Non Network Sanitation - Context & Priorities

CONTENT Introduction to Uttarakhand State.……………….. 1 Urban Local Bodies and Sanitation Systems……..6 Septage Management Options……………………10

1 Uttarakhand State was formed on 9th November 2000 as 27th state of . It is located in the foot hills of the Himalayan Mountain Ranges.

0 53,483 km2 Temperate Sub zero to 43 c 1,550 mm Area Climate Temperature Rainfall

The state has 13 districts, out of which nine are located in the hilly region and four are in the plain region 1 ADMINISTRATION AND GEOGRAPHY

The state of Uttarakhand is divided into two administrative divisions, called and

Garhwal Division Kumaon Division Lying in the , it is It is bounded in the north by , bounded in the north by Tibet, on the east by , on the south on the east by Kumaon region, by state, and on the on the south by Uttar Pradesh west by Garhwal region. It is home state, and on the northwest by to famous regiment, the Himachal Pradesh state

Geographically the state is divided into 5 zones; the , the Doons, the Lesser Himalayas, the Greater Himalaya and the Trans Himalaya

86% of the state is mountainous.

The climate, soil texture, groundwater and other features vegetation and biodiversity vary significantly from south to north of the state. 2 NATURAL RESOURCES

Hydrography of Uttarakhand Uttarakhand State is a water rich state with several hydrological features. Due to the undulating topography, the state has several rivers and lakes.

23 12 Major Rivers Major Lakes

11 11 Major Dams Major Glaciers

Sourced from: Water for Welfare, Uttarakhand

Land use types Area Percentage (in ‘000 ha) Total geographic area 5,348 Forests 3,800 63.42 Not available for land cultivation 450 7.51 Permanent pastures and other grazing 192 3.20 lands Land under misc. tree crops and groves 389 6.49 Culturable wasteland 317 5.29 Fallow land 143 2.39 Net area sown 701 11.70 Prepared by: Malavika Chauhan 3 FACTORS INFLUENCING SANITATION SYSTEMS

Land Use Map LEGEND 60-70% 20-30% Forests and its types Forest Agriculture Agriculture and its types Built up (urban and rural) Barren land and its types < 1% 4-8% Snow and glacier Built Up Barren

4-8% Snow

The ground water table is very high in the Terai and the Doon region of the Uttarakhand State. The ground water table falls down as one goes from the Lesser Himalayas to Greater Himalayas. LEGEND Due to availability of fresh water, the water borne > 800 LPM yield sanitation system is prominent in the state. 200 to 400 LPM yield Although it seems that centralised sewerage 30 to 50 LPM yield systems are favourable, the presence of high water 10 to 20 LPM yield table create complexities for implementation of No yield Note: All the yields are such infrastructure projects. measured for 30 to 80 m deep well Ground Water Table Map 4 6 Urban Local Bodies

6 Nagar Nigam Population 1 – 5 lakh Mostly off site sanitation system consisting of sewer and STPs

31 Nagar Palika Parishad Population < 50,000 Mostly onsite sanitation system consisting of septic tanks

41 Nagar Palika Panchayat Population < 15,000 Mostly onsite sanitation system consisting of septic tanks

The 6 Nagar Nigams are included in the AMRUT scheme. The city of is also one of the city focused under Namami Gange scheme.

The district of Udham Singh Ngar, Haridwar and are LEGEND situated in the plain region and have good access to fresh water 2.0 – 5.0 lakh resources, hence the population is concentrated in the Terai and 5.0 – 10.0 lakh Doon region of Uttarakhand. 10.0 – 12.5 lakh The population density of the districts in the state of Uttarakhand 12.5 – 15.0 lakh 2 2 varies from 40 persons per km to 850 persons per km . 15.0 – 20.0 lakh 6 District Population Map • • •

due to siteconstraints. todue sewerage to connected be cities cannottheof most in households the Approximately 20%of city,any in achieved notis networksewerage of utilization100% prevalent, flush toiletsare water, of availability Due to User Interface • • • • sewerage connected to IHHT, CT coverage through 20% 20% HHs cannot be Domestic wastewater Flush toilet Almost 100 % Abbreviation| IHHT: Individual Household Toilet | CT: Community Toilet | STP: Sewage Treatment Plant Treatment STP: Sewage Toilet | CommunityCT: Toilet | Household Individual IHHT: Abbreviation| SEWERED SANITATIONSYSTEMS SEWERED • • •

