EIA/EMP REPORT
River Sand/Bajri Mine (ML Area of 4280.00 ha) Tehsil – Marwar Jn., District - Pali Rajasthan
January 2015
Project Proponent: M/s Kuber Associates R/o C-57, Hanumaan Nagar, Khatipura, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
EIA Consultant:
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. INDIA 304-305, 3rd Floor, Plot No. 16, Rishabh Corporate Tower, Community Centre, Karkardooma, Delhi – 110092 Phone: 011-30003200, 30003219; Fax: 011-22374775 Website: www.eqmsindia.com ; E-mail – [email protected] EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ...... I - X Chapter 1. Introduction ...... 8 1.1. Preamble ...... 8 1.2. Purpose of the Report ...... 9 1.3. Identification of Project & Project Proponent ...... 9 1.4. Brief description of nature, size and location of the project ...... 10 1.5. Salient Features of the Project ...... 10 1.6. Need for the project and its importance to the country or region ...... 15 1.7. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 15 1.8. Scoping Of the Project ...... 18 1.9. Environmental Framework of the State ...... 18 1.10. Rajasthan State Forest Policy ...... 20 1.11. Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board (RSPCB) ...... 20 1.12. Public Hearing ...... 20 1.13. Compliance of ToR ...... 21 Chapter 2. : Project Description ...... 28 2.1. General ...... 28 2.2. Type of Project ...... 28 2.3. Need for the Project ...... 29 2.4. Location, Project Boundary and Project Site Layout ...... 29 2.5. Size or magnitude of Operation ...... 29 2.6. Proposed Schedule for Implementation ...... 29 2.7. Technology and Process Description ...... 30 2.8. Project Description ...... 32 2.9. Site Elevation, Working Depth and Groundwater Table ...... 39 2.10. Terms and conditions imposed by Director of Mines and Geology, Rajasthan...... 44 2.11. Statutory / Necessary Approvals...... 45 Chapter 3. : Description of the Environment ...... 48 3.1. Introduction ...... 48 3.2. Physiography, Topography and Drainage...... 52 3.3. Geology and Hydrogeology ...... 65 3.4. Meteorology ...... 74 3.5. Air Quality ...... 84 3.6. Water Quality ...... 89 3.7. Soil 94 3.8. Noise Environment ...... 100 3.9. Biological Environment ...... 102 3.10. Socio-Economic Environment ...... 121 Chapter 4. : Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures...... 142 4.1. Introduction ...... 142 4.2. Impacts on Topography and Drainage ...... 142 4.3. Land Environment ...... 143 4.4. Impacts on Climate ...... 143 4.5. Water Environment ...... 144 4.6. Noise and Vibration ...... 148 4.7. Impacts on Air Environment...... 153 4.8. Biological Environment ...... 161 4.9. Impact on Socio-Economic Environment ...... 164 4.10. Impact due to Transportation of Mined out material on environment ...... 165
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 2 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
4.11. Impact on the carrying capacity of SH and NH due to proposed transport activities ...... 165 4.12. Impact Due To Vehicular Emission ...... 170 Chapter 5. : Analysis of Alternatives ...... 173 5.1. General ...... 173 5.2. Alternative Sites ...... 173 5.3. Alternative Technology ...... 175 Chapter 6. : Environmental Monitoring Programme ...... 177 6.1. General ...... 177 6.2. Areas of concern ...... 177 6.3. Environmental Monitoring ...... 177 6.4. Environmental Monitoring Programme ...... 177 6.5. Environment Management Group ...... 182 6.6. Environment Policy/Violations of Environment Norms/ Hierarchal System ...... 182 6.7. Cost of Environment Monitoring Plan ...... 183 Chapter 7. : Additional Studies ...... 185 7.1. General ...... 185 7.2. Replenishment Studies ...... 185 7.3. Risk Assessment ...... 202 7.4. Inundation ...... 203 7.5. Disaster Due to Failure of Pit Slope ...... 204 7.6. Disaster Due to Failure of Mine Waste Dump ...... 205 7.7. Disaster Due to Surface Fire ...... 205 7.8. Disaster Management Plan ...... 206 7.9. Occupational Health and Safety ...... 208 7.10. R & R Plan ...... 208 7.11. Social Impact Assessment ...... 208 Chapter 8. : Project benefits ...... 209 8.1. General ...... 209 8.2. Accelerated Development of Infrastructure and Housing Sector ...... 209 8.3. Employment Potential...... 209 8.4. State Exchequer ...... 209 8.5. Betterment of Trade and Commerce ...... 209 8.6. Tangible social benefits ...... 210 Chapter 9. : Environmental Management Plan ...... 211 9.1. General ...... 211 9.2. Pollution Control Measures ...... 211 9.3. Green Belt development plan ...... 227 9.4. Solid Waste Management ...... 230 9.5. Occupational Health Management Plan ...... 231 9.6. Soil conservation works ...... 235 9.7. Capital Cost of Project ...... 236 9.8. Summary of cost of environment management plan ...... 236 Chapter 10. : Environmental Management Plan ...... 238 10.1. Purpose of the Report ...... 238 10.2. Identification of Project & Project Proponent ...... 238 10.3. Project Description ...... 238 10.4. Description of Environment...... 241 10.5. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 242 10.6. Environmental Monitoring Programme ...... 245 10.7. Additional Studies ...... 245 10.8. Project benefits...... 247 10.9. Environmental Management Plan ...... 247
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10.10. Conclusion ...... 247 Chapter 11. : Declaration & Disclosure of Consultants ...... 0
List of Tables
Table 1.1 : Salient Features of the Project ...... 11 Table 1.2 : Key Environmental Legislations ...... 16 Table 1.3 : Environmental Framework of State Government ...... 18 Table 1.4 : Compliance of ToR ...... 21 Table 2.1 : Annual Production Schedule (Million Metric Tonne) ...... 30 Table 2.2 : Daily Water Requirement ...... 31 Table 2.3 : Block – wise yearly mining area for five years (ha) ...... 37 Table 2.4 Block – wise yearly production for five years (million metric tonne) ...... 37 Table 2.5 : Year-wise Production of Solid waste (Cubic Meter) ...... 38 Table 2.6 : Conditions imposed by Director of Mines and Geology ...... 44 Table 3.1 : Description of Rivers Flowing through Pali District in Luni Catchment ...... 55 Table 3.2 : Details of Catchment, Sub-Catchment and Watershed...... 57 Table 3.3 : Computation of River Bed Slope ...... 59 Table 3.4 : Tehsil wise landuse and land cover of the district ...... 61 Table 3.5 : Details of Landuse Class 2km/10km on either side of rivers of ML area ...... 65 Table 3.6 : Land Use Details ...... 65 Table 3.7 : Geological Sequence ...... 66 Table 3.8 : Earthquake Events of Magnitude more than 3.3 (Richter Scale) ...... 72 Table 3.9 : Ground Water Trend ...... 72 Table 3.10 : Distance of Tehsil Headquarters from Nearest IMD Station ...... 75 Table 3.11 : Climatological Data Station: IMD, Jodhpur (1960-1990) ...... 76 Table 3.12 : Monthly Rain Fall Data Observed at Tehsil (2012) ...... 78 Table 3.13 : Monthly Rainfall (mm) data observed at Marwar Jn. Tehsil (2004-2013) ...... 79 Table 3.14 : Computation of Standard Deviation ...... 79 Table 3.15 : Site Specific Meteorological Data ...... 81 Table 3.16 : Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 85 Table 3.17 : Ambient Air Quality results (µg/m3) ...... 87 Table 3.18 : Water Sampling Locations ...... 91 Table 3.19 : Physico chemical and Biological Characteristics of Surface Water ...... 92 Table 3.20 : Physico chemical and Biological Characteristics of Ground Water ...... 93 Table 3.21 : Details of Soil Sampling Locations ...... 97 Table 3.22 : Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil ...... 98 Table 3.23 Details of Noise Monitoring Locations ...... 101 Table 3.24 : Noise Levels [dB(A)] in the Study Area ...... 102 Table 3.25 : Forest Types in the Pali Forest Division ...... 103 Table 3.26 : Sampling Location of Floristic Survey ...... 105 Table 3.27 : Phyto-sociological Characters of Different species recorded in proposed mining area 107 Table 3.28 : Phyto-sociological Characters of Different species recorded around mining areas ..... 108 Table 3.29 : Mammalian Fauna Sighted during the primary survey ...... 113 Table 3.30 : Avifauna Sighted during the primary survey ...... 115 R-Resident, WV-Winter Visitor ...... 115 Table 3.31 : Herpetofauna recorded from the project area ...... 117 Table 3.32 : Fish species reported from the project area ...... 117 Table 3.33 : Distict – wise apportionment of the area under WLS ...... 118 Table 3.34 : Pali District at a Glance ...... 121 Table 3.35 : Village-wise details of population ...... 124 Table 3.36 : Educational Network in the District ...... 132
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Table 3.37 Network of Medical And Public health Centres In The District ...... 132 Table 3.38 : Comprehensive List of Infrastructures present in the Study Area ...... 134 Table 3.39 : Area irrigated and un-irrigated under Kharif and Rabi Crops ...... 139 Table 3.40 : Productivity of Principal Crops ...... 140 Table 3.41 : Groupwise Details of SSI and MSME Registered Units ...... 140 Table 4.1 : Reduction in Surface Flow Due to Mining in Tehsil Marwar Jn. upto 6th Year ...... 144 Table 4.2 : Reduction in Surface Flow Due to Mining in Tehsil Marwar Jn upto 4 Years close of mining ...... 145 Table 4.3 : Year-wise Computation of Ground Water Recharge as per GEC-97 ...... 146 Table 4.4 : Standard Values of Noise Levels ...... 150 Table 4.5 : Modeling Output ...... 150 : Standard Values of Noise Levels ...... 152 Table 4.6...... 152 Table 4.7 : Predicted Noise Levels...... 152 Table 4.8 : Details of Production Parameters, Transportation, Moisture, Silt Contents ...... 155 Table 4.9 : Predicted Ground Level Concentration due to Open-pit excavation ...... 155 Table 4.10 : Details of Production Parameters, Transportation, Moisture, Silt Contents ...... 158 Table 4.11 : Receptors Location And Model Results ...... 159 Table 4.12 : Cumulative levels of existing and predicted levels of PM10 ...... 161 Table 4.13 : Traffic volume counts near Jojawar on SH-61 ...... 167 Table 4.14 : Traffic volume counts at Karmal on SH-62 ...... 167 Table 4.15 : Incremental rise in existing average daily traffic at SH-61 due to proposed transport activity ...... 168 Table 4.16 : Incremental rise in existing average daily traffic at SH-62 due to proposed transport activity ...... 168 Table 4.17 : Determination of Traffic Noise Levels at Jojawar (SH-61) ...... 169 Table 4.18 : Determination of Traffic Noise Levels at Karmal (SH-62) ...... 169 Table 4.19 : Emission factors by vehicle type (gm/km/vehicle) ...... 170 Table 4.20 Receptor Locations And Model Results (Worst Case Wind Angle) ...... 171 Table 5.1 : Particulate Emission Factors for Stone-Processing Operations ...... 174 Table 6.1 : Air Quality Monitoring and Management ...... 178 Table 6.2 : Noise Level Monitoring and management ...... 179 Table 6.3 : Physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters to be monitored ...... 181 Table 6.4 : Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme ...... 183 Table 7.1 : Annual Sediment Yield in Indian Arid Zones ...... 188 Table 7.2 : Sediment Yield as a function of Effective rainfall ...... 188 Table 7.3 : Annual Sediment Rates by Various Methods ...... 193 Table 7.4 : Tanks under the jurisdiction of Water Resources Department ...... 197 Table 7.5 : Year wise Maximum gauge Water Received, Water Utilized from Jawai Dam ...... 201 Table 7.6 : Monthly Average and Maximum Rainfall (mm) in a day during non-monsoon season .. 203 Table 9.1 : Cost under Conservation Plan...... 225 Table 9.2 : Cost under CSR initiative ...... 227 Table 9.3 : Species suggested for plantation under Greenbelt Development Progaramme ...... 228 Table 9.4 : Phase-wise programme of plantation ...... 229 Table 9.5 : Annual cost for green belt development plan (Rs. in lakhs) ...... 230 Table 9.6 : Year-wise Production of Solid waste ...... 231 Table 9.7 : Schedule of Medical Checkup ...... 233 Table 9.8 : Cost Estimate ...... 234 Table 9.9 : Cost estimate of soil conservation works (engineering) ...... 235 Table 9.10 : Total cost of environmental management plan ...... 236
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List of Figures Figure 2.1 : Water Balance ...... 31 Figure 2.2 : Index Map of Luni River Basin Showing the Litholog from Dug Well and Tube Well Sections ...... 34 Figure 2.3 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Bandi River ...... 40 Figure 2.4 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Lilki River ...... 40 Figure 2.5 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Mithri River ...... 41 Figure 2.6 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Kantyali River ...... 41 Figure 2.7 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Khardi River ...... 42 Figure 2.8 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Siriari River ...... 42 Figure 2.9 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Sukri River ...... 43 Figure 2.10 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Khari River ...... 43 Figure 3.1 : Project Location Map on Toposheets ...... 49 Figure 3.2 : Satellite view of the Project Site ...... 49 Figure 3.3 : Pictorial View of Sukri River at Phulad and Bandi river at Bhagora and Siriari river near Siriari ...... 51 Figure 3.4 : Administrative Map of District Pali ...... 53 Figure 3.5 : Physiographic Map of Rajasthan ...... 54 Figure 3.6 : Catchment Area Map of Luni Basin in Rajasthan and Drainage Map of Study Area ...... 58 Figure 3.7 : Graphical Presentation of Landuse of District Pali ...... 61 : Graphical Presentation of Landuse of Tehsil Marwar Jn...... 62 Figure 3.8 ...... 62 Figure 3.9 : Landuse Map of 10km Study Area and 2km on either side of rivers of ML area in Tehsil Marwar Jn...... 64 Figure 3.10 : Regional geology map of Rajasthan ...... 67 Figure 3.11 : Hydrogeological Map of Pali district ...... 69 Figure 3.12 : Map of Seismic Zones of India ...... 70 Figure 3.13 : Map of Seismic Zones of Rajasthan ...... 71 Figure 3.14 : Site Specific Windrose Diagram ...... 83 Figure 3.15 : Frequency Distribution of Wind Class ...... 84 Figure 3.16 : Location of Monitoring and Sampling Stations ...... 85 Figure 3.17 : Soil Map of the Study Area ...... 96 Figure 3.18 : Number of families and species in different life forms in the study area ...... 106 Figure 3.19 : Shannon diversity, species Richness and Evenness index in proposed mining area 111 Figure 3.20 : Shannon diversity, species Richness and Evenness index in surrounding area ...... 112 Figure 3.21 : Percent bird species belonging to different orders ...... 116 Figure 3.22 : Location of the Todgarh Raoli and Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary vis-à-vis mine lease area ...... 120 Figure 3.23 : Sex wise SC, ST and General Population in Study Area ...... 128 Figure 3.24 : Percentage wise break up of SC, ST and General Population in Study Area ...... 128 Figure 3.25 : Gender-wise Distribution of Literate and Illiterate in Study Area ...... 129 Figure 3.26 : Workers Scenario of the Area ...... 130 Figure 3.27 : Distribution of Main Workers ...... 130 Figure 3.28 : Distribution of Marginal Workers ...... 131 Figure 4.1 : Noise Graphical Results ...... 151 Figure 4.2 : Isopleth of Average Hourly Highest 1st Value Predicted Average Ground – Level Concentrations (Open Pit Source Modelling) ...... 157 Figure 4.3 : Isopleth of Maximum Predicted 24 hourly averaged Ground – Level Concentrations (Line Source Modelling) ...... 160 Figure 4.4 Transport Route Map ...... 166 Figure 7.1 : Hydrological Zones of Arid Region of India ...... 187 Figure 7.2 : Sediment Yield as a function of effective rainfall ...... 188
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Figure 7.3 : Iso-Erodent Map of India after Kothyari ...... 191 Figure 7.4 : Pictorial view of Siriyari dam in tehsil Marwar ...... 196 Figure 7.5 : Pictorial view of pits on river coarse of Rediya ...... 205
List of Annexure
Annexure – I : Letter of Intent...... 3 Annexure II: Approval Letter for mining plan from Department of Mines & Geology Rajasthan ...... 4 Annexure III: Public Hearing Notice, Attendence Sheets, Proceedings and Replies ...... 5 Annexure IV: NOC issued by the competent authority in respect to Aravali Notification ...... 18 Annexure V: Laboratory Result Sheets of monitoring of Ambient Air Quality ...... 19 Annexure VI: Laboratory Result Sheets of Physico – Chemical Analysis of Water ...... 32 Annexure VII: Laboratory Result Sheets of Physico – Chemical Analysis of Soil ...... 34 Annexure VIII (A): Environmental Policy ...... 35 Annexure VIII (B): Non-Compliance Reporting System ...... 36 Annexure VIII (C): Organization Structure ...... 37
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CHAPTER 1. Introduction
1.1. Preamble The Aravali Range, running in about 692 km diagonally across Rajasthan from Khetri in N-E to Khed Brahma in S-W, constitutes the pre-dominant hill tract of the State. It thus, acts as a barrier for S-W monsoon and topographically exhibit a water divide bifurcating the State into the eastern plains and western sandy plains. The area to the east of Aravalli, is well drained by several integrated drainage system including the perennial Chambal, which originates from Madhya Pradesh, while the area to the west of Aravali has only one drainage system that is Luni system. With the exception of Chambal, all other rivers are ephemeral in nature and remain dry about 90% time of year except monsoon period, when run-off occurs as direct response to the rainfall. The Physiography of the state is the outcome of the erosional and depositional process. The present landform and the drainage system have been greatly influenced and determined by the geological formation and structures. Torrential and episodic rainfall coupled with intense physical weathering, wafer thin and scanty vegetal cover over large tract of landmass and aeolian surface deposits has enriched the area with abundance of transportable sediments of different gradation and size. As a direct response to heavily rainfall, the consequent run-off causes flash flood and enormous quantities of sediment loads are transported down the valley and into the ephemeral rivers. The bed load sediment transport by the ephemeral river exceeds several order of magnitude in contrast to a perennial river in the mountains or in the humid zones. The suspended sediments specially transported during flash flood events is both of high concentration and larger in quantity as compared to bed load. Besides, in case of Ephemeral River the sediment available for supplies/transportation is not fully evacuated in arid/semi – arid land owing to infrequent and short spell of storm events (Reid & Laroone, 1995). This leads to thick deposition of sediments in the riverbed section and more often than not result in raising the bed levels and eventually creates the flooding situation in areas of lesser river bank heights The composition and structure of the alluvium differ substantially based on the hydraulic regime of flow, the discharge, the relief, the drainage system and the rock composition of riverbed and banks. In ephemeral rivers the alluvium predominantly comprises coarse and fine sand along with silt and clay and is more often than not deposited on the inside bends (convex banks), where the water flows more slowly and has less power to transport the bed/sedimentary load.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 8 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Rivers and streams by far have been the most lucrative and attractive source for extracting large volume of different grades of sand / bajri for a variety of construction activities. Following are some advantages of using river sediments as compared to the crushing of rock-mass from rock-in-situ quarries.
Due to attrition, the material is already granulated and rounded, well sorted and generally clean Sediments can easily be collected / extracted by digging less deep pits in active channel or dry river beds of upper terraces Invariably free from weak materials and interstitial loose / fine material. Not far from cities or market as the civilization has developed near the bank of rivers Require comparatively less processing. Natural replenishment takes place periodically due to transportation of sediments from upper course/reaches during high stage of river, which is achieved during events of flash floods during monsoon.
1.2. Purpose of the Report Mining activities invariably affect the existing environmental equilibrium of the site with both adverse and beneficial effects. Exploitation of mineral deposits, occurring in specific sites, does not leave any choice but to adoption of eco-friendly mining methods compatible with project economics. For sustainable maintenance of environmental commensuration with the mining and related operation, it is imperative to conduct studies on the baseline status of existing environmental attributes and assess the impact on these due to proposed activities, which would assist in formulating well-addressed management plans for sustainable mineral extraction within life of mine. The main purpose of the report is to establish the baseline environmental attributes in terms of scoping clearance issued by the EAC, Ministry of Environment and Forests, vide meeting held on 26.9.2013, and predict identify the impacts for preparing environment management plan.
1.3. Identification of Project & Project Proponent The project has been conceived for an annual production of 0.8 MCM (1.12 MMT) of Sand (Bajri) by open cast semi-mechanized extraction method in riverbed of Bandi, Lilki, Mithri, Kantaliyi, Khardi, Sukri upper, Khari and Siriari Nala draining within tehsil Marwar Jn. The lease area is revenue wasteland in river body (Gair mumkin Nadi Nala). The project proponent (LoI) is firm named as M/s Kuber Associates with registered office at the following address:
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 9 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
R/o C-57, Hanumaan Nagar,
Khatipura, Jaipur, (Rajasthan) 1.4. Brief description of nature, size and location of the project 1.4.1. Brief description nature and size of the project The letter of intent was granted vide Rajasthan State Government order no P.8 (2) Khan/Gr. – 2/2013, Jaipur dated 13th Feb 2013 in favour of M/s Kuber Associates for river-bed mining of minor mineral Sand (Bajri) over an area of 4280.00 ha covered under river stretches within bounds of 127 different revenue villages in Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali. The project has been proposed for an annual production of 0.8 MCM (1.12 MMT) of sand/bajri by open cast semi mechanized method of extraction in riverbed. The lease area is revenue waste land in river body (Gair mumkin Nadi Nala). The estimated net geological reserves have been assessed as 128.4 MCM (179.76 MMT) of sand/bajri, out of which 105.35 MCM (161.49 MMT) are mineable. The project has no other interlinked project. The mining plan as warranted under Rule 37-B, Chapter IVA of RMMCR, 1986 amended upto 2012, has been prepared by the qualified person as defined under Rules 37-C and registered under Rule 37-D with the Department of Mines & Geology, Rajasthan has been approved by the competent Authority, authorised for approval of mining plans under Rule 37-E of RMMCR, 1986 amended upto 2012. The project activity falls under category ‘A’ (Activity 1 A – Mining of Minerals) because the lease area is more than 50 ha and General Condition of the Environmental Clearance notification 2006, as amended from time to time.
1.4.2. Location and Approach to the project The mine lease area is linearly stretched under 127 revenue villages in tehsil Marwar Jn., district Pali, mentioned ibid. The geographical location is covered under SOI Toposheet no. 45 G/6, 45 G/9, 45 G/10, G/13 and 45G/14. Lease area can be approached from NH-14, SH-61, SH-62 and SH-67. Distance of lease area on Marwar Junction side is approximately 10.0 km. Various link roads on the river course stretch, merges with the tar road on Marwar Junction.
1.4.3. Status of Litigation against project There are no litigations/court cases pending against the project as informed by the project proponent.
1.5. Salient Features of the Project The salient features of the project are given in Table 1.1.
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Table 1.1 : Salient Features of the Project 1 Project Name River Sand (Bajri) Mining of M/s. Kuber Associates 2 Mine Lease Area 4280.0 ha. Akhawas, Anji Ki Dhani, Aaua, Angdosh, Asan Dhanchiyan, Asan Daniya, Asan Melda, Asan Jodhwan, Isali, Uprli Nimbli, Kantaliya, Karmal, Kushalpura, kadu, Karwada, karoliya, Khera Kalyankhurd, Khakhro Ka Oda, Kharchi, Kharcho Ki Dhani, Gudha Kesarsingh, Gudha Verjaliya, Gudha Ajwa, Gudha Ganga I, Gudha Ganga II, Gudha Giri, Gudha Durjan, Gudha Dhamavta, Gudhanava, Gudha Premsingh, Gudha Bhopat, Gudha Bhopa, Gudha Hemkaran, Gudha Raghunathsingh, Gudha Rmasingh, Gudha Soorsingh, Gudha Himta, Gadana, Godawas, Gopawas, Golki, Chailawas, Chatra Ka Gudha, Chawariya, Chirpatiya, Choukariya, Jation Ki Dhani, Jooni Foolad, Jadan Khalsa, janoda, Jogdawas, Jojawar, Near Jorkiya, Jhambuda, jhinjhardi, Thakurwas, Dingor, Dhelpura, Dhal, Villages Teja Ka Gudha, telpura, Thal, Dudor, Devli, Dadiya, Dhanla, Dhamli, Location of Dharesvar, Naya Gaon, Nayi Foolad, narsinghpura, nayagudha, 3 Mine Nichali Nimbli, Nimbli, Nivo Ki Khejari, Pabudi, Badi, Badsa, Bajiya Mali, Bata, Basni, Basera, Bithura Khurd, Bhimaliya, Bhojawas, Mudiya, Malsabavri, Mailawas, Manda, Radjhalra, Ranawas, Rambagh, Risaniya, Vadiya, Bopari, Bhithuda Kalan, bornadi, Borimada, Bhagwaanpura, Bhgoda, Mukanpura, Melap, Mevda, Musaliya, Marwar Juction, Radawas, Revdiya, Rajkiyawas Kalan, rajkiyawas Khurd, Rananadi, Rampura, Sadakmaliya, Suryanagar, Savrad, Saran, Sichana, Sichiyawas, Sinla, Siriyari, Simal, Sodo Ka Dhana, Hemliyawas Kalan, Hemliyawas Khurd, Halawat, Hingola Kalan, Hingola Khurd, Bogla, Tehsil Marwar District Pali State Rajasthan Latitude 25°31’00.00”N to 25°42’00.00”N 4 Coordinates Longitude 73°30’00.00”E to 73°49’00.00” E
S.No. Village Name River Area (ha) Nala Area (ha) 1 Akhawas 0 35.98 2 Anji Ki Dhani 27.46 0 3 Aaua 84.73 0 4 Angdosh 12.16 10.13 Asan 5 Dhanchiyan 43.36 0 5 Khasra details 6 Asan Daniya 0 2 7 Asan Melda 7.04 0.51 8 Asan Jodhwan 0 17.6
9 Isali 0 0.52 10 Uprli Nimbli 0 19.28 11 Kantaliya 145.53 30.47 12 Karmal 0 27.81
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 11 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
13 Kushalpura 0 9.72 14 kadu 15.46 0.81 15 Karwada 27.08 0 16 karoliya 0 12.27 Khera 17 Kalyankhurd 0 3.85 18 Khakhro Ka Oda 0 8.97 19 Kharchi 0 13.06 Kharcho Ki 20 Dhani 4.37 0 Gudha 21 Kesarsingh 107.63 24.75 22 Gudha Verjaliya 2.38 0 23 Gudha Ajwa 6.6 2.27 24 Gudha Ganga I 1.2 3.4 25 Gudha Ganga II 0 1.62 26 Gudha Giri 40.38 0 27 Gudha Durjan 0 66.37 Gudha 28 Dhamavta 0 6.57 29 Gudhanava 0 82.9 Gudha 30 Premsingh 0 24.2 31 Gudha Bhopat 0 5.9 32 Gudha Bhopa 0.12 25.66 Gudha 33 Hemkaran 21.08 13.61 Gudha 34 Raghunathsingh 0 111.3753 Gudha 35 Rmasingh 51.73 0 Gudha 36 Soorsingh 36.91 20 37 Gudha Himta 0 9.23 38 Gadana 52.37 0 39 Godawas 20.92 0 40 Gopawas 1.28 0 41 Golki 0 78.82 42 Chailawas 36.72 0.99 Chatra Ka 43 Gudha 0 30.62 44 Chawariya 0.24 9.72 45 Chirpatiya 0 29.34 46 Choukariya 10.51 82.81
47 Jation Ki Dhani 17.43 0
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48 Jooni Foolad 17.51 1.37 49 Jadan Khalsa 0 13.84 50 janoda 17.75 0 51 Jogdawas 0 11.71 52 Jojawar 108.94 117.76 53 Jorkiya 3.7 64.49 54 Jhambuda 3.6 0 55 jhinjhardi 0 13.06 56 Thakurwas 2.14 0 57 Dingor 4.8 3.64 58 Dhelpura 0 0.8 59 Dhal 19.78 0 60 Teja Ka Gudha 0 4.99 61 telpura 0 5.18 62 Thal 0 20.14 63 Dudor 0 41.39 64 Devli 108.94 0 65 Dadiya 66.17 0 66 Dhanla 257.97 65.42 67 Dhamli 57.21 0 68 Dharesvar 0 2.04 69 Naya Gaon 10.31 0 70 Nayi Foolad 1.27 14.77 71 narsinghpura 0 25.33 72 nayagudha 0 20.23 73 Nichali Nimbli 0 3.59 74 Nimbli 70.41 0 75 Nivo Ki Khejari 0 70.49 76 Pabudi 0 0.17 77 Badi 0 1.3 78 Badsa 52.51 0 79 Bajiya Mali 3.03 3.1 80 Bata 94.84 2.12 81 Basni 0 22.3 82 Basera 0 40.94 83 Bithura Khurd 17.7 2.63
84 Bhimaliya 0 93.39 85 Bhojawas 0 6.16 86 Mudiya 24.81 3.85 87 Malsabavri 42.19 38.37
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88 Mailawas 138.44 0 89 Manda 0 3.17 90 Radjhalra 8.92 0 91 Ranawas 0 15.97 92 Rambagh 0 0.98 93 Risaniya 0 1.42 94 Vadiya 25.85 3.49 95 Bopari 13.17 4.89 96 Bhithuda Kalan 118.11 67.63 97 bornadi 0 19.63 98 Borimada 43.72 0 99 Bhagwaanpura 26.46 0 100 Bhgoda 0 44.43 101 Mukanpura 19.44 0 102 Melap 0 3.03 103 Mevda 0 13.42 104 Musaliya 21.58 8.05 105 Marwar Juction 0 0.32 106 Radawas 37.63 24.19 107 Revdiya 0 0.92 Rajkiyawas 108 Kalan 32.49 8.02 rajkiyawas 109 Khurd 0 9.55 110 Rananadi 0 4.43 111 Rampura 0 61.62 112 Sadakmaliya 0 4.51 113 Suryanagar 1.56 5.99 114 Savrad 28.95 0 115 Saran 5.5 0 116 Sichana 0 17.54 117 Sichiyawas 14.4 15.72 118 Sinla 0 35.63 119 Siriyari 67.72 0 120 Simal 0 7.22
121 Sodo Ka Dhana 0 2.45
Hemliyawas 122 Kalan 0 5.36 Hemliyawas 123 Khurd 0 2.51 124 Halawat 18.15 0.51
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125 Hingola Kalan 30.08 0 126 Hingola Khurd 20.37 0 127 Bogla 0 15.07 Total Total Area 2432.11 1847.53 Total Area 4279.64
6 Toposheet 45 G/6, 45 G/9, 45 G/10, 45G/13 and 45G/14 Landuse Revenue waste land in river body (Gair mumkin Nadi Nala) Bandi, Lilki, Mithri, Kantaliyi, Khardi, Sukri upper, Khari and Siriari 7 Name of River Nala 8 Mineral River Sand (Bajri) 9 Geological Reserves 128.4 MCM (179.76 MMT) Mineable Reserve 105.35 MCM (161.49 MMT) Targeted Production 4 MCM (5.6 MMT) Proposed Annual 10 0.8 MCM (1.12 MMT) Production 11 Validity of Lease 5 Year Life of mine Continuous, being replenished yearly 12 Ultimate Pit Limit 3 meter from river bed level 13 Method of Mining Opencast Semi-Mechanized 14 No. of Working Days 280 25 KLD from ground water resource (4 KLD for Drinking/Domestic, 15 Water Demand/Source 21 KLD for Dust Suppression & Plantation) 16 Manpower requirement 102
17 Nearest Railway Station Marwar Junction Railway Station
Nearest State Highway/ 18 NH-14, SH-61, SH-62 and SH-67 National Highway 19 Nearest Airport Jodhpur Airport (88 km)
1.6. Need for the project and its importance to the country or region For meeting the huge demand of construction material like coarse and fine sand/Bajri required in building construction and infrastructure works, road material for construction and maintenance of roads / highway material in Jodhpur Division of Rajasthan. The natural available materials in riverbed is suitable from techno-economic consideration. The mining project shall provide direct employment besides creation of additional jobs by way of transportation. Apart from this, it will fetch huge revenue to state exchequer.
1.7. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework The emerging environmental scenario calls for requisite attention on conservation and proper use of natural resources and development without destruction. The environmental consideration in any development process has become a necessity for achieving sustainable
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developmental. To achieve these goals, the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India, has enacted various acts, legislations, guidelines and standards from time to time. The principal environmental regulatory agency in India is the Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi. MoEF formulates environmental policies and accords environmental clearances for different projects. The important environmental legislations in India are given in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 : Key Environmental Legislations Name Scope and Objective Key Areas Operational Agencies/Key Player Water (Prevention To provide for the Control sewage and Central and State and Control of prevention and control of industrial effluent Pollution Control Pollution) Act, 1974, water pollution and discharges Boards 1988 enhancing the quality of water Air (Prevention and To provide for the Controls emission of air Central and State Control of Pollution) prevention and control of pollutants Pollution Control Act, 1981, 1987 air pollution Board
Noise Pollution Noise pollution control Control of noise pollution in Central and State (Regulation & residential, commercial, Pollution Control Control) Rule 2000 industrial and silent zones Board
Forest To consolidate Regulates access to State Government (Conservation) Act, acquisition of common natural resources, state and Central 1980, 1988 property such as forest, has a monopoly right over Government halt India’s rapid land, categories forests, deforestation and restriction on de- resulting environmental reservation and using degradation forest for non-forest purpose Wildlife (Protection) To protect wildlife Creates protected areas Wildlife Advisory Act, 1972, 1993 (national parks / Boards, Central Zoo sanctuaries) categories of Authorities wildlife which are protected
Ancient Monuments To protect ancient Conservation of cultural Archaeological and Archaeological monuments of national and historical remains Survey of India sites & Remains Act, heritage / importance found in India 1958
Hazardous Wastes Health and safety Assessment of hazardous Central and State (Management and materials and Pollution Control Handling) Rules, management Board 1989
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Name Scope and Objective Key Areas Operational Agencies/Key Player Biological Diversity Biodiversity conservation Disclosure of species MoEF, New Delhi and Act, 2002 survey or collection State Forest activities to the National Departments Biodiversity Authority International Control and reduction of International Govt. of India Environmental greenhouse gases environmental issues such (regulation in which as emission of greenhouse India is a signatory) gases
Environment To provide for the An umbrella legislation, Central government (Protection) Act, protection and supplements pollution laws nodal agency, MoEF 1986 improvement of can delegate to state environment departments of environment Right to Fair The new legislation will Fair compensation to the Central and State Compensation and guide all land assets acquired and Government Transparency in acquisitions of central proper rehabilitation and Land Acquisition, and state governments, resettlement of PAFs with Rehabilitation and bringing in stricter norms improvement in post- Resettlement Act, and increasing acquisition social and 2013 landowners’ economic status compensation significantly. EIA Notification 14th Environment Impact Environmental Protection Project Development, Sep 2006 and Assessment State and Central amendment 1st Dec Government 2009
As per MoEF notification, dated 14th September 2006 and its amendment dated 1st December 2009, construction of a new project or activities or the expansion or modernization of existing projects or activities listed in the schedule to the notification shall be undertaken in any part of India only after the prior environmental clearance from the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi for matters falling under Category ‘A’ in the schedule and at state level the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) for matters falling under Category ‘B’ in the said schedule, the later duly constituted by the Central Government under sub-section (3) of section 3 of the said act. In the present case, the riverbed mining of Sand/Bajri in lease area of 4280.00 ha relates to mining of minerals (non-coal) project falling under project category with threshold limit “A”, and as such, the scoping clearance was sought from the Ministry of Environment & Forest.
