammal in northern Eurasia) and their round. Indeed, at least 15 species species occur in Dhahran, including wintering grounds (often in Africa nest within the community each year. the incredibly lovable Desert or Southern Asia). As a result of the Another eight species have been Hedgehog, which occasionally high number of migrants passing recorded nesting here occasionally, wanders into people’s gardens in through Dhahran, the diversity of while nine others possibly nest in Dhahran Hills. Another endearing birds increases in spring and autumn. Dhahran sporadically. little mammal is Sundevall’s Jird, Many others are winter visitors; that At least seven native mammal species which nests around the jebels is, they breed elsewhere (typically occur in Dhahran. Most are nocturnal northwest of Peninsula Boulevard Eurasia) and spend the winter in or crepuscular (i.e., active in the early and can forage several kilometers Dhahran (Figure 1).

The Yellow-spotted Agama is one of six species found in Dhahran that occur only in Arabia (Photo Source: Jem Babbington)

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Birds

The exquisite Common Kingfisher is one of 265 species of bird recorded in Dhahran (Photo Source: Jem Babbington) from its burrow each night. We to the iconic Dhub (or Spiny-tailed The field guide shows that over a are also fortunate to share the Lizard). While many people may hundred species of native plants community with the Arabian Red Fox. have eaten the Dhub as a traditional grow wild in Dhahran, which While the red fox occurs across much delicacy, few people realize that represent about 64 percent of the of Eurasia, the subspecies that lives in this fine creature takes six years to plants recorded in the Central Coastal Dhahran is confined to Arabia and is reach maturity and may live for 33 Lowlands, the area of the Eastern especially beautiful. years. As a result of over-hunting, the Province in which Dhahran occurs. Dhub is formally listed internationally This remarkable concentration of as vulnerable and decreasing, plants is due partly to the varied At least 12 reptile species have been meaning that at the current rate of topography of Dhahran, including recorded within the community, exploitation it is heading toward limestone outcrops (the jebels), firm representing 12 percent of all of global extinction. the number of silt, rock covered with thin layers of Saudi Arabia’s reptiles. These range Dhubs in Dhahran has dropped in sand, pockets of shallow sand, and in size from the tiny Yellow-bellied recent years, and so we need to help rare areas of deep sand. House Geckos that often occur protect this impressive animal. around our porch lights at night up Number of bird species recorded Number of bird

Month

Figure 1: The number of bird species observed in Dhahran increases during the spring and autumn migration periods, and over winter when some species fly south to escape the Northern winter (Data: Jem Babbington)

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Mammals

The Arabian Red Fox is one of 15 species found in Dhahran that are formally listed as being of High Conservation Priority to the Kingdom (Photo Source: Jem Babbington)

The plants of Dhahran have been around the jebel habitat northwest of are available from the Dhahran used traditionally as sources of Peninsula Boulevard. Irene’s research Recreational Library, Dhahran food, animal fodder, cosmetics, and demonstrated that these jebels are Heritage Gallery, Dhahran Garden medicine. For instance, Dhahran’s the most floristically diverse site in Group Shop, Dhahran Saudi Aramco plants were used to treat kidney the Eastern Province. Her data show Employees Association office, or the disease, cholera, malaria, toothache, that the best time to see wildflowers Dhahran Community Services Help and jaundice. Other species were in Dhahran is from February to April Desk in Al Mujamma. Employees can used for making soap or rope and (Figure 2). also request a copy from the EPD flavoring milk. secretary (login ID: campbede). How to get a copy The late Irene Linning conducted hundreds of hours of research The Field Guide to the Biodiversity studying the native plants and of Dhahran is free to interested invertebrates of Dhahran, particularly residents and employees. Free copies

Reptiles

Schmidt’s Fringe-toed Lizard is one of two species that were first discovered by scientists in Dhahran (Photo Source: Jem Babbington)

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Plants

The delicate flower of the Cakile plant, a species that is unique to the region (Photo Source: Irene Linning) Number of species flowering

Figure 2: The number of species flowering in Dhahran peaks in spring (Data: Irene Linning)

The field guide contains over 350 stunning photographs, Numerous butterflies and moths have been recorded in such as this image of a Striped Hawkmoth pollinating a Dhahran, such as this Painted Lady Silene villosa flower with its long proboscis (Photo Source: Jem Babbington) (Photo Source: Irene Linning)

9 Enviro News, Issue 27 | Horizons Duly dubbed a new marine species in the Red Sea named after Saudi Aramco

Diego Lozano-Cortes and Yasser Kattan, EPD

Meet Inermonephtys aramco, a previously undiscovered marine worm introduced to the world by Saudi Aramco/ SAKMEO researchers. (Photo Source: Ascensao Ravara)

There are countless species of life technology allowing scientists to marine worm. Saudi Aramco research on earth and to date, science has explore in untouched places. As it with King Abdullah University of identified more than 2 million of turns out, one of those untouched Science and Technology (KAUST) them. Many more species are waiting places is right here in Saudi Arabia helped welcome this new species and to be discovered, and today many beneath the waters of the Red Sea, Company namesake to the scientific are brought to light and with great home to inermonephtys aramco, world. frequency, thanks to the advanced a previously unknown species of

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the world. In 2016, inermonephtys aramco was the chosen name to present this species in an article published in August of 2017 in the Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. This particular marine worm and Company namesake was collected in sands in the Southern region of the Red Sea at depths of between 60 and 83 meters. In the article, the authors stated that the name of the species refers to Saudi Aramco that has been providing support for an extensive baseline characterization of the physico-chemical and biological patterns of the Red Sea where this species has been found.1

Ongoing collaboration efforts between Saudi Aramco and KAUST have not only discovered The RV-Thuwal, a KAUST research boat used during work that led to this new species. They continue to the discovery of inermonephtys aramco. (Photo Source: Saudi Aramco) provide knowledge that will help to implement regulations to better In November of 2013, Saudi the biodiversity patterns of soft- protect and manage biodiversity and Aramco opened the Center for bottomed habitats. During analysis ecosystems in Saudi Arabia. Marine Environmental Observations of these sediment samples, SAKMEO (SAKMEO) at KAUST to gain a scientists found four species of SAKMEO projects have tracked scientific understanding of the Red marine worms that they had never marine vulnerabilities, determined Sea and its ecosystems. This region encountered before. After months of impacts linked to industrial urban/ has largely gone understudied, and working in the laboratory and with coastal development and non- knowledge about it would benefit the help of a taxonomist (a specialist anthropogenic sources, and have the Kingdom. in the classification of organisms), it identified areas in need of protection was discovered that three of these based on their ecological resilience Since its inception, SAKMEO, in species were seen in the Red Sea for and ability to support recovery of collaboration with EPD, has been the first time ever, and remarkably, disturbed areas in the Red Sea. conducting research cruises to the fourth one was a totally new Today, SAKMEO scientists have assess the current status of the Red species for science. conducted seven major research Sea to study its changes over time expeditions, 40 reef surveys, and due to natural and anthropogenic As this fourth species was previously have deployed 72 Autonomous processes. As part of these scientific undiscovered, scientists gladly Reef Monitoring Structures on top expeditions, researchers collected accepted the task to give to it a of analyzing over 500 water and sediment samples extending down name and officially introduce it to sediment samples. 150 meters in depth to characterize

1 Nephtyidae (Polychaeta, Phyllodocida) from the Red Sea, with record of a new species by Ascensao Ravara and Susana Carvalho

11 Enviro News, Issue 27 | Horizons Safe in every drop EPD rolls out water safety plans beginning with Dhahran community

David Corry, EPD

Water is our most precious resource, approaches that encompass all exceeding 10m3 must have a WSP and access to safe water supply distribution steps from source to in place by the end of 2018. The is essential for life everywhere. A consumer, and it is a valuable tool to Company’s Environmental Protection Water Safety Plan (WSP) is widely help suppliers effectively operate and Department management is com- considered to be the most effective manage the water supply system. mitted to supporting departments means of consistently ensuring this in this endeavor and has unveiled All Saudi Aramco potable water safe access. It follows comprehensive the WSP toolkit to do just that. producers with a daily production risk assessment and risk management The toolkit includes a guide book, a Water Safety Plan template, and a risk assessment matrix. EPD developed the toolkit during a two- year collaboration with Dhahran Utilities Department’s Utilities and Technical Services Division (U&TSD), which recently launched Saudi Aramco’s first Water Safety Plan for drinking water supplied to Dhahran.