the laying laying sewers. the of increases costtheThis high.is drop manholes of requirementthe region, Himalayan Lower In difficult, operation itssewers gravityand oftable laying makes waterpresence highof In thesewers, clogs water by carried stormSilt Conveyance • • • • • Terai per connection lakh per km 65322 laying of sewers O&M Expense: INR Sewer connections: Sewer length: 826 km Challenges during Sewer clogging region, theregion, FACTS FACTS AND OBSERVATIONS or INR 1200 INR 1200 1 • • •

wastewater. of treatmentofcost increases capacity,unit STPthe Underutilizing underutilized, are STPsthe network, sewerage of utilization Dueinadequate to commissioned, be yetbuilttoare are execution. Thosewhich under are STPsMany Treatment • • • • • Capacity: MLD 95 No. of STPs: 10 Utilised: 103 MLD Capacity: 225 MLD No. of STPs: 28 Pey Jal Jal Nigam Sansthan • •

rivers. as bodies such water surface in the done is mostly wastewater thedisposal ofThe water, fresh of availability easy todue practiced is notwastewater treatedReuse theof Reuse/Disposal • water Disposal Disposal in surface 7 • • •

into the drains. theinto disposed separately is bath and kitchen Greyfromwater the septictank, theenterswater flush and cleansing anal urine, excreta,consisting Blackwater prevalent,are toiletsflush water,of Dueavailability to User Interface • • • • separately disposed to septic tank IHHT, CT coverage through Greywater Blackwater goes Flush toilet Almost 100 % • • •

Containment NON of septicoftanks. constructionduring constraintsland puts Sloppy terrain septictank, of constructing followed fornot are designs Standard septictank, a have need to possible, households is notconnection networksewerage If • • • • CPHEEO CPHEEO manual prescribed by not as per have septic tank Unlined Unlined bottom Land constraints Baffled tanks but Mandatory to Abbreviation| - SEWERED SANITATIONSEWEREDSYSTEMS SeTP FACTS FACTS AND OBSERVATIONS : Septage Treatment Plant | KLD: Kilo Litres per Day per KLD: Litres Kilo | Plant Treatment Septage : • • •

region. mountainous in located citiesin prevalent is septictank ofemptying Manual margins, profit because meager of presentnotare operatorsPrivate services, provide equipped notto ULBsare theMostof Conveyance • • • • into into ditches tank emptying of septic private operators trucksvacuum Manually Manually emptied No demand for No presence of ULBs do not have desludging • • •

region. mountainous in located citiesin prevalent is septictank ofemptying Manual margins, profit because meager of presentnotare operatorsPrivate services, provide equipped notto ULBsare theMostof Treatment • • • first land in water bodies or Dehradun practiced in Rudrapur Illegally dumped Co treatment is SeTP desludging ! to have • • •

KLD. 125ofcapacity Rudrapur A body,water surface or land disposed illegally on septageis the ULBstheof most In Dehradun, in STP practicedin is treatmentCo Reuse/Disposal SeTP • • • first land in water bodies or practiced Rudrapur Illegally dumped Co treatment is SeTP is planned in is planned of ! to have to have 8 10 Septage Management Options for UTTARAKHAND DEWATERING TRUCKS / MOBILE TREATMENT TRUCKS

70 min/household Emptying time: 60 min Weight: approx. 200 kg

Unloading: 15 min

Caters to multiple Septic tank volume: 4 m3 households before going to 2.5 km/household Solid content: 3% treatment plant or designated disposal site.