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1.8. Scoping Of the Project In consonance with the provision, under section-6 of the MoEF notification, dated 14th September 2006, the project proponent has moved an application, to the Ministry of Environment and Forest in the prescribed Form-I duly filled along a copy of the PFR of the project. The first step, required in the environment clearance process is ‘Scoping’ by which the SEAC determines detailed and comprehensive Terms of Reference (TOR) addressing all relevant environment concerns for the preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report in respect of the project for which prior environment clearance is being sought. After going through the various aspects of the river bed mining at the proposed site and the related documents like Form – I and the PFR, the EAC, MoEF in its 11th meeting held on 25th to 27th September 2013 set out the scoping clearance and issued ToR proposed for environmental impact assessment studies and preparation of environmental management plan for River bed mining and for submission of report after Public Hearing.
1.9. Environmental Framework of the State The specific laws and policies that are formulated by the state government for achieving certain level of sustainability in the human actions are mentioned in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3 : Environmental Framework of State Government S. Legislation / Policy Objective No. 1. Rajasthan Minor Mineral Concession Relating application for mining lease, Rules, 1986 (amended up to 19 its procedures authorities and June, 2012) application forms 2. Rajasthan State Environment Policy, Sustainable development of the state 2010. 3. Rajasthan State Water Policy, 2010 To protect and conserve water resources 4. Rajasthan State Forest Policy, 2010 Protection and prevention of forest and increasing vegetal cover, reduce soil erosion.
1.9.1. The Rajasthan minor minerals (concession) revised rules, 1986 (amended upto 19th June 2012) The rules inter alia provide for procedure for application for quarrying of minor minerals, grant of mining lease, restriction on grant of mining lease, various mandatory registers of mining lease, royalties in respect of mining leases, besides conditions applicable on mining lease, the rights of lessee and the rights and power of the government. The amended rules 2012, under
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newly introduced chapter IVA contains provision for systematic, scientific and environment friendly mining plan. The new rules also allow the lessees/licensees/Short term public holder having an area more than 1 ha and less than 5 ha individually to form an association of cluster and submit environment management plans (EMPs), prepared by a recognized person under the rules, to the district level environment committee for approval.
1.9.2. Rajasthan State Environment Policy 2010 The objectives and principles of the State Environment Policy are the same as enshrine in the National Environment Policy, 2006. It inter alia includes the environment mission and climate change agenda for this state for 2010-2014 in keeping with the fourth assessment report of the inter-governmental panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This policy document is based on an analysis of the state-specific issues, the natural resource constraints from which these emerge, and their overall implications for the environment. The document identifies the key environmental challenges and outlines strategies and actions to address them. Above all, it is intended to be a guide to action, and accordingly provides inputs for a State Environment Mission, supported by Task Forces with specific agenda and action plan, and institutional arrangements for implementation of the proposed measures. The set of strategies and actions to redress the key environmental problems of the State have been covered under three broad areas:
conserving and enhancing environmental resources;
assuring sustainability of key economic sectors; and
improving environmental governance and building capacity
1.9.3. State Water Policy The spiral growth of imbalance between demand and supply of water and continued depletion of ground water resources along with deteriorating water quality has led the state to formulate a well-addressed water policy of its own by adopting a radical shift from engineering based solution to local community based water management solution under Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). This new water policy presents the framework for sustainable development and management of water resources in the state. It focuses towards community- level empowerment and responsibility for water management. The objective of the state water policy is to adopt an integrated and multi sectorial approach to the water resources planning, development and management on a sustainable basis by considering river basin/sub basin as unit.
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1.10. Rajasthan State Forest Policy In 2010, the State Government has enunciated its own Forest Policy within the framework of National Forest Policy. This was to meet the peculiar forest situation in the State. The policy guidelines cover almost all aspects of forestry in the State. Since forest and related issues are one of the few most important issues of the project, implementation Forest policy is directly relevant. Protection of existing forests from any kind of anthrogenic pressures and maintenance of forest on sustainable basis. The principal aim of this forest policy is environmental stability and ecological security through increased vegetal cover and reduction in soil erosion.
1.11. Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board (RSPCB) The Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board (RSPCB), established in 1975 under the provision of water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974 is a statutory authority entrusted to implement and enforce environmental laws and rules with in the territorial jurisdiction of the state. It ensures enforcement of statues, judicial and legislative pronouncements in context to environmental protection within the state. The board is totally or partially responsible for implementation of central acts related to water, air, noise and Environmental Protection Act, 1986. Agency is also acting as a facilitator for Central and State environmental clearance process. The main functions are to:- . Plan and execute state-level air and water initiatives; . Advise State Government on air, water and industry issues; . Establish emission standards based on National minimum standards; . Issue consent orders (permits) for industrial air and water discharges; . Issue “No Objection Certificates” for "industrial development". . Publish statistics and disseminate information; and . Take legal action against defaulters. . Conducting of public hearing as per Paragraph -7, Stage-3 of MoEF Notification 2006.
1.12. Public Hearing In consonance with the EIA notification 14th September 2006, vide Para 7 (III) and Annexure - IV related to public consultation, the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board conducted the public hearing on 18.09.2014 at the Office of Sub-divisional Officer, Marwar Jn., District Pali in the presence of the ADM Pali and representatives of the State Pollution Control Board, Rajasthan. The minutes of the meeting, both in Hindi and its gist in English version alongwith the replies and action plan has been enclosed as Annexure – III.
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1.13. Compliance of ToR The compliance of the ToR set out as Annexure – I and additional ToR as per scoping clearance given by the MoEF consequent to the 11th Meeting held on 25th to 27th September 2013 is given Table 1.4.
Table 1.4 : Compliance of ToR
S. No. Terms of Reference (TORs) Cross Ref. in EIA Report 1. Year-wise production details since 1994 should be given, Neither the project proponent had clearly stating the highest production achieved in any one carried out any mining in ML Area year prior to 1994. It may also be categorically informed before 1994 nor was he entitled to whether there had been any increase in production after the carry out such operation in the EIA Notification, 1994 came into force w.r.t. the highest period anterior to the date of issue production achieved prior to 1994 of letter of intent. In the light of the interim relief by the Hon’ble Apex Court, the LoI has executed the mining operation and during period December 2013 and upto November 2014, has won 227426 metric tonne. (Section 2.8.5) 2. A copy of the document in support of the fact that the Letter of Intent (Annexure-I) Proponent is the rightful lessee of the mine should be given 3. All documents including approved mine plan, EIA and Yes chapter 1 and 2 provide public hearing should be compatible with one another in project details from which it is terms of the mine lease area, production levels, waste manifest that data regarding mine generation and its management and mining technology and lease area , production levels and should be in the name of the lessee waste generation and its management etc are in line with approved mine plan in separate Volume. 4. All corner coordinates of the mine lease area, The mine lease area, with all superimposed on a High Resolution Imagery/Toposheets corner coordinates, has been should be provided. Such an Imagery of the proposed area marked in mosaic of toposheets in should clearly show the land use and other ecological Figure 3.1 and satellite view is features of the study area (core and buffer zone) shown in Figure 3.2 5. Does the company have a well laid down Environment The project proponent has Policy approved by its Board of Directors? If so, it may be environment policy of its own spelt out in the EIA report with description of the prescribed (Annexure-VIII). The PP shall operating process/procedures to bring into focus any comply with the environmental infringement/deviation/violation of the environmental or norms and conditions set forth in forest norms/ conditions? The hierarchical system or the main Environmental Clearance administrative order of the Company to deal with the of the project and shall submit environmental issues and for ensuring compliance with the compliance to the MoEF EC conditions may also be given. The system of reporting periodically as warranted under of non-compliances / violations of environmental norms to the EC letter. The hierarchical the Board of Directors of the Company and/or shareholders system of the company and the or stakeholders at large may also be detailed in the EIA system for reporting non- report. compliances has been covered under Section 6.6 and its sub- section. 6. Issues relating to Mine Safety, including subsidence study The issues related to safety of in case of underground mining and slope study in case of opencast riverbed mining and
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open cast mining, blasting study etc. should be detailed. safety of river and nearby The proposed safeguard measures in each case should structures have been eloquently also be provided. made out in Section 2.1 and the slope study for failure of pit slope shows that the safety factor is more than 1.5 (Section 7.5) 7. The study area will comprise of 10 km zone around the The study area falling within the mine lease from lease periphery and the data contained in domain of the tehsil is shown in the EIA such as waste generation etc., should be for the life Figure 3.1 and the waste of the mine / lease period. generation for the entire lease period has been worked out. (Section 2.8.10 and Table 2.5) 8. Land use of the study area delineating forest area, Landuse map of study area agricultural land, grazing land, wildlife sanctuary, national comprising 10 km and 2 km zone park, migratory routes of fauna, water bodies, human around Mine Lease and Lease settlements and other ecological features should be Periphery is shown in Figure 3.9 indicated. Land use plan of the mine lease area should be and Tabulated in Table 3.5 and the prepared to encompass preoperational, operational and Landuse pattern of the ML Area at post operational phases and submitted. Impact, if any, of present and at the end of 3rd and change of land use should be given. 5th year is shown in Table 3.6. 9. Details of the land for any Over Burden Dumps outside the There will be no development of mine lease, such as extent of land area, distance from mine overburden dumps and thus no lease, its land use, R&R issues, if any, should be given land shall be required for it. (Section 2.8.8) besides no R&R issues is involved (Section 7.10) 10. A Certificate from the Competent Authority in the State No such certificate is warranted as Forest Department should be provided, confirming the the mine lease area is revenue involvement of forestland, if any, in the project area. In the waste land and no forest land is event of any contrary claim by the Project Proponent involved in mining operation. regarding the status of forests, the site may be inspected by the State Forest Department along with the Regional Office of the Ministry to ascertain the status of forests, based on which, the Certificate in this regard as mentioned above be issued. In all such cases, it would be desirable for representative of the State Forest Department to assist the Expert Appraisal Committees 11. Status of forestry clearance for the broken up area and Not applicable as no diversion of virgin forestland involved in the Project including deposition forest land for non-forestry of net present value (NPV) and compensatory afforestation purpose is envisaged. (CA) should be indicated. A copy of the forestry clearance should also be furnished. 12. Implementation status of recognition of forest rights under Not applicable in view of serial no. the Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers 11 (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 should be indicated 13. The vegetation in the RF / PF areas in the study area, with The taxonomic diversity and the necessary details, should be given phyto-sociological characteristics of the plant species in core and buffer zone covering forested area has been provided in detailed (Section 3.9.1) 14. A study shall be got done to ascertain the impact of the The impact of mining on fauna in Mining Project on wildlife of the study area and details the study area has been dealt with furnished. Impact of the project on the wildlife in the in detailed under Section 4.8.2. surrounding and any other protected area and accordingly and measure for minimizing impact detailed mitigative measures required, should be worked on fauna has been discussed out with cost implications and submitted under Sub-Section 4.8.2.1.
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15. Location of National Parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Todgarh Raoli WLS and Reserves, Wildlife Corridors, Tiger/Elephant Kumbhalgarh WLS exist within Reserves/(existing as well as proposed), if any, within 10 10km of the mine lease area. The km of the mine lease should be clearly indicated, supported location of these WLS vis-à-vis the by a location map duly authenticated by Chief Wildlife revenue villages along river(s) in Warden. Necessary clearance, as may be applicable to the mine lease area within 10 km such projects due to proximity of the ecologically sensitive have been marked on Toposheet areas as mentioned above, should be obtained from the 45G/10, 45G/13, 45G/14, 45G/15 State Wildlife Department/Chief Wildlife Warden under the (Figure 3.21) Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and copy furnished 16. A detailed biological study of the study area [core zone and Detailed biological study for flora of buffer zone (10 km radius of the periphery of the mine core and buffer zone has been lease)] shall be carried out. Details of flora and fauna, duly conducted and shown in Section authenticated, separately for core and buffer zone should 3.9.1 and for terrestrial and aquatic be furnished based on such primary field survey, clearly fauna under Section 3.9.2. indicating the Schedule of the fauna present. In case of any Conservation Plan for specific scheduled I fauna found in the study area, the necessary species covered under Schedule I plan for their conservation should be prepared in & II has been provided under consultation with State Forest and Wildlife Department and Section 9.2.5. details furnished. Necessary allocation of funds for implementing the same should be made as part of the project cost 17. Proximity to Areas declared as ‘Critically Polluted’ or the The proposed mine lease area Project areas likely to come under the ‘Aravali Range’, falling in tehsil Marwar Jn. of (attracting court restrictions for mining operations), should district Pali is not identified as also be indicated and where so required, clearance critically polluted area. Therefore, certifications from the prescribed Authorities, such as the at present there is no moratorium SPCB or State Mining Dept. Should be secured and on consideration of projects for EC furnished to the effect that the proposed mining activities in respect of Tehsil Marwar Jn. in could be considered District Pali, Rajasthan. The mining plans for tehsil Marwar has been approved by the Department of Geology and Mines Rajasthan. Therefore no clearance certificate from the SPCB is warranted. The mine lease area does not fall under Aravalli Range Notification (Certificate of Competent Authority enclosed as Annexure IV). The mine plan has been approved by the State Mining Department. 18. Similarly, for coastal Projects, A CRZ map duly Mining project is in Western authenticated by one of the authorized agencies Rajasthan and does not fall under demarcating LTL. HTL, CRZ area, location of the mine CRZ. lease w.r.t CRZ, coastal features such as mangroves, if any, should be furnished. (Note: The Mining Projects falling under CRZ would also need to obtain approval of the concerned Coastal Zone Management Authority) 19. R&R Plan/compensation details for the Project Affected In the wake of the fact that no People (PAP) should be furnished. While preparing the private land or asset acquisition is R&R Plan, the relevant State/National Rehabilitation & involved in the mine lease area Resettlement Policy should be kept in view. In respect of which totally falls in revenue waste SCs /STs and other weaker sections of the society in the land classified as Gair Mumkin study area, a need based sample survey, family wise, Nadi/Nala in the revenue records, should be undertaken to assess their requirements, and no R&R plan is warranted (Section action programmes prepared and submitted accordingly, 7.10 and Section 7.11)
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integrating the sectoral programmes of line departments of the State Government. It may be clearly brought out whether the village located in the mine lease area will be shifted or not. The issues relating to shifting of Village including their R&R and socio-economic aspects should be discussed in the report. 20. One season (non-monsoon) primary baseline data on The baseline data for winter ambient air quality (PM10,SO2 and NOx), water quality, season (October - December noise level, soil and flora and fauna shall be collected and 2013) has been collected in the AAQ and other data so compiled presented date wise respect of air quality (Section 3.5); in the EIA and EMP Report. Site specific meteorological Water Quality (Section 3.6); Noise data should also be collected. The location of the (Section 3.8); Soil (Section 3.7); monitoring stations should be such as to represent whole Flora & Fauna (Section 3.9); Site of the study area and justified keeping in view the pre specific meteorological data dominant downwind direction and location of sensitive (Section 3.4). One or more than receptors. There should be at least one monitoring station one monitoring stations in the pre- within 500 m of the mine lease in the pre dominant dominant wind direction have been downwind direction. fixed within 500 m of the area. The mineralogical composition of PM10, particularly for free silica, should be given. 21. Air quality modelling should be carried out for prediction of In order to predict the particulate impact of the project on the air quality of the area. It should emissions, Lakes Environmental also take into account the impact of movement of vehicles Aermod View ver. 6.2 (Air for transportation of mineral. Dispersion Modelling Software) an The details of the model used and input parameters used interface based on ISCST3 - was for modelling should be provided. The air quality contours used to predict changes in air may be shown on a location map clearly indicating the quality i.e., maximum ground level location of the site, location of sensitive receptors, if any, concentration (GLC’s) of and the habitation. The wind roses showing pre-dominant Particulate Matter. (Section 4.7) wind direction may also be indicated on the map 22. The water requirement for the Project, its availability and Water requirement (25 Kld) for source should be furnished. A detailed water balance human consumption, plantation should also be provided. Fresh water requirement for the and dust suppression shall be met Project should be indicated from ground water resource from nearby tube wells on payment basis (Section 2.7.4) Water Balance is shown in Figure 2.1. 23. Necessary clearance from the Competent Authority for Marwar Jn. block does not fall drawl of requisite quantity of water for the Project should be under notified area as per latest list provided of notified blocks for control and regulation of ground water. No NOC from the CGWA shall have to be obtained for abstraction of ground water (25Kld) in terms of CGWA No. 21-4/ Guidelines/ CGWA/ 2009-832 dated 14.10.2009, as the water requirement from ground water source does not exceed 25 Kld the limit prescribed in the notification dated 14.10.2009 in case of over- exploited block like Marwar Jn. (Section 2.11.2) 24. Description of water conservation measures proposed to be The mining pits can be construed adopted in the Project should be given. Details of rainwater as the recharge structure having harvesting proposed in the Project, if any, should be adequate capacity for impounding provided. surface run-off. These pits cause
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quick recharging of the ground water through percolation (Section 4.5), besides this water conservation provision has been made under CSR (Section 9.2.6) 25. Impact of the project on the water quality, both surface and Neither there will be any impact on groundwater should be assessed and necessary safeguard surface water quality in so far as measures, if any required, should be provided. there shall be no synergic realtion between water and soil during the period of mining nor there shall be impact on ground water quality as the mining activity does not intersect the ground water table (Section 4.5.2 and Section 4.5.3) 26. Based on actual monitored data, it may clearly be shown The longitudinal profile of the whether working will intersect groundwater. Necessary rivers, showing river bed elevation data and documentation in this regard may be provided. In at different RD, the elevation of the case the working will intersect groundwater table, a detailed mining floor (pit) corresponding to Hydro-Geological Study should be undertaken and Report 3m depth of mining and the depth furnished. Necessary permission from Central Ground to the ground water table based on Water Authority for working below ground water and for nearby wells and past pumping of ground water should also be obtained and copy measurement of ground water furnished depth carried out by the ground water department ,separately for each river have been prepared. The groundwater table shall not intersect with the bottom of mining pits (Section 2.9). No pumping of ground water or dewatering is envisaged under the mine plan 27. Details of any stream, seasonal or otherwise, passing No temporary diversion of through the lease area and modification / diversion discharge of main rivers or any of proposed, if any, and the impact of the same on the their interlacing is warranted for hydrology should be brought out. facilitating mining (Section 4.2.2) 28. Information on site elevation, working depth, groundwater Combined Schematic View table etc. Should be provided both in AMSL and bgl. A showing average natural surface schematic diagram may also be provided for the same level, pit bottom level and GWT for each of the river involved is shown in Figure 2.2 and 2.3. 29. A time bound Progressive Greenbelt Development Plan Progressive greenbelt shall be prepared in a tabular form (indicating the linear and development plan mentioning the quantitative coverage, plant species and time frame) and plant species and time frame has submitted, keeping in mind, the same will have to be been submitted in Tabular form executed up front on commencement of the project. under Sub-Section 9.3.4 30. Impact on local transport infrastructure due to the Project Detailed transportation study has should be indicated. Projected increase in truck traffic as a been carried out under Section result of the Project in the present road network (including 4.10 those outside the Project area) should be worked out, indicating whether it is capable of handling the incremental load. Arrangement for improving the infrastructure, if contemplated (including action to be taken by other agencies such as State Government) should be covered. 31. Details of the onsite shelter and facilities to be provided to Proper site services such as First the mine workers should be included in the EIA report Aid, Rest Shelter, and Drinking Water will be provided to the mine workers (Section 2.8.13)
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 25 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
32. Conceptual post mining land use and Reclamation and Section 2.8.9 Restoration of mined out areas (with plans and with adequate number of sections) should be given in the EIA report 33. A time bound Progressive Greenbelt Development Plan Detailed greenbelt development shall be prepared in a tabular form (indicating the linear and plan mentioning the plant species quantitative coverage, plant species and time frame) and and time frame has been has been submitted, keeping in mind, the same will have to be dealt with under Section 9.3. No executed up front on commencement of the project. Phase plantation has been carried out wise plan of plantation and compensatory afforestation yet. should be charted clearly indicating the area to be covered under plantation and the species to be planted. The details of plantation already done should be given. 34. Occupational Health impacts of the Project should be Impacts have been anticipated and anticipated and the proposed preventive measures spelt measures spelt out (Section 7.9), out in detail. Details of pre placement medical examination and detailed occupation health and periodical medical examination schedules should be management plan provided incorporated in the EMP. (Section 9.5) 35. Public health implications of the Project and related Discussed under Section 4.9 activities for the population in the impact zone should be systematically evaluated and the proposed remedial measures should be detailed along with budgetary allocations. 36. Measures of socio economic significance and influence to The positive and adverse impact the local community proposed to be provided by the Project on socio-economic impact to the Proponent should be indicated. As far as possible, local community has been quantitative dimensions may be given with time frames for discussed under Section 4.9 implementation 37. Detailed environmental management plan to mitigate the The environmental plan to mitigate environmental impacts which, should inter alia include the environmental impact have been impacts of change of land use, loss of agricultural and formulated (Section 9.2 through grazing land, if any, occupational health impacts besides Section 9.6) other impacts specific to the proposed Project 38. Public hearing points raised and commitment of the project Incorporated after conducting proponent on the same along with time bound action plan Public and receiving of minutes to implement the same should be provided and also (Annexure-III) incorporated in the final EIA/EMP Report of the Project. 39. Details of litigation pending against the project, if any, with There are no litigations/court direction /order passed by any Court of Law against the cases pending against the project project should be given. as informed by the project proponent. (Section 1.4.3) 40. The cost of the project (capital cost and recurring cost) as Capital Cost and Recurring cost for well as the cost towards implementation of EMP should implementation of EMP have been clearly be spelt out. provided under Section 9.7, Section 9.8 and Table 9.7 Additional ToR 41. Details of Replenishment studies Detailed computation of silt rate on the basis of various methods has been assessed. (Table 7.2 and Section 7.2) 42. Details of transportation of mined out materials as per the Study has been conducted for the Indian road Congress for both the ways (loaded as well as impact due to transportation on unloaded trucks) load and its impact on Environment carrying capacity of the Highway (Section 4.10.1); due to increase in vehicular emissions due to mineral transportation. (Section 4.10.2)
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 26 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
and noise due to increased traffic (Section 4.11) 43. Proper species specific conservation plan for Schedule-I Conservation Plan for specific and II species species has been formulated (Section 9.2.5) 44. Impact of mining on plankton The impact on plankton is totally ruled out as there shall be no water column during period of mining (Section 4.8.4) 45. Details of mining activity to be provided w.r.t block wise/ Section 2.8.6 calendar wise / Zonal wise, as the mine lease area is having a long stretch 46. Details of Gradient of river bed to be provided Details of gradient of riverbed has been provided (Section 3.2.3.4 and Table 3.3) 47. Details of excavation schedule & sequential mining plan Details covered under Section 2.8.7 and Table 2.3 and 2.4 48. Mining Plan shall be prepared carefully dividing lease area Approved mine plan in separate into manageable blocks to ensure scientific and systematic Volume mining of minor minerals 49. The baseline data shall be collected so as to represent the Section 3.5 through 3.9 whole mine lease area 50. As the area falls in the critically polluted area, the The mine area does not fall under comments from Rajasthan SPCB shall be obtained. critically polluted industrial cluster / area area identified by CPCB. Thus no comments from Rajasthan SPCB is warranted.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 27 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
CHAPTER 2. : Project Description 2.1. General The project envisages open cast Semi-Mechanized extraction of Sand/Bajri to an annual maximum of 1.12 MMT for five years from riverbed of Bandi, Lilki, Mithri, Kantaliyi, Khardi, Sukri upper, Khari and Siriari Nala constituting a combined mine lease area 4280.0 ha for five years. Neither any forest land, nor any private land is involved in the mine lease area which totally falls in revenue waste land classified as Gair Mumkin Nadi/Nala in the revenue records. Todgarh Raoli WLS and Kumbhalgarh WLS exist within 10km distance of the mine lease area.
2.2. Type of Project The project has been proposed for an annual production of 0.8 MCM (1.12 MMT) of Sand (Bajri) by open cast Semi-Mechanized extraction method in river bed. The project has no other interlinked project. The proposed planning details are:
Mining method - Open Cast Semi-Mechanized mining method Project cost - Rs. 75 lac Production - Sand/Bajri –1.12 MMT per annum (maximum)
No solid waste other than small quantity of silt/silty clay, which invariably gets deposited as crust material on the bed profile, after the recession of flood/flash floods, shall be scrapped and carefully stored for depositing in the upper terraces earmarked for plantation purpose. Due to deployment of excavators, the silt and clay which have deposited in different sediment layers with time in the inter beds shall be excavated along with the sand and loaded into the transport vehicles. During monsoon season and especially during flash flood regime the rivers with significant free draining catchment reach high stage and transport suspended sediment of high concentration and larger amount than the bed load material. The bed load material/sediments which get accredited at such stretch which has wider river width and has concave banks during the passing of the floods while the suspended particles settle on the receding of floods. The mined out area in river bed thus gets replenished only in the eventuality of frequent storm events which cause heavy run-off to pass through the river which may or not have anicut or dam across it to facilitate the sediment deposition. Thus no backfilling is required in the case of river bed mining. The rehabilitation/reclamation of such lease area that has been secluded for mining being close to the bank in the form of upper terraces will be done by way of tree plantation along lease boundary. Green barriers will be created by plantation as per CPCB Guidelines.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 28 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
2.3. Need for the Project A fast developing country like India, with its abnormally high population, has to keep pace with the development worldwide and thus it requires development of large infrastructure projects in the sector of surface transport, power, building industries etc. Huge quantities of raw construction materials like Sand and Bajri mine are required in erecting vast civil engineering structures of infrastructure works. The riverbed mining for obtaining raw construction material is an important source besides rock-in-situ quarries. Hence, considering the demand of Sand and Bajri & sufficient availability in the area, it is very much necessary to have Sand and Bajri projects to sustain Infrastructure project as well as household requirement in the area and to provide employment opportunities to the locals. The scientific extraction of sand / bajri from river sections incidentally helps in lowering the high flood levels and at the same time reduce the flooding situations of low lying areas near the river banks. For meeting the huge demand of construction material like coarse and fine aggregate required in building construction and infrastructure works, road material for construction and maintenance of roads / highway material in Pali and Ajmer Division of Rajasthan. The natural available materials in riverbed have found suitable from techno-economic consideration. The mining project shall provide direct employment besides creation of additional jobs by way of transportation. Apart from this, it will fetch huge revenue to state exchequer.
2.4. Location, Project Boundary and Project Site Layout The mine lease area is linearly stretched under 127 revenue villages of tehsil Marwar Jn., district Pali, mentioned ibid. The geographical location is covered under SOI Toposheet no. 45 G/6, 45 G/9, 45 G/10, G/13 and 45G/14. Lease area can be approached from NH-14, SH-61, SH-62 and SH-67. Distance of lease area on Marwar Junction side is approximately 10.0 km. Various link roads on the river course stretch, merges with the tar road on Marwar Junction. The site is approachable from through NH-14, SH-61, SH-62, SH-67 and DRS’.
2.5. Size or magnitude of Operation The project envisages open cast Semi-Mechanized extraction of Sand/Bajri to an annual maximum of 1.12 MMT, thereby implying that the daily production has been contemplated as 4000 metric tonne. The mining shall be carried out for 5 years, from stretches of wider river course. The total area of mine lease is 4280.0 ha. The proponent were granted mining lease for mining of sand and bajri for a period of five years.
2.6. Proposed Schedule for Implementation The target production of Sand/Bajri mining during 5 year lease period from the mine is 4 MCM (5.6 MMT). The mine will be worked on during the day shift only. The average number of
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 29 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
working days in the year would be 280. The annual production scheduled, as per approved mining plan, is given in Table 2.1. It is revealed that the maximum proposed production in any block is 0.3 million metric tonne.
Table 2.1 : Annual Production Schedule (Million Metric Tonne) S.No. Year Block –A Block –B Block –C Block –D Block –E Total 1 I 0.145 0.19 0.225 0.26 0.3 1.12 2 II 0.2 0.195 0.215 0.225 0.285 1.12 3 III 0.165 0.2 0.22 0.25 0.285 1.12 4 IV 0.17 0.2 0.23 0.225 0.295 1.12 5 V 0.185 0.2 0.225 0.21 0.3 1.12 Total 0.865 0.985 1.115 1.17 1.465 5.60
2.7. Technology and Process Description 2.7.1. Method of Mining River bed mining is for extracting sand from riverbed of Bandi, Lilki, Mithri, Kantaliyi, Khardi, Sukri upper, Khari and Siriari Nala. As per RMMC Rules 1986, extraction is limited to 3.0 m depth only from the surface area. River bed remains dry for most period of the year except for few days in rainy season during which the mining activity is stalled. The collective stretch of the lease area for each river has been sub-divided in to five blocks for ease of operation, supervision, management and safety. Dry riverbed mining will be carried out as per the approved production schedule. Light weight excavators will be deployed for extraction in 3.0 m layer only forming one bench. This is as per the digging depth of the equipment. Mineral will be loaded in tippers/trucks (20 tonne). The mining machinery and equipment and transportation vehicles will be on hire/rental basis. Every block will be considered as a unit and will be provided with all facilities like rest shelter, first aid facilities, drinking water arrangement. 3m high bench will advance parallel to the bank of the river in available varying width after secluding 10m wide bank offsets. Mine working will be restricted within the lease area. However, movement of trucks after mineral loading will be towards both sides through approach roads connecting to metaled link road either to NH-14, SH-61, SH-62 and SH-67 besides NH-8 for destination. Every block will have its own approach roads from riverbed connecting to the nearest DR/ SH/NH.
2.7.2. Blasting No blasting is proposed to be done.
2.7.3. Raw Material Required No raw material is required for extraction of minerals.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 30 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
2.7.4. Water Requirement and source Water requirement for human consumption, plantation and dust suppression is 25 KLD, which shall be met from ground water resource from nearby tube wells on payment basis. Marwar Jn. block does not fall under notified area as per latest list of notified blocks for control and regulation of ground water (http://www.cgwb.gov.in/CGWA/Notified_areas.html). The project thus lies in Non-Notified Area and is neither covered under industrial/infrastructure projects nor the mining activities shall intersect the ground water table and no dewatering of mining pit is envisaged. No NOC from the CGWA shall have to be obtained for abstraction of ground water in terms of CGWA No. 21-4/Guidelines/CGWA/2009-832 dated 14.10.2009, as the water requirement (25 Kld) from ground water source does not exceed 25 Kld, the limit prescribed in the notification dated 14.10.2009 in case of overexploited block like Marwar Jn. As the water requirement is merely 25 Kld the project proponent can take supply from the authorized agencies. The daily water requirement is shown in Table 2.2 and the water balance is shown in Figure 2.1.
Table 2.2 : Daily Water Requirement
S. No. Activities Demand (kld) 1. Dust suppression 15.0 2. Drinking / Domestic water need at mine site 4.0 3. Green Belt 6.0 Total 25.0
Domestic Residual Qty (3.2) 04 Discharge to Soak Use Pit
Dust 25 15 Suppression
Source:
Privately 06 Green Belt Owned wells
Figure 2.1 : Water Balance
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 31 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
2.7.5. Electric Power / Fuel As the mining activities shall be carried out in broad day light upto 6pm everyday, there shall be no need for lightening in the mining area. No electrical power shall be required for operations of mining machinery which are diesel based prime movers. About 1.0 KLD of HSD oil shall be needed as primary energy source for running of mining machinery. It will be arranged from the nearby diesel outlet/depot.
2.7.6. Man Power Requirement About 102 workforce including one Ist and IInd class mine manager under Rule 37N(1)(i) RMMCR 1986, foreman, mine mates, supervisors, skilled operators and helpers, semi-skilled and un-skilled workers shall be engaged for extraction of Sand/Bajri and loading and handling of mineral in mining area, besides, watch and ward and plantation activity with proper maintenance.
2.7.7. Extent Of Mechanization The project is contemplated to win the mineral (Sand / Bajri) by Semi-Mechanized open cast method of mining without blasting. For an optimum daily production of 4000 metric tonne following inventory of excavators, loaders, transport and other light vehicles and the water sprinklers shall be deployed.
S. No. Name of machinery Capacity Nos. Remark 1 Excavators 0.9 to 1.2 m 15 On hire 2 Tippers\ Trucks 20 tones 25 On hire 3 Water tanker 4000 liters 5 On hire 4 Pay loader JCB - 2 On hire 5 Light vehicles - 4 On hire
2.8. Project Description 2.8.1. Geological Reserve The geological reserve of the lease area are assessed by multiplying the lease area with the permitted depth of extraction i.e. three meter at each point. In the present case, the volume shall be 128.4 million cubic meter. The conversion factor for sand as provided in RMMCR, 1986 has been adopted as 1.40 metric tonne/per cubic meter for working out the total tonnage of material. Thus, geological reserves are 179.76 million metric tonne up to three meters depth from the natural surface bed / level at any point, without taking into account the replenishment factor.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 32 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
2.8.2. Mineable Reserves and Targeted Production During Lease Period The mineable reserves have been worked out by excluding from the geological reserves the stipulated area to be left out from the mining, for the purpose of the safety and stability of the structures (bridges) in the river section, controlling the immediate depletion of ground water around the wells in the river sections and also from the ecological point of view, under the following mandatory provisions of the RMMCR 1986 and standing orders of the Director of Geology and Mines: Under Rule 18 of Rules, 2012 of RMMCR, 1986 clause 32, the lessee shall abstain from mining in riverbed beyond depth of 3.0 m from the surface and below the water in such a manner that natural path of river/nallah is not altered”. As per notification no F-14(1) Mins/Gr11/2012 dated 21 June 2012 from Dy. Secretary to Government of Rajasthan clause 3, no person shall excavate Sand / Bajri beyond the depth of 3.0 m from the surface below the water level of river / nallah and within 45 m of any rail/ road bridge. 10 m offset will also be left against the banks to protect side collapse/scouring and riparian vegetation A safety zone of 45.0 m radius shall be earmarked for the wells located in the river bed section. On the consideration of above, the block reserves have been assessed as: a. Safety zone for bridge = 2.42 MCM (4.68 MMT) b. Roads = 1.18 MCM (3.18 MMT) c. Wells = 0.27 MCM (0.76 MMT) d. Offset from bank of river = 18.05 MCM (9.66 MMT) Total blocked reserves = 13.05 MCM (18.27 MMT) Thus the mineable reserves are = 128.4 MCM – 13.05 MCM = 115.35 MCM or 161.49 MMT. Targeted Production @ 1.12 MMT/year for 5 years = 4 MCM (5.6 MMT) Daily Production= Annual Production/no. of mining days= 1, 120,000/280 = 4000 metric tonne Balance Reserve = 115.35 MCM – 4 MCM = 111.35 MCM (155.89 MMT) Thus, it is evident that out of the mineable reserve of 161.49 MMT only 5.6 MMT, which is 3.47% of the former, shall be extracted with in the 5 year lease period. This implies that more than 96% of mineable reserve shall remain as repository which may be replenished in future during flash floods resulting into high run-off in the catchment area and overflow from the intercepted catchment of medium and minor dams/tanks.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 33 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
2.8.3. Composition of River Bed material (Matrix) Field survey and investigation of geological material excavated out of several dug wells and tube wells from east to west of Pali district in Luni basin has revealed that mixed material of all size and grades, rounded to angular, alternating with fluvial clay, concurrence sand and aeolin fine sand predominate (Gupta et al, 1980, Pareek 1981, 1984:G.S.I. 1982; Wadhawan et al (1999) and Sareen 2002). The index map of Luni river basin showing the litholog from dug well and tube well sections is shown in Figure 2.2. The alluvium thickness increases from east to west and varies between 60m to 120m deep in Pali district whereas in some area of Jalore district Alluvium thick of 300 m has been reported. The deposition over the basement rock has started with clay and ended with multi-grained sand and gravel sequences fining upwards. The percentage of these constituents is likely to vary from year to year depending upon intensity, duration and frequency of rainfall and the volume of consequent run-off.