EPD released the toolkit in 2017 during the department’s Water Safety Plan workshops, which were delivered to Saudi Aramco drinking water producers to provide them with the knowledge and skills they will need to adhere to new requirements. EPD’s Saleh Al- Qahtani, Head of the Workplace Environment Division, introduced the workshops by welcoming attendees EPD Manager Omar Abdulhamid (left) and U&TSD Manager Abdulaziz and encouraging them to participate Misfir (right) at a ceremony hosted by the latter to mark Saudi Aramco’s first fully to gain the most from the approved Water Safety Plan. (Photo Source: Arabian Sun) venues.

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(Photo Source: Shutter Stock)

Attendees obtained a thorough The workshops then took attendees Once the WSPs are developed, EPD introduction to WSPs, which were through the comprehensive risk will assess and approve each one to first conceived in the International assessment approach that must ensure all steps have been followed Water Association’s Bonn Charter be followed at each stage of the and that the WSP will effectively back in 2004. Today, they have water supply. The primary objectives ensure safe and wholesome drinking become the best practice endorsed here include the minimization of water supply. In addition, EPD will by the World Health Organization contamination of source waters, continue to support proponents and form a critical part of WHO the reduction or removal of through provision of advice and Guidelines for Drinking Water contamination through treatment guidance and by conducting periodic Quality. Many countries today have processes and the prevention of WSP compliance audits. made it mandatory to develop and contamination during storage, “The WSPs program will be critical implement WSPs, and Saudi Arabia distribution, and handling of drinking in identifying potential quality and will do likewise in 2019. water. The plans are intended to quantity risks for drinking water identify potential sources of hazards Workshop attendees were then in Saudi Aramco facilities,” EPD at all points on the supply chain advised to form teams of experts Manager Omar Abdulhamid said at and implement control measures to from within their organizations U&TSD’s launch of Saudi Aramco’s minimize the risk of contamination. in charge of understanding the first Water Safety Plan in 2017. A system of routine monitoring of risks within their networks and the control measures and a remedial “EPD has a strong commitment be capable of implementing all action plan when a control measure to ensuring safe drinking water necessary controls and monitoring. is not within the target will also be and welcomes this opportunity to These teams will include utilities developed as part of the plan. collaborate with proponents on engineers, persons responsible for creating their WSPs throughout Saudi supply networks, environmental Each workshop element saw support Aramco. EPD expects to have all plans coordinators, and management. from practical team exercises, giving completed before the government Key responsibilities will include data the attendees an opportunity to learn deadline of 2019.” collection and analysis, site visits, as from each other. Finally, attendees well as identifying and documenting were presented with milestones to risks, controls and emergency assist them in the development and procedures into the WSPs. implementation of their own WSPs. 13 Enviro News, Issue 27 | Horizons Save the dates Familiarity with food expiration labels saves money, energy, and our planet

Fatimah A. Turki, EPD

As the old saying goes when it comes safe for consumption, a worryingly All have very different meanings, so to food, “when in doubt, toss it out.” large amount is still perfectly edible, let’s take a look at the ingredients. That’s good advice, right? Certainly, even if a little past its prime. but should doubt arise when things Best until … from production still look and smell fresh? Read the The GCC Standardization date and Best before date label carefully and wisely, and you Organization (GSO) has determined will have a better idea. four statements must be used for These are typically the dates by which expressing the end of shelf life: the manufacturer recommends that Every year around the globe, people consumers use their products for • Best until…..from production throw away 1.3 billion tonnes of peak quality of the food. These dates date food. Roughly a third of food waste indicate when an unopened product created at the household level can be • Best before date will have the best flavor or quality. linked to consumer misunderstanding It is not a date to indicate spoilage, of the meaning of expiry dates (end • Consume until date nor does it necessarily signal that the of shelf life). While it’s true that many • The expiration date (EXP) food is no longer safe to eat. After food items are discarded because these dates have passed (and even they have passed the point deemed

(Photo Source: Shutter Stock)

14 Environmental Protection Department some time before), you may start Opened products Accordingly, the U.K. Food Standard to notice gradual changes in the Agency points out that the use by unopened product’s texture, color The above dates only apply to date concerns itself with safety, so or flavor. But as long as you’ve been unopened products stored under therefore food cannot be eaten after storing the unopened item properly, normal conditions. Once opened, the use by date. you can generally consume it beyond these dates are no longer valid. In contrast, in the U.S., use by dates these dates, though it likely is not Handling or transporting food can can be found on shelf-stable products going to be at peak quality. also affect shelf life. For opened packages, manufacturers are required such as mustard, mayonnaise and Examples: These statements are to provide storage instructions on the peanut butter. Consequently, the often found on products that can label when they differ from normal U.S. Department of Agriculture’s be preserved for a long time, such room temperature. Some examples Food Safety and Inspection Service as spices, rice, cereals, sugar, and are "refrigerate after opening" points out that the use by date others. or "keep refrigerated," which are concerns itself with quality and not important to follow. safety. The food will be safe to eat Consume until date and the after this date, though it may not be Expiration Date (EXP) Different countries, different at its best. rules of the game Some foods such as meat, cheese, So be safe and be smart. Wasting fish, and milk must carry an Some foodstuffs in local shops are food means wasting money, labor, expiration date. These dates are the imported, so you may find products and resources such as energy, dates up to which the food maintains from outside Saudi Arabia. Be land, and water that all go into its microbiological and physical aware that different countries have producing breakfast, lunch, dinner, stability as well as the nutrient different guides for expiring dates. and all the snacks and goodies in content declared on the label. For example: The use by date can between. Wasting food also increases Expiration dates (EXP) and consume be found in foodstuffs produced in greenhouse gas emissions, and thus until dates are about food safety. the U.K. and the U.S. In the U.K., contributes to climate change and Foods with these dates should not be you will see use by dates on foods global warming. When in doubt, consumed after the date on the label that go off quickly, such as fresh toss it out, but think carefully before has passed. and chilled foods (yogurt, milk, etc.). throwing away precious food.

save the dates, know your food expiry labels

1.3 1/3 Stop billion tonnes of of food waste created at We need to stop wasting food are wasted the household level can food, because wasting food every year around be linked to consumers means wasting money, the globe. misunderstanding the labor, and resources such as meaning of expiry dates (end energy, land, and water. of shelf life).

NOTE: A version of this story previously ran in The Arabian Sun under EPD’s regular column, Green Matters.

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understand dates in your food

Best Before (CB) Consume Before Best Until (Exp) Expiration Food quality Food quality You can generally consume Foods with these dates should unopened products not be consumed after the beyond these dates, but date on the label has passed. they likely are not going to e.g., meat and dairy products be at peak quality. e.g., cereals and grains

The above dates only apply to unopened products stored per manufacturer recommendations

Opened products

For opened packages, manufacturers are required to provide storage instructions on the label when they differ from normal room temperature. Some examples are “refrigerate after opening“ or “keep refrigerated.“ When in doubt, toss it out, but think carefully before throwing away precious food.

For more information on food safety, please visit the Environmental Health Community of Practice page on https://sharek.aramco.com.sa/cop/ih

16 Environmental Protection Department Add them up A look at food additives from a regulatory perspective

Saad Qahtani, EPD

With an ever-increasing urban how much of a health risk does the flavor. The addition of chemicals population demanding more and chemical content in food pose to us? to food is not new; in fact, many more food that is high in quality, have been around for a long time. This edition of Enviro News will longer lasting, and aesthetically Salt, for example, has been used to answer some questions that are often pleasing, food additives have become preserve meat and fish for centuries. raised about food additives. a necessity. However, many believe Without food additives, many foods that the long-term consumption What are food additives? would spoil very quickly and may of these substances may have become unsafe due to bacterial undesirable effects on our health. Food additives are substances that contamination. Additives are needed What exactly goes into our food, and preserve food or enhance their

(Photo Source: Shutter Stock)

