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The United States Reacts to the Rise of the Third Reich University of Central Florida STARS HIM 1990-2015 2013 Methods Short of War: The United States Reacts to the Rise of the Third Reich Kenneth Negy University of Central Florida, [email protected] Part of the Military History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015 University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIM 1990-2015 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Negy, Kenneth, "Methods Short of War: The United States Reacts to the Rise of the Third Reich" (2013). HIM 1990-2015. 1441. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015/1441 “METHODS SHORT OF WAR”: THE UNITED STATES REACTS TO THE RISE OF THE THIRD REICH by KENNETH ALARCÓN NEGY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in History in the College of Arts and Humanities and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2013 Thesis Chair: Dr. Richard Crepeau © 2013 Kenneth A. Negy ii ABSTRACT This project analyzes the various opinions in the United States of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis during the 1930s and studies the amount of information that was available in the United States regarding Nazi Germany before entering World War II. Specifically, it seeks to understand why the United States did relatively little to influence German and European affairs even in the face of increasing Nazi brutality and bellicosity. The analysis has been divided into three different categories. The first focuses on the United States government, and the President and Secretary of State in particular. The second category analyzes the minority opinion in the United States that had Nazi sympathies. Finally, the third deals with the American public in general. The evidence suggests that there was enough information regarding Nazi Germany for Americans to make a reasonable judgment. Most of the United States was opposed to Nazism and the German government. In spite of this, the majority agreed that the United States should not intervene or enter war. This study is significant because it helps shed further light on a debate in the country that continues to the present day: what role should the United States have when it comes to world affairs? The research in this thesis suggests that, in spite of opposition by the American public, if there is enough verifiable evidence of a humanitarian crisis to justify intervention, the government should act. iii DEDICATION For the Negy and Alarcón family iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express sincere gratitude to my committee members for their support and assistance. Special thanks to my thesis chair, Dr. Richard Crepeau, for his guidance and encouragement. Thanks also to those who helped in reviewing this work. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ...............................................................................................................................vii Introduction .....................................................................................................................................1 Chapter One: The United States Government.................................................................................7 Chapter Two: Nazi Sympathies.....................................................................................................19 Chapter Three: The American Majority........................................................................................33 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................43 Bibliography..................................................................................................................................46 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Gallup Poll results: If there were to be another European war, do you think the United States would be drawn in? ...............................................................................................................39 2. Gallup Poll results: Do you believe there will be a war between any of the big European countries this year?................................................................................................................40 3. Gallup Poll results: Should we send our army and navy abroad to fight Germany? ................41 vii INTRODUCTION On January 30th, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. With this appointment came the death of the Weimar Republic and the birth of the Third Reich.1 Oftentimes, seemingly insignificant events drastically change the path of history. The selection of Hitler as Chancellor is one such example. His rise to power confirmed for him and his followers their quest to fulfill the goals of the National Socialist Party, the Nazis. It gave them the opportunity to essentially overthrow the government of the Weimar Republic and turn Germany into a Nazi state. Almost immediately after Hitler became Chancellor, he and his cohort, Hermann Göring, in an attempt for the Nazi Party to gain more control of the government, called for an immediate dissolution of the Reichstag, the German parliament. Using the arson attack on the Reichstag days later to their advantage, they blamed the members of the Communist Party for the crime and succeeded at passing a decree that eliminated the civil rights of the German people indefinitely and gave the Reich government the power to intervene to restore order in the German states. The latter section of the decree was ultimately used by the Nazis to round up 1. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1959), 4. 1 political enemies and, in coordination with a well-planned propaganda campaign, it finally gave the Nazis full control of the country.2 As the Third Reich continued along its course, the Nazis began carrying out their plans for an Aryan empire. Any opposition to their increasingly tyrannical regime proved futile. Violence against Jews in Germany steadily increased. They were discriminated against and persecuted. In foreign affairs, Nazi Germany began a campaign to conquer neighboring regions and incorporate them into the Lebensraum (living-space) of the Germans.3 First, it began a program of rearmament, followed by the invasion and conquest of the Rhineland; both actions broke rules established in the Treaty of Versailles. Next, Nazi Germany annexed Austria to the empire. Then it claimed the German region of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland and afterward conquered all of Czechoslovakia. And finally, it invaded Poland, causing the Allied forces of Britain and France to declare war.4 The Third Reich played a significant role in World War II. Since the end of the war, there has been debate over the amount of blame Nazi Germany deserves.5 Regardless, it is certain that the Third Reich greatly influenced the war and its outcomes. The war lasted about six years, from the fall of 1939 to the spring of 1945. It was not until Hitler committed suicide in April of 1945 and Germany surrendered in May of that year that the war in the European theater 2. Ian Kershaw, Hitler: 1889-1936: Hubris (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998), 457-468. 3. Ibid., 504-505. 4. James L. Stokesbury, A Short History of World War II (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 1980), 54-66. 5. Ibid., 54. 2 ended.6 Within those six years, Germany, along with the other Axis powers, threatened to dominate Europe. The war resulted in a death toll as high as seventy million, about half of them suffered by Europe. In addition, about five in seven of those killed were civilians.7 Along with the war came the Holocaust, Germany’s Final Solution to their so-called Jewish problem. Over six million Jews died in the Nazi’s genocide alongside millions of others, including gypsies, non- Aryans, and undesirables.8 In light of all this, this investigation will examine the role of the United States in the general state of inactivity when dealing with Hitler and Nazi Germany before World War II. There seems to be much more literature that exists on the other Allies’ views of Nazi Germany than America’s opinions. This is probably due to direct involvement of Britain and France, among other countries, in talks and negotiations with the Third Reich. Less has been written about the United States before World War II in relation to Nazi Germany; this is likely because of the lack of direct involvement in dealing with Germany. Also, in histories of the 1930s, when attention is given to the United States, it generally revolves around the Great Depression. Works that do study the United States and its relationship with Nazi Germany seem to be primarily focused on specific factions or people in the country. Therefore, this investigation will be an attempt to fill this gap with a comprehensive study that discusses the various views the country had on the Third Reich before entering World War II. 6. Ibid., 362-363. 7. Frank L. Kidner et al., Making Europe: People, Politics, and Culture, vol. 2, Since 1550 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2009), 795. 8. Robert H. Abzug, America Views the Holocaust, 1933-1945: A Brief Documentary History (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999), vii. 3 The United States merits this in-depth look because of the role that it had on a global scale in the 1930s. Just over a decade earlier,
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