72° 73° 74° N
MERTA CITY AJMER 5
16 JODHPUR 3 2 Luni R. 16 40 2 80 18 8 21 150
1 26° 6 2 26° 5 + 6.5 5 BALOTRA 61 SOJAT 3 9 10.5 Luni R. 5 12.5 BARMER 16 1 12 LEGEND 2 PALI 5 Clay SINDARI 8 24.4 Calcrete 2.5 3.5 61 1 5.5 25 3.7 Fine Sand 6.5 + + 5 22 + x 7.5 + + 20 Medium Sand 11.5 2 DESURI JALOR 18 9 35 Coarse Sand Sukri R. 1.5 18 Gravel 3 1.5 3.0 18 x Pebbly Cobbly Sogi R. 25 x 3 4.6 1.5 Conglomerate 25° 5 2 3.0 m 25° 7.6 19 Sand Stone BHAWATRA Luni 61 DEPTH (m) + Rhyolite 75 + NOT TO SCALE SANCHOR 85 Granite B 35 225 Quartzite 0 40km RANN 80 x x Pegmatite OF 315 Scale Phyllite KUCHCH Schist 267 Gneiss 72° 73° 74°
Figure 2.2 : Index Map of Luni River Basin Showing the Litholog from Dug Well and Tube Well Sections
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 34 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
2.8.4. Anticipated life of Mine Since the deposition of bed material and its transportation by the tractive force created during high floods resulting from severe storms is a natural and frequent phenomenon, the mined out area periodically gets deposited when the high discharge passes over it. In the present case 3 m deep excavated pit due to mining shall act as a depressed basin in the river bed and function as settling tank for the sediments during the passage of flood and also for settling of silt and clay which remain in suspension. In view of the fact that the linear river bed mining is not carried out in the whole river length but at some selected places where the good quality material has aggraded, the abrupt change in the riverbed slope at the place of mining induces sediment towards the mining pits through its sloping sides. The life of mine can be considered as continuous/ perpetual as long as the rate of sediment aggradations within the mined out area is either equal to or in excess of the rate of extraction of the river bed material. In the present case the area mined out in any year in any block shall not be considered for mining during the lease period of five years.
2.8.5. Year-wise production since 1994 Consequent upon the e-auction conducted by the state government under the provisions of RMMC 1986 revised upto 2012, the letter of intent was granted vide Rajasthan State Government order no P.8 (2) Khan/Gr. – 2/2013, Jaipur dated 13th Feb 2013 in favour of M/s Kuber Associates for river-bed mining of minor mineral Sand (Bajri) over an area of 4280.00 ha covered under river stretches within bounds of 127 different revenue villages in Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali. The project proponent was not entitled to carry out mining operation in the period anterior to the date of issue of letter of intent. However, the Hon’ble Apex Court of India in its order dated 25.11.2013, in SLP 34134, has granted interim relief for carrying out mining operation till the end of February 2014 to such holder of letter of intent who have submitted their application to the MoEF for clearance. The Hon’ble Supreme Court in its order dated 27-03-2014 has directed that the interim relief for carrying mining operation is extended till further hearing and passing of order. In the light of the interim relief by the Hon’ble Apex Court, the LoI has executed the mining operation and during period December 2013 and upto November 2014, has won 227426 metric tonne, the monthly production details are given below:
S.NO MONTH QUANTITY 1 Dec-13 456 2 Jan-14 19348 3 Feb-14 34366 4 Mar-14 20633 5 Apr-14 21824 6 May-14 21508
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 35 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
7 Jun-14 27427 8 Jul-14 19303 9 Aug-14 12220 10 Sep-14 16974 11 Oct-14 13194 12 Nov-14 20173 Total 227426
2.8.6. Details of Mining Activities with Respect to Block – wise, Calendar – wise / Zonal - wise The mining lease area has been conceived by considering the Tehsil, drained by various ephemeral rivers / nallas / bala of varying length, as one unit. Thus the mining project is unlike a compact polygonal shaped mining area with normal dimensions, having smaller ratio of length and breadth/width, where the mining activities can be implemented with easy control. The current project has vast linear length along river(s) as compared to the width of mining and it extends over several rivers separated by kilometres. The project is thus necessarily a linear project and so the principle of working from piecemeal to the whole has been adopted in context of its planning and implementation.
For facilitating easy operation, supervision and safety, the lease area along river(s) in the concerned Tehsil has been sub divided into four to five blocks depending upon the length of the river(s). In each block the mining shall be carried out from u/s to d/s by deploying light weight excavators for digging upto 3m bench height with 20m width, the benches will advance parallel to the bank of the river(s) by maintaining stipulated offsets from both banks. The blocks will be worked systematically as the width is limited. The mine developmental plan is shown as Plate No. 4 attached with the approved mining plan.
2.8.7. Details of Excavation Schedule and Sequential Mining Plan The year-wise and block wise excavation mining scheduled for 5 years lease period, as per approved mining plan, is presented in Table 2.3 and the corresponding production in tonnage is shown in Table 2.4. It is evident from Table 2.3 that the annually 26.67 ha area shall be mined out from the total lease area (4280.0 ha) which is merely 0.62 % of the lease area. Maximum area proposed to be mined out in any block in any year is 7.14 and the maximum area proposed to be mined is 34.88 ha in Block-E. The sequential mining plan is shown as Plate No. 4A attached with the approved mining plan.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 36 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Table 2.3 : Block – wise yearly mining area for five years (ha) S.No. Year Block –A Block –B Block –C Block –D Block –E Total
1 I 3.45 4.52 5.36 6.19 7.14 26.66 2 II 4.76 4.64 5.12 5.36 6.79 26.67 3 III 3.93 4.76 5.24 5.95 6.79 26.67 4 IV 4.05 4.76 5.48 5.36 7.02 26.67 5 V 4.40 4.76 5.36 5.00 7.14 26.66 Total 20.60 23.45 26.55 27.86 34.88 133.33
Table 2.4 Block – wise yearly production for five years (million metric tonne) S.No. Year Block –A Block –B Block –C Block –D Block –E Total 1 I 0.145 0.19 0.225 0.26 0.3 1.12 2 II 0.2 0.195 0.215 0.225 0.285 1.12 3 III 0.165 0.2 0.22 0.25 0.285 1.12 4 IV 0.17 0.2 0.23 0.225 0.295 1.12 5 V 0.185 0.2 0.225 0.21 0.3 1.12 Total 0.865 0.985 1.115 1.17 1.465 5.6
2.8.8. Overburden dumps There will be no development of overburden dumps in the present case, as the riverbed material is not overlain with waste material warranting its disposal in the form of internal or external dumps. No solid waste other than small quantity of silt/silty clay, which invariably gets deposited as crust material on the bed profile, after the recession of flood/flash floods, shall be scrapped and carefully stored for depositing in the upper terraces earmarked for plantation purpose. Due to deployment of excavators, the silt and clay which have deposited in different sediment layers with time in the inter beds shall be excavated along with the sand and loaded into the transport vehicles.
2.8.9. Plan of backfilling of mine pit In case of stream/river bed mining the mining pits created due to extraction of the riverbed material are left as such for being aggraded in following monsoon season. The replenishment process is natural as the discharge flowing in the rivers / stream invariably carries sediment load / bed load (15% of sediment load) while passing over the river bed depression (basin) cause due to mining, gets deposited as in the gentle bed slope segment of river section the flow velocity is very low. Thus, backfilling plan of the riverbed pit is neither required nor it is envisaged under the management plan. However, the quantity of scrapped crust material (clay)
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 37 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
which is in excess of the quantity required for plantation purpose in upper terraces shall be deposited in the riverbed pit.
2.8.10. Solid Waste Generation & its Disposal No solid waste other than silt/clay, which deposits as crust material on the bed profile, shall be scrapped and deposited into the mine pits or in the upper terraces earmarked for plantation. Considering 1cm thickness of silt/mud on the existing river bed surface for annual mining area of 26.67 ha approximately 2667 cum (3734 metric tonne) of silt and clay shall be scrapped. The year-wise estimation of quantity of solid waste is shown in Table 2.5. Thus in the entire lease period 13333 cubic meter of silt and clay (18670 metric tonne) shall be produced.
Table 2.5 : Year-wise Production of Solid waste (Cubic Meter) Year Block –A Block –B Block –C Block –D Block –E Total I 345 452 536 619 714 2666 II 476 464 512 536 679 2667 III 393 476 524 595 679 2667 IV 405 476 548 536 702 2667 V 440 476 536 500 714 2666 Total 2059 2344 2656 2786 3488 13333
2.8.11. Liquid Effluent There will be no wastewater generation from mining activities per se. However, the liquid effluent to the tune of 3.2 KLD shall be generated, due to domestic water use, which shall be processed in septic tanks/soak pits built integrally with the flush compost toilet.
2.8.12. Mineral Transportation Mined out material will be directly loaded into the trucks/tippers (20 MT) by deploying JCB/Pay loaders which will be used on hired. The loaded material shall be hauled by covered/hooded trucks which shall ply approximately 1.5 km within the Katcha path in the riverbed before reaching the metal link roads/district roads. The movement of trucks after mineral loading will be towards both sides through approach roads connecting to metaled link road and then to NH-14 for destination. Every block, which is well connected to main highway, will have its own approach roads. For transporting mineral to the nearby villages tractor / trolleys (6MT) shall also be deployed. Loaded truck will be directly dispatched to the sale points / markets and no trucks will be allowed to park idly with in the riverbed section especially after 6 pm. For transportation of maximum daily production of 4000 MT, about 100 trucks shall be deployed considering that each tipper/ truck shall make two trips per day. Considering the existing road network, the surface transport by road is the cheapest and economically viable proposition. The maximum production shall be from Bandi river near village Dhanla which is well connected
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 38 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
to SH-61 and is about 4 km from it.
2.8.13. Site Services Proper site services such as First Aid, Rest Shelter, and Drinking Water will be provided to the mine workers. Rest shelter along with first-aid station complying with all the provisions of Mines Rules shall be provided by the project proponent. Water will be supplied for human consumption, dust suppression and for plantation. The mine will work in day time only, so no lighting arrangement will be required. Employee will report to the duty on their own means. Mobile phones shall be used for communication. Appropriate security arrangement shall be made.
2.8.14. Proposed Infrastructure As the project will be enlisting local workers for the mining as well as for transportation of minerals no infrastructure for their residential purposes is needed. The drinking water supply to the worker will be provided by arranging from nearby tube wells. The latrine / urinal with the mine rest shelter will have its own septic tank. No mining/industrial/solid waste requiring special management would be generated.
2.9. Site Elevation, Working Depth and Groundwater Table The semi-mechanized river bed mining in 3m depth (maximum) shall be carried out in the riverbed section of numerous river draining the Tehsil. The lease area is a linear area along different river(s) like Bandi, Lilki, Mithri, Kantaliyi, Khardi, Sukri upper, Khari and Siriari Nala which cover a longitudinal profile of 62 km, 36 km, 12 km, 22.5 km, 23 km, 33 km, 13.5 km and 30 km respectively in the Tehsil. All these rivers are ephemeral rivers and influenced by nature due to good alluvium material constituting their river bed matrix. The trend of the ground water table follows the trend of the natural drainage. The longitudinal profile of the rivers, showing river bed elevation at different RD, the elevation of the mining floor (pit) corresponding to 3m depth of mining and the depth to the ground water table based on nearby wells and past measurement of ground water depth carried out by the ground water department , separately for each river have been prepared. The groundwater table shall not intersect with the bottom of mining pits. The schematic view showing average natural surface level, bottom pit level and GWT for each river is shown in Figure 2.3 through 2.10.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 39 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
570
520
470
420
Elmmasl 370
320
270
220 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 R.D. (m)
River Bed Elevation (masl) EL of Mining Pit EL of GWT (Post Monsoon-13)
Figure 2.3 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Bandi River
370
350
330
310 Elmmasl
290
270
250 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 R.D. (m)
River Bed Elevation (masl) EL of Mining Pit EL of GWT (Post Monsoon-13)
Figure 2.4 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Lilki River
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 40 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
270 265 260 255 250 245
Elmmasl 240 235 230 225 220 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 R.D. (m)
River Bed Elevation (masl) EL of Mining Pit EL of GWT (Post Monsoon-13)
Figure 2.5 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Mithri River
420
400
380
360
340 Elmmasl 320
300
280
260 0 5 10 15 20 25 R.D. (km)
River Bed Elevation (masl) EL of Mining Pit EL of GWT (Post Monsoon-13)
Figure 2.6 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Kantyali River
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 41 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
285
280
275
270
265
260
Elmmasl 255
250
245
240
235 0 5 10 15 20 25 R.D. (km)
River Bed Elevation (masl) EL of Mining Pit EL of GWT (Post Monsoon-13)
Figure 2.7 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Khardi River
550
500
450
400 Elmmasl
350
300
250 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 R.D. (m)
River Bed Elevation (masl) EL of Mining Pit EL of GWT (Post Monsoon-13)
Figure 2.8 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Siriari River
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 42 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
390
370
350
330
310 Elmmasl
290
270
250 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 R.D. (m)
River Bed Elevation (masl) EL of Mining Pit EL of GWT (Post Monsoon-13)
Figure 2.9 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Sukri River
290
280
270
260 Elmmasl
250
240
230 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 R.D. (m)
River Bed Elevation (masl) EL of Mining Pit EL of GWT (Post Monsoon-13)
Figure 2.10 :Schematic Diagram of Mine Working in Khari River
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 43 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
2.10. Terms and conditions imposed by Director of Mines and Geology, Rajasthan. The terms and condition as set out in Form V of mine lease deed specifically related to the mining operation and the precautionary measures inherently covered under the mining plan have been brought out in Table 2.6.
Table 2.6 : Conditions imposed by Director of Mines and Geology S. No. of General Conditions Precautionary measures Form V i.e. inherently covered under of Mine mining plan lease Deed 3a The mining operations within 45 m of the public works Within the mine lease area, the etc. The Lessee/Lessees shall not work or carry on prohibited area/no mining zone or allowed to be worked or carried on any mining have been delineated in operations at or to any point within a distance of 45 approved mine plan. The m from any Railway line except with the previous project proponent shall ensure written permission of the railway Administration that such areas are precluded concerned, or from any reservoir, canal or other from mining activities. public works or buildings or inhabited site except with the previous permission of the Collector or any other officer authorized by the Government in this behalf and other wise than in accordance with such instructions, restrictions, and conditions either general or special as may be attached to such permissions. The said distance of 45 m shall be measured in the case of Railway, reservoir or canal horizontally from the outer toe of the bank or the outer edge of the cutting as the case may be and in case of a building horizontally from the plinth thereof 4 (8) The Lessee/Lessees shall not erect any building or The lease area is revenue carry or any surface operations on any public waste land. The Lessee shall pleasure grounds, places of worship, scared graves only erect temporary rest burial grounds or village sites for houses, public shelter, on upper terraces of roads or other places which the competent authority river bank which has been left may determine as public grounds to bring within this as offset, for mine workers. restriction. However, the lessee will ensure that such temporary structure is not erected in the graveyard/ cremation ground.
4 (14) The Lessee/Lessees may erect on the area granted The Lessee shall only erect to him/them any building , required for bonafide temporary rest shelter, on upper terraces of river bank
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 44 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
mining purposes and such building shall be the which has been left as offset, property of the government after expiry of the lease for mine workers. However, these structures shall be dismantled at the expiry of the lease
6 (2) The Lessee/Lessees shall keep throughout the terms The lessee shall ensure proper of his /their lease all mines, building, engines, maintenance of rest shelters / machinery and other mining plants in good repair and toilets. The mining and working order. transport equipment’s shall be procured on hire / rental basis and the onus of their regular maintenance lies with the owners. However the lessee will ensure that only useful and well maintained equipments are used in mining activities.
6 (8) The lessee / lessees shall keep open and in no way The approved mine plan has obstruct any road path or way by any means been prepared considering whatsoever. that no mining operations is carried out within the distance of 45m from any public road.
6 (11) The lessee / lessees shall not cultivate or use the land The lease area lies in gair save for the purposes of the lease. mumkin nadi/nala and its designated use as per mine plan is only for the purpose of mining.
6 (13) The lessee / lessees shall not injure or cause to The approved mine plan has deteriorate any sources of water power or water been prepared considering supply and shall not in any other way render any that no mining operations is spring of streams of water supply and shall not in any carried out within the distance other way render any spring of stream of water unfit of 45m from any source of to be used or do anything to injure adjoining lands, water supply or stream/spring, villages or houses. canal, reservoir or well.
2.11. Statutory / Necessary Approvals. 2.11.1. Consent to Operate under Water Act and Air Act
Under Rule 37T of RMMC 1986 revised upto 2012, the consent to establish has to be obtained from the RSPCB prior to the start of mining operation. The lessee has to seek permission from the RSPCB, if not already obtained.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 45 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
2.11.2. NOC/Approval From CGWA For Abstraction Of Water
Marwar Jn. block does not fall under notified area as per latest list of notified blocks for control and regulation of ground water. No NOC from the CGWA shall have to be obtained for abstraction of ground water (25Kld) in terms of CGWA No. 21-4/ Guidelines/ CGWA/ 2009-832 dated 14.10.2009, as the water requirement from ground water source does not exceed 25 Kld the limit prescribed in the notification dated 14.10.2009 in case of over-exploited block like Marwar Jn.
2.11.3. Restriction – Aravali Range Under Notification S.O. 319 (E) Dated 7-05-1992
In so far as for the state of Rajasthan is concerned, the provision under the said notification were originally attracted in case of district Alwar only. As the proposed mining is contemplated in Tehsil Marwar Jn. in non-forested area, which is other than the area notified under notification, the restrictions do not apply. A certificate issued by the competent authority in the state government, to the effect that the project area (ML Area) does not fall in the Aravali range and is not covered by the order dated 8.04.2005 of the Hon’ble Apex Court in the contempt petition (C) 412/2004 in writ petition 202/1995 in the matter of Godavarman v/s UoI, is enclosed as Annexure - IV.
2.11.4. Critically Polluted Industrial Cluster / Area Identified by CPCB
The MoEF vide O.M. No. J-11013/5/2010-IA.II (I) dated 13.1.2010 had imposed upto August 2010, a temporary moratorium in respect of 43 Critically Polluted Areas / Industrial Clusters identified by CPCB on the basis of Critically Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI). The identified critically polluted area inter-alia included existing industrial area Mandia Road, Puniyata Road, Sumperpur and Pali town in district Pali (S.No. 31, CEPI 73.73). The MoEF lifted the moratorium on consideration of projects for EC in respect of 26 industrial clusters / area vide O.M.s of even no. dated 26th October , 2010, 15th February, 2011, 31st March 2011, 23rd May 2011 and 5tyh July 2011. In the remaining 17 identified industrial clusters, the moratorium was extended upto 31st March, 2012 and thereafter it was extended till further orders vide OM of even no. dated 30.03.2012. The CPCB during February – April 2013 re- assessed the CEPI scores in respect of all 43 CPAs and inferred that the CEPI values were either still above 80 or above 70 along with increasing trend. The MoEF vide O.M. No. J- 11013/5/2010-IA.II (I) dated 17.9.2013 had re-imposed moratorium in respect of 8 areas viz., Ghaziabad (U.P.), Indore (M.P.), Jharsuguda (Orissa), Ludhiana (Punjab), Panipat (Haryana), Patancheru-Bollaram (A.P.), Singraulli (U.P. and M.P.) and Vapi (Gujarat). Therefore, technically at present there is no moratorium on consideration of projects for EC in respect of
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 46 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
industrial cluster/area identified in 2010 in district Pali, Rajasthan. The mining plans for tehsil Marwar Jn. has been approved by the Department of Geology and Mines Rajasthan. Therefore no clearance certificate from the SPCB is warranted.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 47 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
CHAPTER 3. : Description of the Environment
3.1. Introduction
For the description of baseline environmental scenario, the proposed mine lease area has been considered as the core zone. The project has vast linear length along river(s) as compared to the width of mining and it extends over several rivers separated by kilometers. The project is thus necessarily a linear project extending over different rivers in concerned Tehsil. Thus to arrive at a more reasonable study, the buffer area that falls within 2 km radius from the extremities of the proposed mine lease area in each river has been adopted for determination of baseline status.
The existing environmental setting is considered to assess and define the present baseline environment, which are described with respect to climate, hydro-geological aspects, atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality and ecology. It would help in assessing the cumulative environmental impacts due to the proposed project.
As per prescribed ToR, collection of one season (Non-Monsoon) primary baseline data on
environmental parameters i.e. Ambient Air Quality (PM10, SO2 and NOx), water quality, Noise level, Soil, flora and fauna and site specific meteorological data has to be done. This report incorporates the baseline data generated through primary surveys during October 2013 to December 2013 covering one season i.e. post monsoon to which the committee agreed and allowed in the prescribed ToR. The study area, covered under SoI Toposheets 45 G/6, 45 G/9, 45 G/10, G/13 and 45G/14 on 1:50000 scale, is shown in Figure 3.1, the satellite image of the study area is shown in Figure 3.2 and the pictorial view of one of the mining site on river is shown in Figure 3.3.
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 48 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Figure 3.1 : Project Location Map on Toposheets
Figure 3.2 : Satellite view of the Project Site
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 49 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Sukri River at Phulad
Bandi river at Bhagora
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 50 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Siriari River near Siriari
Figure 3.3 : Pictorial View of Sukri River at Phulad and Bandi river at Bhagora and Siriari river near Siriari
3.1.2. Methodology Standard methodologies have been followed in developing the base line report. The methodology adopted for the study is outlined below:
Conducting reconnaissance surveys for understanding the study area; and Selecting sampling locations for conducting various environment baseline studies.
The sampling locations have been selected on the basis of the following:
Predominant wind directions recorded by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) observatory nearest to the site; Existing topography; Drainage pattern and location of existing surface water bodies like lakes/ponds, rivers and streams; Locations of villages / towns / sensitive areas; and Areas, which represent baseline conditions.
The field observations have been used to:
Assess the positive and negative impacts due to the proposed project;
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 51 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Suggest appropriate mitigation measures for remediating the adverse environmental impacts, if any; and Suggesting post-project monitoring requirements and suitable mechanism for it.
3.2. Physiography, Topography and Drainage 3.2.1. Physiography The proposed mine lease area falls under Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali of Rajasthan. Physio-graphically the area is one of the four major divisions of Great Plain of Northern India and constitutes its western extremity covering east and west Rajasthan. The area lies to the west of Aravallies and is known as western sandy plain characterized by arid landscape, barren hills, level rocky structural plains, rock cut pediments, gravel pavements, shallow colluvium plains and other sandy plains with thick Alluvium underneath. The district having arid climate is drained by ephemeral rivers like Lilri, Bandi, Sukri, Jawai, Khari and Rediya which flow from east to west and south to west from the western aspect of Aravalli range. All these rivers are left bank tributaries of the Luni River which is the only biggest system in this region.
The district with spatial extent of 12387 sq.km which is 3.62% of the area of the state, has geographic location as Latitude 24.750 to 26.4830 North and Longitude 72.7830 to 74.300 East. It shares its border with Nagaur and Jodhpur districts in the North, Udaipur and Rajsamand in south – east, Ajmer in North – East, Sirohi and Jalore district in south-west and west respectively. The administrative map of the district is shown in Figure 3.4.
The boundary of mine lease area in Tehsil Marwar Jn., has Pali on its West and Sojat Tehsil on its North, Desuri Tehsil on its south and south-west and Ajmer and Rajsamand district on its West respectively. The physiographic map of Rajasthan is shown in Figure 3.5.
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 52 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Kekindara Kurki Kanwaliya Kekindara Kallan Falka N Lambiya Digarna Apkalu-I Bhoombaliya
Apkalu Rabariyawas Sewariya Kanecha Baloonda Chak-II Ranawatan Nimbol Banja Kuri Ras Peepaliya Khurd Balara Banja Kuri Ghorawar Ramawas' Kalan Jaitaran Lototi Peepaliya Khurd Toonkara Birol Boontiwas Sumel Asarfai Babra Jitarah Municipality Pratapgarh Phoolmal Giri Ratdiya Sangawas Deoriya Sangawas Patwa Nanana Relra Mohrai Hajiwas Nimaj-i Chang Rajola Kalan Chawandiya Nimaj-ii Birantiya Amarpura Leelamba Kalan Birantiya Khurd Reprawas Meo Rampura Kalan Kushalpura Bar Chopra Deoli Kalan Nimbera Kalan Lanera Atpara Raipur Kala Ki Chouki Sanwalta Kalan Roondiya Sendra Naya Mohra Kalan Gaon Rupawas Sanwalta Dhurasani Charwas Roondiya Chandawal Jhoontha Kalan Deepawas Lalki Pipliya Kanuja Sardar Khariya Neev Kalan Kalali Karmawas Samand Shivpura Basna Rohat Mandla Khamal Hingawas Sandiya Bhakariwala Jheetra Sabalpura Singari Bilawas Sojat Chandawal Pachanpura LEGEND Sojat(M) Khokhara Khamal Station Kalaliya Surdyata Bagri Guda Block/Punchayat Samti Boundary Khandi Chotila Khoriya Bagri Dhabar Beejai Dheenawas National Highway Malpuriya Kelwad Siyat State Highway Bhangesar KarlanKallan Dholeriya Jagri Major District Road Rendari Kot Kirana Kharda Neembli Dhakri Sehwaj Guda Ramsingh Rohat Uri Metalled Road Beethoo Jadan Hariyamali Khutani Mandawas Bhasisana Dhundhala Sanpa Guda Kalan Railway Line Khariya Soda Musaliya N.P. Pali 9 Urban Area with Ward Boundary Gelawas Garwara Sinla Guda Ramsingh BeenjaBeenja PALI Sawrad Bornari Panchpadariya Baniyawas Khardi Kantaliya-i Roopawas Manda Beenja Shekhawas Kantaliya-ii Chenda Dudor Khundawas Giradra Chawadiya Vayad Akeli VopariVopari Akeli Borimada Rana Barsa Chirpatiya Nimli Saran Beenja Lambiya Hemliyawas Bhawri Khurd Manda Davalpura Mandali Hemawas Diwandi N.P.Pali 5 KherwaKherwa Bithora Malsa Gadana Baori Seeriyari Pali Hingola Kalan Gura Denda Ranawas Denda Soni Manji Khurd Ranawas Soorsingh Karadi Auwa Manihari Bader Ka Was Dhamli Guru Soot Singh Umkali Deeri Marwar Phulad Bala Gundoj - I &li Gura Ramsingh Sodawas Januda Guru Keshar Singh Chaukariya Bhimaliya Tewali Itandra Dingai Deoli Chaukariya Koorna Banta Isali Sakdara Gura Endla-II Busl Bansor Panchetiya Bhagora Khor Sedariya Deoli Anji Ki Dhani Gura Basni Jojawar Chanod Endla-I Jojawar Keerwa Dhanla Bhadarlau Wandar Anji Ki Dhani Itdara Mertiyan Khiwara Indarwara Balrai Peelowani Gajnipura Panota Bansor Anoppura Nadana Jawali Siwas Bhatan Dhariva Deoli Ghenri Lapod Dhola Rani Sanwalta Chanchori Kot Solankiyan Salriya Kishanpura Magar Talab Jeewand Kerli Pawa Mandal Nadana Jodhan Neepal Basant kalan Nadol Itdara Charnan Neepal Daylan Dhana Beerami Beejowa Kalan Bagol Gogra Gogra Koselao Kheemara Rani Municipality (Khurd) Kesuli Mandpur Sumer Rani Kalan Makhanpura Dadai Takhbgarh Kotri Deotara Panchalwara Desuri Balana Sumarpur I & Ji Kheemel Dhalop Narlai Desuri Dujana Ana Balupura Barod Dhani Desuri Khiwandi Panchalwara Sindarli Dudapura Sindroo Mada Nowi Khudala(N.P.) Bankali BheetwaraMarkha Bharoonda Dudapura Ghanerao Pomawa Netra Parothija Mada Beral Kothaliyan Mundara Korta Bali (M) Koliwara Markha Bamnera Sumarpur(M) Palri Sesli Sari (M) Mandigarh Perwa Shivtalao Beesalpur Boya Bamnera Latara Ranakpur Bakwana Barwa Bakwana Sewari Lunawa
Sena Padarla
Doodhni BhatoonoBaliBeejapur
Kothar Bera Kumtiya Goriya Malnoo Bhandar Chamunderi Kakradi Kooran Malnoo Koyalvao BohatNana Amliya
Bheemana
Figure 3.4 : Administrative Map of District Pali
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 53 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Figure 3.5 : Physiographic Map of Rajasthan
3.2.2. Topography The district has different landforms. Mountainous topography is presented in the form of Aravalli Range, having altitude varying from 600 mamsl to 1000 mamsl, towering on the east and south – east direction of the district and dividing the state into east and west. The undulating and rolling topography is witnessed in the landmass below the hill extending upto plain topography where the ground elevation varies from 170 to 350 mamsl. The general ground slope follows the direction of the drainage and is from east to west as well as from south to west. Isolated hillocks of elevation between 300 to 460 mamsl at many places suddenly break the more or less plain topography.
The study area covered within Marwar Jn.Tehsil has mountainous (Aravalli Range), rolling and more or less plain topography with ground elevation varying from 931 mamsl
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 54 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
(Mandawar in Pipli RF) to 244 mamsl near Baniyawas sluice. Aravalli range forms the eastern and south eastern boundary of the district with Ajmer and Rajsamand districts. The various emphemeral rivers flowing in the tehsil have their genesis in western aspect of Aravalli range. The study area has numerous shallow depressions which have been converted as tanks and reservoirs by creating suitable civil engineering structures like embankment and sluices. The general ground slope of the area is 1 m/km in south – north direction and 2.1 m / km in east – west direction
3.2.3. Drainage From the western aspect of the Aravalli range in this semi-arid zone numerous rivers emanate. The prominent rivers are Guhiya, Radiya, Sukri, Bandi (Hemawas), Somesar, Mithari, Khari (Hemawas) and Jawai. All these rivers are ephemeral rivers and flow during monsoon and are part of Luni basin. Nearly half of the Luni basin is occupied by rugged mountains where soils are shallow. Annual rainfall over the Luni basin varies between 300 mm to 600 mm and the mean annual rainfall is 320 mm of which about 97% falls during four monsoon months. The average rainy days in a year around fourteen. The average annual pan evaporation of the district is 2640 mm which is eight folds of the mean rainfall making it an arid region. The general drainage pattern in the district is dendritic. Most of the rivers are influent. The description of rivers flowing through Pali district in Luni Catchment is presented in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 : Description of Rivers Flowing through Pali District in Luni Catchment S. Name Origin Lengt Catchment Geographic Tributaries No. of h (km) Area Location of Basin River (sq.km) 1 Luni Western Slope of 495 (in 37363 230 41’ to 270 05’ N Left Bank tributaries : Aravalli Range Rajast 710 04’ to 740 42’ E Sukri, Mitri, Bandi, Khari, near Ajmer (EL. han) Jawai, and Guhiya 550 mamsl) 2 Guhiya Hillocks near 3835 240 45’ to 260 14’ N Radia, Guria Lilri, Sukri and villages 720 58’ to 740 14’ E Phunpharia Bala Khariyaniv and Tharasani in Pali district 3 Bandi Confluence of 45 1685 250 15’ to 250 55’ N Khari and Mithari (Hema Khari and Mithari 720 56’ to 730 57’ E was) near Bombadra Pickup weir
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 55 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
4 Mithari South Western 80 1644 250 00’ to 250 30’ N Many local Nalas Slopes of Aravalli 720 52’ to 730 29’ E range in District Pali 5 Khari Formed by the 55 1232 250 18’ to 250 46’ N Somesar and Khari (Hema confluence of 730 20’ to 730 50’ E Kherwa was) Somesar and Khari Kherwa 6 Sukri Confluence of 110 3036 250 00’ to 250 53’ N Ghanerav, Muthana, Ka several nalas. 720 36’ to 730 42’ E Bala, Magai Nadi Orignating from Aravalli in Pali and Udaipur 7 Jawai Western Slopes of 96 2976 240 43’ to 250 34’ N Sukari Aravallis 720 31’ to 730 24’ E
The study area (Tehsil Marwar Jn.) is mainly drained by Bandi, Lilki, Mithri, Kantaliyi, Khardi, Sukri upper, Khari and Siriari Nala. All these rivers flow during monsoon only and their water is conserved through existing sluices, bunds and tanks. Many minor irrigation/drinking water ponds/tanks/reservoir also exists on many small streams / nalla / bala.
3.2.3.2 Rivers in study area The tehsil is drained by different river(s) like Bandi, Lilki, Mithri, Kantaliyi, Khardi, Sukri upper, Khari and Siriari Nala which cover a longitudinal profile of 62 km, 36 km, 12 km, 22.5 km, 23 km, 33 km, 13.5 km and 30 km respectively in the Tehsil. Siriari, Kantaliya, Phulad, Jograwas I & II, Chirpatia and Saran dam are the main water resource project in Tehsil with gross storage capacity 4.48, 5.34, 3.72, 3.36, 2.13 MCM respectively, which have been constructed to provide irrigation and drinking water facilities in the area. The drainage map of the study area which forms part of main drainage basin of Luni Rivers is shown in Figure 3.6 alongwith the Basin map.
3.2.3.3 Drainage Basin The rivers in Pali district are left bank tributaries of Luni river in Rajasthan. For delineation of the drainage basin, the Watershed Atlas of India has been used as it provides uniform base for watershed characterization in five stages viz., Water Resource Region, Basin, Catchment, Sub- Catchment and Watershed. The study area falls in Water Resource Region 6 i.e. Western Rajasthan mostly ephemeral drainage. The distribution of Catchment, Sub-Catchment and Watershed within Basin of the Water Resource Region in context of the rivers flowing through the district has been presented in Table 3.2 and highlighted in Figure 3.6 which is the delineated map of Western Rajasthan ephemeral drainage covering mainly Luni system.
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 56 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Table 3.2 : Details of Catchment, Sub-Catchment and Watershed Region Basin Catchment Sub- Watershed Stream Area District Catchment Names (sq.km) Covered 6 (Western 6A (Luni 6A2 6A2C (Middle 6A2C1 Bandi – 1600 Pali, Rajasthan) & Others (Mainly Luni around Chhaili Barmer drainage) Luni) Pali) and Jalore 6A2C2 Sukri – 1700 Pali, Jalore Ungti and Udaipur 6A2C3 Bandi – 1500 Pali and Somesar Udaipur 6A2C4 Kharwa 1340 Pali and Udaipur 6A2C5 Rediya 1100 Pali and Jodhpur 6A2C6 Guhiya – 1200 Pali and Sukri Jodhpur 6A2C7 Bagri 1150 Pali and Udaipur 6A2B (Lower 6A2B7 Mithri 680 Pali and Luni upto Udaipur confluence with smaller Sukri)
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Figure 3.6 : Catchment Area Map of Luni Basin in Rajasthan and Drainage Map of Study Area
3.2.3.4 Gradient of Riverbed The rivers draining through the district mostly originate from the western aspect of Aravali range in the district itself and also from neighboring district Udaipur and flow through different tehsils. Since the mining lease area has been fixed along the rivers and small streams (Bala) in particular tehsil of the district, the information / data regarding the length of the river in the district and the fall (head loss) negotiated by it within the tehsil has been provided in Table 3.3 to arrive at the net riverbed slope of the rivers. The longitudinal sections of the rivers for the length traverse by them in tehsil has been depicted in Figure 2.3 through 2.10.