17 Enviro News, Issue 27 | Horizons to produce the kinds of foods we emulsifiers used in various products. approved levels of use are much have come to expect. Whereas some A comprehensive list of commonly lower than those at which adverse additives are extracted from natural used additives, their to functions effects are expected to arise. Good sources, others are manmade and and types of foods used in can be Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) add therefore artificial. accessed at www.fda.com. another layer of safety, whereby the amount of food ingredients added Commonly used food What do “E” numbers to food is limited to the amount additives and their uses mean? necessary to achieve the desired effect. Food additives that appear on They refer to an internationally food labels include preservatives, recognized reference system for Concerned? Read the label sweeteners, colors, nutrients, and listing additives that have been tested texture improvers. Preserving agents and approved for use in food. For In spite of assurance provided by are used to prevent food spoilage example, E260 is used to designate regulatory bodies, many consumers from bacteria, molds, fungi, or yeast acetic acid. remain wary about food additives. (antimicrobials). They also slow or In fact, numerous publications by prevent changes in color, flavor, or Are food additives safe? independent research suggest that texture, delay rancidity (antioxidants) some food additives may have Food additives are carefully and maintain freshness. Acetic acid adverse health effects ranging regulated by international public and Benzoic acid are commonly used from allergic reactions to children health organizations such as Food preservatives in this area. Additives hyperactivity and even cancer risk, Chemicals Codex (FCC) or by the such as aspartame are used to ensure which has created controversy about Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee that food stays sweet. Color additives several additives such as nitrites on Food Additives (JECFA) to ensure offset color loss due to exposure and some food colors. Additionally, that foods are safe to eat and are to light, air, temperature extremes, international regulators maintain accurately labeled. Most additives moisture, and storage conditions. that approval criteria for a certain have been in existence for many They also correct and enhance substance are based on “best years, and their safety has been well variations in colors that occur available science” and “reasonable established. Studies are frequently naturally, and you may recognize certainty.” In other words, the undertaken to reassess the safety and their names on packages—examples absence of risk from the use of use of food additives when research include Blue No.1 and Yellow any substance is never absolute. shows that a particular substance No. 5. Nutrients replace vitamins Fortunately, labelling standards imposes a health risk to consumers. and minerals lost in processing require that prepackaged food labels Immediate steps are usually taken to (enrichment), and add nutritive declare all used ingredients including withdraw its approval. value that may be lacking in the diet food additives. Where consumers (fortification). Vitamins added to milk Several criteria may be considered have concerns about a particular formulas belong to this category. when health effects of food additives substance, consulting product labels Texture improvers include emulsifiers, are evaluated. These factors include may be the recommended approach stabilizers, thickeners, and binders. but are not limited to (1) the to ensure they are not consuming These allow for a smooth mixing of composition of the substance, (2) the controversial food additives. More ingredients, prevent separation, keep typical consumption per day, as well information can be found at emulsified products stable, reduce as (3) effects from short- and long- regulatory websites. stickiness, control crystallization, term exposure. The level of use in References: The United States Food keep ingredients dispersed, and help food includes a built-in safety margin and Drug Administration (FDA). products dissolve more easily. Lecithin that accounts for uncertainty inherent www.fda.com and sodium silicate are examples of to research methods. Therefore, the

18 Environmental Protection Department Fish finders Saudi Aramco offshore facilities attract whale sharks, open doors to potential tourism venue

Hua Hsun Hsu, KFUPM, and Khaled Al-Abdulkader, EPD

Gentle giant of the sea Jubail in 2017. The world’s biggest can swim alongside these majestic fish, the whale shark is a harmless species and even catch a ride on their Sharks are circling on the horizon animal and friendly when interacting fins. This educational tourism venue off Saudi Aramco facilities. Big with humans, thus its nickname “the has great potential for the Kingdom sharks, and that’s a good thing. A gentle giant of the sea.” Because in the near future and aligns with KFUPM shark study team, part of of its temperate character that broader tourism strategies outlined the broader Saudi Aramco-KFUPM complements its beautiful white strips in the broader Saudi Vision 2030 Marine Sustaining Research Program, and spots cascading alongside its economic diversification program. spotted whale shark aggregations huge body that entice divers, many Huge as whales, hence their name, around several of Saudi Aramco’s countries have developed whale whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) are offshore facilities about 100 km off shark ecotourism, where tourists

Saudi Arabian “whale shark ecotourism” may develop in the future. (Photo Source: Shutter Stock)

19 Enviro News, Issue 27 | Horizons

A diver swims alongside a whale shark, demonstrating what could be a big tourism draw. (Photo Source: KFUPM) born at around 65 cm in total length white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), in 2016. During the one-year and grow as large as 18 meters as is just one species of shark—one of investigation, exciting results revealed adults. At present, there are 23 shark many. Actually, there are more than that there were at least 23 shark species in the Arabian Gulf alone, 500 living species of shark in the species observed and recorded, more and unlike other predatory sharks off world today. Sharks have existed in than the team had expected, and the Saudi coasts, the whale shark has no the world’s oceans for more than species richness (i.e., the number of sharp teeth — it is one of three filter- 400 million years. Most of them species, with higher species richness feeding shark species, which swallow are top predators in various marine meaning more species are identified hundreds of tons of seawater to filter ecosystems and are important and recorded) is still increasing by tiny planktonic prey every day. There regulators that help to manage month. population structure and gathering healthy marine ecosystems. That is period in Saudi waters are still under to say, the higher the shark biomass The team recorded the small investigation, and further research and diversity, the healthier the marine oviparous Arabian bamboo shark and continuous monitoring are ecosystem. Chiloscyllium arabicum with a underway. maximum length of 80 cm and the Sharks in the Arabian Gulf zebra shark Stegostoma fasciatum, Shark stories which has zebra-like stripes in Saudi Arabia is home to the longest juvenile stages and a leopard-like Many people still conjure up images coastline along the Arabian Gulf spot pattern as an adult. Researchers of sharks from the 1975 thriller movie and with many diverse habitats, but also documented one of the most “Jaws,” with a ferocious image reports of sharks in Saudi waters dangerous shark species, the bull of a bloodthirsty shark terrorizing are rare. Therefore, Saudi Aramco shark Carcharhinus leucas, which can resort towns deeply implanted in supported the “Sustaining Project- travel 4,000 km up freshwater rivers their minds. However, the main Shark Study” launched by scientific and has been attributed to many character in that movie, the great researchers to study sharks beginning recorded attacks on human beings.

20 Environmental Protection Department Protect and conserve Manifa Producing Department unveils new groundwater protection programs to save water

Alaa Abu Arafah, MPD

As part of its commitment to advance at Khursaniyah Producing Facility Here, wash water is used to extract environmental protection and in (KPF). Both initiatives have made the salt from raw crude and ensure line with its water conservation noteworthy contributions to Saudi that the processed crude meets roadmap to minimize water use— Aramco’s umbrella groundwater company specifications. In 2016, groundwater especially—the Manifa conservation programs and MPD an optimization team composed Producing Department (MPD) specifically by reducing groundwater of an Environmental Coordinator has launched two conservation consumption by 2,022 m3 per day. and members from Engineering initiatives to ensure sustainable & Operation developed a plan to use of precious water resources. Wash water optimization reduce wash water consumption First, MPD’s water conservation efforts in KPF’s GOSP without affecting team recently unveiled wash water operation and performance. Wash water is utilized in the Wet optimization efforts and second, the Crude Handling (WCH) unit in Historically, the average wash water department commissioned Advanced Khursaniyah Producing Facility’s flowrate for the two wet crude Process Control (APC) technology Gas Oil Separation Plant (GOSP). handling trains in the WCH unit was 530 U.S. gallons per minute (USGPM) (265 USGPM for each train). The Wash Water Reduction Exercises in KPF team conducted an optimization exercise by reducing the wash water flowrate gradually while closely monitoring salt analysis, resulting in the stabilized crude. The team managed to decrease the wash water consumption to reach a total of 360 USGPM, which is the minimum flow into the WCH unit’s recycle pumps without causing noticeable negative

Wash Water Flow (GPM) Flow Water Wash impacts on the desalting process as illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1: Wash water reduction in 2016

21 Enviro News, Issue 27 | Horizons

The team did not stop there. In After thoroughly reviewing the the wash water pumps. This practice 2017, the group convened anew process, an initiative was brought to has helped to optimize further wash to brainstorm and come up with the table to benchmark with Manifa water consumption to 200 USGPM another initiative to overcome pump GOSP process and utilize a similar for both wet crude handling trains minimum flowrate issues to further practice of recycling water through (100 USGPM per train) as illustrated reduce wash water consumption. the normally closed recycle line of in Figure 2.

