El Islam Shi'ita

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El Islam Shi'ita En el nombre de Dios, el Compasivo, el Misericordioso El Islam shi’ita ‘Allamah Tabatabai Biblioteca Islámica Ahlul Bait (P) Título original: Shi’ismo en el Islam Autor: Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husain Tabatabai Traducción de inglés al español: Abu Dharr Manzolillo Editor de la primera versión digital: Biblioteca Islámica Fátima Az-Zahra (2005) Publicación de la 1ª edición: Octubre de 2007 Publicación de la presente edición: Marzo 2019 Edita: Biblioteca Islámica Ahlul Bait (P) www.biab.org [email protected] El Islam Shi’ita Prólogo El estudio del Shi’ismo A pesar de la vasta cantidad de información y el número de hechos reales reunidos durante el siglo pasado por estudiosos occi- dentales en el campo del orientalismo y de las religiones compara- das, existen aún muchos huecos en el conocimiento de las distintas religiones del mundo, incluso a nivel de hechos históricos. De todos modos, hasta hace poco los estudios llevados a cabo dentro de estos campos han sufrido de una falta de penetración metafísica y de un discernimiento comprensivo. Una de las omisiones más notables en los estudios occidentales de las religiones de Oriente, y del Islam en particular, es la sucedida en el caso del shi’ismo. Hasta ahora el shi’ismo ha recibido poca atención. Y cuando ha sido discutido, normalmente fue relegado a un nivel periférico y secundario, con- siderándose una secta político-religiosa, una heterodoxia e incluso una herejía. De aquí que su importancia tanto en el pasado como en el pre- sente ha sido empequeñecida o despreciada antes de proceder a un estudio objetivo en la materia que justificase tal actitud. El presente trabajo tiene la esperanza de reparar parcialmente la falta de un confiable y accesible material sobre el shi’ismo en lengua inglesa. Es esta una obra dirigida a dar una información precisa acerca del shi’ismo, a través de la traducción de un escrito realizado por un auténtico representante de esta escuela islámica. - 3 - ‘Allamah Tabatabai Por este medio podremos revelar incluso otra dimensión de la tra- ducción islámica y conseguir que se conozca mejor la riqueza de la revelación islámica en su extensión histórica, lo cual solamente pudo haber sido deseado por la Providencia. De todos modos, esta tarea particularmente difícil en un idioma europeo y para una audiencia predominantemente no musulmana, por el hecho de que explicar el shi’ismo y la causa de su aparición lleva inmediatamente a la polémica con el Islam sunnita. Así, la cuestión que se plantea, si no se la presenta de la manera apropiada y sin tener en cuenta a la audiencia involucrada, solamente iría en detrimento de la comprensión del propio Islam. En la tradicional atmósfera islámica donde la fe en la revelación es naturalmente muy fuerte, las polémicas habidas durante más de trece siglos y que se volvieron especialmente agudas desde la rivalidad safávida-Otoma- na desde el siglo 10 H. (16 C.), nunca ha resultado en el rechazo del Islam por ninguno de los dos campos. De la misma manera que las amargas disputas teológicas medievales entre las distintas iglesias y escuelas cristianas nunca hizo que alguna de ellas abandone el cristianismo, dado que esa época estaba caracterizada por la fe. Pero cuando el cristianismo presentado a los musulmanes comienza con una completa descripción de todos los puntos que los separan, como ser lo que conlleva la existencia de una Iglesia Católica y otra Ortodoxa en la Edad Media, e incluso las divisiones o ramas de la iglesia en su inicio, o también todo lo que cada grupo de teólogos escribió contra el otro, el efecto de la comprensión del cristianismo para los musulmanes no podría ser sino negativo. En realidad un musulmán podría comenzar por sorprenderse de cómo una persona puede seguir siendo cristiano o como la iglesia pudo haber sobrevivido a pesar de todas las divisiones y controversias. Aunque las divisiones en el Islam son por lejos menos que las del cristianismo, debemos esperar que produzcan el mismo tipo de efecto sobre los occidentales que se enfrentan con la polémica shi’ita-sunnita. Estas controversias tienen que ser vistas así por el lector cuya fe no es el Islam. - 4 - El Islam Shi’ita A pesar de esta dificultad, sin embargo, el shi’ismo debe ser estudiado y presentado necesariamente desde el propio punto de vista y desde la matriz general del Islam. Esta tarea se hace nece- saria antes que nada porque el shi’ismo existe como una importante realidad histórica dentro del Islam y de aquí que debe ser estudiado como un hecho religioso objetivo. En segundo lugar, los mismos ataques hechos contra el Islam y su unidad por ciertos autores oc- cidentales (que apuntan a la división shi’ita-sunnita y a menudo se olvidan de idénticas divisiones en todas las religiones del mundo) requieren un estudio detallado y auténtico del shi’ismo dentro del