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Table 3.3 : Computation of River Bed Slope S. Name of River Length River bed elevation (mamsl) Total fall Average No. traversed At the start At the exit (head loss) in bed by the river point in tehsil point in river bed with slope (m in Tehsil tehsil in tehsil (m) / km) (km) 1 Bandi 0-4 590 400 190 47.5 4-7.5 400 320 80 22.9 7.5-28 320 280 40 1.95 28-62 280 230 50 1.47 2 Lilki upto confluence 0-3 360 340 20 6.66 with Sukri 3-12 340 320 20 2.22 12-15 320 297 23 7.66 15-36 297 265 32 1.52 3 Mithri after confluence 0-12 265 240 25 2.08 of Lilki and Sukri 4 Kantyali Nala 0-4 400 340 60 15 4-7 340 320 20 6.66 7-14 320 300 20 2.85 14-22.5 300 280 20 2.35 5 Khardi 0-15 280 248 32 2.13 15-23 248 244 4 0.5 6 Siriari Nala 0-2 500 400 100 50 2-5 400 380 20 6.66 5-8 380 360 20 6.66 8-30 360 280 80 3.63 7 Sukri upto confluence 0-1 377 360 17 17 with Lilki 1-3.5 360 340 20 8 3.5-9.5 340 320 20 3.33 9.5-14.5 320 300 20 4 14.5-33 300 265 35 1.9 8 Khari 0-13.5 280 250 30 2.22
It is evident from the Table 3.3 that in the head and initial reaches the average bed slope of all the rivers with exception of Mithri and Khari is very steep and ranges between 47.5 m/km (Bandi) to 6.6 m / km (Siriari nala) where as between middle end reaches of the rivers It varies between 0.5 m / km (Khardi) to 2.85 m/km (Kantayali). The river bed slope
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near 1m/km in the alluvial stratum of the riverbed is moderate to generate velocities of about 2m /sec to 3m/sec during the high stage of the river caused by flash flood.
Coarser particles of riverine bed material such as bajri and coarse sand are eroded at such velocities (3m/sec), which is called the line of critical velocity. When the velocity fall below the critical velocity particles will be deposited or transported instead of being eroded depending upon the rivers energy. As the velocity of flow of river further decrease, again particles are not deposited but are transported d/s. Coarser particles are deposited quickly with the decrease in velocity and after that as the size or the particles decreases the longer, it is transported. Particles of size 1mm are deposited even at 0.1m / sec velocity. Sand is relatively easily eroded and moves at velocities 0.2 m / sec, as these do not coagulate. Clays and final silt stay afloat even when the velocity is near to zero.
3.2.4. Competency of river: Competency of a river is a measure of the maximum size of the river borne material a river is capable of transporting and it is directly dependent upon the velocity of flow of the river. The competence of a river increases as square of its velocity. The maximum load of solid particles a river can transport is termed as its capacity. The greater the discharge in the river, the greater shall be the capacity for hauling the sediments. The higher velocities are developed when the rivers are in high stage. Even the slope of the order of 1m/km are capable of generating such velocities which are capable of eroding the bed material and its transportation. In the present case on an average the competency of rivers/stream in the mine lease area varies between 12 mm to less than 0.002 mm (clay)
3.2.5. Land Use/ Land Cover The Tehsil wise landuse and land cover of the district as per revenue record is shown in Table 3.4. The pre-dominant landuse in the district is agriculture land 607511 ha (49.27%), followed by fallow land 204610 ha (16.59%), barren and unculturable land 143918 (11.67%), Permanent Pasture 90862 ha (7.37%), Forest land 82010 ha (6.65%), Land under non-agricultural use 58281 ha (4.73%) and culturable waste land 45804 ha (3.71%).
The pre-dominant landuse in the Tehsil is agriculture land 65098ha (47%), followed by fallow land 28213 ha (20%), Permanent Pasture 11439ha (8%), barren and unculturable land 8729 ha (6%), culturable waste land 7464 ha (5%), Land under non-agricultural use 5050 ha (4%) and Forest Land 14281 ha (10%) . The pie diagram of landuse of the Pali District and Tehsil Marwar Junction is given in Figure 3.7 and 3.8 respectively.
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Table 3.4 : Tehsil wise landuse and land cover of the district Land Land under under Non- Barren & Miscellaneous Culturable Total Actual Total Agriculture unculturable Permanent trees and waste fallow sown Geographical Tehsil Forest Use land Pasture grooves land land area area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pali 3369 8657 11461 12484 6 9329 35847 86868 168021 Rohat 198 5957 7946 9828 6894 16872 93080 140775 Bali 27814 5821 28802 11873 29 4091 21405 44145 143980 Sumerpur 556 5050 10422 5914 3862 19175 50994 95973 Desuri 18895 7745 12214 10100 1 3014 19976 58481 130426 Marwar junction 14281 5050 8729 11439 53 7464 28213 65098 140307 Sojat 4932 8386 16991 11692 5554 28533 91667 167775 Jetaran 2282 6720 14759 10769 8 4557 22248 76277 137620 Raipur 9683 4895 32594 6763 6 1039 12341 40901 108222 Total 82010 58281 143918 90862 103 45804 204610 607511 1233099
Forest
82010, 6.65% Land under Non-Agriculture Use 58281, 4.73% Barren & unculturable land 143918, 11.67% 607511, 49.27% 90862, 7.37% Permanent Paustre
45804, 3.71% Land under Miscellaneous 204610, 16.59% trees and grooves Culturable waste land
Total fallow land
Actual sown area
Figure 3.7 : Graphical Presentation of Landuse of District Pali
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Forest
14281, 10% Land under Non-Agriculture Use 5050, 4% Barren & unculturable land 8729, 6% 65098, 47% 11439, 8% Permanent Paustre 7464, 5%
28213, 20% Land under Miscellaneous trees and grooves Culturable waste land
Total fallow land
Actual sown area
Figure 3.8 : Graphical Presentation of Landuse of Tehsil Marwar Jn. 3.2.5.2 Land Use/ Land Cover of Mine Lease Area The composite landuse map of study area comprising 10 km zone around mine lease and lease periphery has been prepared. Treating the project as the linear one the mine lease area which is spatially extended longitudinally into different rivers flowing in Tehsil, the landuse on 2 km on either side of the rivers as well as the composite landuse map is shown in Figure 3.9 and the aerial extents are given in Table 3.5. The pre-dominant landuse pertains to the agricultural land followed by open scrub land, agriculture fallow land and forest.
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 62 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 63 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Figure 3.9 : Landuse Map of 10km Study Area and 2km on either side of rivers of ML area in Tehsil Marwar Jn.
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Table 3.5 : Details of Landuse Class 2km/10km on either side of rivers of ML area 10 km Zone around 2 km Zone around the mine lease area the mine lease area Kantaliya nala and Mithri - Total Bandi Khardi Sukri-Lilki Total Area % Area(sq Area(sq Area(sq Area (sq (sq km) Landuse Class km) km) km) km) % Agricultural land 85.9 28.51 120.38 234.79 42.00 1479.47 55.61 Agri fallow land 104.66 30.53 83.65 218.84 39.15 326.28 12.26 Open scrub land 10.98 24.96 28.02 63.96 11.44 549.8 20.67 Settlement 1.86 1.03 3.26 6.15 1.10 64.67 2.43 Water body 0 0.33 0.03 0.36 0.06 7.66 0.29 Vegetation(Forest) 6.6 0.23 8.85 15.68 2.80 185.77 6.98 Dry river bed 7.66 1.78 9.79 19.23 3.44 46.74 1.76 Total 217.66 87.37 253.98 559.01 100 2660.39 100.00
3.2.5.3 Land Use/ Land Cover The mine lease area is in river bed and forms section of the river. The mine lease area is river body classified as Gair mumkin nadi/nalla as per revenue record. The designated mine area is revenue land so the ownership vests with the state of Rajasthan. The existing land use of mine lease area belongs to landuse category “River body” and shall continue to be so even after the current mining project is over. The landuse pattern existing as on date and after 3rd and 5th year of mining have been shown in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6 : Land Use Details S.N. Particulars Present land At the end of 3rd At the end of 5th use (ha) year (ha) year (ha) 1 Pit area 0.0 80 133.33 2 Dump area 0.0 - - 3 Safety Bridge 111.375 111.375 111.375 zone Permanent Roads 75.60 75.60 75.60 Wells 18.14 18.14 18.14 4 Infrastructure (office, temp, - 0.80 - shelter etc) 5 Mineral Storage - - - 6 Plantation - - - 7 Un worked 4074.885 3994.085 3941.555 Total 4280.00 4280.00 4280.00
3.3. Geology and Hydrogeology 3.3.1. Geology Geological configuration of Pali district is quite complex. It is comprised of heterogeneous assemblage of different litho units of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic origin. The oldest & prominent rock exposed along district belongs to Delhi supergroup comprising southern, eastern
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and north eastern margine of the metamorphosed ferruginous and massive clastics. With subordinate chemogenic sediments and associated intrusive and extrusive phases. Rocks of this Super group have been further classified in Kumbhalgarh, Sirohi & Punagarh Groups. The Delhi's are succeeded by a sequence of un-metamorphosed sedimentary rocks comprised of sandstone, limestone, siltstone, gypsum beds, This Super group is further divided into Jodhpur Group, Bilara Group & Nagaur Group. The Delhi's are intruded by granites and rhyolite. The predominant is the Erinpura Granite. The geological Sequence Worked out by G.S.I. is given in Table 3.7. The regional geological map of Rajasthan is shown in Figure 3.10
Table 3.7 : Geological Sequence Super group/Age Group Lithology Quarternary Alluvium & windblown sand Nagaur Group Sandstone, gypsum & siltstone Marwar Supergroup Bilara Group Limestone, chert & dolomite Jodhpur Group Sandstone, shale, boulders, chert. Middle to U. Proterozoic Malani Igneous Suite Granite (Jolor type) Rhyolite & pyroclastics with dykes of granophyre Erinpura Granite Granite and gneiss
Punagarh Group Basic volcanic with pillow
Lava, meta tuff, quartzite, shale, slate phyllite, bedded chert
Delhi Supergroup Sirohi Group Phyllite, mica schist, biotite
Lower to Middle Proterozoic schist, dolomitic marble,
migmatite & gneisses epidiorite, Hornablende
Sendra-Ambaji Granite Granite and gneiss
Phulad Ophiolite Suite Hornblends schist, amphibolite, pyroxene granulite, gabbro & ultramafics.
Kumbhalgarh Group Calc schist, marble, granite
Schist/amphibolite, biotite schist, quartzite, mica schist and migmatite
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The geological formations in the study area covering Tehsil Rohat mainly consist of Alluvium & Blown Sand, Phylites and Eranpura Granite / Ultra Basic.
Figure 3.10 : Regional geology map of Rajasthan 3.3.2. Hydrogeology The main hydrogeological formation encountered in the district are Quaternary Alluvium (Younger and Older), Bilara limestone (Marwar Supergroup), Jodhpur Sandstone (Marwar Supergroup), Malani Suite of Ignious rocks (Post Delhi and Delhi Super group), Calcareous Schist, Slate, Phylite, and Granite Gneiss (Aravali Super group). The hydrogeology map of the area is given in Figure 3.11.
Younger Alluvium: It mainly comprises of stream laid deposits of sand, gravel, silt, clay, pebbles and cobbles with varying thickness upto 50m but in the north east part the thickness increases to about 100 m. These occur along drainage and flood plains of Luni, Sukri, Lilri, Bandi and Jawai. Groundwater follows the
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 67 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
surface drainage pattern. Hydraulic gradient is gentle in north eastern and central area (1.3 m / km) and more steep towards south indicating low permeability aquifer in the southern area Older Alluvium: It mainly comprises of semi-consolidated to consolidated sediment of sand (medium to course graind), silt, clay and kankar/gravel (sub- angular to sub-rounded). Alluvium thickness varies considerably due to undulating bed rock topography. It covers Jaitaran, Pali, Rohat block and part of Sojat and Sumerpur Blocks. In Jataran and Sumerpur block alluvial aquifer covers extensive area. Bilara Limestone: It is of dark grey colour, hard and compact dolomitic limestone. It encompasses Sojat and Jaitaran block and covers nearly 2% area in the potential zone. Malani Suite of Ignious rocks (Post Delhi and Delhi Super group) Calcareous Schist, Slate, Phylite, and Granite Gneiss (Aravali Super group) : Aravalli Super Group comprises dark brown, grey and purple slates with thin bands of quartzite, phyllite and schist. Pre Aravallies include gneisses and schists. It covers extensive area in central part though in north and south western occupy smaller area.
The district has geo-hydrological formations, viz., unconsolidated, semi consolidated fully consolidated, with varying groundwater potential. The unconsolidated formations include, recent alluvium, brown sand, clay, silt and gravel, pebble, calcareous concretion, which are fairly thick and regionally extensive, confined to semi-confined aquifers ; and older alluvium, laterite, silt, sand , ferruginous concretion and cobbles, confined to semi confined aquifers to a depth of 39-300 metre below the ground. They are porous formations. The aquifer potential varies widely between (40-100 litres per second) for the very good ones, to 10-40 litres per second for moderately good ones to less than 10 lps for low potential ones. The semi-consolidated formations include: clay-stone, sandstone, grit, silt stone, conglomerate, and limestone. They also form porous aquifers, and have groundwater potential varying from less than 10 lps to 100 lps.
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Figure 3.11 : Hydrogeological Map of Pali district
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3.3.3. Seismicity As per seismic zoning map of India IS 1893 (Part-I):2002, Figure 3.12, the major part of Rajasthan lies in Zone – II and Western parts of the districts of Barmer and Sirohi as well as northern sections of Alwar district lie in Zone IV, where the maximum intensity could reach VIII (MSK). The remaining areas of Barmer and Sirohi districts, as well as the districts of Bikaner, Jaiselmer and Sirohi lie in Zone III. The north-eastern districts of Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Bharatpur and the rest of Alwar also lie in Zone III. The rest of the state, including the capital, Jaipur, lie in Zone II, where the maximum intensity expected would be around MSK VI, as is evident from the Seismic Zone Map of Rajasthan (Figure 3.13) that some portion of district Barmer, Jalore, Alwar and Bharatpur lie under Zone – IV. The project area falling in Tonk District lies within Zone - II.
Figure 3.12 : Map of Seismic Zones of India
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Project Site
Figure 3.13 : Map of Seismic Zones of Rajasthan Small to moderate earthquake have visited the state of Rajasthan which has not felt any major earthquake in past as well as recent years. The Cambay Graben (3) terminates in the south-western part of the state. The Konoi Fault near Jaiselmer trends in a north-south direction and was associated with the 1991 Jaiselmer earthquake. Several active faults criss-cross the Aravalli range and lie parallel to each other. The most prominent of them is the north-south trending Sardar Shahr Fault and the Great Boundary Fault which runs along the Chambal River and then continues in the same direction into Uttar Pradesh.
Largest Instrumented Earthquake event in Rajasthan was felt at 22:11 on 15 August 1906 – (Thar Desert, Rajasthan) with movement magnitude i.e. Mw 6.2. This event was located along the India-Pakistan border, in the vicinity of Janpalia, Rajasthan which is located north-northwest of Bakhasar. It was felt widely along the Indo-Pakistan border, Sindh, and Gujarat. It was also felt for several seconds in Rajputana, Jodhpur, Ahmedabad and around the Gulf of Khambat and at Mirpur in Pakistan.
Important recent earthquake events of magnitude more than 3.3 on Richter scale are enumerated in Table 3.8.
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Table 3.8 : Earthquake Events of Magnitude more than 3.3 (Richter Scale) LAT. DATE TIME (deg. LONG. Depth Magnitude Region N) (deg.E) (km) 08-11-1991 15:13 26.38 70.66 5.4 Bersi-Tagrawa, Jaisalmer 27-02-1996 09:04 26.816 72.010 33 3.5 Phalodi 02-05-2002 14:29 27.696 75.810 33 4.1 Neem Ka Thana, Sikar 19-02-2003 08:10 25.3 72.662 10 4.0 Jalore Region 10-08-2003 16:47 27.216 75.739 10 4.5 Chomu, Jaipur Region 29-11-2006 05:41 27.348 76.850 10 4.0 Govindgarh, Alwar Region 24-12-2006 04:13 26.881 76.154 10 4.2 Bassi, Jhunjhunu Region 07-07-2008 17:29 25.8 74.200 10 3.6 Bhilwara/Pali Region 09-04-2009 07:16 27.13 70.769 43.3 5.1 Jaisalmer 07-04-2010 12:36 27.8 76.700 22 3.3 Alwar Region 09-11-2010 04:16 25.23 73.649 10 4.6 Sadri, Ajmer Region 15-08-2010 22:42 26.4 74.300 10 4.0 Ajmer Region 20-12-2012 13:00 26.726 76.303 10 4.0 Dausa
3.3.4. Ground Water Scenario 3.3.4.1 Water Level Trend The normal annual rainfall of the district is 478 mm. However during 2003 to 2013 the normal annual rainfall has exceeded only on three occasions i.e. 711 mm in 2006, 521 mm in 2011 and 618 mm in 2013. In the district about 129941 ha area is being irrigated through groundwater resource i.e. wells and tube wells, besides 34810 ha through canals/tanks. Due to continual and wanton use of ground water resource for irrigation and other uses, there has been decline in the ground water table in seven blocks of the district (Table 3.9). The average decline of ground water in the district works out to 1.46 m during the assessment period 2001 – 2012 (Pre-Monsoon Period).
Table 3.9 : Ground Water Trend S. No. Block Depletion in Water Levels (m) 1 Bali 2.82 2 Desuri 3.04 3 Jaitran (-) 5.59 4 Marwar Junction (-) 2.64 5 Pali 0.55 6 Raipur (-) 3.00 7 Rani (-) 0.31 8 Rohat (-) 0.14 9 Sojat (-) 3.90
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10 Sumerpur (-)1.26 District Average (-) 1.46
3.3.4.2 Ground Water Development The ground water budget for the study area has been worked out by computing the annual ground water recharge due to all sources and the annual ground water draft for all uses.
3.3.4.3 Annual Ground Water Recharge To evaluate the monsoon ground water replenishing resource, the monsoon rainfall for the area was adopted from Table 3.11. The area having slope between 0-50 has been considered and all area above 50 slope has not been considered as in such area the possibility run-off recharge is low. The infiltration area coefficient of 10% was considered appropriate to evaluate recharge by infiltration method as below.
Total Study Area = 140307 ha Area Suitable for recharge = 120977 ha Monsoon Rainfall = 543 mm Infiltration Factor = 10% Monsoon rainfall recharge = 6569 ha. m or 65.69 MCM The ground water recharge due to water table fluctuation has been computed as under Total Study area = 140307 ha Area Suitable for recharge = 120977 ha Seasonal Fluctuation = 0.70 m Specific yield = 0.08 % Monsoon G.W. Recharge = 6775 ha. m or 67.75 MCM Rainfall is the only source for ground water recharge. Only medium to minor surface irrigation network exist in the area where irrigation is being practiced through small minors which off takes from medium dam/surface ponds/sluices, during Rabi when the dams/ponds get filled during monsoon months. The minors are lined and due to application of small water depth for Rabi crops the recharge from field application is not applicable. During the non-monsoon season the potential evaporation rate is much higher than the rainfall, therefore, non-monsoon recharge is not expected. As per norms of GEC- 1997, the monsoon season recharge by Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) methodology should be preferred to the estimation by rainfall infiltration method, provided it does not exceed by 20% of the later. Thus, the annual ground water recharge for the study area has been adopted as 6775 ha. m (67.75 MCM).
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3.3.4.4 Annual Ground Water Draft In the study area, on the basis of statistical data the annual draft is being worked out as below:
A. Drinking / Domestic Demand
(i) Total population of study area as on 1.1.2011 198978 (ii) Total population of study area as on 1.1.2014 206080 (after incorporating 1.19% annual growth @ 11.9% decadal growth) (iii) Population utilizing ground water source as drinking 201000 water (iv) Per Capita Consumption 70 LPD (v) Annual Drinking /Domestic Demand 499 ha.m.(4.99 MCM)
B. Irrigation Demand from Ground Water Resource (i) Area Irrigated 17330 ha (ii) Gross Irrigation need/ha 0.3 m/ha (iii) Total demand 5199 ha m(51.99 MCM) C. Industrial Demand 400 ha. m. (4 MCM) D. Total Ground Water Draft 7496 ha. m.
3.3.4.5 Ground Water Development Total Ground Water recharge 6775 ha. m. Net Ground Water Availability 6098 ha. m. Annual Ground Water Utilization 7496 ha. m. Stage of Ground Water Development 122.9 % (Over Exploited)
3.4. Meteorology The meteorological data recorded during the study period is very useful proper interpretation of the baseline information, surrounding area for air dispersion. Historical data on meteorological parameters will also play an important role in identifying the general meteorological regime of the region.
The climate of the district is semi-arid. During peak of summer season in month of May and June, the temperature shoots upto 460C - 470C. The onset of Monsoon starts from the last week of June or early July and continues until the middle of September. The winter starts from December and continues until the end of March. The winters are moderately
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 74 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
cool during December and January when the temperature falls to 40C to 50C. The average rainfall during monsoon is 300 mm.
3.4.1. Methodology The methodology adopted for monitoring surface observation is as per the standard norms laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards (IS: 8829) and India Meteorological Department (IMD). On-site monitoring was undertaken for various meteorological variables in order to generate the site-specific data. Data was collected every hour continuously from 1st October 2013 to 31st December 2013 covering one season as per approved ToR.
3.4.1.1 Methodology of Data Generation
The Monitoring Station equipped with continuous monitoring equipment was installed at a height of 10 m above ground level to record wind speed, direction and temperature. The meteorological monitoring station was located in such a way that it is free from any obstructions and as per the guidelines specified under IS:8829. Cloud cover was recorded by visual observation.
3.4.1.2 Sources of Information Secondary information on meteorological conditions has been collected from the nearest IMD station. In the present case the locations of some of the tehsil headquarters of Pali district vis-à-vis the nearest IMD Jodhpur and Jalore are shown in Table 3.10.
Table 3.10 : Distance of Tehsil Headquarters from Nearest IMD Station Project Aerial Elevation Nearest IMD S. Location Distance from Latitude Longitude No. Nearest IMD Station masl Latitude Longitude Tehsil (in Km.) Name 1 Rohat 25⁰57'26'' 73⁰08'34'' 195 41 2 Sojat 25⁰55'32'' 73⁰40'00'' 265 77 IMD 26⁰18' 73⁰01' 3 Pali 25⁰46'37'' 73⁰20'00'' 224 63 Jodhpur 4 Marwar 25⁰43'32'' 73⁰36'47'' 265 89 IMD 25⁰09'03'' 73⁰05'00'' 267 52 5 Sumerpur Jalore 25⁰21' 72⁰37'
3.4.2. Presentation of Data 3.4.2.1 Meteorological Data Recorded at nearest IMD The meteorological data was collected from the IMD Jodhpur located at EL 217 MSL which has more pronounced effect on the project site. The data collected from IMD includes wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. The monthly maximum, minimum and average values were collected for all the parameters except wind speed. All these
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 75 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
parameters were recorded twice a day viz. at 08:30 and 17:30 hours. The collected data is tabulated in Table 3.11.
Table 3.11 : Climatological Data Station: IMD, Jodhpur (1960-1990) Relative Humidity Mean Cloud Cover Temperature (OC) Rainfall (mm) (%) Wind (Oktas of sky) Month Mean Mean Monthly Rainy Speed 8:30 17:30 8:30 17:30 Max Min (mm) Days (kmph) January 28.8 5.2 52 28 1.7 0.2 7.1 1.8 2.0 February 32.9 5.2 49 26 3.8 0.5 7.5 2.2 2.6 March 38.9 10.4 41 21 6.0 0.5 8.3 2.3 2.8 April 42.6 17.6 37 19 8.8 0.4 9.9 1.8 2.5 May 44.5 21.6 47 20 16.6 1.1 13.0 1.1 1.7 June 44.0 22.8 60 33 34.1 2.0 15.4 3.2 3.1 July 39.9 22.9 73 51 126.7 5.9 13.2 5.8 5.6 August 37.8 22.6 78 57 121.1 6.2 11.3 5.8 5.6 September 38.6 21.2 69 44 54.2 2.8 8.6 3.1 3.5 October 38.7 15.1 50 28 6.0 0.6 6.0 1.0 1.8 November 34.6 10.0 46 30 3.1 0.2 5.5 1.1 1.3 December 30.1 6.7 51 30 1.5 0.1 6.2 1.7 2.0 Mean 43.9 5.7 54 32 - - 9.3 2.6 2.9 Total rainfall / Rainy days 383.6 20.5
3.4.2.2 Meteorological Data Generated at Site The meteorological parameters have been recorded on hourly basis during the study period from October, 2013 to December, 2013 and the parameters recorded at site include wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. In view of the fact that the arial distance of tehsil headquarter Marwar Jn., from district headquarter Pali is merely 29 km; and the lease area in tehsil boundary of Marwar Jn., is about 18 km from the district headquarter; the meteorological data recorded at Pali has been adopted. This is logical in the wake of the fact that the temperature, humidity and wind speed do not differ much if the topography remains unaltered which is so in the present case as the topography of the tehsils under question is same.
3.4.3. Synthesis of Data on Climatic Conditions 3.4.3.1 Analysis of the Data Recorded at IMD-Jodhpur Temperature
The winter season starts from Middle of November and continues till end of March. December, January and February are the coolest months. Both the night and day
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 76 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
temperatures increase rapidly during the onset of pre-monsoon season from April to May. The mean maximum and minimum temperature have been recorded as 44.50C in May & 5.20C in the month of January & February respectively. The extreme minimum and maximum temperature was recorded as -0.70C (07/02/1974) and 46.30C (27/05/1973) respectively.
Humidity
The air is generally humid during the monsoon season and the weather during other seasons was observed to be dry. The relative humidity during August at 08:30 hr was observed to be around 78% and at 17:30 hr the same was observed as 57%. The minimum relative humidity was observed as 37% at 08:30 hr and 19% at 17:30 hr in the month of April respectively.
Cloudiness
During the winter and the pre-monsoon seasons, it was observed that the skies were generally very clear. In the post-monsoon season, generally light clouds were observed in the evenings, with clear mornings. During the monsoon season, both in the morning and evenings, the skies were found to be generally clouded.
Winds
Generally, light to moderate winds prevail throughout the year with speed ranging from 1.3 to 5.6 kmph. Winds were light to moderate particularly in the morning hours, while in the afternoon hours the winds were observed stronger. The annaul wind pattern is as follows;
At 08:30 -hr A review of the past IMD record showed predominant winds occurring mostly from SW and NE direction.
At 17:30-hr
A review of the past IMD record showed predominant winds occurring mostly from SW and W direction.
3.4.3.2 Observations on Primary Data The site-specific data for the study period in respect of temperature, humidity and rainfall is presented in Table 3.15.
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1. Temperature Maximum temperature of 36.6OC (October 2013) and minimum temperature of 6.2OC (December 2013) was recorded during the study period.
2. Relative Humidity Maximum and minimum relative humidity observed during December 2013 and October 2013, was 70.2% and 24.4% respectively.
3. Rainfall The main rainy season is the southwest monsoon season, from about the last week of June to September-mid. Some rainfall though less in amount occurs in the cold season from December to February. The average monthly rainfall observed at various tehsil Pali, Sojat, Marwar of district Pali from observations made during 1973 to 2008 are reproduced under Table 3.12. During the study period total 46 mm rainfall occurred only in three rainy day in October 2013 whereas there were no rainfall during November and December 2013.
Table 3.12 : Monthly Rain Fall Data Observed at Tehsil (2012)
Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Tot Ma D al x. at In a e day PALI- PALI Average 3.19 5.73 0.53 2.93 9.34 39.41 180.03 148.17 56.70 17.86 8.33 0.00 472. 220 2 monthl 21 .60 Jul y y, rainfall 19 (mm) 94 Average 0.47 0.53 0.07 0.20 0.80 2.67 6.53 7.93 2.93 1.13 0.60 0.00 24 Rainy days SOJAT-PALI Average 5.60 5.71 0.27 3.31 8.23 31.86 208.55 150.73 68.11 17.11 6.15 0.00 505. 301 2 monthl 60 .80 Jul y y, rainfall 19 (mm) 94 Average 0.60 0.60 0.07 0.27 1.00 2.67 7.07 8.27 3.47 0.80 0.40 0.00 25 Rainyda ys MARWAR- PALI
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Averag 2.89 3.83 1.00 3.15 8.79 47.75 244.19 177.30 73.37 20.99 8.78 1.07 593. 227 11 e 09 .00 A monthl ug y ., rainfall 19 (mm) 92 Averag 0.33 0.47 0.13 0.13 0.80 2.40 7.67 8.07 3.60 1.00 0.53 0.07 25 e Rainy days
Monthly Rainfall data observed at tehsil Marwar Jn., from 2004 to 2013 is presented in Table 3.13 which shows that during this period the maximum and the minimum annual rainfall recorded are 701 mm in 2010 and 180 mm in 2009. The maximum monthly rainfall of 320 mm has been recorded during August 2011. Average annual rainfall is 450.63 mm which is less than the average of 593.09 mm for the period 1973 to 2008 and also less than the normal rainfall of 498.7 mm (1978) for the Tehsil Marwar Jn. The standard deviation (168.04) and the co-efficient of skew (-0.15) have been worked out in Table 3.14.
Table 3.13 : Monthly Rainfall (mm) data observed at Marwar Jn. Tehsil (2004-2013) Month Monthly /Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Average January 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0.8 February 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 12 0 13 3.4 March 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 April 0 21 0 0 15 0 0 0 9 8 5.3 May 0 11 2 0 49 16 0 1 20 0 9.9 June 43 31 26 14 77 6 5 16 4 69 29.1 July 39 173 76 305 19 130 177 159 89 194 136.1 August 114 64.5 184.2 57 253 24 247 320 241 187 169.2 September 1.5 68.5 97.1 35 73 4 114 85 115 112 70.5 October 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 5 46 5.9 November 31.5 0 0 0 0 0 155 0 0 0 18.7 December 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0.3 Total 229.00 369.00 385.30 435.00 494.00 180.00 701.00 593.00 483.00 637.00 450.63
Table 3.14 : Computation of Standard Deviation
Deviation from Annual rainfall mean ΔX2 ΔX3 Year (X) (ΔX= X-X1) 2004 229.00 -221.63 49119.86 -10886433.88 2005 369.00 -81.63 6663.46 -543937.99 2006 385.30 -65.33 4268.01 -278829.02
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 79 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
2007 435.00 -15.63 244.30 -3818.36 2008 494.00 43.37 1880.96 81577.10 2009 180.00 -270.63 73240.60 -19821102.74 2010 701.00 250.37 62685.14 15694477.73 2011 593.00 142.37 20269.22 2885728.41 2012 483.00 32.37 1047.82 33917.83 2013 637.00 186.37 34733.78 6473334.00 Total 4506.30 0.0 254153.12 -6365086.92 Mean (X1) =∑X/n = 450.63 Standard Deviation(σ) = √ ∑X 2/n-1 = 168.04 Co-efficient of Skew = ∑X3/(n-1) σ3 = -0.15
4. Cloud Cover
During the study period, it was observed that the skies were generally very clear and had a few cloudy days but with less than 2.0 oktas of sky.
5. Wind Speed / Direction
The wind rose diagram developed during each month of Post-monsoon season (October 2013 to December 2013) and the combined seasonal are shown in Figure 3.14. It reveals that pre-dominant wind direction occurs mostly from East to West, North East to South West, North – West, South to North, South West to East North respectively. The average mean wind speed is 1.67 m/s (6.0 kmph) and the maximum speed observed was 20.4 kmph. For less than 1% duration of total time count Calm prevailed. The resultant vector of wind direction has a frequency of 25% with an average wind direction of 690. The frequency distribution of wind class for complete post-monsoon season depicted in Figure 3.15 shows that wind with velocity 0.5-1.5 m/s (1.8 kmph – 5.4 kmph) prevailed for 48% of the total time count, wind velocity ranging between 1.5 – 2.5 m/s (5.4 kmph – 9.0 kmph) has prevailed for 34.9%. The wind velocity between 3.5 to 4.5m/s (12.6 kmph to 16.2 kmph) had a frequency of 2.4% only.
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 80 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Table 3.15 : Site Specific Meteorological Data Oct-13 Nov-13 Dec-13 Wind Wind Wind Day Temperature Humidity Speed Rain Temperature Humidity Speed Rain Temperature Humidity Speed Rain (⁰C) (%) (Km./hr.) Fall (⁰C) (%) (Km./hr.) Fall (⁰C) (%) (Km./hr.) Fall Max Min Max Min Max Min (mm) Max Min Max Min Max Min (mm) Max Min Max Min Max Min (mm) 1 32.2 21.2 65.5 33.4 12.0 2.0 11 33.5 15.0 57.0 28.3 13.0 1.0 - 25.2 9.5 58.4 28.1 11.1 3.0 - 2 32.0 20.1 59.1 31.7 10.0 3.0 - 32.2 18.0 60.3 28.3 13.0 2.0 - 27.2 9.5 57.0 29.4 13.0 1.0 - 3 32.1 20.2 54.1 28.6 9.0 3.0 - 33.6 17.4 57.7 26.3 11.1 2.0 - 28.7 10.6 62.0 32.0 10.0 2.0 - 4 34.4 20.4 54.8 28.3 13.0 4.0 - 34.4 18.3 57.7 26.5 11.1 2.0 - 28.7 13.4 60.5 33.1 9.0 1.0 - 5 34.8 19.8 54.6 29.4 14.8 4.0 - 33.2 17.6 61.3 27.2 14.8 3.0 - 29.3 13.6 61.9 33.3 8.0 2.0 - 6 34.8 21.0 53.6 34.9 11.0 3.0 - 33.6 16.1 59.5 35.9 11.1 1.0 - 29.5 13.9 64.8 31.3 8.0 4.0 - 7 35.6 22.1 57.5 32.5 14.8 4.0 - 33.1 15.9 59.4 30.3 14.8 2.0 - 29.6 11.8 61.4 28.9 7.0 3.0 - 8 36.3 22.1 65.8 39.7 11.1 3.0 - 33.6 15.9 57.1 27.2 7.4 3.0 - 29.3 11.0 62.0 30.4 9.0 2.0 - 9 36.6 19.6 63.0 30.9 11.1 3.0 29 33.9 17.1 48.3 26.3 11.1 1.0 - 29.2 11.0 65.0 30.7 13.0 3.0 - 10 35.6 22.1 54.6 28.3 11.1 4.0 - 33.9 16.7 53.9 29.3 9.3 3.0 - 29.3 11.0 62.9 30.9 13.0 3.0 - 11 36.4 20.1 61.0 30.3 13.0 4.0 - 33.8 17.1 52.4 29.3 11.1 2.0 - 27.8 13.7 59.9 27.2 13.0 2.0 - 12 36.0 19.5 53.5 27.3 13.0 3.0 6 33.7 17.1 58.7 27.3 7.4 2.0 - 27.7 10.9 61.1 27.2 11.1 2.0 - 13 34.9 19.5 51.0 26.3 12.0 4.0 - 33.0 16.9 47.9 25.3 11.1 3.0 - 27.2 10.2 55.5 29.3 14.8 3.0 - 14 34.9 17.7 54.0 26.4 13.0 3.0 - 30.5 13.7 52.3 26.1 7.4 1.0 - 27.2 13.6 66.7 34.5 11.1 3.0 - 15 34.9 19.3 54.2 27.3 13.0 3.0 - 31.8 15.0 49.3 27.5 9.3 2.0 - 28.4 13.6 67.3 39.6 11.1 4.0 - 16 35.5 19.3 50.6 29.5 10.0 2.0 - 32.0 15.0 53.4 27.2 9.3 1.0 - 27.0 13.6 68.3 41.7 13.0 3.0 - 17 35.5 18.0 51.3 28.9 13.0 3.0 - 32.0 16.4 55.2 27.3 7.4 2.0 - 26.5 13.4 66.3 37.2 13.0 3.0 - 18 35.5 17.0 55.8 30.9 11.1 3.0 - 32.1 16.0 57.2 27.5 7.4 2.0 - 27.2 13.4 65.3 34.3 18.5 2.0 - 19 35.3 18.1 65.3 31.8 14.0 2.0 - 32.7 15.1 55.4 24.8 9.3 2.0 - 27.1 13.4 64.0 39.3 13.0 3.0 - 20 34.8 20.7 61.3 30.3 13.0 2.0 - 33.3 14.3 54.1 26.2 11.1 2.0 - 26.2 13.4 66.3 36.4 11.1 3.0 - 21 34.5 16.5 54.1 26.3 12.0 3.0 - 31.5 12.6 54.3 28.4 11.1 2.0 - 26.2 10.3 65.0 31.3 9.0 3.0 - 22 34.5 17.2 61.0 32.1 9.0 4.0 - 31.5 13.7 63.3 27.8 9.3 1.0 - 27.9 10.3 60.9 27.4 11.1 3.0 - EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 81 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
23 34.5 17.8 61.4 26.3 13.0 4.0 - 30.8 15.1 56.5 27.0 13.0 3.0 - 26.1 10.6 62.3 34.2 9.0 2.0 - 24 33.2 17.1 53.8 24.4 11.1 4.0 - 31.2 14.1 54.8 28.2 7.4 3.7 - 27.9 10.6 60.1 28.9 11.1 2.0 - 25 33.1 16.0 54.3 25.3 12.0 3.0 - 30.8 15.1 62.7 27.7 14.8 2.0 - 27.0 8.9 59.3 27.6 9.0 2.0 - 26 33.6 16.0 51.2 25.2 12.0 4.0 - 30.8 15.1 56.2 25.7 7.4 2.0 - 26.4 8.9 59.3 26.7 11.0 2.0 - 27 33.6 14.0 54.1 26.6 12.0 3.0 - 31.7 15.1 55.5 23.5 11.1 2.0 - 27.0 9.5 55.1 28.2 11.1 2.0 - 28 33.6 14.8 57.1 28.2 11.1 4.0 - 31.4 15.1 59.0 27.9 18.5 2.0 - 23.7 12.2 62.1 31.7 20.4 3.0 - 29 33.3 14.8 50.4 25.2 11.0 3.0 - 30.9 15.1 50.0 25.8 11.1 1.0 - 21.9 7.3 70.2 38.9 11.1 3.0 - 30 32.7 14.9 55.3 27.1 12.0 3.0 - 29.6 11.3 59.0 25.4 14.8 2.0 - 20.7 6.2 63.3 29.8 18.5 2.0 - 31 33.3 14.9 52.9 27.3 12.0 5.0 - - 22.0 6.8 63.7 30.3 13.0 3.0 - Max 36.6 65.8 14.8 - 34.4 63.3 18.5 - 29.6 70.2 20.4 - Min 14.0 24.4 2.0 - 11.3 28.3 1.0 - 6.2 26.7 1.0 - Total - - Rainfall 46
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 82 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
October 2013 November 2013
December 2013 October TO December 2013 Figure 3.14 : Site Specific Windrose Diagram
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 83 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Figure 3.15 : Frequency Distribution of Wind Class 3.5. Air Quality The study area represents mostly rural environment in arid-zone of Western Rajasthan. The ambient air quality with respect to the study area covered in Tehsil including the linear mine lease area forms the baseline information. The various sources of air pollution in the region are traffic, urban and rural activities. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of the ambient air quality during the mine operation.