Wash Water Reduction Exercises in KPF

500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 Wash Water Flow (GPM) Flow Water Wash 50 0 1/1/2017 0:00 2/20/2017 0:00 4/11/2017 0:00 5/31/2017 0:00 7/20/2017 0:00

Figure 2: Wash water reduction in 2017

Salt Results for Khurasiniyah Crude (PTB)

14

12

10

8

6

4

2 0

2/22/2017 0:001/01/2017 0:003/08/2017 0:003/15/2017 0:003/22/2017 0:003/29/2017 0:004/05/2017 0:004/12/2017 0:004/19/2017 0:004/26/2017 0:005/03/2017 0:005/10/2017 0:005/17/2017 0:005/24/2017 0:00

Figure 3: Salt results for Khursaniyah crude

22 Environmental Protection Department

Total Steam 90000.0 80000.0

70000.0 60000.0

50000.0

40000.0

30000.0

20000.0 Commissioning period 10000.0 0 11/1/2016 0:00 12/21/2016 0:00 2/09/2016 0:00 3/31/2017 0:00 5/20/2017 0:00 7/09/2017 0:00

Total Steam

Figure 4 Steam reduction

Moreover, the team monitored based on historical data collected groundwater consumption at MPD the crude’s salt result to ensure it for more than one year and then facilities. Wash water optimization met Saudi Aramco requirements selected the optimum solution to initiative has cut down groundwater to not exceed 10 pounds of salt gain more benefits for implementing consumption by 62.3%, falling per thousand barrels of crude oil this technology. The result of the from 530 USGPM to 200 USGPM (PTB). Figure 3 shows the salt result study strongly indicated that APC with no impact in oil specification fluctuated between 8 and 10 PTB is feasible on the two stabilization results. Moreover, implementing during this exercise. trains at KPF. It was recommended to APC technology has reduced steam deploy APC at KPF after developing consumption by 17752.1Ib/hr, which Implementing advanced a detailed development plan for APC is equivalent to saving 222 m3 per process control (APC) deployment. day of groundwater consumption. technology Applying both water conservation In early 2017, APC technology was initiatives at MPD’s facilities was Separately, the implementation of installed and commissioned in KPF. part of continuous efforts of MPD’s APC technology further reduced After implementing this initiative, water conservation team for seeking the company’s environmental steam consumption fell from any opportunities, initiatives, and footprint. MPD, in collaboration approximately 60,000 Ib/hr to 42,142 technologies in order to achieve one with the Process & Control Systems Ib/hr, which translates into savings of MPD’s long-standing commitments Department, carried out an APC around 17752.1 Ib/hr of steam (222 to protect the environment. feasibility study to gauge the benefits m3/d), as illustrated in Figure 4. of implementing this technology. The study revealed that APC can deliver Conclusion significant benefits to Khursaniyah In line with the Saudi Aramco Water Processing Facilities stabilization Conservation Policy (INT-11) and MPD processes and thereby increase water conservation roadmaps, both in crude recovery while reducing initiatives were carried out to reduce steam consumption. The study was

23 Enviro News, Issue 27 | Horizons Environmental Protection Department in depth

25 Enviro News, Issue 27 | In Depth Under study Saudi Aramco assesses feasibility for developing an integrated solid waste management facility in the Eastern Province

Jihad Shina’a, EPD

In 2016, Saudi Aramco completed a composting, and Waste to Energy (MSW), Construction & Demolition study titled “Feasibility Study for an (WtE). The study covered residential Waste (CDW) and Commercial & Integrated Solid Waste Management communities and commercial Industrial Waste (CIW). However, Facility in the Eastern Province.” True activities located in Dammam and more emphasis was given to MSW to its name, the study’s objective four main neighboring cities (Al since the environmental and health sought to develop an Integrated Solid Khobar, Qatif, Ras Tanura, and impacts associated with this stream Waste Management Facility (ISWMF) Abqaiq), home to over 2.5 million are more significant. The study’s that minimizes environmental and people (See Figure 1). scope involved desktop review, health impacts while exploring including: legal and institutional The waste streams covered in the opportunities to generate economic frameworks, waste projection, study included Municipal Solid Waste benefits, including recycling, waste characterization, assessment of the current waste management Legend practices, analysis of alternative solid Transfer station Landfill waste management technologies, Industrial areas Municipalities cost-benefit analysis, and proposing Highway an ISWMF that fits the needs of the Main Secondary study area. residential Governorates Abqaiq Al Khobar Waste Projection Dammam Qatif According to the Central Department Ras Tanura of Statistics and Information (CDSI) the total population of the study area in 2015 was 2.47 million and expected to reach close to 3 million by 2045. Based on population and Gross Domestic Production (GDP) forecasts, in 2015 the total solid Figure 1: Cities within the study area (Source: from the report “Feasibility waste generation was estimated Study for Developing an Integrated Solid Waste Management Facility in the to be 2 million tons and projected Eastern Province”) to reach 3 million tons by 2045, of 26 Environmental Protection Department which 45% consist of MSW (Figures by socioeconomic factors, the Industrial City. The landfill lacks 2 and 3). campaign considered low income, an adequate synthetic liner that medium income, and high income prevents groundwater contamination Waste characterization communities in Dammam. The and a biogas collection system that impacts of informal sectors, collection minimizes impacts on ambient air EPD carried out a characterization of recyclables by waste collectors, quality and greenhouse gases (GHG). campaign in different communities and scavengers on MSW composition Landfill gas (LFG) is generated in the to assess the MSW composition. were also considered in the study. landfill by the decomposition and Since the composition is influenced The campaign revealed that between biodegradation of organic matter Solid Waste Generation in 75-80% of the MSW is composed in the waste mass. The quantity of the Study Area of Organic Matter (OM), paper, biogas depends on the volume and cardboard and plastic (Figure 4). Due composition of the waste. to informal-sector interest of some The Intergovernmental Panel for recyclable waste, the composition Climate Change in 2006 employed of waste received at the landfill was a SWANA (Solid Waste Association determined to be different than the of North America) model to estimate waste generated by inhabitants. CIW and project methane generation and CDW compositions were also rates over a 30-year period. The IPCC determined from data recorded at model estimated about 230,817 the Dammam landfill. 45% MSW tCH4 (total amount of methane) 33% CDW Assessment of current will be released from the Dammam 22% CIW practices landfill over a period of 30 years (Figure 5). Figure 2: Distribution of solid waste About 90% of solid waste is in the study area (Source: Feasibility collected and disposed of in an The impact of global warming from Study for Developing an Integrated unsanitary landfill located along the methane is 21 times higher than Solid Waste Management Facility in Dhahran-Abqaiq highway, about carbon dioxide, and the impact of the Eastern Province). 12 km south of Dammam Second global warming from methane not

3.5

3.0

2.5 Million tons

2.0

1.5

100 Waste forecasts per year forecasts Waste 0.5

0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 Year Figure 3: Solid Waste Projection in the Study Area (Source: Feasibility Study for Developing an Integrated Solid Waste Management Facility in the Eastern Province)

27 Enviro News, Issue 27 | In Depth

Composition After Informal Sorting Low Income

46% OM 1% Fe 2% Paper 1% Aluminum 2% Inert 11% Cardboard 4% Glass 0% Other 2% Wood 0% Electronic Wastes 6% Fines 18% Plastic 5% Textile 2% Losses

Composition After Informal Sorting Medium Income

32% OM 1% Fe 10% Paper 1% Aluminum 1% Inert 13% Cardboard 4% Glass 1% Other 5% Wood 0% Electronic Wastes 3% Fines 23% Plastic 5% Textile 1% Losses

Composition After Informal Sorting High Income

39% OM 1% Fe 10% Paper 1% Aluminum 1% Inert 12% Cardboard 6% Glass 0% Other 2% Wood 0% Electronic Wastes 3% Fines 20% Plastic 4% Textile 1% Losses

Figure 4: Waste composition from different communities in Dammam captured in Dammam’s uncontrolled Analysis of technologies Each technology was assessed based landfill site since 2004 translated on the following criteria: to about 5.26 million Teq CO . A As mentioned earlier, the study 2 • Technology robustness modern car emits around 125 grams aimed to identify technologies that of carbon dioxide per kilometer. If maximize diversion of waste into • Composition and quantities of we consider the average mileage landfills and recover recyclables. The waste treated of a motorist to be 25,000 km per waste management hierarchy concept • Potential outputs for process year, the impact of global warming is was adopted for the selection of products and residues equivalent to the annual pollution of appropriate technologies that meet 1,684,287 vehicles. study objectives (Figure 6). • Financial/affordability restrictions

28 Environmental Protection Department

Methane Generation Rates Over a 30-year Period • Tetra pack

• Steel 55% vol.CH4-45% vol.CO2 • Aluminum

5000 • Newspapers and magazines /h) 3 Theoretical Production • Other paper

2500 • Electronic waste Debit(Nm The sorting process involves the following steps: 0 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 • Waste reception and checking Year Figure: Theoretical biogas production • Feeding and preparation

• Waste separation (manual or The Waste Management Hierarchy mechanical)

Most Preferred • Storage Source Reduction & Reuse • Preparation and baling

• Final Storage and shipping Recycling/Composting Materials Recovery Facilities (MRF) are centralized facilities designed to Energy Recovery sort recyclable waste from MSW. There are two types of MRF, clean Least PreferredTreatment & Disposal and dirty. Clean MRFs are used to segregate the different recyclables that have been collected together at the source. Table 1 demonstrates the Figure 6: Waste management hierarchy assessment of clean MRF.