contexto total del Islam. Si no hubiera existido tal requerimiento ni siquiera hubiera sido necesario presentar fuera del mundo islámico todos los argumentos polémicos que han separado al sunnismo del shi’ismo. Esto es especialmente cierto cuando los ulamas (sabios) y sunnitas están buscando todos los caminos posibles para evitar la confrontación entre sí con el objeto de salvaguardar la unidad del Islam en un mundo secularizado que lo amenaza, tanto desde el exterior como desde el interior. La actitud de este grupo de ulamas hace recordar el ecumenismo entre las religiones, y también dentro de una religión dada, cosa que se discute muy a menudo hoy día en occidente. Sin embargo, lo más común es que la gente busque en estos movimientos ecuménicos un denominador común que, en ciertos casos, sacrifica diferencias cualitativas ordenadas por la Divinidad en función de un igualita- rismo cuantitativo por lo general simplemente humano. En estos casos el así llamado ecumenismo no es más que una forma velada de secularismo y humanismo que atrapó a occidente en la época de Renacimiento, lo cual por sí mismo lleva a las divisiones religiosas dentro del Cristianismo. Este tipo de ecumenismo, cuyos motivos ocultos son en mayor medida mundanales que religiosos, va de la mano con ese tipo de caridad que desea poner por delante o priori- tariamente el amor al vecino, al prójimo, antes que el amor a Dios, insistiendo sobre ese amor al prójimo como prioritario aunque se carezca totalmente de amor por Dios y lo Trascendente. La menta- lidad que defiende ese tipo de caridad provee un ejemplo más de la - 5 - ‘Allamah Tabatabai pérdida de la dimensión trascendental y la reducción de todas las cosas a lo simplemente mundanal. Se trata de otra manifestación del carácter secular del modernismo que en este caso ha penetrado dentro de la suprema virtud de la caridad cristiana y, en la medida que tuvo éxito, ha privado ha dicha virtud de todo significado espiritual. Desde el punto de vista de este tipo de mentalidad ecuménica, aprobar las diferencias entre las religiones, o las diferentes escuelas ortodoxas dentro de una misma religión, es equivalente a traicionar al hombre en su esperanza por la salvación y la paz. Un ecumenismo humanista y secular de este tipo no puede ver que la verdadera paz y la salvación yace en la Unidad a través de esta diversidad ordenada divinamente y no en su rechazo, y que la diversidad de religiones y también de escuelas ortodoxas dentro de cada religión son signos de la compasión Divina, lo cual busca llevar el mensaje de los cie- los a seres humanos que poseen distintas cualidades psicológicas y espirituales. El verdadero ecumenismo debería manifestarse en un profundo seguimiento de la Unidad, la Unidad trascendente y esencial, y no en la búsqueda y persecución de una uniformidad que destruiría todas las distinciones cualitativas. Debería aceptar y honrar no solamente las doctrinas sublimes sino incluso los minuciosos detalles de cada tradición y así y todo ver la Unidad que brilla a través de estas diferencias externas. Y dentro de cada religión el verdadero ecumenismo debería respetar las otras escue- las ortodoxas y no obstante permanecer fiel cada uno a sus propias facetas tradicionales. Sería menos dañino oponerse a la religión de otros, como lo han hecho muchas autoridades religiosas a través de la historia, destruir aspectos esenciales de la propia religión de uno con el objeto de conseguir un denominador común con otro grupo de seres humanos a los que se les pide que sufran también la misma pérdida. Como mínimo se puede decir que una liga de religiones no podría garantizar la paz religiosa más allá de lo que la Liga de Naciones garantizó la paz política. Han sido necesarias distintas religiones en la larga historia del género humano porque han habido distintas humanidades o - 6 - El Islam Shi’ita colectividades humanas sobre la tierra. Habiendo existido distintos receptores del Mensaje Divino, han existido distintos ecos de la Palabra Divina. Dios ha dicho Yo a cada una de estas comunidades o humanidades, y de aquí la pluralidad de religiones1. También dentro de cada religión, especialmente dentro de esas que han sido destinadas a muchos grupos étnicos, han sido necesarias distintas interpretaciones ortodoxas de la tradición respecto al mismo mensaje celestial con el objeto de garantizar la integración de las distintas psicologías y grupos étnicos en una sola perspectiva espiritual. Es difícil imaginar como los pueblos del Lejano Oriente podrían haberse vuelto budistas sin la escuela Mahayana, o musulmanes algunos de los pueblos de Oriente sin el shi’ismo. La presencia de tales divisiones dentro de la tradición religiosa en cuestión no contradice su trascendencia y unidad interior2. Más bien esa ha sido la manera de asegurar la unidad espiritual en un mundo de culturas y fundamentos étnicos distintos.
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