This section describes the selection of sampling locations, methodology adopted for sampling, analytical techniques and frequency of sampling.
3.5.1. Methodology Adopted for Air Quality Survey 3.5.1.1 Selection of Sampling Locations The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been assessed through a scientifically designed ambient air quality-monitoring network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance programme has been based on the following considerations:
Meteorological conditions on synoptic basis; Topography of the study area and linear nature of project; Representatives of regional background air quality for obtaining baseline status; and Representatives of likely impact areas particularly covering the zone for maximum annual mining, material handling and transportation interface areas. Representative residential, rural and commercial area consideration
Ambient air quality monitoring stations were set up at seven locations with due consideration to the above mentioned points. The location of the selected stations with reference to the project site and details of environmental setting around each monitoring station are given in Table 3.16 and Figure 3.13.
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 84 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Table 3.16 : Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations
Distance (km) from Direction w.r.t. Station Environmental Name of the Station the river boundary ( river (mining Code Setting mining area) area) A-1 Marwar Junction Lithri river- 5 SW Commercial A-2 Dhanla Village Bandi river – 0.4 S Rural/Residential A-3 Dhanla River bed Bandi river – 0.0 S River bed A-4 Awa village Lilri nadi – 0.5 N Rural/Residential A-5 Siriyari village Sukri river – 4.25 NE Rural/Residential A-6 Bhagora village Bandi river – 0.35 N Rural/Residential A-7 Musalia village Kantaliya river – 0.30 N Rural/Commercial
Figure 3.16 : Location of Monitoring and Sampling Stations
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 85 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
3.5.1.2 Monitoring plan
Monitoring is carried out for Particulate Matter (PM10), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), and
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) as per TOR. Sampling was carried out on 24hourly twice a week, for 12 week basis starting from 1st October 2013 to 30 December 2013 (Post monsoon season).
Ambient air quality levels were assessed with respect to National ambient air quality standards prescribed by Central pollution Control board (CPCB) 2009
3.5.2. Presentation of Primary Data The survey results for the three months study period (October 2013 to December 2013) are presented in detail in Table 3.17. Various statistical parameters like 98th percentile, mean, maximum and minimum values have been computed from the observed data
for all the AAQ monitoring stations. The mineral composition of the PM10 for silica content was carried out and it was found to range between 2.1 to 3.3 µg/m3.
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Table 3.17 : Ambient Air Quality results (µg/m3)
Marwar junction (A- Dhanla River bed (A- Dhanla Village (A-2) Auwa village (A-4) Siriyari village (A-5) 1) 3) Date Date PM1 SO NO PM1 SO NO PM1 SO NO PM10 SO2 NOx PM10 SO2 NOx 0 2 x 0 2 x 0 2 x
10-01-2013 76 5.6 22.8 63 5.2 20.8 66 6.2 20.8 10-02-2013 69 5.6 20.8 60 5.4 23.6
10-03-2013 81 6.4 21.6 65 5.8 22.4 61 6.8 22.4 10-04-2013 66 6.8 23.2 72 6.0 20.8
10-09-2013 85 7.2 23.2 60 5.0 21.0 60 6.0 20.0 10-10-2013 62 7.0 22.6 62 6.5 24.0
10-11-2013 75 4.8 19.2 69 5.6 20.8 55 7.0 24.3 10-12-2013 71 5.8 20.2 69 7.0 22.2
18/10/2013 78 5.5 23.5 66 5.4 24.8 66 6.4 22.8 19/10/2013 64 6.5 23.4 66 5.8 20.5
20/10/2013 80 5.2 20.8 55 5.9 22.5 58 6.3 25.5 21/10/2013 68 5.6 25.1 69 5.2 21.7
25/10/2013 75 6.0 24.5 58 6.4 22.0 67 5.8 21.4 26/10/2013 59 5.2 21.6 60 5.4 20.0
27/10/2013 95 7.8 25.2 62 6.8 24.0 62 6.5 22.0 28/10/2013 63 5.0 22.4 56 5.0 21.8
11-02-2013 108 8.8 28.6 77 8.0 26.3 79 7.8 24.7 11-03-2013 78 6.6 22.6 64 5.2 22.4
11-04-2013 106 7.9 25.8 69 5.0 20.5 61 6.0 22.8 11-05-2013 72 5.6 23.0 67 5.7 23.0
11-09-2013 85 5.6 24.0 65 4.7 20.8 65 5.5 21.5 11-10-2013 69 5.2 21.7 68 6.7 21.6
11-11-2013 81 6.4 21.8 56 7.0 21.3 72 6.2 20.8 11-12-2013 70 6.8 22.8 71 5.6 24.8
16/11/2013 83 6.0 22.0 68 5.2 22.4 66 6.6 22.4 17/11/2013 72 5.2 21.2 65 4.8 22.2
18/11/2013 77 7.2 23.2 64 5.3 19.4 64 6.0 20.5 19/11/2013 64 5.4 19.2 58 5.6 24.0
24/11/2013 75 6.9 21.4 66 5.6 18.0 58 5.6 22.4 25/11/2013 75 6.0 24.0 55 6.4 24.8
26/11/2013 72 6.5 22.7 70 5.6 22.4 61 5.3 20.2 27/11/2013 68 5.2 20.8 52 5.4 19.2
12-02-2013 70 5.2 23.0 65 5.1 21.7 66 6.4 20.6 12-03-2013 62 6.8 25.0 56 6.0 24.2
12-04-2013 76 6.0 21.6 61 6.4 22.6 70 5.4 19.0 12-05-2013 56 7.2 22.0 62 4.8 20.8
12-09-2013 73 7.2 19.1 58 5.2 21.3 73 6.3 21.6 12-10-2013 55 5.6 20.8 67 6.2 22.4
12-11-2013 68 6.6 20.8 63 6.0 23.0 65 6.0 23.0 12-12-2013 53 6.8 21.2 61 5.6 21.2
17/12/2013 70 6.8 22.3 57 5.5 22.8 62 6.6 23.7 18/12/2013 53 5.6 22.3 64 4.8 20.0
19/12/2013 72 5.0 19.7 62 6.4 21.7 60 5.8 22.2 20/12/2013 58 5.0 18.0 68 6.4 21.2
24/12/2013 69 6.5 18.5 60 5.6 20.0 57 5.6 23.2 25/12/2013 59 5.6 20.8 69 5.6 20.5
26/12/2013 76 6.4 21.6 63 5.2 21.2 66 5.2 22.5 27/12/2013 63 6.3 23.2 66 5.2 22.4 Max 108 8.8 28.6 77 8.0 26.3 79 7.8 25.5 Max 78 7.2 25.1 72 7.0 24.8
Min 68 4.8 18.5 55 4.7 18.0 55 5.2 19.0 Min 53 5.0 18.0 52 4.8 19.2
Mean 79 6.4 22.4 63 5.7 21.8 64 6.1 22.1 Mean 65 5.9 22.0 64 5.7 22.1
98 percentile 107 8.4 27.3 74 7.5 25.6 76 7.4 25.1 98 percentile 77 7.1 25.1 72 6.9 24.8 Standard (24 Standard (24 100 80 80 100 80 80 100 80 80 100 80 80 100 80 80 hr.) hr.)
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 87 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Bhagora (A-6) Musalia (A-7) Date PM10 SO2 NOx PM10 SO2 NOx
10-05-2013 78 6.2 22.0 60 6.5 23.0
10-07-2013 61 6.5 19.2 66 6.0 21.5
10-12-2013 70 6.0 20.6 72 6.8 22.3
14/10/2013 66 5.2 21.5 70 5.0 21.6
20/10/2013 61 6.4 25.2 75 5.3 21.3
22/10/2013 67 6.0 23.0 68 6.2 22.5
28/10/2013 59 5.6 22.5 71 6.0 21.6
30/10/2013 74 7.1 25.0 62 5.2 20.8
11-06-2013 68 5.2 23.8 61 6.4 25.6
11-08-2013 65 5.6 21.7 65 5.1 22.0
13/11/2013 59 6.7 23.3 68 6.4 24.8
15/11/2013 56 6.0 24.0 64 5.8 21.6
21/11/2013 51 5.8 20.8 65 5.6 20.8
23/11/2013 55 5.2 21.0 69 6.2 22.2
28/11/2013 62 5.3 22.5 62 6.0 22.6
30/11/2013 67 6.8 21.4 67 5.6 20.9
12-06-2013 66 5.5 19.2 63 5.3 21.0
12-08-2013 70 5.6 20.8 66 5.3 22.0
13/12/2013 62 5.0 21.0 64 5.6 19.7
15/12/2013 58 7.2 22.5 70 6.7 22.3
21/12/2013 61 5.6 21.2 62 6.8 21.4
23/12/2013 65 6.8 20.8 66 5.2 20.5
28/12/2013 66 5.2 21.5 61 5.4 21.8
30/12/2013 64 5.5 22.1 65 6.0 22.6 Max 78 7.2 25.2 75 6.8 25.6
Min 51 5.0 19.2 60 5.0 19.7
Mean 64 5.9 21.9 66 5.9 21.9
98 percentile 76 7.2 25.1 74 6.8 25.2 Standard (24 100 80 80 100 80.0 80.0 hr.)
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Interpretation of theresults
Thes results are compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) prescribed by MoEF, GoI Notification dated 16.11.2009.
Core Zone–Mine Area (A-3)
Particulate Matter (size less than 10 micron) or PM10, monitored in the Mine area showed
98th percentile value of 76 µg/m3
98th percentile values of Sulphur di oxide and Oxides of Nitrogen in the mine area from the
monitored data were 7.4 µg/m3 and 25.1 µg/m3 respectively.
Buffer Zone (Stations A1, A-2, A-4, A-5, A-6 and A-7)
th PM10 values monitored at 6 locations showed 98 percentile values in the range of 72 –
107 µg/m3. Highest value was recorded at Marwar junction and exceeds the limits of
NAAQS. Concentrations of PM10 is mainly contributed due to vehicular traffic and local activities
98th percentile value of Sulphur di oxide in the study area from the monitored data was in
the range of 6.9 - 8.4 µg/m3. Maximum value was recorded near the sampling station located at Marwar Junction. The values of SO2 monitored in the study area are well with in the limits of NAAQS.
Ambient air quality status monitored for nitrogen oxides in the study area were in the range
with 98th percentile values between 24.8– 27.3 µg/m3. A maximum value of was prevailing at the time of sampling at Marwar junction. The values of NOx monitored in the study area are well within the limits of NAAQS.
3.6. Water Quality Selected water quality parameters of ground water resources within 10-km radius of the study area have been studied to assess the water environment and evaluate anticipated impact of the project. Understanding the water quality is essential in preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment and to identify critical issues with a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for implementation.
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The purpose of this study is to:
Assess the water quality characteristics for critical parameters; Evaluate the impacts on agricultural productivity, habitat conditions, recreational resources and aesthetics in the vicinity; and Predict impact on water quality by this project and related activities.
The information required has been collected through primary surveys and secondary sources.
3.6.1. Methodology Reconnaissance survey was undertaken and monitoring locations were finalized based on:
Drainage pattern; Location of residential areas representing different activities /likely impact areas; and Likely areas, which can represent baseline conditions.
Five ground water sources in the study area were examined for physico-chemical, heavy metals and bacteriological parameters in order to assess the effect of industrial and other activities on ground water. The samples were analyzed as per the procedures specified in “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater” published by American Public Health Association (APHA).
Samples for chemical analysis were collected in polyethylene carboys. Samples collected
for metal content were acidified with 1 ml HNO3. Samples for bacteriological analysis were collected in sterilized glass bottles. Selected physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters have been analyzed for projecting the existing water quality status in the study area. Parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were analyzed on spot at the time of sample collection.
3.6.2. Water Sampling Locations Surface water sample grabbed from one location and ground water from four locations which were analyzed for various parameters to compare with the standards for drinking water as per IS: 10500 for drinking water as well as IS: 2296 (Class A) for surface water sources. The water sampling locations are identified in Table 3.18 and depicted in Figure 3.16.
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Table 3.18 : Water Sampling Locations Code Location Surface Water SW1 Siriyari Dam Ground Water GW1 Badsa Village GW2 Kharchi GW3 Jogdawas GW4 Marwar City GW5 Marwar Jn.
3.6.3. Presentation of Results The results of the water quality monitored during the study period representing Post Monsoon season for surface water and ground water samples are given in Table 3.19 to Table 3.20 respectively.
3.6.3.1 Interpretation of Surface Water Quality The analysis results indicate that pH (7.69) is well within the range of 6.5 - 8.5 i.e. specified standard limits. The TDS is above the tolerance limit (500 mg/l). Dissolved Oxygen was observed to be 7 mg/l which indicate the surface water quality is conducive for aquatic life. The Chlorides and Sulphates were well within the tolerance limits (Chlorides 250 mg/l and sulphates 400 mg/l). Bacteriological studies reveal the presence of E.coli. The Heavy metal content is found below detectable limits. The surface water quality is good for fish culture, irrigation purpose and outdoor bathing except drinking water source with conventional treatment
3.6.3.2 Ground Water Quality Most of the village in the project area has tap water supply mostly off taking from springs as well as local springs nearby the village and residents of these villages make use of this water for drinking and other domestic uses.
The analysis results indicate that the pH ranged between 7.2 to 7.9 which are well within the specified standard of 6.5 to 8.5 limits. Total hardness recorded ranged from 111 to 2480 mg/l and was below desirable and permissible limit for two location each respectively and exceeded the permissible limit in Marwar Junction (2480 mg/l). The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentration recorded ranged between 311 to 4050 mg/l; it was below the desirable
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limit in case of one station and for three stations it was below the permissible limit while exceeded in case of one station i.e. Marwar Junction.
Chloride at all the locations with the exception of Marwar Junction (1750 mg/l). was within the permissible limit. Fluorides recorded exceeded the desirable limit at all locations and exceeded the permissible limit at one location. Nitrates were found to be within the desirable limit. Bacteriological studies reveal that no coliform bacterial are present in the samples. The heavy metal contents were observed to be in below detectable limits.
Table 3.19 : Physico chemical and Biological Characteristics of Surface Water Parameters Tolerance limits for inland surface water Siriyari class A (drinking water without Dam conventional treatment but after (SW-1) disinfection) as per IS:2296 - 1982 Colour (Hazen) - < 5 Conductivity (μmhos/cm) - 1138 Turbidity (NTU) - 2.1 pH 6.5 - 8.5 7.69 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 500 662 Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) - 10 Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/liter 300 344 Chlorides (as Cl ) mg/l 250 232 Sulphate (as SO4) mg/l 400 19 Nitrate ( as NO3 ) mg/l 20 32 Phosphate (as PO4) mg/l - BDL Fluoride (as F) mg/l 1.5 0.8 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.3 0.44 Lead (as Pb) mg/l 0.1 BDL Copper (as Cu) mg/l 1.5 BDL Nickel (as Ni) mg/l - BDL Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 15 BDL Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/l 0.05 BDL Manganese ( as Mn ) mg/l 0.5 BDL Oil & Grease (mg/l) 0.01 3 Calcium (as Ca) mg/l 200 62 Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l) 100 46 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 200 42 Chemical Oxygen demand mg/l - 144 BOD (for 3 days at 270C) (mg/l) 3 30
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 6 7
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Table 3.20 : Physico chemical and Biological Characteristics of Ground Water Parameters Desirabl Permissi Bads Marwar e limits ble limits a Kharc Marw Junction (IS:1050 (IS:10500 Villa hi Jogdawa ar City (GW-5) 0) ) ge (GW- s (GW-3) (GW- (GW- 2) 4) 1) Colour (Hazen < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 Units) Conductivity - - 623 2262 2278 3459 6751 (μmhos / cm) Turbidity (NTU) 5 10 0.1 5.1 1.3 3.2 0.8 pH 6.5 to 8.5 No 7.29 7.48 7.448 7.17 6.51 relaxatio n Total Dissolved 500 2000 311 1387 1084 1733 4050 Solids (mg/l) Total Hardness (as 300 600 111 400 134 408 2480 CaCO3) mg/l Chlorides (as Cl ) 250 1000 120 735 535 935 1750 mg/l Sulphate (as SO4) 200 400 8 30 16 32 22 mg/l Nitrate (as NO3 ) 45 100 30 35 32 28 42 mg/l Phosphate (as - - BDL 3 3 2 2 PO4) mg/l Fluoride (as F) 1 1.5 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.8 mg/l Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.3 1 0.14 0.21 0.16 0.24 0.2 Lead (as Pb) mg/l 0.05 No BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL relaxatio n Copper (as Cu) 0.05 1.5 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL mg/l Nickel (as Ni) mg/l - - BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 5 15 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Total Chromium 0.05 No BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL (as Cr) mg/l relaxatio n Manganese (as 0.1 0.3 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Mn) mg/l Calcium (as Ca) 75 200 14 74 14 61 984 mg/l Magnesium (as 30 100 18 52 24 62 5 Mg) (mg/l) Total Alkalinity 200 600 72 104 46 96 36 (mg/l) Total Coliform 10 10 NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL (MPN/100 ml)
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3.7. Soil 3.7.1. Soil Classification The soil resource map of Rajasthan (NBSS Publication No-51) has been used in the present study. The soil is predominantly fine to coarse loamy soil. The soil of the district belongs to those of Soils of Semi-Arid Transitional Plain with Landscape Map unit numbers as 107,114,122,125,126,132 & 141 representing the Soils of Aeofluvial Luni Basin and Soils of Central Highlands-Aravalli with Landscape Map unit number as 174 representing the Soils of Hilly Terrain with Ridges and Furrows, Landscape Map unit number as 190 also representing the Soils of Pediments and Soils of Pediments with thin Veneer of Sand having Landscape Map Unit number as 212.The characteristics of these soils are described hereunder and the soil map of the district is presented in Figure 3.14
Soils of Semi-Arid Transitional Plain
Soil Map Unit 107 These soils are deep, well drained, sandy soils on nearly level plains with sandy surface, slightly eroded; associated with: Moderately shallow, well drained, coarse loamy soil, moderately eroded. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Typic Torripsamments and Typic Camborthids.
Soil Map Unit 114 These soils are very deep, well drained, sandy soils on gently sloping plains with sandy surface, severely eroded; associated with: Very deep, well drained, coarse loamy soils, severely eroded, slightly saline. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Typic Torripsamments and Ustochreptic Camborthids.
Soil Map Unit 122 These soils are very deep, well drained, coarse loamy soils on very gently sloping plains with sandy surface, moderately eroded; associated with: Shallow, well drained, fine loamy soils, slightly eroded, slightly saline. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Typic Camborthids.
Soil Map Unit 125 These soils are very deep, moderately well drained, coarse loamy soils on very gently sloping aeofluvial plains with sandy surface, moderate erosion; associated with: Very deep, well drained, coarse loamy soils on very gently sloping aeofluvial plains of luni basin with
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slight erosion, slightly saline and sodic. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Typic Camborthids.
Soil Map Unit 126 These soils are shallow, moderately well drained, calcareous, sandy soil on very gently sloping plains with sandy surface, moderately eroded, associated with moderately shallow, well drained, calcareous, sandy skeletal soils, severely eroded. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Typic Paleorthids and Typic Torriorthents.
Soil Map Unit 132 These soils are very deep, well drained, fine loamy soils on very gently sloping plains with sandy surface, moderately eroded; associated with; very deep, well drained, sandy soils, severely eroded. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Typic Camborthids and Typic Torripsamments.
Soil Map Unit 141 These soils are deep, well drained, coarse loamy soils on very gently sloping plains with sandy surface, moderately eroded; associated with moderately shallow, moderately well drained, calcareous, fine loamy soils, slightly eroded. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Typic Camborthids.
Soils of Central Highlands-Aravalli Landscape
Soil Map Unit 174 These soils are Rock-outcrops; associated with moderately shallow, well drained, loamy skeletal soils on moderately steeply sloping side slops, severely eroded and strongly stony. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Rock-outcrops and Aridic Ustochrepts.
Soils of Pediments
Soil Map Unit 190 These soils are moderately shallow, well drained, coarse loamy soils on gently sloping pediments with loamy surface, severely eroded ; associated with very shallow, well drained, sandy skeletal soil, very severely eroded, moderately stony. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Typic Ustochrepts and Lithic Ustochrepts.
Soils of Pediments with thin Veneer of Sand
Soil Map Unit 212
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These soils are Moderately shallow, well drained, coarse loamy soils on very gentle sloping pediments with loamy surface, moderately eroded, ; associated with very shallow , well drained, loamy soils on gently sloping pediments, severely eroded. Taxonomically the soils are classified as Aridic Ustochrepts and Lithic Torriorthents.
Figure 3.17 : Soil Map of the Study Area
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3.7.2. Soil Characteristics Soil fertility is an important aspect of the soil-plant relationship. Fertility status of the soils is primarily and importantly dependent upon both the macro and micronutrient reserve of the soil. Continued removal of nutrients by crops, with little or no replacement will increase the nutrient stress in plants and ultimately lowers the productivity. The fertility status of soil mainly depends upon the nature of vegetation, climate & topography, texture & decomposition rate of organic matter in the soil. Optimum productivity of any cropping systems depends upon adequate supply of plant nutrients.
The fertility of soil depends on the concentration of N, P, K, organic and inorganic materials and water. Nitrogen is required for growth of plant and is a constituent of chlorophyll, plant protein, and nucleic acids. Phosphorus is most often limiting nutrients remains present in plant cell nuclei and act as energy storage. It helps in transfer of energy. Potassium is found in its mineral form and affect plant cell division, carbohydrate formation, translocation of sugar, various enzyme actions and resistance to certain plant disease, over 60 enzymes are known to require potassium for activation.
It is essential to determine the potential of soil in the area to identify the current impacts of urbanization and industrialization on soil quality and predict impacts, which may arise due to the project operations. Accordingly, a study of assessment of the baseline soil quality has been carried out.
3.7.3. Data Generation For studying soil quality of the region, four sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the Mining area representing various land use conditions. The samples have been collected from the depth of 5 to 15cm and representative samples prepared by thoroughly mixing. The homogenized samples were analysed for physico chemical characteristics.
The detail of sampling locations is given in Table 3.21 and shown in Figure 3.13. The soil quality at all the locations during the study period is tabulated in Table 3.22.
Table 3.21 : Details of Soil Sampling Locations Location code Location Present Land Use S1 Basada Agriculture S2 Kharchi Agriculture S3 Jogdawas Agriculture S4 Marwar Agriculture
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S5 Dhalna Riverbed Sand
Table 3.22 : Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil S.No. Sampling Locations Parameter Basada Kharchi Jogdawas Marwar Dhalna S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 1 Color Dark Dark Brownish Brownish Brownish Brownish Brownish
2 Texture Sandy clay Sandy clay Sandy clay Sandy clay Sandy Loam Loam Loam Loam
3 pH (20%Slurry) 7.7 7.9 7.4 7.5 7.3
4 EC (µmhos/cm) 172 162 183 186 156
5 Bulk Density 1.47 1.52 1.56 1.56 1.68 (gm/cc) 6 Moisture (%) 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.2
7 Chloride ( mg/kg) 414 579 965 676 406
8 Organic Matter (%) 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.6 0.6
9 Water Holding 28.0 24.7 25.8 25.0 16.4 Capacity (%) 10 Potassium (mg/kg) 21 22 15 21 12
11 Phosphorus (mg/kg) 26 30 24 32 18
12 Nitrogen (mg/kg) 28 27 22 20 16
13 Carbonate(mg/kg) BDL BDL DBL BDL BDL
14 Bi- 115 756 390 390 366 Carbonate(mg/kg) 15 SAR 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.8
Source: Kamal Enviro & Food Lab. Pvt , Ltd. Gurgaon-Haryana
3.7.4. Soil reaction classes and critical limits for Macro and Micro nutrients in soil According to Soil Survey Manual (IARI, 1970), the soils are grouped under different soil reaction classes viz extremely acidic (pH<4.5), very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 – 5.0 ), strongly acidic (pH 5.1 – 5.5), moderately acidic (pH 5.6-6.0), slightly acidic (pH 6.1-6.5), neutral
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(pH 6.6- 7.3), slightly alkaline (pH 7.4-7.8), moderately alkaline (pH 7.9-8.4), strongly alkaline (pH 8.5-9.0).The soils are rated as low (below 0.50 %), medium (0.50-0.75 %) and high (above 0.75 %) in case of organic carbon, low (<280 kg ha-1), medium (280 to 560 kg ha-1) and high (>560 kg ha-1) in case of available nitrogen, low (< 10 kg ha-1), medium (10 to 25 kg ha-1) and high (> 25 kg ha-1) for available phosphorus, low (< 108 kg ha-1), medium (108 to 280 kg ha-1) and high (> 280 kg ha-1) for available potassium.
3.7.5. Interpretation of Soil Characteristics Interpretation of Soil Characteristic has been dwelled in following sub-sections
3.7.5.1 Soil Texture The soils of study area are Semi-Arid Transitional Plain and the most commonly observed soil texture is Sandy and Sandy Clay Loam.
3.7.5.2 Soil Reaction Soil pH is an important soil property, which affects the availability of several plant nutrients. It is a measure of acidity and alkalinity and reflects the status of base saturation. The soil pH ranges from 7.3 to 7.9, thereby indicating the soil is slightly to moderately alkaline in nature.
3.7.5.3 Organic Matter The effect of soil organic matter on soil properties is well recognized. Soil organic matter plays a vital role in supplying plant nutrients, cation exchange capacity, improving soil aggregation and hence water retention and soil biological activity. The organic matter content of soil varied from 0.6 to 2.0 %,( 0.35 to 1.17% as organic carbon) thereby implying that soils are low to medium in organic content.
3.7.5.4 Macronutrients Nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are considered as primary nutrients and sulphur (S) as secondary nutrient. These nutrients help in proper growth, development and yield differentiation of plants and are generally required by plants in large quantity.
Available Nitrogen Nitrogen is an integral component of many compounds including chlorophyll and enzyme essential for plant growth. It is an essential constituent for amino acids which is building blocks for plant tissue, cell nuclei and protoplasm. It encourages the aboveground vegetative growth and deep green color to leaves. Deficiency of Nitrogen decreasing rate
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and extent of protein-synthesis and result into stunted growth and develop chlorosis. Available nitrogen content in the surface soils ranges between 16 and 28 mg/kg (40 and 62 kg/ha) thereby indicating that soils are low in available nitrogen content.
Available Phosphorus Phosphorus is important component of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and adenosine tri- phosphate (ATP), which involves in energy transformation in plant. It is essential component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the seat of genetic inheritance in plant and animal. Phosphorous take part in important functions like photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, crop maturation, root development, strengthening straw in cereal crops etc. The availability of phosphorous is restricted under acidic and alkaline soil reaction mainly due to P-fixation. In acidic condition it gets fixed with aluminum and iron and in alkaline condition with calcium. Available phosphorus content ranges between 18 and 32-mg/kg (45.0 and 75.0 kg/ha) thereby indicating that soils are high in available phosphorus.
Available Potassium Potassium is an activator of various enzymes responsible for plant processes like energy metabolism, starch synthesis, nitrate reduction and sugar degradation. It is extremely mobile in plant and help to regulate opening and closing of stomata in the leaves and uptake of water by root cells. It is important in grain formation and tuber development and encourages crop resistance for certain fungal and bacterial diseases. Available potassium content in these soils ranges between 12.0 and 22.0-mg/kg (30.0 and 50.0 kg/ha), thereby indicating low soils in potassium content in the area.
3.8. Noise Environment
The environmental assessment of noise from the industrial activity, construction activity and vehicular traffic can be undertaken by taking into consideration various factors like potential damage to hearing, physiological responses, and annoyance and general community responses.
The impact of noise sources on surrounding community depends on:
Characteristics of noise sources (instantaneous, intermittent or continuous in nature). It can be observed that steady noise is not as annoying as one which is continuously varying in loudness.
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The time of day at which noise occurs, for example high noise levels at night in residential areas are not acceptable because of sleep disturbance and The location of the noise sources, with respect to noise sensitive landuse, which determines the loudness and period of exposure.
The environmental impact of noise can have several effects varying from Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) to annoyance depending on loudness of noise. The environmental impact assessment of noise from the project operation, vehicular traffic can be undertaken by taking into consideration various factors like potential damage to hearing, physiological responses, and annoyance and general community responses.
3.8.1. Identification of Sampling Locations
A preliminary reconnaissance survey has been undertaken to identify the major noise generating sources in the area. Noise at different generating sources has been identified based on the activities in the village area and traffic.
The noise monitoring has been conducted for determination of ambient noise levels in the study area. The noise level at each location were recorded for 24 hrs. The environment setting of noise monitoring locations is given in Table 3.23 and shown in Figure 3.13.
Table 3.23 Details of Noise Monitoring Locations Distance from Direction Station Noise sampling the river w.r.t. river Environmental Setting Code location boundary (mining (mining area) area) N-1 Marwar Junction Lithri river- 5 SW Commercial N-2 Dhanla Village Bandi river – 0.4 S Rural/Residential N-3 Dhanla River bed Bandi river – 0.0 S River bed N-4 Awa village Lilri nadi – 0.5 N Rural/Residential N-5 Siriyari village Sukri river – 4.25 NE Rural/Residential N-6 Bhagora village Bandi river – 0.35 N Rural/Residential N-7 Kantaliya river – Musalia village N Rural/Commercial 0.30
3.8.2. Method of Monitoring
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurements were measured at all locations. The day noise levels have been monitored during 6 am to 10 pm and night levels during 10 pm to 6 am at
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all the locations within study area. The Leq day time and night time noise levels and Leq day and night time noise levels at each of the sampling location are presented in Table 3.24.
Table 3.24 : Noise Levels [dB(A)] in the Study Area Station Code Location Leq Day Leq Night Leq Day & Night N-1 Marwar Junction 64.2 52.4 62.6 N-2 Dhanla Village 57.3 50.6 56.0 N-3 Dhanla River bed 53.7 43.9 52.2 N-4 Awa village 54.0 46.6 52.6 N-5 Siriyari village 57.1 47.8 55.6 N-6 Bhagora village 53.2 42.4 51.6 N-7 Musalia village 54.4 44.3 52.8
3.8.3. Interpretation of Results
The noise monitoring shows the day and night time noise level at mine site (Dhanla) the noise recorded at mine site 53.7 dB (A) Leq during day time and 43.9 dB (A) Leq during night time. The highest level of noise marked at Marwar Junction i.e. 64.2 dB (A) Leq during daytime and 52.4 dB (A) Leq during nighttime, due to vehicle movement at nearest road and exceed the prescribed limit. During daytime, the noise levels marginally exceed the prescribed limit for all other sites. The major source of the noise in the study area is the vehicular movement. The ambient air quality standards in respect of noise are 75, 65, 55 and 50 dB (A) Leq in daytime and 70, 55, 45 and 40 dB (A) Leq during nighttime for industrial, commercial, residential and silence zone respectively. The daytime noise level measured during 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. and nighttime measured from 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 am.
3.9. Biological Environment 3.9.1. Flora 3.9.1.1 Forest and Forest Types The extent of natural forests in Rajasthan is not only one of the lowest in the country but also the lowest in terms of productivity of forest. On the contrary the state is endowed with the largest chunk of wasteland which is about 20% of the total wastelands of the country. Total forests area of Rajasthan is 32639 km2 forest, which is 9.54 % of the total state’s geographical area. Reserve Forests constitute 38.16%, Protected Forests 53.36% and Un- classed Forests 8.48% of the forest area. The present mine lease project Marwar Junction
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falls in district Pali, Rajasthan, which accounts for a geographical area of 12,387 km2 having 662 km2 forest cover which is 5.34% of the district’s geographical area. A 268 km2 scrub land is also reported from Pali district which supports a variety of flora and fauna together with forest land. According to Champion and Seth (1968), the state has 20 forest types which belong to two forest type groups viz. Tropical Dry Deciduous and Tropical Thorn Forests. Different forest types existing in Pali district are listed in Table 3.25.