Various technologies were identified waste. Dirty MRFs are used to segregate and screened. The following is a mixed recyclable and organic waste The list of potentially recyclable brief description and assessment streams and can also be called materials continues to grow as of the most common solid waste Mechanical and Biological Treatment technological developments enable management technologies: (MBT). Table 2 demonstrates the more materials to be recycled. assessment of dirty MRF. Waste sorting and recycling However, for the purpose of the study, the major types of materials Biological treatment The recyclable components of found within waste that can be technology waste include paper and cardboard, recycled are: plastics, glass, metals, and organic or About 45% of MSW is composed biodegradable materials. However, • Recyclable consumer product of organic matter or biodegradable it must be kept in mind that it is not packaging material. A biological treatment technically feasible or economically • PET plastics, colored, or colorless facility aims to: desirable to recycle all components of 29 Enviro News, Issue 27 | In Depth

• Produce organic soil can therefore be considered as an Landfilling improvement alternative to landfill disposal. Table 5 presents the assessment of Waste to Landfill is the final disposal of the • Stabilize organic matter Energy incineration plant: waste and is designed to isolate waste from the surrounding environment. • Produce biogas for energy There are three types of landfills: production Pyrolysis / Gasification • Class 1 Landfills - Hazardous • Reduce waste volume Pyrolysis and gasification are thermal processes used to address waste Landfills, which may only accept The two different treatment containing combustible fractions. hazardous waste that satisfies technologies that can achieve these These processes are characterized by site-specific acceptance criteria. goals are: treatments performed either in the • Class 2 Landfills - Nonhazardous absence of oxygen (pyrolysis case) or • Composting: aerobic Landfills, which may accept any in the presence of a reduced amount degradation or natural/forced waste considered to be non- of oxygen (gasification). aeration hazardous, including municipal These two processes lead to the waste, commercial waste, • Methanization: anaerobic production of synthetic gas that stable non-reactive hazardous fermentation is generally recovered (burned) waste, inert waste, and others Waste to Energy on site. However, the generated as demonstrated through Incineration emissions must comply with the same appropriate investigation and regulations as incineration. risk assessment. Incineration, also known as mass- • Class 3 Landfills - Inert Landfills, burn, is an established method of Pyrolysis produces a solid by-product which may only accept waste treating waste and recovering energy. (or pyrolysis coke). It is made up of known to be inert (that is, Incineration is a treatment process the incombustible fraction of the physically, chemically, or based on combustion with excess air. treated waste (minerals and metals) biologically unreactive). Prevention and recycling of waste and a combustible fraction (rich can still be done in the context of in carbon). Table 6 presents the an incineration scheme. Incineration assessment of Pyrolysis/Gasification Plant:

MRF for mixed recyclable waste

Technology Composition and Financial/affordability Potential outputs for Robustness quantities of waste restrictions process products and residues Depending on the Only mixed recyclables Medium to high processes used from selective collection operating costs Need to identify a market for recyclables High level of From 10,000t/year up to Medium to high maintenance required 150,000t/year investment costs for mechanized facilities Require the implementation of a selective waste collection

Table 1: Assessment of Clean MRF (Source: Feasibility Study for Developing an Integrated Solid Waste Management Facility in the Eastern Province)

30 Environmental Protection Department

MRF for dirty recyclable waste

Technology Composition and Financial/affordability Potential outputs for Robustness quantities of waste restrictions process products and residues Depending on the Only mixed recyclables Medium to high processes used from selective collection operating costs Need to identify a market for recyclables High level of From 10,000t/year up to Medium to high maintenance required 150,000t/year investment costs for mechanized facilities Require the implementation of a selective waste collection

Table 2: Assessment of Dirty MRF (Source: Feasibility Study for Developing an Integrated Solid Waste Management Facility in the Eastern Province)

Composting

Technology Composition and Financial/affordability Potential outputs for Robustness quantities of waste restrictions process products and residues Very robust technology Only segregated organic Low operating costs matter Need to identify a Low investment costs market for the compost Flexible process produced

Table 3: Assessment of MSW Composting Plant (Source: Feasibility Study for Developing an Integrated Solid Waste

Management Facility in the Eastern Province)

Methanization

Technology Composition and Financial/affordability Potential outputs for Robustness quantities of waste restrictions process products and residues Robust technology but The amount of waste Medium operating costs sensitive process treated will be limited by Need to identify a Medium investment the facility and the size market for the compost costs of the reactors produced

Only segregated organic Need to determine the matter buyer for the energy produced

Table 4: Assessment of MSW Methanization Plant (Source: Feasibility Study for Developing an Integrated Solid Waste Management Facility in the Eastern Province)

31 Enviro News, Issue 27 | In Depth

Proposed ISWMF that fits the study area requirements can process MSW and green (See Figure 7. The alternatives waste with a total plant capacity Based on these inputs, the study proposed developing an ISWMF of 400,000 tons/year. suggests mitigation measures consisting of: that would enhance solid waste 2. Material Recovery Facility (MRF) management practices taken 1. Mechanical and Biological for sorting recyclables from CIW into consideration to be the Treatment (MBT) facility, which and CDW. The plant carries a best economical, technical and includes a sorting plant and a capacity of 230,000 tons/year. environmentally sound alternatives composting plant. These plants

Waste-to-Energy Incineration

Technology Composition and Financial/affordability Potential outputs for Robustness quantities of the waste restrictions process products and feedstock residues

Reliable technology Incinerator can efficiently High investment costs Metal recovery treat quantities of waste Fly ash needs to be Proven process from 50,000 to around treated as hazardous 500,000t/year waste Appropriate maintenance of the facility The amount of waste Around 20% of bottom must be estimated with ashes must be recovered caution to ensure nominal or landfilled performance of the plant Electrical and/or thermal recovery Can burn MSW, CIW and some hazardous waste

Table 5: Distribution of solid waste in the study area (Source: Feasibility Study for Developing an Integrated Solid Waste Management Facility in the Eastern Province).

Pyrolysis/Gasification

Technology Robustness Composition and Financial/affordability Potential outputs for quantities of the restrictions process products and waste feedstock residues

Not a world wide Pyrolysis not adapted to High investment costs, Metal recovery technology heterogeneous waste like higher than WtE Market for syngas MSW Complex technology to incineration Pyrolysis coke still develop Can efficiently treat contains waste quantities of waste Appropriate maintenance pollutants and is from 50,000 to around of the facility not considered as a 500,000t/year secondary fuel in Europe

Table 6: Distribution of solid waste in the study area (Source: Feasibility Study for Developing an Integrated Solid Waste Management Facility in the Eastern Province).

32 Environmental Protection Department

Advantages and Disadvantages of Landfills

Technology Robustness Composition and Financial/affordability Potential outputs for quantities of waste restrictions process products and residues

Robust technology Can treat large quantities Low operating costs Need to treat the leachate of waste from 10,000t/ year to 1Mt/year Low to medium Potential energy recovery investment costs from the landfill gas Flexible facility capacity

Table 7: Distribution of solid waste in the study area (Source: Feasibility Study for Developing an Integrated Solid Waste Management Facility in the Eastern Province).

operations. 3. Sanitary landfill (Class II) of 7.3 Phase I: Upon completion of million tons capacity. Wastes the construction activities and A financial appraisal of the proposed disposed are MSW, CIW, commencement of operations, 20% solution was carried out over 20 non-inert CDW and MBT/MRF of the waste will be diverted to the years to visualize the required budget residues. MBT facility and the remaining 80% of the project. The revenues will be will be disposed of at engineered generated by selling recyclables and 4. A class III inert materials landfill landfills meeting international collecting gate fees per ton of waste for the CDW. environmental specifications. treated and/or disposed of at the The facility will be developed in two facility (See Figure 7). Phase II: Expanding the ISWMF phases: capacity to double after five years of

ISWMF mass flow

Recyclables MSW Garden waste CIW CDW Compost 1,000,000 tons 450,000 tons 650,000 tons Residues

24% 100% 40% 5% Sorted out by 60% the Informal 42% sector 34%

95% Sorting and Sorting plant composting plant 230,000 tons 400,000 tons

18% 21% 21%

61% 59% 20% Buyers Buyers

Class II sanitary landfill Class III inert 7,300,000 tons for 5 years material landfill

Figure 7: ISWMF mass flow 33 Enviro News, Issue 27 | In Depth Sustainable future Initiative saves water at company facilities

