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Et Khartoum (Soudan), Étude Comparée Fabriquer des villes capitales entre monde arabe et Afrique noire : Nouakchott (Mauritanie) et Khartoum (Soudan), étude comparée. Armelle Choplin To cite this version: Armelle Choplin. Fabriquer des villes capitales entre monde arabe et Afrique noire : Nouakchott (Mauritanie) et Khartoum (Soudan), étude comparée.. Géographie. Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2006. Français. tel-00419957 HAL Id: tel-00419957 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00419957 Submitted on 25 Sep 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PARIS 1 PANTHEON-SORBONNE U.F.R DE GEOGRAPHIE Ecole doctorale de géographie de Paris : Espaces, sociétés, aménagement UMR 8586 PRODIG 2006 FABRIQUER DES VILLES-CAPITALES ENTRE MONDE ARABE ET AFRIQUE NOIRE : NOUAKCHOTT (MAURITANIE) ET KHARTOUM (SOUDAN), ETUDE COMPAREE Thèse pour l’obtention du doctorat en géographie Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 17 novembre 2006 Armelle CHOPLIN Sous la direction de Marie-Françoise COUREL Membres du jury : Marie-Françoise COUREL, Directrice d’Etudes à l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Anne-Marie FREROT, Professeur à l’Université de Tours Marc LAVERGNE, Directeur de Recherche, CNRS Emile LE BRIS, Directeur de Recherche, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Abdel Wedoud OULD CHEIKH, Professeur à l’Université de Metz Denis RETAILLE, Professeur à l’Université de Rouen 1 2 Sommaire SOMMAIRE ................................................................................................................................. 3 REMERCIEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 5 NOTES SUR LA TRANSCRIPTION ................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION GENERALE ........................................................................................................ 9 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : De l’espace saharo-sahélien précolonial aux États soudanais et mauritanien : la lente et problématique construction du territoire, de la nation et de la capitale ..................................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPITRE I. Dispositif socio-spatial à l’époque précoloniale : le continuum saharo- sahélien ................................................................................................................................. 49 CHAPITRE II. Colonisation et reconfiguration de l’espace : la ville dans une logique de contrôle spatial ..................................................................................................................... 89 CHAPITRE III. La difficile mise en place de l’État-nation et l’affirmation de la ville- capitale ............................................................................................................................... 115 CHAPITRE IV. Crise urbaine sur fond de crises politiques : ..des États qui se cherchent, des capitales qu’on délaisse ...................................................................................................... 143 DEUXIÈME PARTIE : La fabrique idéologique de la capitale, centre politique ......... 183 CHAPITRE V. Orienter idéologiquement l’identité urbaine, un enjeu capital.................. 187 CHAPITRE VI. La ville primatiale : centre des pouvoirs, au cœur des réseaux ............... 235 CHAPITRE VII. Multiplication des acteurs et nouvelles conceptions de l’urbain : des contre-pouvoirs ? ................................................................................................................ 293 TROISIÈME PARTIE : Urbanité et société urbaine politisée : la (re)construction de la ville par les habitants ........................................................................................................... 341 CHAPITRE VIII. Urbanité et société civile : production de nouveaux rapports sociaux dans un espace politisé ............................................................................................................... 347 CHAPITRE IX. Territorialités politisées et ethnicisées : vers l’urbanité du conflit .......... 383 CHAPITRE X. De la coprésence à l’échange social : quelle urbanité de la rencontre possible ? ............................................................................................................................ 423 CONCLUSION GENERALE ....................................................................................................... 