Table 3.25 : Forest Types in the Pali Forest Division Group Sub-type Dominant Species 1. Tropical a. Anogeissus Pendula Anogeissus pendula, Boswellia Serreta, Buteo Dry Forest (5B/E1) monosperma, Cassia fistula Deciduous b. Boswellia Forest (5B/E2) Boswellia Serreta, Anogeissus pendula, Acacia sp., Forest Albezia lebbek c. Saline Alkaline Scrub Acacia nilotica, Prosopis cineraria, Ziziphus xylopyrus, Savana (5B/E8) Prosopis juliflora d. Butea Forest (5B/E5) Butea monosperma, Holoptelea integrifolia, Salvadora persica e. Dry Bamboo Breaks Dendrocalamus sp. (5B/E9) Tropical Dry a. Dry Decideous Scrub Anogeissus pendula, Adhatoda Vasica, Calotropis Deciduous (E1/DS1) gigantean, Datura metel Scrub b. Dry Savannah Forests Acacia nilotica, Prosopis cineraria, Ziziphus (E1/DS2) xylopyrus,Calotropis sp.
c. Euphorbia Scrub (DS3) Euphorbia sp., Ziziphus sp., Acacia sp.
d. Dry Grassland Forest Prosopis cineraria, Acacia sp. (DS4) 2. Tropical a. Desert Thorn Forest Acacia sp., Acacia nilotica, Prosopis cineraria, Ziziphus Thorn Forest (6B/C1) sp., Apluda mutica Ziziphua sp. Euphorbia hirta Tropical a. Zizyphus Scrub (6B/DS1) Thorn Scrub b. Tropical Euphorbia Scrub Euphorbia neriifolia, Rhus mysurensis (6B/DS2) c. Acacia senegal Forest Acacia senegal, Calotropis sp. Datura sp. (6B/E2
3.9.1.2 Floristic Objectives
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Objectives of the present baseline floristic study are as follows:
To inventorize taxonomic diversity of plants in the study area To assess the plant community structure in the study area To Determine Importance Value Index and Shannon Wiener Diversity Index for tree, shrub and herbs present in the study area. Present study areas comprises of mine lease area along the rivers in Tehsil and area within 10 km radius of mining zones as per the ToR. Five sampling locations; two in mining areas (core zone) and three in outer area within the 10 km of core zone (Buffer zone) were selected for carrying out phyto-sociological surveys of the vegetation and in addition an inventory of various floristic elements was also prepared by walking different transects around these sampling sites. In order to understand the composition of the vegetation, most of the plant species were identified in the field itself whereas the species that could not be identified a herbarium specimen was collected along with their photographs for identification later with the help of available published literature and floras of the region.
Methodology
To understand the community composition of vegetation of the study area, a stratified random sampling method was used to obtain baseline data. The size and number of quadrats needed were determined using the species-area curve method (Mishra, 1968). The sampling consisted with randomly placed quadrats of 10 x 10 m2 for trees, 5 x 5 m2 for shrubs and 1 x 1 m2 for herbs. Quadrats were spatially distributed so as to minimize the autocorrelation among the vegetation and trap maximum composition. The data on vegetation were quantitatively analyzed for density, frequency and abundance as per Curtis & McIntosh (1950). The Importance Value Index (IVI) for trees was determined as the sum of relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance (Curtis, 1959). Tree individuals with > 31.5 cm CBH (circumference at breast height i.e., 1.37 m from the ground) were individually measured for CBH. Data was collected during winter season (January 2014).
The index of diversity was computed by using Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (Shannon Wiener, 1963) as: H = - Σ (ni/n) x ln (ni/n) Where, ni is individual density of a species and n is total density of all the species.
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The Evenness Index (E) was calculated by using Shannon's Evenness formula (Magurran, 2004). Evenness Index (E) = H / ln (S) Where, H is Shannon Wiener Diversity index; S is number of species.
Species richness (SR) was calculated by using Margalef index. Margalef Species Richness (SR) = S-1/ln(N) Where, S is total number of species and N is total number of individuals.
Sampling Location
The vegetation sampling was carried out at five different sampling sites the locations which area are given in Table 3.26.
Table 3.26 : Sampling Location of Floristic Survey Site Sampling Location Zone S-1 Bandi River course near Bhagora Mining area (core zone) S-2 Sukari River near Phulod Mining area (core zone) S-3 Near Seeryari Dam Surrounding area (buffer zone) S-4 Near Phulod Dam RF Surrounding area (buffer zone) S-5 Mandawa-pipli RF Surrounding area (buffer zone)
3.9.1.3 Taxonomic Diversity
Although the Working Plan , 2012-13 to 2021-22, Pali Forest Division reported 104 trees, 74 shrubs/herbs, 28 climbers and 40 grasses species under its territorial jurisdiction (http://rajforest.nic.in/writereaddata/Pali_final.pdf), but during this primary study, a total of 18 trees, 19 shrubs and 20 herbs species were found in the study area zone. All the above plant species belong to 14 families each of tree and shrub and 10 families of herb. Fabaceae, Apocynaceae and Poaceae were the dominated families in tree, shrub and herb flora respectively. (Figure 3.15)
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Figure 3.18 : Number of families and species in different life forms in the study area 3.9.1.4 Community Structure
The forests of the study area represent scattered patches of vegetation which comprise of very low density of vegetation. In mining zones, few individuals of trees (Acacia nilotica Acacia leucophloea, and Acacia Senegal) were recorded. Opuntia dilenii and Lantana camera in the shrub flora were found distributed in the mining areas whereas Saccharum munja, Argemone mexicana and Cannabis sativa were the dominant herbs species recorded in the mining area.
3.9.1.5 Phyto-sociological Characters of Plant Species Mining areas (Core zone)
Tree density was recorded as 13.33 trees ha-1 in sampling location I and 20.00 trees ha-1 in sampling location-II. Acacia nilotica was found in both the sampling locations in core
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zone with highest IVI values (147.22 and 202.89). Shrub density was recorded as 380 shrubs ha-1 at Site-I and 260 shrubs ha-1 at Site-II while Herb’s density was recorded as 4400 and 5200 herbs ha-1 at Site-I and Site-II respectively (Table 3.27).
Table 3.27 : Phyto-sociological Characters of Different species recorded in proposed mining area S. Species Site-I Site-II N. Tree Den (per F (%) Ab IVI Den (per F (%) Ab IVI ha) ha) 1 Acacia nilotica 6.67 6.67 1.0 147.2 13.33 13.3 1.0 202.8 0 2 3 0 9 2 Acacia leucophloea 6.67 6.67 1.0 152.7 0 8 3 Acacia senegal 6.67 6.67 1.0 97.11 0 Total 13.33 300.0 20.00 300.0 0 0 Shrub 1 Acacia jacquemontii 60.00 10.0 1.5 40.48 0 0 2 Calotropis gigantea 100.00 20.0 1.2 86.14 0 5 3 Cassia tora 80.00 15.0 1.3 51.54 80.00 10.0 2.0 81.93 0 3 0 0 4 Ipomoea sp 100.00 15.0 1.6 58.15 0 7 5 Jatropha curcas 40.00 10.0 1.0 63.69 60.00 10.0 1.5 63.56 0 0 0 0 6 Lantana camara 40.00 10.0 1.0 80.01 0 0 7 Opuntia dilenii 80.00 10.0 2.0 74.50 0 0 Total 380.00 300.0 260.00 300.0 0 0 Herb 1 Cannabis sativa 1600.00 12.0 1.3 123.6 0 3 7 2 Argemone mexicana 1200.00 8.00 1.5 75.60 1600.00 8.00 2.0 105.5 0 0 5 3 Euphorbia hirta 800.00 4.00 2.0 37.41 800.00 4.00 2.0 34.18 0 0 4 Saccharum munja 800.00 4.00 2.0 63.33 0 5 Cannabis sativa 1200.00 4.00 3.0 67.87 0 6 Dodonaea viscosa 1200.00 8.00 1.5 69.70 0 7 Vernonia cinerea 400.00 4.00 1.0 22.70 0
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4400.00 300.0 5200.00 300.0 0 0
Surrounding areas (Buffer zone)
In the indirect influence area of project, tree density ranged from 87 to 107 trees ha-1, shrub species density was recorded between 380 to 500 shrubs ha-1 whereas the herb density values were found between 6000 to 13200 herbs ha-1. Acacia leucophloea was the only tree species recorded in all the sampling sites. Acacia jacquemontii and Calotropis procera were distributed in two sampling sites among shrub flora while Argemone maxicana was found highly distributed among herb flora respectively. (Table 3.28)
Table 3.28 : Phyto-sociological Characters of Different species recorded around mining areas S. Species Site-I Site-II Site-III N. Trees Den F (%) Ab IVI Den F (%) Ab IVI Den F Ab IVI (per ha) (per ha) (per (%) ha)
1 Acacia leucophloea 20 27 1 94 40 27 2 127 13 7 2 36 2 Acacia nilotica 27 7 4 88 20 13 2 79 3 Azadirachta indica 7 7 1 22 4 Bahunia variagata 7 7 1 19 5 Bombex Ceiba 7 7 1 20 6 Erythrina iIndica 13 13 1 35 7 7 1 18 7 Ficus bengalensis 7 7 1 16 7 7 1 22 8 Moringa oleifera 7 7 1 20 13 13 1 38 7 7 1 17 9 Phoenix sylvestris 7 7 1 18 7 7 1 18 13 7 2 23 10 Prosopis cineraria 7 7 1 18 11 Prosopis juliflora 7 7 1 17 12 Sapindus mukorossi 7 7 1 15 13 Syzygium cumini 7 7 1 18 14 Ziziphus xylopyrus 7 7 1 15 15 Acacia senegal 13 7 2 33 16 Butea monosperma 13 13 1 39 17 Emblica officinais 7 7 1 18 18 Ricinus communis 7 7 1 16 87 300 107 300 107 300 Shrub 1 Acacia 80 5 4 43 80 15 1 63 40 10 1 32 jacquemontii
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2 Adhatoda Vasica 60 10 2 40 3 Caesalpinia bonduc 60 5 3 29 4 Calotropis gigantea 80 15 1 60 5 Calotropis procera 60 10 2 42 40 10 1 41 40 10 1 29 6 Capparis decidua 40 5 2 26 7 Cassia auriculata 60 10 2 51 8 Cassia tora 40 5 2 32 9 Datura stramonium 40 5 2 32 10 Euphorbia nivulia 60 10 2 37 11 Ipomoea sp 40 10 1 33 12 Martynia annua 40 10 1 33 13 Xanthium 40 5 2 38 60 10 2 36 strumarium 14 Carissa carandas 60 10 2 34 15 Crotalaria burhia 60 5 3 25 16 Jatropha curcas 60 10 2 32 17 Lantana camara 60 10 2 38 18 Nyctanthes arbor- 80 10 2 48 tristis 19 Opuntia dilenii 40 5 2 26 Total 440 300 380 300 500 300 Herbs 1 Abrus precatorius 2000 8 3 52 1200 8 2 54 2 Achyranthes aspera 800 8 1 53 3 Aerva javanica 400 4 1 17 4 Apluda mutica 1600 8 2 91 5 Argemone 1600 4 4 27 800 4 2 37 1200 8 2 28 mexicana 6 Barleria cristata 2000 8 3 57 7 Cannabis sativa 2800 8 4 63 8 Cenchrus ciliaris 800 8 1 22 9 Cynodon dactylon 1200 8 2 26 10 Dodonaea viscosa 1200 8 2 49 11 Echinops echinatus 1200 4 3 24 12 Euphorbia 800 4 2 14 granulata 13 Saccharum munja 800 4 2 14 14 Acacia pennata 1600 8 2 40 15 Euphorbia hirta 2000 8 3 46 16 Heteropogon 1200 8 2 28 contortus 17 Parthenium 2800 12 2 75 hysterophorus 18 Solanum 400 4 1 14 xanthocarpum
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19 Tephrosia purpurea 1200 8 2 36 20 Vernonia cinerea 1200 8 2 32 Total 13200 300 6000 300 11600 300
3.9.1.6 Species Diversity, Evenness and Richness Mining Areas (Core Zone)
Diversity for tree species was recorded between 0.35 to 0.69, shrub species diversity was between 1.35 to 1.56 and herb diversity was found between 1.34 to 1.52. Tree species richness was higher in Site-I (1.44), shrub species richness was recorded highest at Site-I (1.36) whereas species richness for herb species recorded highest (1.56) was recorded at Site-II showed in Figure 3.19.
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Figure 3.19 : Shannon diversity, species Richness and Evenness index in proposed mining area Surrounding areas (Buffer zone)
In the buffer zone of study area, Shannon diversity index values for tree species ranged from 1.88 to 2.22. Shrub diversity was found highest (2.17) at Site-III whereas highest herb diversity (2.10) was recorded at sampling Site I. Tree species richness was ranged between 2.73 to 3.25, shrub species richness was found between 1.94 to 2.49 whereas herb species richness was recorded between 1.85 to 2.29. (Figure 3.20)
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Figure 3.20 : Shannon diversity, species Richness and Evenness index in surrounding area 3.9.1.7 Micro Flora
Beside higher plants, the study area also inventorised for micro floral species. Although these plants area under-utilized but ecologically equal important. During present primary study no micro floral species has been recorded in the main rivers as there was no flowing discharge in them. But some Blue-green algae were sighted floating on stagnant water in mining and influenced area, mainly on d/s of anicuts/reservoir.
3.9.1.8 Economically Important Flora
The dependency level of the nearby habitation on forest was found very low but for some species like, Prosopis cineraria, Azadirachta indica, Dalbergia sissoo Emblica officinais, Moringa oleifera, Sapindus mukorossi, Adhatoda Vasica, Cassia tora etc. These plants are utilized in day to day life of local inhabitants. During the study knowledgeable and elderly persons of study area villages were interviewed and information on plants parts (seed, bark, leaf & root) used and indigenous knowledge was gathered. Secondary information was also consulted to know the ethno-botanical importance of the region. People of the study area are using these plant species for timber, fuel, fodder, food, and making agricultural implements.
3.9.1.9 Rare and Endangered Flora
Harsh climatic conditions and low rainfall have led to decline of many valuable plant species and degradation of their habitats in the study area. Recorded floral species from the present study area was assessed for their conservation status by cross-checking with Red Data book
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of Indian plants (by Nayar and Sastry, 1987-90) and none of the plant taxa found under RET category.
3.9.2. Faunal Diversity
To study the wild mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna and insects of the project area 2-5 km transect trails were carried out in the different locations. The study area was divided into different strata based on vegetation and topography. Sampling for habitat and animals was done in different strata. As the normal systematic transects for mammals and birds were not possible in this study area due to difficult terrain, therefore mostly trails were used for faunal sampling. In addition to the field sampling secondary data and information was also collected as follows:
Direct sighting and indirect evidences such as calls, signs and trophies of mammals were recorded along the survey routes taking aid from Prater (1980). Interviews of local villagers for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality. The Forest Working Plan of the Forest Division falling in the project area was referred to for secondary informations on the wildlife of the area.
3.9.2.1 Mammals
Around 2-5 km long transects and trails of different habitation were walked to study the wild mammalian fauna of the study area. Direct sighting of animals as well as indirect signs like scat, pellets, pugmarks, scraps, vocalizations, horns etc. were also recorded during the survey walk. Secondary data as well as information elicited from the locals were also noted for the presence or absence of the wild animals in the area. Forest Working Plan of Pali Forest Division has reported 30 species of mammals in the total forest area under its jurisdiction and out of these 9 species were directly and indirectly sighted during this survey of the area.(Table 3.29)
Table 3.29 : Mammalian Fauna Sighted during the primary survey SN Name Scientific Name Order Family CS Schedule
1 Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulatta Primates Cercopithecidae LC II
2 Blue Bull Boselaphus tragocamelus Artiodactyla Bovidae LC III
3 Common House Rat Rattus rattus Rodentia Muridae LC V
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4 Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis Carnivora Canidae LC II
5 Indian Hare Lepus nigricollis Lagomorpha Leporidae LC IV
6 Indian Palm Squirrel Funambulus palmarum Rodentia Sciuridae LC IV
7 Jungle Cat Felis chaus Carnivora Felidae LC II
8 Wild Boar Sus scrofa Artiodactyla Suidae LC III 9 Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii Carnivora Herpestidae LC II CS- Conservation Status (IUCN), LC-Least Concern, Schedule (As per WPA, 1972)
Threatened and Endangered Mammals
The animals such as Common langur, Rhesus macaque, Jungle cat, Jackal, Indian fox, Wild boar, all rats and shrews are reported as least concern category of IUCN Red Data Book (ver. 3.1). The Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972) has also scheduled the animals in various categories for given them varying degree of protection. Among these mammals, three species reported as Schedule II, two as Schedule III, two as Schedule IV and one as Schedule V category.
3.9.2.2 Avifauna As During any primary study, time constraint and accessibility factors play an important role. Under present survey, birds were also sampled on the same transect and trails marked for mammals. Sampling was carried out on fixed width trails of 2 km to 3 km wherever the terrain permiteds. A prismatic field binocular (10x50) was used for the bird watching during transect walk as well as during the morning and evening hours nearby the habitation of study area. Birds were identified with the help of field guide, Birds of Indian Subcontinent by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp.
By considering the migration large number of birds should have been present in the area but due to limited surface water sources chances of sighting became rare. As per the Forest Working Plan, 160 bird species have been reported in the territorial jurisdiction of the forest division, of which Peafolw is the only Schedule –I Bird species while the rest belong to Schedule-IV. The avifauna of study area is comprised of Bulbuls, Pigeon and Doves, Robin and Flycatchers, Drongos, etc., and a large portion of avifaunal species is comprised of resident birds in the project study area which belong to Schedule-IV of WPA, 1972. Some of them are local residents, while some exhibit widespread migration pattern. Many bird species of these classes perform altitudinal and local migrations. During the study, 26 bird species has been recorded. Order Passeriformes and Charadriiformes were the largest
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groups of the birds (Figure 3.21). The birds recorded from the study area are given in Table 3.30.
Table 3.30 : Avifauna Sighted during the primary survey S. Name Scientific Name Order Habit No.
1 House Sparrow Passer domesticus Passeriformes R 2 Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus Passeriformes R 3 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Passeriformes R 4 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus Charadriiformes WV 5 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Passeriformes R
6 Common Peafowl Pavo cristatus Galliformes R
7 Common Pigeon Columba livia Columbiformes R 8 Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata Charadriiformes WV
9 Goose Greylag Anser anser Anseriformes WV 10 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Pelecaniformes R 11 House Crow Corvus splendens Passeriformes R 12 Indian Courser Cursorius coromandelicus Charadriiformes R 13 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii Pelecaniformes R 14 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicatus Passeriformes R 15 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis Coraciiformes R 16 Indian Silverbill Euodice malabarica Passeriformes R 17 Little Egretta Egretta garzetta Ciconiiformes R 18 Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis Coraciiformes R 19 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubiius Charadriiformes R
20 Pintail Duck Anas acuta Anseriformes WV 21 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Passeriformes R 22 River Tern Sterna arantia Charadriiformes R 23 Spotted Dove Stigmatopelia chinensis Columbiformes R
24 Cuckoo Eudynamys scolopaceus Cuculiformes R 25 Indian Tree pie Dendrocitta vagabunda Passeriformes R 26 Weaver Bird Ploceus philippinus Passeriformes R R-Resident, WV-Winter Visitor
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Figure 3.21 : Percent bird species belonging to different orders
Migratory Pattern
Migration is the best studied of animal behaviors, yet few empirical studies have tested hypotheses explaining the ultimate causes of these cyclical annual movements. Fretwell's (1980) hypothesis predicts that if nest predation explains why many tropical birds migrate uphill to breed, then predation risk must be negatively associated with elevation. The proportion of nests depredated by different types of predators differed among elevations. In present study, 22 bird species were local resident species while other 4 were recorded as winter visitors.
3.9.2.3 Herpetofauna
The herpetofauna were also sampled on the same transect marked for mammals. The sampling was also carried along river banks and the sampling was repeated during night following the time constraint Visual Encounter Rates (VES) method was adopted. Four species of lizard i.e. Common House Gecko (Hemidactylus brookii), Leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius), and Common garden lizard (Calotes versicolor) Indian chameleon (Chamaeleo zeylanicus) were sighted from the study area during the survey. However rat snake was reported by the villagers during consultation. As per Forest Working Plan of Pali forest division 8 species of reptiles and 4 species of amphibian have been reported. However during study period the following species of Herpetofauna were noticed. (Table 3.31)
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Table 3.31 : Herpetofauna recorded from the project area S. No. Name Scientific Name Order Family Reptiles
1 Common House Gecko Hemidactylus frenatus Squamata Gekkonidae
2 Leopard gecko Eublepharis macularius Squamata Gekkonidae
3 Common garden lizard Calotes versicolor Squamata Agamidae
4 Indian chameleon Chamaeleo zeylanicus Squamata Chamaeleonidae
5 Oriental rat snake Ptyas mucosus Squamata Colubridae Amphibians 1. Comman Indian Toad Bufo melanostictus Anura Bufonidae 2. Marbled Toad Bufo stomaticus Anura Bufonidae 3. Indian Bull Frog Rana tigerina Anura Dicrdglossidae
3.9.2.4 Fish and Fisheries
Fishes are the integral component of stream and rivers which are not only the best sources of food and animal protein for the human population but provides a source of income for the local inhabitants. The people use captured fishes for their consumption and in some cases to sell in local markets as an alternative means for procurement of foods and other requirement of daily needs. . Although primary fisheries survey was not conducted as the study was conducted in post monsoon when the river run dry as there was no discharge in the river(s) which only flow during monsoon. Some secondary informations has been gathered about fisheries are available in the existing ponds / reservoirs. Forest Working Plan reported six species listed below. (Table 3.32).
Table 3.32 : Fish species reported from the project area
S. No. Name Scientific Name Order Family CS
1 Catla Catla catla Cypriniformes Cyprinidae LC
2 Rohu Labeo rohita Cypriniformes Cyprinidae LC
3 Bata L. Bata Cypriniformes Cyprinidae NE
4 Lanchi Wallago attu Siluriformes Siluridae NT 5 Singhi Heteropneustes Siluriformes Heteropneustidae LC fossilis 6 Singhara M. Seenghala Siluriformes Bagridae NE
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3.9.3. Protected Areas The lease area is a linear area along different ephemeral river(s) like Bandi an its tributaries like Lilki, Mithri, Kantaliyi, Khardi, Sukri upper, Khari and Siriari Nala which cover a longitudinal profile of 62 km, 36 km, 12 km, 22.5 km, 23 km, 33 km, 13.5 km and 30 km respectively in the Tehsil.
Bandi river and its tributaries originate from the Aravali ranges and flow from East to West in Tehsil Marwar. The upper most extremity of the lease area along these rivers begins after these have debouched from the Aravali range to the plain land of the Tehsil and is close to the Todgarh Raoli Wildlife Sanctuary, located in the Aravali range constituting the eastern boundaries of tehsil Raipur, Sojat, Kharchi (Marwar Jn.) and Desuri and shares boundary with district Ajmer, Rajsamand (Erstwhile Udaipur). The nearest revenue village Dhal, Siriyari and Halawat which lie in the lease area along Sukri river, Siriyari Nala and Bandi river are respectively 1 km, 2 km and 0.8 km away from the western boundary of Todgarh Raowli Wildlife Sanctuary. It is thus evident that some stretches of the mine lease area along the rivers fall within 10 km from the periphery of the western boundary of Todgarh Raoli Wildlife Sanctuary.
Todgarh Raoli WLS has been established vide Rajasthan Government Gazette Notification No. 11/56/Raj/Group-8/82 dated 28-9-1983. The sanctuary has a total aerial extent of 495.27 ha and spatially covers the reserve forest of Aravali range stretch sharing boundary with district Ajmer, Pali and Rajsamand (Erstwhile Udaipur). The distict – wise apportionment of the area under WLS is given in Table 3.33:
Table 3.33 : Distict – wise apportionment of the area under WLS S. District Tehsil Area SoI Toposheet No. (sq.km.) No. 1 Ajmer Beawar 91.52 45K/1, 45G/13 and 45 G/14 2 Pali Raipur 45G/13, 45G/14, Sojat 230.25 45G/15 and Kharchi 45K/1 (Marwar Jn.) 3 Rajsamand Devgarh 173.50 45G/13, 45G/14 Bhim and 45G/15 Total 495.27
The Southern boundary of the Todgarh Raoli Wildlife Sanctuary is contiguous with the Northern boundary of Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary which was established vide Rajasthan Government Gazette Notification No. F/C(2)/Raj/F/7 dated 13-7-1971. The
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sanctuary has a total aerial extent of 610.53 ha and spatially covers the reserve forest of Aravali range stretch sharing boundary with district Pali (341.74 sq.km), Rajsamand (141.72 sq.km) and Udaipur (127.07 sq.km). The nearest mine lease location with respect to Kumbhalgarh WLS in Tehsil Marwar Jn. is Halawat which is about 7.5 km away from the northern boundary of the sanctuary.
As of now no ESZ has been notified in respect of these sanctuaries. Besides Todgarh Raoli and Kumbhalgarh WL Sanctuary there are no Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Corridors, Tiger/Elephant Reserves/(existing as well as proposed), within 10 km of the mine lease. Location of the two sanctuaries vis-à-vis the revenue villages covered within 10 km distance from the boundary of WLSs is marked in the Mosiac Map covering SoI Toposheet No. 45G/9, 45 G/10, 45 G/11, 45 G/13, 45 G/14 and 45 G/15. (Figure 3.22). As per the approved mining plan for sand bajri mining no mining activity is envisaged either within both sanctuaries or in Forest land.
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Figure 3.22 : Location of the Todgarh Raoli and Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary vis-à-vis mine lease area
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3.10. Socio-Economic Environment 3.10.1. District Profile
Pali district, situated in north eastern part of Rajasthan under Jodhpur division, has geographical area of 12330 km2. It ranks 9th in comparison to the other districts of the Rajasthan in terms of the area. The district is divided in ten subdivisions namely Pali, Rohat, Bali, Sojat, Marwar Junction, Jaitaran, Rani, Raipur, Sumerpur and Desuri. There are 10 tehsils, 10 Panchayat samities & 357 patwar circles 1052 revenue villages and 320 gram Panchayats for better decentralization of the power. In the district there are 06 assembly seats and 01 parliament seat. The demographic, administrative and other statistical data of the district is given in Table 3.34.
Table 3.34 : Pali District at a Glance S.No Particular Year Unit Statistics 1. Geographical features (A) Geographical Data i) Latitude 24.750 to 26.4830(N)
ii) Longitude 72.7830 to 74.300(E)
iii) Geographical Area Sq. KM. 12387 (B) Administrative Units 2011 Nos. i) Sub divisions 10 ii) Tehsils 10 iii) Sub-Tehsil 8 iv) Patwar Circle 357 v) Panchayat Simitis 10 vi) Nagar nigam 1 vii) Nagar Palika 7 viii) Gram Panchayats 320 xi) Revenue villages 1052 x) Assembly Area 6 MLAs & 1MP 2. Population (A) Sex-wise 2011 Nos. i) Male 1025895 ii) Female 1012638 (B) Rural Population 1578682 3. Agriculture Land utilization 2010-11 ha ha i) Total Area 1233079 ii) Forest cover 86536 iii) Non Agriculture Land 58485
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iv) cultivable Barren land 43760 4. Forest Forest 2010-11 ha 86536 5. Livestock & Poultry A. Cattle 2007 Nos. i) Cows 354698 ii) Buffaloes 315125 B. Other livestock i) Goats 700183 ii) Pigs 6505 iii) Dogs & Bitches 41372 6. Transport A. Railways Length of rail line 2010-11 Km 1232 B. Roads (a) National Highway 2010-11 Km 258.70 (b) State Highway 2010-11 Km 608.00 (c) Main District Highway 2010-11 Km 300.00 (d) Other district & Rural 2010-11 Km 3102.02 Roads (e) Rural road/ Agriculture 2010-11 Km 408.55 Marketing Board Roads (f) Kacha Road 2010-11 Km -- 7. Communication (a) Telephone connection 2010-11 Nos. 89495 (b) Post offices 2010-11 Nos. 374 (c) Telephone center 2010-11 Nos. 146 (d )Density of Telephone 2010-11 Nos./1000 person 43.90
(e) Density of Telephone 2010-11 No. per KM. 7.22 (f) PCO Rural 2010-11 No. 1167 (g) PCO STD 2010-11 No. 1374 (h) Mobile 2010-11 No. -- 8. Public Health
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(a) Allopathic Hospital 2010-11 No. 5 (b) Beds in Allopathic hospitals No. 600 (c) Ayurvedic Hospital No. 6 (d) Beds in Ayurvedic No. 127 hospitals (e) Unani hospitals No. 7 (f) Community health centers No. 13 (g) Primary health centers No. 71 (h) Dispensaries No. 6 No. 8 (i) Sub Health Centers No. 3 (j) Private hospitals 9. Banking Commercial 2010-11 (a) Commercial Bank Nos. 63 (b) Rural Bank Nos. 77 (c) Co-Operative bank Nos. 41 (d) PLDB Branches Nos. 04 10. Education 2010-11 (a) Primary school Nos. 1164 (b) Middle schools Nos. 1408 (c) Secondary & senior Nos. 507 secondary schools (d) Colleges Nos. 17 (e) Technical University Nos. -- (f) Professional Educational Nos. 11 Institute
3.10.2. Socio-economic assessment in the Study area
The development projects are invariably planned based on the availability of exploitable natural resources. These projects attract flow of finances, investments, jobs and other livelihood opportunities, which brings in people from different cultural and social background. Such planned activities not only provide impetus to the local economy but also bring about a multi-dimensional economic, social and cultural change. Most often it has been observed that such development projects are commissioned in economically and socially backward areas, which are inhabited by some of the indigenous populations.
Review of secondary data, such as District Census Statistical Handbooks-2011 and the records of National Informatics Center data, for the parameters of demography, occupational structure of people within the study area which mainly comprises of the villages, where the mine lease area is located along the river(s) of Tehsil as per revenue
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records. The information in this context was gathered on the following socio-economic parameters viz.
• Demographic profile • Educational levels • Occupational Profile • Cropping pattern • Other socio-economic parameters
3.10.3. Demographic Profile of Study Area Population Pali district, situated in north eastern part of Rajasthan under Jodhpur division, has geographical area of 12387 km2. It ranks 9th in comparison to the other districts of the Rajasthan in terms of the area. The district is divided in ten subdivisions namely Pali, Rohat, Bali, Sojat, Marwar Junction, Jaitaran, Rani, Raipur, Sumerpur and Desuri. There are 126 rural villages and 1 Urban Town (Marwar Junction) in study area falling in tehsil Marwar Juction of district Pali. Total Population of the Study area as per Census of India, 2011, is 170571 .The total number of Households are 37753. The total Male and Female population of the Study area is 84185 and 86386 respectively. The Village-wise demographic details are given in Table 3.35.
Table 3.35 : Village-wise details of population Tehsil Village No. of Total Male Female Household Population Population Population Marwar Akhawas 163 687 331 356 Junction Anji Ki Dhani 259 1087 535 552 Auwa 911 4108 2077 2031 Angdosh 247 965 446 519 Asan (Ghanchian) 59 219 94 125 Asan Dakaniya 40 191 91 100 Asan Melra 31 131 68 63 Asan Jodhwan 80 345 168 177 Isali 456 1758 814 944 Uparli Neembari 120 581 299 282 Kantaliya 1817 8549 4274 4275 Karmal 166 801 401 400 Kushalpura 89 457 232 225 Kadoo 101 398 186 212 Karwara 161 945 501 444
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Karoliya 94 388 188 200 Khera Kalyanpura 31 150 78 72 Khakhron Ka Aauda 65 313 170 143 Kharchi 443 2217 1138 1079 Kharcho Ki Dhani 80 352 176 176 Gura Keshar Singh 423 1777 866 911 Gudabarjaliya 63 323 161 162 Gurha Ajba 113 473 218 255 Guraganga-I 106 482 240 242 Guraganga-II 91 313 161 152 Gudangiri 188 781 358 423 Gura Durjan 92 393 189 204 Gura Dhamawata 84 455 238 217 Guranawa 62 259 133 126 Gura Premsingh 146 597 285 312 Gura Bhopat 80 413 215 198 Gura Bhopa 152 671 335 336 Gura Mehkaran 84 371 175 196 Gawar 230 1001 501 500 Gura Ramsingh 261 1169 572 597 Gura Soorsingh 274 1119 520 599 Gura Himta 17 94 42 52 Gadana 406 1570 733 837 Godawas 110 432 201 231 Gopawas 65 264 113 151 Golki 140 756 381 375 Chelawas 385 1592 753 839 Chatra Ka Gura 189 921 468 453 Chawadiya 177 732 361 371 Chirpatiya 582 2529 1257 1272 Chaukariya 274 1255 630 625 Jatiyon Ki Dhani 118 541 272 269 Jooni Phulad 214 919 473 446 Jadan Khalsa 644 2989 1548 1441 Janunda 292 1121 508 613 Jograwas 207 1024 498 526 Jojawar 1557 7427 3697 3730 Jorkiya 170 813 430 383 Jhambuda 61 283 149 134 Jeejardi 128 629 286 343 Thakurwas 327 1421 701 720 Dingor 163 848 424 424
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Dhel Pura 117 570 268 302 Dhal 166 948 477 471 Teja Ka Guda 95 442 225 217 Telpura 106 524 275 249 Thal 116 621 317 304 Dudor 730 2958 1416 1542 Deoli (Auwa) 712 2873 1373 1500 Dadiya 209 915 472 443 Dhanla 1063 5089 2523 2566 Dhamli 623 2543 1215 1328 Dhareshwar 54 280 142 138 Nayagaon 148 671 358 313 Phulad 224 1003 490 513 Narsinghpura 209 817 417 400 Nawa Gura 117 566 270 296 Nichli Nimbadi 130 637 320 317 Nimbli Manda 726 3033 1436 1597 Neevon Ki Khejri 139 604 287 317 Pardi 52 267 149 118 Bari 231 1005 476 529 Barsa 395 1598 744 854 Vaniya Mali 139 745 383 362 Banta 1015 4598 2342 2256 Basni Jojawar 253 929 433 496 Bansor 272 1351 688 663 Bithora Khurd 134 611 300 311 Bhimaliya 474 1962 962 1000 Bhojawas 119 529 262 267 Mudiya 143 683 328 355 Malsa Baori 545 2520 1253 1267 Melawas 258 1198 593 605 Manda 891 3985 1911 2074 Rad Jhalra 259 1310 676 634 Ranawas 1043 4301 2091 2210 Rambag 58 235 104 131 Reesaniya 154 772 365 407 Wadiya 265 1176 574 602 Vopari 650 2874 1399 1475 Bithora Kalan 513 2296 1126 1170 Bornari 192 892 413 479 Bori Mada 394 1986 966 1020 Bhagwanpura 188 686 313 373
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Bhagora 249 1214 638 576 Mukanpura 84 347 174 173 Melap 171 805 392 413 Mewara Ki Dhani 90 371 178 193 Musaliya 602 2504 1168 1336 Radawas 395 1746 837 909 Rewariya 83 397 197 200 Rajkiyawas Kalan 165 660 330 330 Rajkiyawas Khurd 63 315 154 161 Rana Nadi 132 619 318 301 Rampura 92 397 181 216 Sarakmaliya 91 422 216 206 Surya Nagar 139 625 321 304 Sawrad 932 4400 2093 2307 Saran 806 3918 1985 1933 Sinchana 240 1018 460 558 Seenchiyawas 87 450 237 213 Sinla 610 3365 1746 1619 Seeriyari 898 3987 1921 2066 Seemal 84 407 213 194 Sodon Ka Dhana 9 58 32 26 Hemliyawas Kalan (Rural) 123 541 243 298 Hemliyawas Khurd (Rural) 92 493 238 255 Halawat 59 287 158 129 Hingola Kalan 155 619 287 332 Hingola Khurd 166 659 307 352 Bogla 208 941 498 443 Marwar Junction (CT) 2519 12004 6172 5832 Total 37753 170571 84185 86386
Sex Ratio The Sex Ratio of the Study area is 1026 Female / 1000 Male which is more than 987, the consolidated figure for the district.
SC / ST Population As far as the social fabric is concerned, the cast-wise distribution in the study area is constituted by SC/ST and General Category of which the scheduled caste population
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constitutes 21 % and the scheduled tribe 4% of the total population of the study area. A graphical presentation of SC/ST Population in study area with sex wise break-up is given in Figure 3.23 and Figure 3.24 respectively.
Male Female
70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 127926 36469 6176 General SC ST
Figure 3.23 : Sex wise SC, ST and General Population in Study Area SC/SC/General Population
SC Polpulation 21%
General Population ST Polpulation 75% 4%
Figure 3.24 : Percentage wise break up of SC, ST and General Population in Study Area
Literacy Rate Literacy level is quantifiable indicator to assess the development status of any area or region. The Literacy Rate of the study area is 51.1% of which male and female literate are 64.1% and 39.3% respectively male female population. The illiterates are 49.9% of the total
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population of which female illiterates are 60.7%. The graphical presentation of both sexes of literates and illiterates in study area is given in Figure 3.25.