Nidal Samad, EPD

Saudi Aramco is on the forefront of News article presents a water saving of the membrane. Pretreatment employing water savings technology initiative using ceramic membrane relies on the use of a multimedia as one of the important enablers to filtration (CMF) technology. This filter (MMF) followed by a 5-micron implement its Water Conservation technology will enhance the cartridge filter. The multimedia Strategy (WCS). Optimizing optimization of the water treatment filtration removes most of the total water demand and minimizing system and increase its water suspended solids (TSS), while the irresponsible water waste—which recovery by recycling a portion of the finer solids are removed by the 5 are the main WCS objectives—can discharge water back to mix with micron cartridge. The fine-filtered save a significant amount of water the withdrawn groundwater feeding water is fed to the RO membranes and bring the Company closer to the water treatment system. As a to produce potable and high-quality achieving these goals. Leveraging result, the amount of groundwater water. Figure 1 illustrates the current the latest technologies and striving withdrawal is reduced. treatment process. Capturing the for efficient and optimum water MMF backwash stream generally use are WCS pillars that support the The current water disposed into the sewer followed by Company’s ultimate environmental treatment process treating and recycling it back to be objectives. At Saudi Aramco mixed with the groundwater feed Potable and high-quality water at communities and industrial facilities, stream will result in water savings. are typically generated by treating during the process of producing This process has no impact on the groundwater through a Reverse potable/high-quality water, most RO system operations, because Osmosis (RO) plant. Pretreatment often a significant amount of water the quality of the MMF backwash of groundwater sources is required is discharged into the sewer, which is similar to groundwater with the to increase the efficiency of the greatly hampers the overall efficiency exception of the Total Suspended RO system and reduce the fouling of the treatment process. This Enviro Solids. The technical challenge in

Backwash to sewer

Well Multi- Reverse media osmosis To boiler Water 5 Micron filter filter

RO reject to sewer

Figure 1: Current water treatment system

34 Environmental Protection Department

CM Tank System

CM reject to sewer

Well Water

Multi- Reverse Media To potable water tank 5 Micron osmosis Filter filter or Demin unit

RO reject to sewer

Figure 2: Retrofitted water treatment system reaching that objective consists density. and flexibility. The unique operation of two parts. One is the recovery of the CMF is part of the design The CMF system is equipped with treatment system has to be high that allows the MMF backwash to pressure gauges, flow meters, and (over 90%) and, secondly, the be continuously fed into the CMF water sampling valves. The treated quality of the treated water should modules while being treated (Refer to water is routed back to the inlet of not cause great variation in the Figure 3). the MMF, and the CMF system reject solid loading to the filter, which was discharged into the sewer as MMF backwash water is pumped will affect its operation and thus its depicted in the schematic below. to the CMF unit into a collection production capabilities. A promising The CMF system is backwashed feed tank. When the tank is full, the ceramic membrane filtration (CMF) periodically resulting with the only backwash water fills the CMF module technology presented to EPD water discharge from the system. and exits through a so-called reject addresses both challenges and is also (See Figure 2 for an illustration) line. The CMF module is a flat sheet easy to implement and to retrofit configuration. existing water treatment systems. How does the CMF system work? The reject line has dual functions. Retrofitting the current One is to maintain a constant water treatment process The CMF system employs 1-micron operating pressure on the CMF ceramic membrane modules, a Retrofitting the current system is module. The second function control panel, scour air sparger, a manageable task. The backwash is to allow the carryover of the permeate and feed pumps and stream is rerouted to a collection concentrated particles (solids) related instrumentations and tank and prevented from going to through a flow of about 10 - 15% of valves. The ceramic membrane is the sewer. The tank is equipped with the feed flow to be filtered through durable, inert, and it tolerates harsh an overflow that is connected to the a typically 25-micron cartridge filter chemicals and high temperatures. sewer in case the CMF pilot system and return back the collection feed The innovation of continuous air has to be stopped. The CMF system tank for continuous operation. The scouring with an automatic reject is fed at a constant rate from the combination of filtered reject with line and backwash gives the CMF collection tank, which also serves as the air sparging provides a unique system the edge for easy operations a settling step for solids with high flexibility in setting the operating

35 Enviro News, Issue 27 | In Depth

Figure 3: CMF module schematic

conditions of the unit in order to the performance of the system by Conclusion meet the desired quality of the analyzing for the desired parameters treated water. Saving water a drop at a time is including the particle size distribution. a valid approach as long as the The CMF unit is equipped with a The typical removal efficiency of the economics justify it. Although the backwashing option to periodically CMF per particle size is presented in volume of groundwater that would clean the ceramic membrane. Table 1. be saved from modifying single- Depending on the pressure filtration backwash water per year Table 1 differential readings, the frequency is relatively small, this number of backwashing is set by the operator Particle Size, Removal can grow by a significant amount and the PLC control system will when implemented companywide. Microns Efficiency, % automatically conduct this function. Technology is one of the identified

Although the operation of the > 20 99 enablers that EPD utilizes to bring CMF system is fully automatic, Saudi Aramco closer to sustainable > 10 99 the operator must still conduct water operations. Currently, EPD minor activities such as recording is in the process of piloting this > 5 97 flow rates and feed pressures and technology to evaluate its technical taking samples and determining and economic feasibility. > 2 96

36 Environmental Protection Department Leftovers Dealing with food waste disposal in Saudi Arabia

Abdulrahman Al Jaafari, EPD

The population of the world has operated landfills are exposed to a million tons of food was going to crossed the 7 billion mark, of which wide range of air pollutants not to waste, causing major economic losses 1 billion are facing starvation, which mention communicable diseases that and putting a heavy burden on the is a tragedy in itself. To add insult to can be transmitted by pests. environment. All of this waste is injury, every year a significant 30% disposed in KSA’s landfills or dump- In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia of total food production is wasted. sites, which are expected to reach (KSA), rapid population growth has That’s enough to feed 3 billion capacity within the next 10 years. led to an increase of solid waste in people in the world, according to These facts underline the seriousness recent years. Since 2007, Municipal the World Hunger Education Service. of the food waste problem facing Solid Waste (MSW) rose from 12.1 Economic impacts of this waste are KSA. million tons/year to 15.2 million tons/ estimated to run as high as $750 year in 2012. At the same time, Food wastes originate from three billion per year, and at the same time, average daily production of MSW major sources, which are household, food waste affects climate, ground per capita has increased from 1.4 kg/ religious occasions, and the food water, and land in a negative way, day to 1.75 kg/day. Recent studies industry. It requires the combined underlined by the fact that 14% of also show that food waste is the efforts of all stakeholders to reduce the world’s CO2 equivalent emissions largest waste component that goes food wastes by considering varying stem from food wastage in the form into the Saudi MSW, representing solutions, which would result in of landfill gases. Those working in or 43% of total MSW. As of 2012 6.6 environmental, health, economic, living close to uncontrolled or poorly and social benefits.

(Photo Source: Shutter Stock) (Photo Source: Shutter Stock)

37 Enviro News, Issue 27 | In Depth

(Photo Source: Shutter Stock)

The diagram below illustrates major sources of waste disposal in the Kingdom, possible causes and the effective solutions that can help reduce the amount of food wastage.

Household • lack of awareness of the importance of Solutions waste reduction • Use home composter • Absence of waste seperation • An effective public awareness through • Culture and lifestyle different media such as the television, • Bad purchasing habits newspapers, and school programs • Establish more food banks

Religious • In July and November every year, Solutions occasions millions of Muslims visit KSA for • Use home Composter religious pilgrimage. This causes • An effective public awareness through significant increases in food wastage different media such as the television, and generates about 600,000 kg of newspapers, and school programs 4,400 cubic meters food wastage per • Establish more food banks day

Food • Food waste comes from poor handling Solutions or packaging and up to 25% of food industries is wasted • Food waste audits • Lack of waste collection and recycling • Regular training class for food handlers systems • Rotating older food items to the front • KSA produces approximately 670 food of shelves products

38 Environmental Protection Department

Households play an important role to conserve food and protect the environment. Simple changes to daily behaviors can make a difference and help cut food wastes at home:

1. Plan your meals and then stick to your plan: Plan your meals for the week before you go shopping and use a shopping list. Don’t buy food items or even ingredients you know you won’t use and discard, exacerbating food waste problems.

2. Conduct a food waste check: Keeping track of everything that goes into the trash can help you figure out where opportunities lie to change your routine. Watch the “expiry date” and “best before” dates to avoid letting food go bad.

3. Optimize your refrigerator and store all items properly: Write a detailed list of exactly how and where to store foods so they last as long as possible.

4. Use leftovers: Plan a “leftovers” night, or use leftovers as ingredients to prepare your next meals. Freeze leftovers after use, or use them to feed your pets (whatever they can safely eat). For more information on safe handling of leftovers please refer to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) website at www.fsis.usda.gov.

5. Compost: Composting is one resort that can help to convert waste to fertilizer. Search for the best home composter for you.

“We just need to value our food. Just imagine operating under the belief that food is a really important, valuable asset that takes huge amounts of resources to produce and is in fact critical to our survival,” says Dana Gunders in her book: WasteFree Kitchen Handbook: A Guide to Eating Well and Saving Money by Wasting Less Food.

References

Food and Agriculture Organization (2014a). What governments, farmers, food businesses – and you – can do about food waste. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/196377/icode/ [Accessed: 29 Mar 2014].