Background of Emptying and Conveyance Dewatering Trucks / Mobile Treatment Trucks

• The vacuum truck empties the septage from septic • Dewatering trucks provide primary treatment to septage i.e. it tank which contains less than 5% solids. These solids are employs process of solid liquid separation and dewatering, easily separable and contribute to the TSS, BOD and COD, • The dewatered sludge is stored in the tank and conveyed to the designated disposal site, • The constituent of interest in septage are solids, • Process of removal of solids from septage results in significant • Water is heavy to transport and occupy most of the decreases of the TSS, BOD and COD in the liquid component and space in the vacuum truck, hence it can be returned back to the septic tank,

• The completely filled trucks are difficult to navigate • The Mobile Treatment Trucks also provides treatment of the liquid and drive up the hill. component to achieve treated water disposal norms. 11 Abbreviation| TSS: Total Suspended Solids| BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand | COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand SCIENTIFIC LAND APPLICATION OF SEPTAGE

• Guidelines for safe, • Stringent monitoring scientific land of the site as well application of the process needs septage are to be done to avoid required hazard to the environment • Identification & delineation of site • Safe land for safe land application can be application needs done as shown

to be done below US EPA US EPA Manual on Septage Treatment andDisposal

Typical Septage Application Site

R. Maguire, Virginia Tech VirginiaMaguire, R. OWSSB, OWSSB, OdishaGovernment Subsurface Incorporation Ridge and Furrow Irrigation Deep Row Entrenchment

Special equipment is required Although special equipment is not required, Special equipment will be required for incorporation of septage in manpower will be required for creating for excavating deep trench. The the top layer of the soil. furrows. The septage is applied under gravity. septage undergoes solid – liquid separation over a period of time. Scientific land application of septage can be performed on the wasteland, fallow land and unused pasture and grazing land. This will improve the soil quality over a period of time. 12 CO TREATMENT OF SEPTAGE AT STP

Although septage is much more concentrated, co treatment with sewage is possible at STP. It is safe to co treat, if pre treated septage is dosed properly to the incoming sewage. The new built STP remains under utilized in initial years of its life. In this duration, co treatment of septage at STP can be practiced.

Vigilant monitoring at the STP is needed during co treatment in UTS, SNV UTS,

- order to adjust the loading of the septage.

, ISF ,

Mukheibir Pierre

Septage Receiving Station

UTS, SNV UTS,

- , ISF , • Septage receiving stations are constructed at / near the STP,

• The function of the station is to pre Mukheibir

treat the septage and transfer the Pierre septage to the STP, Septage Transfer Station • Components of Septage Mechanized Receiving Station Receiving Station • Septage transfer station are ✓ Dumping station • Mechanized transfer station are constructed when hauling ✓ Screening installed where there is paucity of distance are uneconomical, space and civil construction is ✓ Grit removal • The function is to pretreat the difficult., septage and transfer the ✓ Equalisation tank • This station pretreats the septage supernatant to the sewer or drains, ✓ Odour control unit and washes the screenings and • The thickened sludge is emptied grit, allowing it to be handled safely ✓ It ensures that the components of and transferred to the treatment for disposal, the STP do not encounter shock plant or scientific disposal site. loading in terms of TSS and BOD, • The water can be disposed in the COD. sewer network. 13 Appropriate Septage Treatment Chain For Hilly Regions

Solid Liquid Settling Settling Settling Geobags thickening thickening thickening Separation tank tank tank

Stabilization Lime stabilization

Mechanical Dewatering/ Planted Mechanical Sun drying dewatering/ Drying drying beds dewatering drying

Pathogen Storage Drying Incineration reduction

NOTE: Recommendations Applicability: ULBs Applicability: NP and Applicability: NPP Applicability: NPP for the septage treatment with low population NPP with moderate and NN with relatively and NN with relatively chain are made based on the observations of density in the hilly population density. high population high population representative cities and region. density. density, performing secondary data provided Feature: The solid Feature: The planted Feature : The scheduled during the city visits. liquid separation drying bed does not mechanical desludging. Feasibility study followed ensures that the need much dewatering ensures, Feature : Incineration by DPR should be carried maintenance and is out before organic loading in not much land is ensures that the implementation of the the liquid component quite robust if occupied and the quantum of the end SeTP. is significantly operated properly. SeTP can be located product is small and reduced. near to the city. can be easily disposed safely. 14 Abbreviation: Nagar Nigam | NPP: Nagar Palika Parishad | NP: Nagar Panchayat This report has been prepared by Ecosan Services Foundation, Pune for National Institute of Urban Affairs under the Sanitation Capacity Building Platform. The task involved visit to representative cities, followed by collating secondary data and analysing it. The information presented and recommendations are based on the observations made during the city visits and the structured interviews conducted of stakeholders such has officials from the Urban Development Department, Pey Jal Nigam and Jal Sansthan of Government of Uttarakhand.