Male Female
90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 Total Population Literates Population Illiterates Population
Figure 3.25 : Gender-wise Distribution of Literate and Illiterate in Study Area
3.10.4. Economic Profile The majority of people in rural sector are cultivators & agricultural labours which indicates dominant agricultural economy. A small section of people are engaged as workers in household industries. But in urban sector the existing scenario is completely reversed as most of the people there are engaged in non-agricultural activity especially in industrial sector, local hotels/restaurants and as drivers some people also operates their vans/jeeps/cars as tourist vehicle.
3.10.5. Occupation Pattern Occupational pattern of the concerned study area are recorded to assess skills of people. Occupational pattern also helps in identifying dominating economic activity in the area. In the study area the main and marginal workers are 30% and 13% respectively of the total population while the remaining 57% constitutes non-workers. (Figure 3.26)
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Workers Scenario
Main Workers 30%
Non Workers Marginal 57% Workers 13%
Figure 3.26 : Workers Scenario of the Area Main Workers:
The main workers composition is made up of Casual Labours (42%), Agricultural Workers (23%), Household workers (4%) and other workers 31% respectively (Figure 3.27).
Main Workers
Other Workers 31% Casual Workers 42%
Household Workers 4% Agricultural Workers 23%
Figure 3.27 : Distribution of Main Workers Marginal Workers:
The marginal workers which constitute 13% of the total population, comprise of Casual Labour (18%), Agricultural Labour (58%), Households (3%) and other workers (21%) of the total Marginal Worker respectively. (Figure 3.28)
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Marginal Workers
Other Workers Casual Workers 21% 18%
Household Workers 3%
Agricultural Workers 58%
Figure 3.28 : Distribution of Marginal Workers 3.10.6. Infrastructure Education facilities
Education acts as the building block for a society. It determines the social behavior of the person or the society as a whole. Proper education leads to the upliftment of society by creating awareness towards the changes and their impacts on their lives. It also determines the living standard and the thought of a society. Educational standard and the occupation / occupational efficiency are positively correlated. This also corresponds to the economic status of the person or the community as a whole.
The education levels among the villages varied from being illiterate to being postgraduates. As all villages have at least a primary school, the literacy levels are high among the younger generation. Most of the elderly people were either illiterate or had not studied beyond Class X. Most of the younger people had however, studied till Class X at least. There were a few graduates.
Infrastructure is an important indicator of level of development and the potential for future growth in particular area. The quality of school largely depends upon the type of infrastructure available. The education network in the district as on 2012-13 is shown in Table 3.36.
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Table 3.36 : Educational Network in the District
S. No. PARTICULARS GOVT. PRIVATE TOTAL 1. Primary Schools 994 149 1143 2. Middle Schools 868 582 1450 3. Secondary Schools 298 136 434 4. Sr. Sec. Schools 153 63 216 5. CBSC - 10 10 6. Colleges (prof. edu. Inst., Polytech. Coll. & degree 7 40 47 colleges.)
There are 113 Primary School, 52 Middle School, 15 Secondary School, 6 Senior Secondary Schools and 1 college in 112 villages in study area. Higher education facilities are available in district headquarters Pali.
Health facilities
The network of medical facilities in the district as on March 2013 is given in Table 3.37.
Table 3.37 Network of Medical And Public health Centres In The District
S. No. Particulars Nos. 1 District Hospital (Pali) 1 2 Sub District Hospital (Sojat) 1 3 Community Health Centers 17 4 Aid Post - 5 Upgraded Sub Centers - 6 Sub Centers 488 7 Primary Health Centers 73 8 Urban Family Planning Centers -
Besides district hospital at pali, there are 1 ayurvedic Hospital, 1 allopathic, 9 ayurvedic and 1 homeopathic dispensary, 15 Primary Health Centre and 30 Primary Health Sub- centres in the study Area. However, several private medical practitioner and community health workers are also available.
Drinking Water facilities
Villagers mostly depend on groundwater resource for drinking/domestic water by various means such as hand pumps (96 villages), well water (87 villages) and tank Water (22 villages). Tap water facilities by the state department has been provided in 44 villages.
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Communication Facilities
As on 31st March 2013, the network of communication facilities in the district comprises of 2 Head Post Office, 54 Sub- Post Office and 318 branch offices. There are 105 telephone exchanges besides 39527 basic telephone connections and 988 PCOs in the district. In the study area there are 39-post offices. As regards basic telecommunication 1515 Telephone connections exist.
Banking Facilities
Commercial banking facilities are available in the district. As on 31st March 2013 there were 206 branches of different banks. The State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur is the Lead Bank of the district. 18 Banks and 31 Credit Societies operate in the study area.
Electricity
The district does not have any power generating station. It gets power from Bhilwara, Bilara and Beawar through 132 KV transmission lines. There two of 220 KV GSS and 9 Nos. Numbers of Grid Sub-Station of 132 KV and 123 Nos. of 33 KV sub-station and 20896 Nos. of 11 KV sub- station in the district. The total length of transmission lines of 33 KV single and double circuit is about 1444 km while 11 KV single circuit line is 9456 km. All villages in the study area are electrified.. Comprehensive List of Infrastructures present in the Study Area as per Census records 2001 is given in Table 3.38.
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Table 3.38 : Comprehensive List of Infrastructures present in the Study Area Village: Prim Mid Secon Senior Colle Hospi Dispens PH PH Drink Pos Teleph Communic Bus Ba Cred Appro Powe ary dle dary Secon ge tal ary C SC ing t one ation servi nk it ach r Scho Scho School dary wate Offi Connec facilities ces Soci Paved suppl ol ol School r ce tion ety Road y facilit facilit ies ies Abkai Ki Dhani 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 A A Ajeetpura 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Atpara 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 A 1 45 Y Y 2 1 A A Bagri 6 3 1 1 0 1 AL 1 AY 1 1 A 1 450 Y Y 2 1 A A Bagawas 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Bariyala 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 1 A A Basna 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 1 18 Y Y 0 1 A A Basni Surayta 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 Y Y 0 0 NA A Bhaniya 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Bhaisana 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 22 Y Y 0 1 A A Bijliyawas 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 Y Y 0 0 NA A Bilawas 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 AY 1 1 A 1 69 Y Y 1 0 A A Butelao 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Chundlai 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Chandasani 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Charwas 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 A 1 7 Y Y 2 2 A A Chandawal 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 A 1 413 Y Y 2 2 A A Chamdiyak 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Chopra 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 1 1 Y Y 1 1 A A Dadi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Deoli Hulla 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 1 13 Y Y 0 1 A A Deo Nagar 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 NA A Dhangarwas 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 0 2 N N I 0 0 A A
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Dhakri 1 AL, 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 AY AY 2 1 A 1 20 Y Y 0 2 A A Dhandheri 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 12 N N I 0 0 NA A Dheenawas 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 25 Y Y 0 1 A A Dhurasani 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 0 8 Y Y 0 0 A A Dornari 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 0 26 Y Y 0 0 A A Dhoondha Lambodi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Gagura 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 0 1 Y Y 0 7 A A Gajnai 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Godelao 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Gurha Bachhraj 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 5 N N I 0 0 NA A Guda Bhadawatan 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 2 Y Y 0 0 NA A Guda Beeja 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 AY 0 1 A 1 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Guda Chatura 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Guda Kalan 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 1 Y Y 1 1 A A Guda Ramsingh 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 0 1 Y Y 0 1 A A Guda Shyama 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Hapat 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Hariya Mali 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 1 1 Y Y 1 1 A A Heerawas 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Hingawas 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 1 14 Y Y 0 0 A A Jhupelao 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Kanawas 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Karmawas 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 28 Y Y 1 1 A A Kharnikhera 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Kelwad 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 1 1 Y Y 0 1 A A Ker Khera 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A
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Khakhra 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 23 Y Y 0 2 A A Khamal 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Khariya Neev 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 AY 0 1 A 1 1 Y Y 1 1 A A Khariya Soda 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 1 3 Y Y 0 0 A A Khariya Swami 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 Y Y 0 0 NA A Khera Nabra 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 NA A Khejari Ka Bala 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 NA NA Khokhara 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 23 Y Y 0 2 A A Lanera 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Ladpura 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 Y Y 0 0 A A Lakhan Ka Khet 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 NA NA Lundawas 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 14 Y Y 0 0 A A Malpuriya Kalan 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Malpuriya Khurd 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Mamawas 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 0 1 Y Y 0 7 A A Mandla 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 1 15 Y Y 0 1 A A Meo 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 1 1 Y Y 0 1 A A Morawas 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 2 Y Y 0 0 A A Murdawa 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 1 0 Y Y 0 0 A A Nai Dhani 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Napawas 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Nathal Kundi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 3 N N I 0 0 NA A Naya Gaon 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 0 10 Y Y 0 0 A A Pachchwa Khurd 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Pachunda Kalan 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 16 N N I 0 0 A A
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Pachunda Khurd 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 9 N N I 0 0 A A Panchwa Kalan 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Peeplad 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 1 A A Potaliya 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Ramasani Sandwan 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Ramasanibala 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Rayara Kalan & Khurd 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Rendari 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 AY 0 1 A 0 12 Y Y 0 0 A A Reprawas 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 1 1 Y Y 0 1 A A Rupawas 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 150 Y Y 0 1 A A Roondiya 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 7 Y Y 0 0 A A Sand Magra 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 NA NA Sandiya 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 HM 1 1 A 1 27 Y Y 0 1 A A Sarangwas 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 A A Sardar Samand 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 A 1 1 Y Y 2 0 A A Sardarpura 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 3 Y Y 0 0 A A Shiv Nagar 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 N N I 0 0 NA NA Shivpura 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 1 Y Y 0 7 A A Singpura 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Sisarwada 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 A 1 18 Y Y 0 0 A A Siyat 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 A 1 35 Y Y 0 1 A A Sobrawas 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Sohan Nagar 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 Y Y 0 0 NA A Sojat (Rural) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 Y Y 0 0 A A Sandarda 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA A Surayta 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 25 Y Y 0 1 A A
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Tharasani 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 0 1 Y Y 2 0 NA A Udeshi Kua 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 8 Y Y 0 0 A A Birawas 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 N N I 0 0 NA NA Total 1 1 AL, 6 3 122 52 15 4 0 AL, AY, 1 40 - 37 1636 - - 18 53 - - 2 1 AY HM
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3.10.7. Crop Rotation
As per Agro-Climate Zone (NARP), the district has been categorized as transitional plain of Luni Basin Zone (RJ-4) and is covered under western dry region IV as per agro-climate zone (Planning Commission). The district has arid to semi-arid climate. It is drained by integrated drainage system of Luni basin. The rivers draining through the district are ephemeral in nature and flows during monsoon. The run-off of the river(s) is intercepted at many places through storage dam, medium earthen dams, small tanks for the drinking as well as irrigation purposes. Small anicuts across the rivers have been erected for impounding water for multipurpose use besides ground water harvesting. Sandy soil with severe erosion, salinity and shallow skeletal soils are major limiting factors affecting crop choice in the region. The major Kharif crops grown are maize, millets while during Rabi wheat, barley and oil seeds are grown. The area both irrigated and un-irrigated during Kharif and Rabi Crops (2010-11) in the district is shown in Table 3.39 and the productivity of principal crops is shown in Table 3.40.
Table 3.39 : Area irrigated and un-irrigated under Kharif and Rabi Crops S. Major Field Crops No. cultivated Kharif Area (ha) Rabi Area (ha) (2010-11) Irrigated Rainfed Total Irrigated Rainfed Total Total 1 Pearl millet 13295 93131 106426 - - - 106426 2 Cluster bean 5290 10190 15480 - - - 15480 3 Moth bean 220 6700 6920 - - - 6920 4 Green gram 1600 10300 11900 - - - 11900 5 Sorghum 2000 4515 6515 - - - 6515 6 Sesame 150 8900 9050 - - - 9050 7 Cow pea 120 7200 7320 - - - 7320 8 Groundnut 50 250 300 - - - 300 9 Castor 1200 920 2120 - - - 2120 10 Cotton 1395 1015 2410 - - - 2410 11 Mustard - - - 9175 275 9450 9450 12 Wheat - - - 10972 120 11092 11092 13 Cumin - - - 7300 90 7390 7390 14 Barley - - - 8500 1500 10000 10000 15 Gram - - - 6095 1710 7805 7805 16 Taramira - - - 595 1276 1871 1871 17 Fenu greek (Methi) - - - 3200 150 3350 3350 18 Fennel - - - 1720 350 2070 2070 Total area (ha) 25320 143121 168441 47557 5471 53028 221469
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Table 3.40 : Productivity of Principal Crops S.No. Kharif-2011 Rabi -2011 - 12 Productiv Name of crop Production Production Productivity ity (Qtl) (Qtl) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) 1 Pearl millet 467610 540 2 Green gram 303530 310 3 Moth bean 14170 201 4 Cluster bean 358740 166 5 Groundnut 252011 1740
6 Castor 30312 635 7 Sesame 458820 280 8 Cotton 26410 2100 9 Sorghum 546660 510 10 Chillies 271115 620 11 Cowpea 282110 199 12 Mustard 915990 1390 13 Wheat 1382710 1789 14 Isabgol 2011 421 15 Cumin 25630 642 16 Taramira 275920 1120 17 Gram 293690 862 18 Barley 73110 1799 19 Onion 104520 1520 20 Garlic 92150 1621 21 Funnel 17900 1820 22 Fenugreek 16110 1615 3.10.8. Industries
The break-up of exiting SSI and MSME registered with the district industries given in Table 3.41.
Table 3.41 : Groupwise Details of SSI and MSME Registered Units
Sr. Industrial Category Number Employment of Units in No.
1. Agro based Industries 1369 4157 2. Beverages & Tobacco based Industry 01 12 3. Textile Industries 1453 11178 4. Handloom 236 473 5. Leather Based 3481 7881 6. Wooden based 970 2733 7. Paper based 07 46
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8. Rubber Plastic Petroleum & Chemical 238 928 Based 9. Mineral Based 1550 7333 10. Basic Metal and Non-ferrous Metal based & 945 3901 Fabricated Metal Products
11. Machinery and Machine Tools Based 13 84 12. Electrical Industry/Machinery Appliances 09 49 13. Transport & Equipment and Part - - 14. Misc. Mfg. Industries 2513 8157 15 Service & Repairing & Alls. Type 1952 5663 Total 14737 52595 Source: - DIC – Pali
.
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CHAPTER 4. : Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 4.1. Introduction With the commissioning of the mining activities of the proposed project, it is expected that there shall be certain changes in the overall environmental matrix of the area. The base line data of the existing environment, in the absence of proposed project activities, provides the status of natural environment and when this is evaluated in conjunction with the proposed activities it further provides a mechanism for prediction of changes likely to happen. In present study likely impact and its extent on various environmental parameters viz. topography and drainage, land, water, hydrology, noise, air, ecological and socio-economics were undertaken by assessing the baseline environmental status of the area and estimation were made as how this will change with commencement of project activity. The mitigation measures have been developed with a view to bring down the levels of impacts within limits. In each of the areas of impact, measures have to be taken to mitigate adverse impacts and where these are beneficial in nature such impacts are to be enhanced/augmented so that the overall adverse impacts are reduced to substantial extent.
4.2. Impacts on Topography and Drainage 4.2.1. Topography The core zone i.e. the proposed mine lease area is confined within the flow section of various stream/river/bala. The riverbed is consolidated matrix of sand/silt/clay/bajri lying in main stream sections and low terraces of flood plain of the river. The mining activity in the riverbed by creating pits per se shall not lead to any change in the local topography of the area as the pits dug in pervious year shall be fully or partially replenished during flood in following years. There will be no formation of overburden dumps. Thus there will be no change in topography of either core or buffer zone.
4.2.2. Drainage Ephemeral stream/river network flow in their defined flow section during monsoon through mine lease area within tehsil. Besides main streams there are other very small streams, locally known as Bala, flow in the mine lease area. The mining activities in Main River shall not cut any lower order stream as these are non-existents and there shall be no impact in the flow course of main streams, because these flow within their channel storage. Since the mining activity shall not be carried out during monsoon and in the wake of the fact that 90% of the time of the year the rivers are dry. No temporary diversion of discharge of main rivers or any of their interlacing is warranted for facilitating mining. Otherwise also the mining of dry riverbed has been contemplated. The drainage pattern of the rivers flowing in tehsil shall not alter due to dry bed mining.
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4.3. Land Environment 4.3.1. Change in land use The landuse of the core zone is river body flowing and as per revenue record it has been categorized as Gair Mumkin Nadi Nala. The mining activity in the river bed per se shall not lead to any change in the landuse in the core zone as well as buffer zone where no mining activities is proposed.
4.3.2. Change in river course There will be no change in the river course due to mining as the river course is mainly guided by the hydraulic gradient of surface water and the geological conditions of the bank and bed of the river. In the mine lease area the river section is well defined and is confined between both the flanks.
4.3.3. Impact on soil The mining plan envisages open cast manual method of mining in excavating the riverbed deposits and proposed to remove top soil crust (silt/clay) and stacking for future back filling programme/spreading on upper terraces. The mine waste in the form of silt/clay in mine lease area are very fine but due to semi- mechanized mining, very little dust would be generated. These dust particles are usually blown away along the wind direction and get deposited on the canopy of surrounding vegetation on the river bank and agricultural crops thereby interfering with photosynthesis and other physiological activities of the green cover. Finally, this may result in reduced ecological functions of the forest ecosystems as well as economic productivity of the agro- ecosystems.
4.3.3.1 Mitigation measures In accordance with the Rule 37U in Chapter IVA of RMMCR, 1986 amended upto 2012, the top soil shall be removed and stacked systematically and separately for spreading on upper terraces for being used under plantation. Immediately after back filling, the refilled top soil shall be planted with fast growing leguminous cover of crops and other indigenous herbs, shrubs of pioneer species, apart from planting of tree species. Sprinkling of water, at regular intervals, on exposed surface of silt/clay in upper terraces or stacks for back filling will further reduce the dust emission due to air. Also, creation of green belt well before the mining operation starts would also reduce the dust emission.
4.4. Impacts on Climate Wind Speed The wind speed in any area is dependent upon local topography and is intimately connected with the development as high and low pressure zones. The controlling factors for the pressure
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changes lie much beyond the mining operation. Thus, no adverse impact on the regional wind speed is anticipated due to the mining operations. Temperature The temperature pattern is a regional behavior and is not likely to be affected by the mining activity in the riverbed. Rainfall The trend of rainfall follows a regional pattern and is mainly governed by the south west monsoon and disturbances in the Arabian Sea. The mining operation, therefore, is not likely to have any adverse impacts on rainfall pattern.
Humidity The pattern of relative humidity depends mainly on the rainfall, wind, temperature and other weather phenomenon that are regional in behavior. The mining operation is not likely to have any impact on the relative humidity in the surrounding.
4.5. Water Environment 4.5.1. Impact on Water Resources Surface Water The requirement of water for drinking/domestic use, dust suppression and green belt shall be met from the ground water resources (nearby tube well), thus there shall be no negative impact on surface water resource. Otherwise also the mining shall be carried out during the period when the rivers are dry. During monsoon the mining activity is stalled till the end of monsoon and thus there is no requirement of water for consumptive use in project purpose. However, the surface water potential shall be reduced to the quantum of water which shall be held up / stored in inundation of the mining pit basin (3 m deep) to the extent of annual mining area. In the present case the surface flow yield shall be impacted to the tune of 9.31 MCM upto one year after closing of mine i.e. 6th year as evident from Table 4.1 and the impact shall be of the order of 11.65 MCM till the total replenishment of the mined out area as is evident from Table 4.2. Table 4.1 : Reduction in Surface Flow Due to Mining in Tehsil Marwar Jn. upto 6th Year Total depth Total Volume Year Annual Depth of water in mined out pits (after year) in meter of water of Water held of Annual Mining Deposition upto 6th in Pit upto 6th mining Pit Area (ha) Depth (m) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Year (m) year(MCM) 1 26.67 1.79 3.00 1.21 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.53 1.21 2 26.67 1.79 0.00 3.00 2.11 1.51 1.06 0.61 8.29 2.21 3 26.67 1.79 0.00 0.00 3.00 2.40 1.96 1.51 8.87 2.36 4 26.67 1.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 2.55 2.11 7.66 2.04 5 26.67 1.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 2.55 5.55 1.48 Total 9.31
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Table 4.2 : Reduction in Surface Flow Due to Mining in Tehsil Marwar Jn upto 4 Years close of mining
Depth of water in mined out pits (after year) in meter Total Volume Annual Total of Mining depth Water Year Pit Annual of held in of Area Deposition 9th water Pit mining (ha) Depth (m) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th (m) (MCM) 26.67 1.79 3.00 1.21 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.5 1.21 1 26.67 1.79 0.00 3.00 2.11 1.51 1.06 0.61 0.17 0.00 0.00 8.5 2.25 2 26.67 1.79 0.00 0.00 3.00 2.40 1.96 1.51 1.06 0.46 0.00 10.4 2.77 3 26.67 1.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 2.55 2.11 1.66 1.06 0.17 10.5 2.81 4 26.67 1.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 2.55 2.11 1.51 0.61 9.8 2.61 5 Total 11.65
Ground Water
As the requirement of water for drinking/domestic use, dust suppression and green belt shall be met from the ground water resources (nearby tube well), thus there shall be impact on ground water resource to the extent the water is abstracted from the ground i.e. 0.011 MCM annually. The district has geo-hydrological formations, viz., unconsolidated, semi consolidated fully consolidated, with varying groundwater potential. The unconsolidated formations include, recent alluvium, brown sand, clay, silt and gravel, pebble, which are fairly thick and regionally extensive, confined to semi-confined aquifers. They are porous formations. The aquifer potential varies widely between (40-100 litres per second) for the very good ones, to 10-40 litres per second for moderately good ones. The removal of river sand in 3 m depth shall result into the loss of aquifer material to the extent of the volume of mined out mineral which will reduce the infiltration into the ground in conditions when the river bed is not saturated completely. The sand in the river section, acts like a sponge and consequently help in recharging the water table and thus its continuous removal shall lead to progressive depletion in infiltration and recharging capacity, but the impact shall be temporary and insignificant. The response of river flow during monsoon on the replenishment of the wells located along the bank of the river and also in riverbed is immediate and more pronounced. However, the megre recharge during run-off period of the ephemeral rivers is not sustained for a significantly long period. The lowering of bed of influent rivers result in decline of ground water table in nearby area as the water gradient towards the bank increases owing to pit caused due to the mining. On the contrary during flood and after flood the subsurface basin in the form of 3m deep mine
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pits shall act as reservoir to trigger a good recharge of the ground water due to the increase head for percolation. Recharge to Ground Water The mining pits can be construed as the recharge structure having adequate capacity for impounding surface run-off. These pits cause quick recharging of the ground water through percolation. These pits conserve water to a greater extent since these get filled during monsoon when the evaporation rate is about half of the potential rate (PET) in summer, as a result of which pond may contain water for long duration. As per GEC Methodology 1997, 50% of gross storage, considering the number of fillings, with half of this recharge occurring in the monsoon season, and the balance in the non-monsoon season. On a conservative consideration that the riverbed mined out pit gets filled only once during the monsoon, the ground water recharge has been worked out year wise (Table 4.3). It is evident from the table that the total quantity at the end of 6th year i.e. 4.65 MCM against which 0.035 MCM water shall be abstracted from ground water resource to meet the water requirement of the project. It is thus eloquent that the mining may result in recharge of ground water.
Table 4.3 : Year-wise Computation of Ground Water Recharge as per GEC-97
After Year 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Total Total Depth of Water 3.00 4.21 5.42 6.91 8.57 6.78 34.89 in Mined out pit (m) Volume of water in 0.80 1.12 1.45 1.84 2.29 1.81 9.31 Pit (MCM) Recharge @ 50% of 0.40 0.56 0.72 0.92 1.14 0.90 4.65 the volume in Pond as per GEC-97 (MCM)
4.5.2. Impact on Surface Water Quality Though the mining activities shall be carried out during the period when the rivers run dry and thus there will be no synergic relation between water and soil during the period of mining. However, during heavy rains the loose soil spread on upper terraces can find way into the river section due to run-off from upper banks and also due to formation of rills. This will increase the silt rate to smaller extent as the river flow during flash floods carry considerably high sediment and suspended load as compared to the former. Besides this the other probable water pollutants like Biodegradable organic matters, Pathogens and vectors, Dissolved inorganic solids which may cause pollution during monsoon.
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Mitigation Measures The mining in the flooded pits shall be allowed only after the water level has receded. Sufficient time should be allowed for settling of sediment in the pits
4.5.3. Impact on Ground Water Quality In view of the facts that the mining activities does not intersect the ground water table. No impact on the quality of ground water is anticipated. Beside this the sand and bajri are non- toxic in nature and therefore percolated water from the pits shall not impair the ground water quality.
4.5.4. Impact on River Morphological features The extraction of sand and bajri from flood plains of low terrace of rivers / streams shall lead to change in its cross-sectional profile and cause incision of u/s channel bed thereby increasing the bed slope / gradient. The extraction of riverine material from such segment of river which are eroding may cause decrease in bed load and consequent d/s incision. During flooding the stream creates a new channel path through the pit where it will deposit all bed sediments. In effluent rivers the alluvial ground water table is lower due to mining as the ground water from upper gradient flow towards the pit. In the present case the mining pits shall not be created continuously all along the river but will be punctuated by such reaches where the mineral deposits are not of good quality. Such reaches act as hump during the flow of the river through the mining pits and thus lower the flow velocity and specific energy of flow.
4.5.5. Impact on Stream – Ground water exchange Zone In between the porous sand / gravel river bed and the ground water table the hyporheic is sandwiched this zone allows both way movement of infiltrated as well as capillary water through it and is responsible for hyporheic processes due to interstitial bacterial and invertebrates biota. The intervention in river by way of hydraulic structures regulating the river flow and more often than not leaving no flow d/s, mining activities in which the bed material, filter material through which the water percolate to ground water, effluent from industrial activities, insecticides used in agriculture are all potent to impair the biota in hyporheic. In the present case due to dry riverbed for most period of the year except monsoon, this impact will not be there. However, after the withdrawal of monsoon if the river bed mining, in dry riverbed near u/s and d/s of water retaining structures such as anicut, the loss of hyporheic zone will be there as the riverbed stretches both u/s and d/s of the structure are hydraulically connected with the stored water and the stratum below the river bed has moisture content in it to support the interstitial bacteria. Therefore during post monsoon the mining in river bed shall not be carried out in about 500 m u/s and d/s of water retaining structures. These reaches in river bed can be taken up for mining in March and April.
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4.5.6. Impact on Irrigation/Water supply schemes The monsoon flow in the rivers has been harnessed by creating minor /medium dams and sluices at few places in the river. The stored water is used for drinking and irrigation purposes during winter. Besides these hydraulic structures small height weir known as anicut have been constructed across rivers at many places for the purpose of storing water and recharge of the ground water. There will be no impact on the surface water resource as no river water is to be consumed for meeting water requirement, however, the surface water potential shall be reduced to the quantum of water which shall be held up / stored in inundation of the mining pit basin (3 m deep) to the extent of annual mining area due to and thus there will be impact on irrigation / water supply schemes on this count. However, during heavy rains the loose soil spread on upper terraces can find way into the river section due to run-off from upper banks and also due to formation of rills, which will increase the silt rate to some extent. The increased silt/sediment will finally get deposited into the ponds/reservoir and impact its capacity for designated use.
4.6. Noise and Vibration The main noise generating source during semi-mechanized riverbed mining operation and related activities are the mining is from operation of machinery like excavators, loaders, and back-hoe and FE loaders besides transport vehicles movement to and fro from riverbed site to outside lease boundary or to the sale point. The mine lease area is generally away from the settlements except in case of rivers which flow adjacent to the town. The noise monitoring shows that day and night time noise levels are highest at such places where the commercial activity takes place and the noise levels are within the limits in rural setup which are more than a couple of km away from mine site. The riverbed locations in the rural areas have noise levels within the prescribed limits as no anthropogenic activities were witnessed during the study period except at such places where the bridges were under construction over the river.
4.6.1. Impact on Noise Level In order to predict ambient noise levels due to the mining the noise modeling has been done. For computing the noise levels at various distances with respect to the place in the mine lease area where maximum daily production is envisaged. Noise levels are predicted by a user friendly model the details of which are elaborated below.
4.6.2. Model for sound wave propagation during mining For an approximate estimation of dispersion of noise in the ambient air from the point source, a standard mathematical model for sound wave propagation is used. The noise generated by equipment decreases with increased distance from the source due to wave divergence. An additional decrease in sound pressure level with distance from the source is expected due to atmospheric effect or its interaction with objects in the transmission path.
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For hemispherical sound wave propagation through homogenous loss free medium, one can estimate noise levels at various locations, due to different source using model based on first principles, as per the following equation:
LP2=LP1 – 20Log (r2 / r1) - AE ……………………………. (1)
Where,
LP2 And L P1 are the Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) at points located at a distances of r2 and r1 from
the source. AE is attenuations due to Environmental conditions (E). The combined effect of the entire source can be determined at various locations by the following equation.
(Lpa)/10 Lpb)/10 Lpc)/10 LP (total) = 10Log (10 + 10 + 10 + ………) (2)
Where Lpa, LPb, LPc are noise pressure levels at a point due to different sources.
Environment Correction (AE)
The equivalent sound pressure level can be calculated from the measured sound pressure level (Leq
measured) averaged over the measurement surface area ‘S’ and from corrections K1 and K2 and is given by;
(Leq measured) = (Leq measured) – K1 – K2 (3)
Where, K1 = Factor for the background noise correction. The correction was not applied in this modeling exercise, as it was not possible to measure the background noise levels by putting off machines hence it was considered as zero.
K2 = Environmental correction
In the present study dhwani PRO Version 3.6, a noise propagation modelling software developed to undertake construction, industrial and traffic noise propagation studies. A variety of scenarios can be created quickly in dhwani PRO, allowing the user to determine the impact of changing the source, layout and adding /removing the effects of shielding due to noise mitigation devices such as barriers.
4.6.3. Input for the model 4.6.3.1 Base Map, Point Source and Receptors Base maps identifying the location of the site, noise sources, receptors and other important characteristics of the surrounding area is the foremost requirement. In this study jpeg raster maps created in Google map showing the locations of the mining site where the maximum daily production is to be achieved has been captured and imported for registering the map and setting up of the scale. The point source is the location where the mining equipment i.e. the point source of noise is to be operated. The receptors are the nearby settlements where the impact of propagation of noise is to be evaluated.
4.6.3.2 Hourly noise level
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Hourly nose levels observed for 24 hours at the point source have been observed and adopted in studies. The noise levels to be generated intermittently due to running of mining equipments for different hours have also been incorporated. Besides this, the background level at the receptors have been entered into the corresponding windows.
4.6.3.3 Standard Values of Noise Levels of Mining Equipments At the point source noise shall be generated intermittently due to operation and movement of truck/tripper, service vans, crushing, truck movement. Intermittent noise would generated due to operation of mining machinery and transport vehicles in respect of which the standard value of noise levels are given in Table 4.4. Table 4.4 : Standard Values of Noise Levels S.No. Machinery/ Activity Noise Produced in dB(A) at 50 ft from source* 1. Excavator 85 2. Front end loader 85 3. Dump Truck/ Tippers 84 *50 feet from source = 15.24 meters SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation (Federal Highway Administration) – Construction Noise Handbook. 4.6.4. Model outputs After running the model the graphical results in the form of noise level contours (Figure 4.1) 0has been produced which has been captured and exported. Besides this the output in the tabular form showing the estimated noise levels at different receptors owing to the impact of running of mining machinery has been generated. (Table 4.5) Table 4.5 : Modeling Output
4.6.5. Inference It is evident from the graphical results that the noise level of 85 dB(A) gets highly attenuated to 37 dB(A), 32 dB(A) and 27 dB(A) about 200m, 400m and 800 m respectively from the point source. The estimated noise levels at the one receptor in the market due to running of mining machinery shall be 35 dB(A) which are less than the existing background noise levels of 57.3 dB(A). Thus there will be no impact of running of mining machinery at the receptors location.
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Figure 4.1 : Noise Graphical Results
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4.6.5.2 Mitigation Measures to Reduce Ambient Noise Levels The following control measures will be adopted to keep the ambient noise levels below permissible limits 75 dB (A).
(i) Provision and maintenance of thick tree belts to screen noise. (ii) Avenue plantation within the project area to dampen the noise. (iii) Proper maintenance of noise generating transport vehicles. (iv) Regular noise level monitoring shall be carried out periodically for taking corrective action To protect the workers from exposures to higher noise levels the following measures will be adopted. (i) Provision of protective devices like ear muffs/ear plugs to those workers who cannot be isolated from the source of noise Reducing the exposure time of workers to the higher noise levels by rotation.
4.6.6. Input for the model An input noise model has been generated with the source of noise to be generated intermittently due to operation and movement of truck/tripper, conveyers movement, service vans, crushing, truck movement. Intermittent noise would generated due to operation of mining machinery and transport vehicles in respect of which the standard value of noise levels are given in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6 : Standard Values of Noise Levels S.No. Machinery/ Activity Noise Produced in dB(A) at 50 ft from source* 1. Excavator 85 2. Front end loader 85 3. Dump Truck/ Tippers 84 *50 feet from source = 15.24 meters SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation (Federal Highway Administration) – Construction Noise Handbook Model outputs The ambient noise levels have been predicted for proposed mining. The predicted noise levels at the boundary of the mine in different directions are given in Table 4.7. There will be slight impact on the village during blasting for a short period and due to masking effect, it will not have any significant impact for rest of the time.
Table 4.7 : Predicted Noise Levels Distance Ambient noise Noise level due to Resultant noise level from mine levels dB(A) at the deployment of construction due to construction site (m) riverbed site machinery dB(A) activities dB(A)
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1 52.2 85 85.00 10 52.2 65 65.22 100 52.2 45 52.96 500 52.2 31 52.23
It is evident from the table the noise levels due to noise source from river and truck movement are attenuated after 100 m distance from the mine site. The resultant noise levels are very high at mine site (85 dB(A)).
4.6.6.2 Mitigation Measures to Reduce Ambient Noise Levels The following control measures will be adopted to keep the ambient noise levels below permissible limits 75 dB (A).
(v) Provision and maintenance of thick tree belts to screen noise. (vi) Avenue plantation within the project area to dampen the noise. (vii) Proper maintenance of noise generating transport vehicles. (viii) Regular noise level monitoring shall be carried out periodically for taking corrective action To protect the workers from exposures to higher noise levels the following measures will be adopted. (ii) Provision of protective devices like ear muffs/ear plugs to those workers who cannot be isolated from the source of noise (iii) Reducing the exposure time of workers to the higher noise levels by rotation.
4.6.7. Impacts due to ground vibration (due to blasting) No ground vibration due to mining activity shall be imparted as no blasting is proposed for the mining.
4.7. Impacts on Air Environment
Basically dust sources in mines can be categorized as primary sources that generate the dust and secondary sources, which disperse the dust and carry it from place to place called as fugitive dust.
Impacts of mining on air quality are cause for concern mainly due to fugitive emissions of particulate matter. The major operations producing dust in river bed mining are pit excavation, segregation and screening of material, loading and transporting. Exhaust emissions from vehicles deployed are also likely to result in inconsequential increase in the
levels of SO2, NOx, and CO.
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The collection/extraction of river borne material and its handling, loading & unloading will
cause momentary rise in the PM10. The dust liberated in mining and other related operations is injurious to health if inhaled in sufficient quantity regularly as it may lead to lung disease.