Food and Agriculture Organization. (2014b). Food waste harms climate, water, land and biodiversity – new FAO report. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/196220/icode/ [Accessed: 29 Mar 2014].

Jomoah, I., Bafail, A. & Noweir, M. (2012). Study of the recovery and the recycling of industrial food wastes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Canadian Journal on Scientific and Industrial Research, 3 (3), pp. 98-111.

Michigan State University. (2014). Environmental Quality. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.animalagteam.msu.edu/animalagteam/ basics_of_anaerobic_digestion [Accessed: 28 Mar 2014].

Gunders, D. (2015). WasteFree Kitchen Handbook: A Guide to Eating Well and Saving Money by Wasting Less Food

WHES. (2014). 2013 World Hunger and Poverty Facts and Statistics by World Hunger Education Service. [online]Retrieved from: http:// www.worldhunger.org/articles/Learn/world%20hunger%20facts%202002.htm [Accessed: 29 Mar 2014].

39 Enviro News, Issue 27 | In Depth Testing ground In situ chemical oxidation in remediation of groundwater technology

Mansor Kashir, EPD

In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is Chemical oxidation. What Pilot test description a groundwater treatment approach is it? that uses chemical oxidants such as Based on a series of bench scale persulfate, percarbonate, hydrogen Chemical oxidation relies on the laboratory tests, the pilot tests peroxide, and permanganate to transfer of electrons from the conducted at certain company chemically oxidize and destroy a contaminant to the oxidant, which facilities aimed to evaluate the wide range of contaminants in results in the destruction of both effectiveness of in situ chemical the ground. Contaminants include the contaminant and the oxidant oxidation in various geologies and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, into harmless, inert compounds. compounds including BTEX, TMBs, xylenes (BTEX), naphthalene, The oxidant is usually injected into naphthalene, MTBE, and TBA. The trimethylbenzenes (TMBs) and MTBE, injection wells or via direct push pilot tests consisted of injecting one among others, some of which come technology using a portable injection of three oxidants (sodium persulfate, from refining crude oil. (MTBE is an unit. Use of this technology results hydrogen peroxide or stabilized additive to gasoline products to aid in in a very small and temporary hydrogen peroxide) over multiple car-combustion processes). footprint that has little to no impact events (three to eight events) and on operational facilities as well as monitoring the groundwater quality. Traditionally, contaminated requiring no power hookups or The oxidant solutions were injected groundwater had to be pumped transfer infrastructure. using mobile injection units that from the ground to be treated could be deployed at facilities with In order to determine if ISCO was above ground using water treatment little cost and time required. Each applicable to the unique geologic equipment such as particle filters, air injection event typically lasted one and geochemical environments strippers, settlement tanks, activated to three days and required a small in which Saudi Aramco sites are carbon, etc. These traditional temporary footprint that had minimal situated, a series of laboratory and methods were only partially effects on facility operations. The pilot tests were completed at various successful and resulted in large advantages of using in situ chemical company facilities. Laboratory tests expenditures of capital resources. oxidation include the ease and were conducted at the University They also took years or even decades quickness of the technology as well of Waterloo Canada, while four to succeed, though in situ chemical as the minimal need for infrastructure pilot tests were conducted at three oxidation allowed for more efficient such as pipes, tanks and treatment and cost-effective results. company bulk plants.

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Pump

Piping Oxidant Tank

Undissolved Groundwater Contaminate Table

Dissolved Contaminant (pink)

Oxidant (blue) Monitoring Wells

USEPS-2012 Injection Well

units, etc. The technology can petroleum hydrocarbons. Specifically, within a wide range of be applied within most geologic the results have shown that: geologies and geochemical units and is applicable for the conditions using temporary, • Chemical oxidants such treatment of almost all organic- easily deployed equipment that as unactivated persulfate, based contaminants. Any facility leaves a small footprint and hydrogen peroxide and having dissolved phase groundwater minimizes the impact to facility stabilized hydrogen peroxide contamination could serve as a operations. can effectively destroy high potential deployment site. concentrations of petroleum • The cost to treat a kilogram of hydrocarbons, including dissolved-phase hydrocarbons Results BTEX, naphthalene, TMBs using in situ chemical oxidation Saudi Aramco’s pilot and laboratory and effectively reduce all is approximately one tenth tests revealed that chemical oxidation contaminants to below risk- of that to treat the same can provide an effective treatment based concentrations. contaminant using technologies option for groundwater contaminated such as pump & treat • The oxidants can be applied by organic compounds such as procedures.

41 Enviro News, Issue 27 | In Depth Environmental Protection Department in focus

43 Enviro News, Issue 27 | In Focus

practice through “Flare Optimization for Waste Management. Yanbu' Refinery Study.” The study’s main intention was to reduce the total purge gas Dept. wins rate from 340 million scf per year Ras Tanura International down to 192 million scf per year, kicks the habit which represents a 57% reduction. Rehman Khalilur (RTPD) Green Apple The awards are organized by The Green Organization, an international, There’s an old saying that quitters Award independent, non-political and never win, but just the opposite Yazeed Janbi, (YRD) non-profit environment group was true at Ras Tanura recently. In dedicated to recognizing, rewarding 2017, the Abu Ali Producing Division In line with Yanbu’ Refinery and promoting environmental best in coordination with Abu Ali Clinic Department’s efforts to achieve practices around the world. The & Population Health – Managed environmental excellence, the Green Apple Awards are supported Care Department of Johns Hopkins facility participated and won a by the Environment Agency, the U.K. Aramco Healthcare (JAHA), organized 2017 International Green Apple Chartered Institute of Environmental a “Smoke Free Campaign” during Environment Award for its best Health, and the Chartered Institution

Hossam A. Bargawi, an engineer in the Yanbu’ Refinery Department’s (YRD) Operations Engineering Unit, and Esam M. Hawsah, a field maintenance projects coordinator in YRD, accept a Green Apple award from Michael Cook, former chief executive of the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health in the U.K. and longtime presenter for The Green Organization. YRD was recognized for its significant efforts to reduce flaring. (Photo and Caption Source: The Arabian Sun).

44 Environmental Protection Department Team up to clean up: children value their own backyard in 'Udhailiyah

Lizette J. Yap (GDD)

It was a sunny breezy day in the heart of Ghawar Field in 'Udhailiyah earlier in 2017. Young Saudi students, A hands-on approach to quitting smoking. (Photo Source: Saudi Aramco) teachers, engineers, administration staff and Company management the Holy Month of Ramadan. During system, outlining responsibilities that held plastic bags in one hand this campaign, JAHA representatives empower everyone to safeguard the and scooped up trash from the used tools such as healthcare environment. This course will help ground with the other, all donning presentations, informational sessions, spread environmental awareness t-shirts with the duly emblazoned visual aids and even physical among MPD’s personnel as well as “Team Up to Clean Up” campaign examinations and medications to help an understanding of requirements moniker across their backs. Drilling smokers to kick the habit. Moreover, and importance of environmental & Workover Admin Area embodied a “Quit & Win Competition” also programs. Moreover, this initiative the Company’s social responsibility took place during this campaign, will help MPD continue exerting all efforts by holding the first of its with quitters receiving due rewards efforts towards reaching environmental kind environmental trash cleanup for stopping smoking. The campaign excellence to adhere to its mission campaign in the area. ran from May 24 through July 3, to produce oil and generate power 2017 at Abu Ali Clinic. in reliable, safe, cost-effective and As part of D&WO’s organizational environmentally friendly manner while efforts to promote our Company’s applying the highest standards of social responsibility and operational Manifa Producing business conduct. excellence, led by its Vice President, Department’s Mr. AbdulHameed A. Al-Rushaid, Chief Drilling Engineer, Mr. Khalid A. environmental Al-Abdulgader, and D&WO General Manager Operations, Mr. Omar S. messaging goes Al-Husaini, the Gas Drilling Team online in 'Udhailiyah began promoting environmental awareness in their very Alaa Abu Arafah (MPD) own backyard via “Team Up to Clean Up.” As part of Manifa Producing Department’s environmental “The Saudi Aramco logo, is not just awareness program, an e-learning a random logo, it represents the blue course now provides an overview in the sky, the stars, and the green in of the department’s environmental the ground,” Gas Drilling Department

45 Enviro News, Issue 27 | In Focus

appreciate and protect our precious environment.

One local observer commented that the cleanup activity underscored the need to address waste currently deteriorating nearby surroundings. The awareness generated through this campaign served as a starting point towards a cultural change in the community.