473 LEXIQUE DES TERMES ARABES .............................................................................................. 487 LISTE DES ACRONYMES.......................................................................................................... 491 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ..................................................................................................................... 493 TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................... 523 TABLE DES MATIERES ............................................................................................................ 529 3 4 Remerciements La route fut longue. Me voilà au bout d’un premier chemin. L’étape est plaisante et rassurante. C’est l’étape où je regarde derrière moi, enfin. C’est celle où je remercie. Toute ma reconnaissance s’adresse en premier lieu à Marie-Françoise Courel qui a accepté de diriger ce travail. Votre immense confiance et votre incroyable ouverture d’esprit ont facilité mes pérégrinations scientifiques. Merci de m’avoir laissée tant de liberté mais d’avoir répondu présente à chaque moment difficile. Une piste n’est évidemment pas linéaire, Denis Retaillé s’est trouvé à un croisement, celui du géographe, celui du « monde du géographe ». Depuis la ligne de départ, vous êtes là et m’avez orientée. Mes escales rouennaises ont constitué les temps forts de ce cheminement. Je vous exprime ici toute ma gratitude. Quotidiennement, j’ai évolué sous le regard bienveillant de Philippe Chamard. Soyez remercié pour votre soutien si réconfortant. Vos réflexions de « géomorphologue » et vos analyses de « non spécialiste en urbaine » m’ont profondément enrichie. Dans mon itinéraire de recherche, quelques boussoles me guidèrent : Olivier Pliez, qui m’a intégrée à divers projets et s’est toujours montré disponible et de bon conseil, Abdel Wedoud Ould Cheikh qui a toujours manifesté de l’intérêt pour mon travail, Emile Le Bris qui m’a menée un peu plus au sud, Anne-Marie Frérot qui m’a ouvert les portes du Sahara. Cette piste devait me conduire en Mauritanie. Que de rencontres et de gens à remercier. Pour m’avoir appris à découvrir leur pays et à aimer l’autre, mes remerciements les plus chaleureux s’adressent à Yehdih Ould Tolba et la famille Tolba, Amel Daddah, Saïd Ould Hamody, Ebnetta et la famille Sanghott, Cheikh Saad Bouh Kamara, Moustapha, Mousa, Didi, Ami, Maître Ibou. Mes recherches ont avancé grâce à quelques personnes clefs : Isaka Diagana, Yslem Ould Bahaida, Brahim Ould Abdel Wedoud. Que tous les Mauritaniens, Nouakchottois et migrants étrangers qui ont bien voulu répondre à mes questions et m’aider dans mes démarches trouvent ici la marque de mon témoignage respectueux. La Mauritanie, c’est aussi tous les Français et jeunes chercheurs avec qui j’ai partagé : Alain Antil, Sébastien Boulay, Emilie Barrau, Grégory Giraud, Georges Hamon, Patrick Hauquel, Clément Lechartier, Aurore Mansion, Aurélie Thénot, Olivier Schinz. La Mauritanie, c’est enfin tous ces souvenirs avec les anciens d’URBAMA, compagnons de couscous ensablés et de lait de chamelle caillé : Céline Lesourd, Lucie Roullier et Yoann Sablon. Au carrefour, de nouveau un choix. Une pancarte en direction du Soudan. A Khartoum, rien n’aurait été possible sans le soutien matériel du CEDEJ et de ses membres qui m’ont reçue chaleureusement : un immense merci à Alice Frank qui m’a guidée dans les rues de la capitale et au sein de la société soudanaise, à Einas Ahmed et Amani Al-Obeid. Je remercie Son Excellence Abdelbasit El Sanosi et ses fils Bashir et Ahmed pour leur accueil. A tous les Soudanais qui m’ont aidée lors de mes (dés)aventures et en particulier Subhi, Amira 5 et Safa, j’adresse ici mes sincères remerciements. Un clin d’œil aux membres de « l’English nouba group » de l’Université de Khartoum. De retour en France, un appui précieux, celui du laboratoire PRODIG. Merci pour les aides financières et la disponibilité de ses membres. Merci en particulier à Jean-François Cuenot et à Eliane Leterrier pour la cartographie. A mes « amis de bibliothèque » et de « la salle des doctorants » : Julien Brachet, Marie Redon et Marthe Koffi qui ont partagé mes craintes, doutes et angoisses. Je suis particulièrement reconnaissante à mes collègues de l’Université de Marne-la-Vallée, et en particulier à Karine Marot, pour m’avoir permis de concilier enseignement et recherche. Et pour la finition, je remercie tous ceux qui ont participé à la relecture du « cahier de vacances ». A mes amis que je cite
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