Volunteers at the “Team Up to Clean Up” campaign. (Photo Source: Saudi Other event participants included Aramco) DOE&CD, Community Services Recycling Group, 'Udhailiyah Gardening/Sanitation Unit, 'Udhailiyah Security Operations, and 'Udhailiyah Emergency Medical Services. Southern Area Oil Drilling Department Manager, Mr. Fahad A. Al-Mulaik, and DOE&CD General Supervisor, Mohammad M. Al- Qahtani, also attended to show their endorsement of this powerful message. This environmental awareness campaign concluded with Clean up participants celebrate a successful “Team Up to Clean Up” campaign. the recognition of the presenter, (Photo Source: Saudi Aramco). organizers, and all participating departments that supported and Manager, Saeed A. Al-Khathami told have highlighted the importance with the delivery of the key message campaign participants, highlighting of conserving our environment, “The environment is everybody’s the importance of the environment taking responsibility for its future responsibility.” to Saudi Aramco. and leading by example,” said Gas Drilling & Workover Department Over 50 students from the local Manager Hussain M. Al-Haleimi. EPD conducts government school and more than 120 employees from the three Abdulrahman A. Al-Sanea, Supervisor second D&WO gas drilling departments Environment & Occupational Health, attended the campaign in Drilling Operational Excellence & environmental 'Udhailiyah. The necessity of Compliance Division (DOE&CD), coordinators waste reduction and the concept delivered the campaign’s opening of recycling (reuse, reduce, and remarks, emphasizing the importance workshop of 2017 recycle) were highlighted followed of waste reduction and caring for Hussain Aseeri (EPD) by the cleanup campaign in the the environment in general. The 'Udhailiyah Village. “Through campaign was well received by EPD hosted its second Environmental these great organizing efforts to employees and the public, and Coordinators (EC) Workshop for gather the future leaders of Saudi many participants described it as 2017 on November 1. An EC is at this honorable campaign, we an excellent opportunity to reflect, responsible for all environmental 46 Environmental Protection Department matters at the facility level. This and health management issues biannual workshop forms part of as well as address organizational EPD’s ongoing efforts to enhance EC challenges. Six EPD subject environmental capacity-building and matter experts (SMEs) delivered share their experiences, exchange presentations, while the EPD information on new technologies manager led an open discussion and find solutions to concerns and giving attendees the chance to challenges. EPD manager attended express concerns, share success the entire event and conducted a stories and even converse among two-hour open discussion session in each other on issues regarding which participants voiced opinions environmental protection and regarding communication with EPD community health. as well as training, technology issues Abdullah Tawlah, Environmental and other topics. The manager-led Protection Department, represents open forum, the first of its kind, EPD attends third the Kingdom at UNEA3. (Photo revealed EC concerns involving Source: IISD) environmental protection in regards UN environment to operational excellence as well assembly of the to support the Kingdom in technical as new challenges facing Saudi and negotiating capacities to ensure Aramco such as IPO-related issues. UN Environmental Saudi Arabia’s interests remain More than 180 participants viewed Programme protected in multilateral arenas. The presentations from EPD SMEs as team has successfully prevented the Abdullah Tawlah (EPD) well as environmental coordinators adoption of a Ministerial Declaration on a variety of environmental and requesting to reduce pollutants EPD representatives attended the occupational health topics. through decreasing investments in 3rd United Nations Environment fossil fuels, while supporting the Assembly of the United Nations adoption of a technology approach. EPD launches Environment Programme (UNEA- 3) from December 4-6, 2017, in environmental Nairobi, Kenya, grouping over EPD supports 4,500 delegates, including 120 discussion ministerial-level participants from Kingdom at workshop for 170 countries. UNEA-3 adopted 11 resolutions calling for accelerated International managers action and strengthened partnerships Maritime Hussain Aseeri, EPD on combatting the spread of marine plastic litter and micro-plastics, the Organization On December 12, 2017, EPD environment and health, improving launched its first ever Environmental air quality and controlling pollution (IMO) Discussion Workshop for Managers by mainstreaming biodiversity EPD representatives participated in in Dhahran. Around 45 participants, into key sectors. Others addressed the IMO’s GHG Strategy Working including 30 managers, attended. protecting water-related ecosystems, Group 2nd session aimed at drafting The workshop carried the objective managing soil pollution to achieve an initial strategy text on addressing of sharing with the management the sustainable development and emissions to be adopted in April essential elements of the Company’s pollution prevention and control in of 2018. Specifically, EPD sought environmental protection programs, areas of conflict. EPD’s participation to ward off strategies proposed gather feedback on environmental forms part of the Company’s strategy by developed countries involving 47 Enviro News, Issue 27 | In Focus market-based measures and carbon 13th Conference of the Parties to pricing elements. The IMO GHG the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 13), and Strategy is expected to impact the Conference of the Parties to the global oil demand, as maritime Paris Agreement (CMA 1-2). The fuel oil represents 9% of global 47th sessions of the Subsidiary Body consumption. Furthermore, IMO for Implementation (SBI 47) and requirements could impact other Subsidiary Body for Scientific and oil markets needing to adopt new Technological Advice (SBSTA 47), technologies to work with the as well as the 4th Ad Hoc Working shipping sector, such as heavy EPD’s Raed Al Basseet speaks at a Group on the Paris Agreement (APA road transport and power stations. stock take session at COP23 in Bonn, 1-4). EPD representatives will continue Germany. (Photo Source: IISD). working with other member states to minimize impacts from IMO Bonn climate EPD leads strategies. change Kingdom marine Saudi Aramco conference – and coastal zone achieves goal COP23 outcome management Abdullah Tawlah (EPD) session at COP23 of planting two summit million mangroves Under the leadership and guidance Umar Zahrani (EPD) Ron Loughland (EPD) of H.E. Khalid Al-Falih, Minister of Energy, Industry and Mineral EPD, in collaboration with the On November 23, 2017, EPD/PMT, Resources, Saudi Aramco provided Ministry of Energy, Industry and representatives from the Ministry of technical support to the Saudi Mineral Resources (MEIM), arranged Environment, Water and Agriculture Arabian climate change negotiations a presentation session addressing (MEWA) conducted a site visit to Al team, which successfully concluded Marine & Coastal Zone Management Fura’ah north of Jubail to inspect the preliminary negotiations on the topics at the UNFCCC COP23 climate mangrove development site. Ministry implementation work program to change conference in Bonn, Germany officials were extremely impressed operationalize the Paris Agreement. in November 8, 2017. The venue with the progress of the work, This program consists of a number addressed adaptation actions through meeting all time lines and exceeding of mandates to develop modalities marine biodiversity stewardship their expectations with the additional and procedures to implement the and environmental protection plantation of 300,000 mangrove Paris Agreement to be adopted by programs, including mangrove seedlings initiated by EPD and Conference of the Parties (COP 24) in forest development and carbon implemented under the PMT Scope. December 2018. The Bonn Climate sink projects and their mitigation The planting of these additional Change Conference commenced co-benefits. Two professors from mangroves enabled Saudi Aramco on November 6 and concluded on KAUST, one from Saudi Aramco and to achieve its two million mangrove November 18, 2017. Under the three from PERSGA led the sessions, corporate target. Mangroves benefit Presidency of Fiji, the conference while EPD provided coordination, the environment by shoring up comprised of the 23rd Conference technical and logistical support for coastlines, nurturing biodiversity and of the Parties (COP 23) to the United the event. absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the

48 Environmental Protection Department

49 Enviro News, Issue 27 | Enviro Snaps Environmental Protection Department enviro snaps

51 Enviro News, Issue 27 | Enviro Snaps Heat of the moment The Lesser Crested Tern overcomes high temperatures to successfully breed in Saudi island sands

Abdullah Alsuhaibany, EPD

The Lesser Crested Tern is one of temperature, the egg will be cooked! four species of terns that breeds in The birds manage to reduce the summer months on Saudi Arabia’s heat of the egg by flying to the gulf, offshore islands in the Arabian Gulf. dipping their chests into the water, The terns arrive in May and begin and then they bring some water back breeding in early June every year. to the nest in the chest feathers. The terns breed in dense colonies, There, they shake their bodies and reaching about 14,000 pairs in some sprinkle the cooling waters over their years, incubating eggs for 22-25 nests. Within a few seconds, nests days. The young leave the nest and eggs cool, and the birds repeat shortly after hatching, and they can this activity throughout the day to fly within 32-35 days. keep temperatures down. The terns can gauge egg temperatures with the Amazingly, the birds successfully skin of their chests, thus maintaining breed during the hottest month temperatures between 37 and 42 C. of the year. So how do they do it, In the end, the egg stays healthy and especially when sand temperatures a new generation takes flight! in June along the offshore islands approach 60 degrees Celsius? At this

52 Environmental Protection Department

Photo Source: Saudi Aramco

53 Enviro News, Issue 27 | Enviro Snaps

Photo Source: Saudi Aramco

54 Photo Source: Saudi Aramco Fourth Quarter 2017 Issue No. | 27 enviroEnvironmental Protection news Department