4.7.1. Dust Dispersion Modelling for Excavation Operation In this present study, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA–42 series) approved mathematical equations have been used to predict concentrations for different operations in mining including the mineral transportation. In order to predict the particulate emissions, Lakes Environmental Aermod View ver. 6.2 (Air Dispersion Modelling Software) an interface based on ISCST3 - was used to predict changes in air quality i.e., maximum ground level concentration (GLC’s) of Particulate Matter. The AERMOD open pit source algorithm which uses an effective area for modelling pit emissions, based on meteorological conditions and then utilizes the numerical integration area source algorithm to model the impact of emissions from the effective area sources, was used to predict the ground level concentration (Average hourly highest 1st value) resulting due to open pit excavation. Short term model options was opted for uniform emissions rates. Line source inputs were adopted for modelling of dust dispersion resulting from movement of vehicles on haul road starting from pit to the nearest metaled road. The concentration of
other gaseous pollutants i.e. SO2 and NOx was found to be much lower than the threshold limit (80 µg/m3), the air modelling was restricted to determination of particulate matter i.e.
PM10 in the present case. Since the mining project is a linear project where the mining will be done at different locations in different rivers the modelling has been carried out for the place where the maximum mining activities for obtaining the maximum production per day is envisaged.
Open Pit Emission Rate
Open pit emission rate depends upon soil properties, climatic conditions and area of pit. Empirical equation for calculation of open pit emission rate is given as follows:
The details of production parameters, transportation, moisture, silt content and the velocity adopted for working out the emission rate at the mine pit pertaining to the location of maximum production per day is provided in Table 4.8.
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Table 4.8 : Details of Production Parameters, Transportation, Moisture, Silt Contents S. Particular Value No. 1 Production in T/day 300 2 Transported material in t/day 300 3 Quantity of ore in each trip 20 4 No. of trips/day 15 5 No. of trips/hr (8 working hours /day) 2 6 Road width in m 6 7 Area of pit in sq km (a) 0.0009 8 Moisture content of road dust in % (m) 5 9 Silt content of road dust in % (s) 10 10 Wind speed in m/sec (u) 1.39
The dust emission rate calculated as above for Riverbed at Dhanla at the place of maximum daily production has been worked out as 0.00000014 gm/sec/sqm. The results of dust dispersion modelling showing the first highest value of concentration at Uniform Cartesian Receptors and also one Non-Uniform Receptors i.e. NCART1 (A-2 air monitoring site) are shown in Table 4.9. The maximum predicted ground level concentration as obtained for open pit source inputs with meteorological data of the study period at the mine pit center 0.45 µg/m3 whereas at the air monitoring station A-2 located within 500m from the mine pit, it has drastically reduced to 0.04 µg/m3. Isopleth developed is shown on part of SOI toposheet no. 45G/10 (Figure 4.2).
Table 4.9 : Predicted Ground Level Concentration due to Open-pit excavation
Average hourly Cartesian Coordinates Z- DATE highest 1st NET ID Elevation (CONC) Concentration 3 X Y (µg/m ) 366257 2825687 0.02020 0 UCART1 131204 365857 2824987 0.02021 0 UCART1 131224 366357 2825187 0.02050 0 UCART1 131111 365904.7 2825442 0.02054 0 NCART2 131221 366257 2825387 0.02059 0 UCART1 131103 365857 2825387 0.02077 0 UCART1 131016 366357 2824987 0.02103 0 UCART1 131101 366357 2825287 0.02117 0 UCART1 131109 365957 2825487 0.02126 0 UCART1 131106 366057 2825687 0.02148 0 UCART1 131106 366057 2825587 0.02159 0 UCART1 131122
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365957 2824987 0.02475 0 UCART1 131104 366157 2825587 0.02485 0 UCART1 131128 366257 2825587 0.02506 0 UCART1 131202 366157 2825687 0.02526 0 UCART1 131122 365857 2825087 0.02557 0 UCART1 131203 366257 2825087 0.03007 0 UCART1 131101 365857 2825287 0.03213 0 UCART1 131118 366257 2825287 0.03318 0 UCART1 131109 366157 2825087 0.03405 0 UCART1 131208 366157 2825187 0.03489 0 UCART1 131101 366057 2825087 0.03624 0 UCART1 131211 366157 2825387 0.03774 0 UCART1 131121 365957 2825087 0.03953 0 UCART1 131104 365757 2825187 0.03988 0 UCART1 131130 365926 2825127 0.04290 0 NCART1 131120 366157 2825487 0.05250 0 UCART1 131202 365957 2825387 0.05561 0 UCART1 131106 366157 2825287 0.06149 0 UCART1 131109 365957 2825187 0.06947 0 UCART1 131104 366057 2825487 0.07447 0 UCART1 131122 366057 2825187 0.07814 0 UCART1 131117 366057 2825287 0.16125 0 UCART1 131114 366057 2825387 0.17521 0 UCART1 131202 365957 2825287 0.45159 0 UCART1 131130
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Figure 4.2 : Isopleth of Average Hourly Highest 1st Value Predicted Average Ground – Level Concentrations (Open Pit Source Modelling)
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4.7.2. Impact Due To Vehicular Movement on Haul Roads In Riverbed The transport vehicle after being loaded with the mineral shall have to ply in the initial reach in the riverbed through the haul road made for the purpose. The movement of loaded vehicle is directly responsible for air born dust emission which trails behind the vehicle. The tractive force of the wheels exhibited from movement on un-paved road causes pulverization of the surface material which mainly constitutes of river born material i.e. sand and silt in the present case. The finer soil particles are lifted from the ground as these are entrapped in the small groves of the tyres and are finally tangentially thrown from the rolling wheels. The road surface also experiences strong air currents in turbulent shear with the surface. After a vehicle has passed, the turbulence continues to act on the road surface. The quantity of dust emission for a particular segment of the un-paved road linearly varies with the character of the traffic and its volume. Thus it is evidently clear that the movement of transport vehicle on haul road may result in increase in ground level concentration of particulate matter.
Haul Road Emission Rate
The emission rate is dependent on several factors which includes soil properties, climatic conditions, vehicular traffic, wind forces and machinery operation. The Empirical equation for calculation of emission rate is as under.
E= [{(100-m) / m}0.7 {us/(100-s)}0.1 {(41.6+0.03 f c +108v)}10-5]
The details of production parameters, transportation, moisture, silt content and the velocity of wind, average speed of vehicle and its capacity adopted for working out the emission rate at the haul roads pertaining to the location of maximum production per day is provided in Table 4.10.
Table 4.10 : Details of Production Parameters, Transportation, Moisture, Silt Contents S. No. Particular Value 1 Production in T/day 300 2 Transported material in t/day 300 3 Quantity of ore in each trip 20 4 No. of trips/day 15 5 No. of trips/hr (8 working hours /day 2 6 Road width in m 6 7 Moisture content of road dust in % (m) 10 8 Silt content of road dust in % (s) 10 9 Wind speed in m/sec (u) 1.39 10 Average Vehicle Speed in m/s (v) 2.7
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11 Frequency of vehicle movement / hour (f) 2 12 Capacity of dumpers in tonne (c ) 20
The dust emission rate calculated as above for Riverbed haul road at Dhanla, at the place of maximum daily production, has been worked out as 0.01291 gram/sec/m. The results of dust dispersion modelling showing the first highest value of concentration at Uniform Cartesian Receptors and also two Non-Uniform Receptors i.e. NCART1 (A-2 air monitoring site) and at NCART2 are shown in Table 4.11. The maximum monthly average predicted ground level concentration as obtained for line source inputs with meteorological data of the study period at the mine pit center is 8.36 µg/m3 whereas at the air monitoring station A-2, located within 500m from the mine pit, it has drastically reduced to 1.47 µg/m3. Isopleth developed is shown on part of SOI toposheet no. 45G/10 (Figure 4.3).
Table 4.11 : Receptors Location And Model Results
Average hourly Cartesian Coordinates Z- DATE highest 1st NET ID Elevation (CONC) Concentration 3 X Y (µg/m ) 366457 2825537 0.30398 0 UCART1 131121 365957 2826037 0.30704 0 UCART1 131106 366707 2825287 0.38573 0 UCART1 131126 366457 2826037 0.40522 0 UCART1 131202 366207 2825537 0.43232 0 UCART1 131128 365707 2825537 0.44628 0 UCART1 131208 365957 2824787 0.44997 0 UCART1 131116 365957 2825787 0.47164 0 UCART1 131106 366457 2825287 0.58974 0 UCART1 131126 366207 2825787 0.63014 0 UCART1 131202 366207 2825037 0.72633 0 UCART1 131101 365707 2825287 0.72945 0 UCART1 131118 365957 2825037 0.91820 0 UCART1 131116 366207 2825287 1.23969 0 UCART1 131125 365957 2825537 1.35662 0 UCART1 131202 365926 2825127 1.47462 0 NCART1 131116 365904.7 2825442 2.52605 0 NCART2 131202 365957 2825287 8.36326 0 UCART1 131101
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Figure 4.3 : Isopleth of Maximum Predicted 24 hourly averaged Ground – Level Concentrations (Line Source Modelling)
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4.7.3. Cumulative Impact The cumulative impact due to proposed mining operation on the Ambient air quality
for PM10 at the mine site and nearest air monitoring stations A-2 located about 500m, is presented in Table 4.12 which shows that, the resultant concentration level at each of the location shall be 87.81 µg/m3 and 78.51 µg/m3 which are within the NAAQS.
Table 4.12 : Cumulative levels of existing and predicted levels of PM10 Location Fugitive Dust (µg/m3) NAAQS Net ID Sampling Maximum Incremental concentration contribution due to Resultant (µg/m3) Station Background proposed mining and haul road transportation concentration Concentration Open pit Line Total source source Incremental modelling modelling concentration UCART1 A-3 79 0.45 8.36 8.81 87.81 100 NCART1 A-2 77 0.04 1.47 1.51 78.51 100
4.7.4. Mitigation Measures Following mitigation measures shall be adopted during mining activities to control air pollution load below the prescribed limits: Water spraying on haul roads by mobile and fixed sprinklers at regular interval. Designing and laying haul roads in gentle grade and in hard stratum as far as possible. The road surface along the riverbank shall be properly laid with grid and small pebbles to eliminate air borne dust. Proper maintenance of un-tarred and Katcha road shall be periodically carried out as and when required. Avenue plantation on roadsides besides plantation around the mine lease area will help in reducing the emission. It shall be ensured that the laborers working at or near high dust prone area use dust filters / mask. Covered or hooded trucks shall be used for transportation. Care shall be taken to prevent spillage of material.
4.8. Biological Environment 4.8.1. Impact on Flora The proposed mine lease area is ‘Gair Mumkun Nadi Nala’, which bears negligible density and species composition of forest vegetation. There are some economically important plants species has been found in the buffer zone of the project which have very remote
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chance of getting disturbed due to mining activities. Since there will be no felling of trees or deforestation, there will be no impact on flora of the core zone. The mining activity per se shall not lead to any impact on the terrestrial flora of the buffer zone either. There are no national parks, sanctuaries, notified biospheres, Tiger/Elephant Corridors, Birds migratory routes, etc. within 10 km radius. The dust is the only major pollutant, which will be generated from different activities of mining. The effect of particulate matter on vegetation is in the form of incrustation, plugging of stomata, and loss of chlorophyll and reduction of photosynthesis process. Disturbance in plant metabolism due to deposition of dust particles on foliar surfaces leads to reduction in plant growth. The atmospheric concentrations normally do not reach a level sufficient to induce acute injury. The annual plantation, within the mine lease area, proposed for five years of mining period shall greatly help in developing a good vegetal cover on the upper terrace near the bank of the river and eventually attract micro fauna, birds etc in the area. Thus, there will be positive impact on terrestrial environment around the mine lease area.
4.8.1.1 Measures for Minimizing Impact on Flora It shall be ensured that no mining shall be carried out inside the land prohibited from mining activities. Green Belt shall be properly designed in consultation with the forest department. Plantation shall be carried out as per periodical plantation programme. Fast growing native plant species, medicinal value plant species, dust tolerant and sound receptor plant species and fruit species to enhance the food availability for wildlife and those which would maintain the regional ecological balance, soil and hydrological conditions shall be favoured.
4.8.2. Impact on Fauna Intervention in the riverbed will impact butterflies and birds which are quite sensitive to noise and human presence. No endangered species of fauna is found in and around lease area. As such, there will be temporary and insignificant effect on fauna around the mining lease area. Based on the field observations and interaction with local people and forest officials it was noted that the project area does not constitute part of any wildlife migratory routes and mining activities won’t affect animal movement at all. Terrestrial biodiversity will be affected only by the operation of mining machinery and vehicular movements in the mining areas and from increased human population (laborers etc.) during mining activities. No Schedule-I & II species, under WPA 1972, have been sighted in the project area i.e. core zone. However, a few mammals and avi-fauna included in Schedule I & II of WPA Act, 1972 are stated to be present in the buffer zone and these wild animals sometimes
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also frequent the area nearby the river banks. Thus, for conservation of these a management plan has been formulated.
4.8.2.1 Measures for Minimizing Impact on Fauna Following measures will be adopted to minimize the impact of mining on faunal environment of the area
Progressive afforestation will create favorable conditions and good habitat for fauna in the area. Measures shall be adopted to curb pollution due to air, water, land and noise environment. Creating and developing awareness for nature and wildlife in the adjoining villages.
4.8.3. Impact on Aquatic Ecology The dry riverbed mining in ephemeral river system which flow only in 90% of the year during monsoon alone, in which period the mining activities are not envisaged, apparently there will be no impact on aquatic life as there will be no surface water available for aquatic life to survive due to dry river bed condition. Occasionally some aquatic life can be witnessed at such places where the monsoon run-off has filled the stilling basin provided d/s of some of the anicuts and road bridges to diffuse the d/s flow energy of streams. But water in such basins may remain stored only during November and December before its infiltration into the ground as well as loss in evaporation. However, such stilling basin cannot be considered as habitat for aquatic life. During heavy rains the loose soil spread on upper terraces can find way into the river section due to run-off from upper banks and also due to formation of rills. This will increase the silt rate to smaller extent as compared to the considerably high sediment and suspended load in run-off resulting from direct response to heavy rains.
4.8.4. Impact on Plankton Sand mining from the riverbed which has a flowing water column i.e. in-stream mining may cause release of fine silt and sediment which result in a temporary increase in the silt consultation of the flowing water. This leads to reduction in the transparency of the water and decreases the light intensity of the water column. Phytoplankton forms the basis of aquatic food chain and needs a certain degree of light intensity for net primary production. The phytoplankton concentration is a function of net primary production which itself is dependent on the sunlight intensity. Due to reduction of the light intensity in the water column with the increase of silt concentration the algal bloom is delayed or stopped depending upon the sediment concentration in water.
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In the present case where the mining is proposed from the dry riverbed any silt or finer particles which may drop during the excavation and loading process shall continue to remain on the dry riverbed surface. In such a scenario when there is no flow in the river, there is no case for any increase in siltation rate. Thus the impact on plankton is totally ruled out at such stretches where there is no water column. However, in case the mining is done in the stretch of the river which is covered under the receded pond level of the water structure like anicut across the river section, there is always a probability of the fine silt particles from the riverbed being swept away during the monsoon period. But during the monsoon period the silt concentration of the flowing water is always high and the little amount of silt thus swept away will not appreciable increase the already high sediment rate during the flow period in monsoon. In that case also there shall be no impact on the phytoplankton present in the bed of the river with in the stretch of the pond / reservoir formed due to anicut.
4.9. Impact on Socio-Economic Environment The entire mine lease area lies within the revenue waste land in river bed, the project does not involve any loss of agriculture land. Some of the impacts would be directly beneficial to the socio-economic environment due to proposed employment potential. The beneficial impacts due to the activities in the region would be:
Employment Potential for 109 persons in the various categories as skilled/semi- skilled/un-skilled for carrying out mining activities.
Indirect employment in transport sector.
Amelioration of the general living standards of local persons employed in mining activities.
The higher earnings will result in more purchase power.
Improvement in the economic growth in the region by way of additional mineral availability.
Various activities, such as livelihood and entrepreneurship through providing training in self-employment and empowering women through education and training and promoting their SHG (Self Helping Group), taken under corporate social responsibility initiative will have a positive impact on socio economic fabric of the area.
Benefit to the State and the Central governments through financial revenues by way of royalty, tax, duties, etc from this project directly and indirectly.
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Adverse Impacts The adverse impacts on socio-economic environment due to mining activities in the region will be:
Dust will affect to the local air environment and this dust will settle down on nearby agricultural fields and will affect the productivity of the land and increase in respiratory problems.
Soil erosion and loss of fertility etc.
There may be some conflict of utilization of local resources between project proponent and local communities. For avoidance of which the project proponent should maintain a good liaison and ensure cordial relation between staff and locals
Contamination of water, soil and air due to mining.
4.10. Impact due to Transportation of Mined out material on environment The The mining in a tehsil shall be carried out along different rivers which for the have been divided into different blocks The collective stretch of the lease area for each river has been sub-divided in to five blocks for ease of operation, supervision, management and safety. The daily production has been envisaged as 4000 metric tonne. The quantity of daily production of mine shall significantly vary reach-wise and block-wise. The maximum production in Tehsil Marwar Jn.i has been envisaged in Bandi river at Dhanla. At this place about 300 MT daily production is stipulated for the transportation of which 15 tripper/trucks (20 T) shall be required. The increased traffic load due to transportation of mineral shall not be concentrated in a particular segment of the road as the material shall be dispatched to different destination and in different directions. The impact due to transportation shall be on carrying capacity of the State Highway/ National Highway and also due to increase in vehicular emissions due to mineral transportation.
4.11. Impact on the carrying capacity of SH and NH due to proposed transport activities The bulk of mineral mined out from river Bandi, Sukri, Lilki and Mithri Nadi, Khari and Siryari Nala shall be transported through SH-61 (Pali – Bhilwara Road) and also through SH-62 (Bilara in Jodhpur – Pindwara in Sirohi district). About 1.0 million tonne material / annum (90%) shall be transported through SH-61 and 0.12 million tonne / annum (10%) shall be transported through SH-62. The transport plan for movement of trucks is shown in Figure 4.4. The study for carrying capacity has been carried out for these roads by undertaking traffic volume counts at the prominent inter-junction of these roads as per guideline of IRC:9-1972 and IRC:SP 19-2001 and the PCU factors adopted for analysis has been taken as per IRC:64-1990.
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Figure 4.4 Transport Route Map Classified Volume Count Traffic Survey The traffic survey is essential to realistically and accurately assess the prevailing traffic volumes and travel characteristics by undertaking classified volume count. The objective of traffic volume count survey is to assess the traffic intensity on the most vulnerable section of the road under question. Two – days, 24 hrs., continuous volume counts were manually undertaken during November 2013 at Jojawar on SH-61 and at Karmal on SH- 62 for capturing the realistic picture of the current volume and composition of traffic motorized i.e. passenger vehicles (two-wheeler, three-wheeler, bicycle, passenger car); utility vehicles (Jeep, Van, Mini Bus, Standard Bus); Goods vehicles – LCV (Freight), MCV (2 axle rigid chasis), MCV (3 axle rigid chasis), MAV and tractor trailer and non-motorized like animal driven cart. The survey work was conducted by engaging educated people familiar with traffic characteristics. Before the start of survey the enumerated engaged were briefed and trained by an expert supervisor about the task. The analysis of traffic counts provides an estimate of average daily traffic (ADT). In order to convert recorded vehicles into a common scale, the passenger car units (PCU) equivalent factor as per IRC:64 -1990 has been adopted. The Table 4.13 reveals that the total ADT near Jojawar on SH-61 were 3106 in terms of number which translates into 5327 in terms of PCU. The Table 4.14 reveals that the total ADT at Karmal on SH-62 were 2788 in terms of number which translates into 4126 in terms of PCU. It is thus evident that the number of PCU / hour at these places of count were 222 and 172 on SH –61 and SH- 62 respectively.
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Table 4.13 : Traffic volume counts near Jojawar on SH-61 S. No. Nomen Clature of Vehicle PCU factor No. of Vehicles / day No. of PCU / day 1 Car / Jeep / Van 1.0 1048 1048 2 Two-Wheelers 0.5 353 176 3 Three – Wheelers 1.0 28 28 4 Mini- Bus 1.5 19 28 5 Bus 3.0 111 333 6 Tempo / LCV 1.5 108 163 7 Two Axle Truck 3.0 648 1943 8 Three Axle Truck 3.0 418 1255 9 More than three Axle Truck 4.5 28 125 10 Tractor 1.5 55 83 11 Cycle 0.5 290 145 Total 3106 5327
Table 4.14 : Traffic volume counts at Karmal on SH-62 S. No. Nomenclature of Vehicle PCU factor No. of Vehicles / day No. of PCU / day 1 Car / Jeep / Van 1.0 841 841 2 Two-Wheelers 0.5 805 402 3 Three - Wheelers 1.0 83 83 4 Mini- Bus 1.5 50 75 5 Bus 3.0 129 388 6 Tempo / LCV 1.5 81 122 7 Two Axle Truck 3.0 451 1352 8 Three Axle Truck 3.0 157 470 More than three Axle 9 Truck 4.5 52 233 10 Tractor 1.5 91 137 11 Cycle 0.5 49 24 Total 2788 4126
Impact on Carrying capacity of SH-61 and SH-62 About 1.0 million metric tonne of material / annum shall be transported through SH-61, this tantamount to 3600 metric tonne / day for transportation of which 180 trucks (20 tonne capacity) shall be deployed. The trucks shall make one loaded and unloaded journey every day. It is thus apparent that the additional traffic load due to mining shall be 1080 PCU/day or 45 PCU/hour. As per IRC: 64-1990, the design service volume for a two lane rural road in plain terrain for low curvature is 15000 PCU / day. The incremental rise in daily traffic at SH-61 due to transportation of minerals is evaluated and shown in Table 4.15 which manifests that there shall be an incremental rise of 7.2 % of PCU due to
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envisaged traffic movement owing to mining activities and that 42.7 % of design service volume shall be tentatively utilized in post project scenario. Thus the marginal incremental rise in the total PCU shall not be appreciable and adequate apportionment of total design service volume capacity shall be still available in post project scenario.
Table 4.15 : Incremental rise in existing average daily traffic at SH-61 due to proposed transport activity Envisaged Traffic Cumulative Traffic Design Incremental Existing Daily Traffic Movement Due to Movement at SH-61 - Service rise in PCU Design Data at SH-61 Mining Activities Post Project Scenario Volume due to Service tentatively envisaged Volume to be traffic for SH- utilized in movement 61 Post owing to PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / Project mining Day Day Hour Day Hour Day Hour Scenario activities 15000 5327 222 1080 45 6407 267 42.7 % 7.2 %
About 0.12 million metric tonne of material / annum shall be transported through SH-62, this tantamount to 428.6 metric tonne / day for transportation of which 22 trucks (20 tonne capacity) shall be deployed. The trucks shall make one loaded and unloaded journey every day. It is thus apparent that the additional traffic load due to mining shall be 132 PCU/day or 6 PCU/hour. As per IRC: 64-1990, the design service volume for a two lane rural road in plain terrain for low curvature is 15000 PCU / day or 625 PCU / hour. The incremental rise in daily traffic at NH-65, a two lane rural area, due to transportation of minerals is evaluated and shown in Table 4.16 which manifests that there shall be an incremental rise of 0.9% of PCU due to envisaged traffic movement owing to mining activities and that 28.4% of design service volume shall be tentatively utilized in post project scenario. Thus the marginal incremental rise in the total PCU shall not be appreciable and adequate apportionment of total design service volume capacity shall be still available in post project scenario.
Table 4.16 : Incremental rise in existing average daily traffic at SH-62 due to proposed transport activity Envisaged Traffic Cumulative Traffic Design Incremental Existing Daily Traffic Movement Due to Movement at SH-62 - Service rise in PCU Design Data at SH-62 Mining Activities Post Project Scenario Volume due to Service tentatively envisaged Volume to be traffic for SH- utilized in movement 62 Post owing to PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / PCU / Project mining Day Day Hour Day Hour Day Hour Scenario activities
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15000 4126 172 132 6 4258 178 28.4 % 0.9 %
4.11.2. Impact Due to Traffic Noise On the basis of the prevailing traffic, increased traffic due to mineral transportation and the cumulative traffic in post project scenario the noise values has been worked out and has been found as 76.9 dB(A) , 71.7 dB(A) and 77.9 dB(A) respectively at Jojawar (SH- 61). dhwani PRO Version 3.6, a noise propagation modelling software developed to undertake construction, industrial and traffic noise propagation studies has been adopted for calculation of noise due to traffic. The input data and the other information adopted for calculating the noise as per in all three cases is shown in Table 4.17. It is thus evident that the existing noise levels shall slightly increase by 0.8 dB (A) due to increased traffic
Table 4.17 : Determination of Traffic Noise Levels at Jojawar (SH-61) S. Prevailing Increased Traffic Cumulative Traffic No. Input Traffic due to Mining Post Project Scenario 1 Total Vehicle Flow/10hr. 1294 180 1474 2 Speed km/hr 50 50 50 Percentage of Heavy 3 Vehicle 40.7 100 46.7 4 Gradient Percentage 1 1 1 5 Road Surface Impervious Impervious Impervious 6 Noise level in dB(A) 76.9 71.7 77.9
On the basis of the prevailing traffic, increased traffic due to mineral transportation and the cumulative traffic in post- project scenario the noise levels have been worked out and found as 75.2 dB(A) , 61.2 dB(A) and 75.5 dB(A) respectively at Karmal on SH-62. dhwani PRO Version 3.6, a noise propagation modelling software developed to undertake construction, industrial and traffic noise propagation studies has been adopted for calculation of noise due to traffic. The input data and the other information adopted for calculating the noise as per all three cases is shown in Table 4.18. It is thus evident that the existing noise levels shall slightly increase by 0.3 dB (A) due to increased traffic
Table 4.18 : Determination of Traffic Noise Levels at Karmal (SH-62) S. Prevailing Increased Traffic Cumulative Traffic No. Input Traffic due to Mining Post Project Scenario 1 Total Vehicle Flow/10hr. 1162 44 1206 2 Speed km/hr 50 50 50 Percentage of Heavy 3 Vehicle 28.4 100 29.4 4 Gradient Percentage 1 1 1 5 Road Surface Impervious Impervious Impervious 6 Noise level in dB(A) 75.2 61.2 75.5
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The state highways have been upgraded into 2 lane with carriageway width of 7-8m and 1.5m wide hard earthen material shoulder on either side while the NH are four lane and are complete in most of the reaches, except for a few places where the fly over/ bridges are under construction. The work of four laning /two laning and widening of the highways has been going on for the last 4 to 5 years and the completed segment of the roads are in fine fettle. Based on elastic values (empirical relationship between transport demand and economic growth) socio – economic parameters and recent trends of growth of different vehicles (PCUs), yearly traffic projections have been analyzed upto year 2035 and the roads have been designed accordingly keeping in view the futuristic requirement.
4.12. Impact Due To Vehicular Emission The increased traffic load in any particular segment of the road will result into direct increase in pollutants released from the vehicles. The rate of emissions of various types of vehicles is presented in Table 4.19. However, the extent of these impacts, at any given time will depend upon the rate of vehicular emission within a given stretch of the road; and the prevailing meteorological conditions. The impacts will have strong temporal dependence as both of these factors vary with time. The temporal dependence would have diurnal, seasonal as well as long-term components.
Table 4.19 : Emission factors by vehicle type (gm/km/vehicle)
CPCB/ ARAI (Automotive Research Association of India) - Emission Factor development for Indian Vehicles – 2008 Type of vehicle Emission Factors Make Emission g/km considered norms CO NO2 PM10 SO2* Trucks (HCV Post 2000 BS-II 6.00 9.30 1.24 0.03 Diesel driven) Passenger Cars (Diesel Post 2005 BS-II 0.06 0.28 0.015 0.004 driven) Buses (HCV Post 2005 BS-II 3.92 6.53 0.30 0.026 Diesel driven)
* Note: Emission Factor of SO2 is calculated based on Sulphur content calculations considering Bharat Stage IV fuel norms
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California Line Source dispersion Model (Caline 4) was used for particulate matter dispersion due to increased transportation on SH-61. The model was run for one hour considering worst case angle. The receptors location and model results for worst case wind angle are shown in Table 4.20. The results show that at 25 m predicted concentration is only 0.3 µg/m3 which reduces to 0.2 µg/m3 at 750m. Thus the impact
on the pollutant level (PM10) due to increased traffic due to transportation of mineral shall be inconsequential.
Table 4.20 Receptor Locations And Model Results (Worst Case Wind Angle)
Coordinates Predicted BRG Concentration RECEPTOR X Y Z (DEG) (PPM) Recpt 1 25 0 1.8 269 0.3 Recpt 2 50 0 1.8 269 0.3 Recpt 3 100 0 1.8 269 0.3 Recpt 4 150 0 1.8 270 0.3 Recpt 5 200 0 1.8 270 0.3 Recpt 6 300 0 1.8 270 0.3 Recpt 7 400 0 1.8 271 0.3 Recpt 8 500 0 1.8 271 0.3 Recpt 9 750 0 1.8 271 0.2 Recpt 10 1000 0 1.8 270 0.1 Recpt 11 1250 0 1.8 270 0 Recpt 12 1500 0 1.8 270 0 Recpt 13 1750 0 1.8 270 0 Recpt 14 2000 0 1.8 270 0
4.12.2. Control Measures for Impact Due to Traffic Following control measures have been suggested to prevent air pollution due to the transportation activities:
Transport trucks/tippers shall be properly maintained.
Avoiding of overloading of trucks beyond stipulated capacity by installing weighbridges at the check posts or near to it.
Strict compliance of traffic rules and regulations
The Hon’ble High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jaipur Bench, vide its interim order dated 14-08-2014, in S.B.Civil Miscellaneous Stay Application 8034/2014 in S.B.CWP No. 2372/2014 in the matter of overloading and illegal mining, had
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passed certain directions as interim measures, fixing responsibilities on LOI holders directed them to install weighing machines at the check post or close to the check post now existing. However, machine would remain under the supervision of Mining Department as well as Transport Department who will be responsible for proper upkeep of records and data for regulating the loading capacity of trucks. It has also directed Transport department to keep the records of trucks carrying bajri to avoid overloading and if found otherwise to take action as per Motor Vehicle Act and Rules made thereunder. It should not only take pecuniary action but take stringent action like seizure of the truck. Taking strong note in the matter of illegal mining the Hon’ble High Court had directed the Police Department specifically the concerned SHO where illegal mining is reported to register the case and cause seizure of the mining machine
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CHAPTER 5. : Analysis of Alternatives 5.1. General Sand of various gradation (Fine Modulus) is required as one of the ingredients for preparation of plain as well as re-enforced concrete works besides in preparation of cement-sand, mortar for masonry as well as plastering works in various civil structures. Fine sand is also required for cement grouting purposes. Another use of fine sand is in surface preparation by sand blast. The huge demand of these materials could be either met through extraction from the natural available materials in shoal deposits of riverbed quarry site or from crushing of stone aggregate obtained from quarrying operations involving blasting at Rock in-situ quarries. The latter option involves considerable land degradation as compared to the former. In case the river bed sand conforms to various specification requirements of IS 383:1970 for use as fine aggregate in concrete, its designated use in coarse aggregate for non-wearing and wearing surface in concrete works, and the riverbed mining presents good options. The study for alternative analysis involves in-depth examination of site and technology.
5.2. Alternative Sites 5.2.1. Natural River bed In arid to semi-arid zones of Rajasthan, the rivers flowing in the alluvium (young and old) predominantly comprises of sand and bajri and are well drained soil consisting of mud, silt and sand invariably are deposited on the inside bends (convex banks), where the water flows more slowly and has less power to transport the bed/sedimentary load. Thus, a river can present numerous sites where the aggradation of sediments takes place and large shoal deposits are formed. These sites can be used from techno-economic considerations depending upon the distance (lead) from mine site to the sale point or end point of use. The mining is thus site specific. In the present case the river/streams/bala which originate from the Aravali ranges, characterized by arid landscape, barren hills, level rocky structural plains, rock cut pediments, gravel pavements, shallow colluvium plains and other sandy plains with thick Alluvium underneath, flow with high sediment and suspended loads during run-off in response to flash floods. The sinuous path of these rivers is characterized by presence of shoal deposits at inner curves where the river energy is reduced. At such river stretches the deposition of river born material takes place. During high stage the rivers flowing in high gradient upper reaches generally developed, velocities exceeding 2m / second. In such reaches of the river the competency of the river is very high and increase with the square of its velocity. The ephemeral rivers which flow through soils of Semi-Arid Transitional Plain, transport enormous quantities of sediments and act as a good repository of sand. The riverbed mining is thus a site specific project incumbent
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upon the quantum of availability vis-à-vis its demand. It is mainly governed by nearness to the point of sale or end point of use and also the surface transport facilities available in the area besides the conditions of the road network.
5.2.2. Rock-In-Situ Quarry Crushed Sand can also be obtained from crushing of stones obtained either from stone quarries or from rock-in-situ quarries located on hillocks / uplands by resorting to drilling and blasting of the rock mass. The mining operation at the quarry site shall involve such
activities which cause emission of PM10. The major activities are drilling, overburden removal and loading, blasting, mineral loading, transporatation through haul roads and transport roads and unloading of minerals at aggregate crushing units, besides dust emissions from exposed quarry surface and dump surfaces. Chakrabarty et al (2002) has assessed that the overall emission rate from the mine is governed by the following empirical relation
Where, E= emission rate (gram / sec) u= wind speed (m/sec) a= area (sqkm) p= mineral production (metric tonne/year) b= OB handling (mm3/year)
The quarried stone material from stone quarries/rock-in-situ sites is transported to stone processing units which involve operation like crushing (primary/secondary/tertiary); screening and conveying and metal handling which are potential process or fugitive dust sources of particulate emission. Fugutive dust sources generally involve the re- entrainment or settled dust by wind or machine movement. The typical particulate emission factors for various stone processing operations as per the USEPA study given in the table below reveal that the uncontrolled emission factors could be 5.5 kg/tonne of the mineral processed.
Table 5.1 : Particulate Emission Factors for Stone-Processing Operations Process operation Uncontrolled Emission Factor, Kg/ton % Contribution Primary crushing 0.25 4.5 Secondary crushing and screening 0.75 13.6 Tertiary crushing and screening 3.0 54.5 Recrushing and screening 2.545.5 45.5 Conveying and material handling 1.0 18.2 Total 5.5 100 Source: http://www.cpcb.nic.in
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The cumulative impact of dust emission at the stone quarry site / rock – In-situ locations and the stone crushing unit is logically considerably higher as compared to rivebed sand mining sites. For this reason the latter alternative is the best choice being environmental friendly. .
5.3. Alternative Technology The open cast mining in riverbed could be manual/semi-mechanized/mechanized depending upon the geological and topographical setup of the mineral (ROM) to be won and the daily/annual targeted production. The project involves open cast mining, in a maximum depth of 3m from natural surface level of riverbed or ground water table whichever is met earlier that is less, without blasting.
5.3.1. Manual Method of Mining The opencast mining process for extraction of sand and bajri primarily involves scooping the mineral through use of implements like spade, pickaxe, shovel and crowbar etc. The sand shall be separated from bajri by sieve screening at mine site. The loading of mineral is also done manually at the river bed site and transported by truck/ tipper (9.0 to 10.2 metric tonnes), tractor trolley small (3 metric tonnes), tractor trolley big (6 metric tonnes) to the point of sale or end use. The method is mainly labour oriented and is suitable where the mining depth is stipulated within 1 to 1.5m depth from the natural surface from pit slope stability point of view. The method can be resorted to where the targeted production is not substantial and can be adopted where the daily production is of the order of a few hundred cubic meter say 200 cum to 300 cum/day. Due to high manual component for excavation as well as loading / unloading, the method can be advantageously adopted where the labour is readily available. Due to intervention of large number of work force in the riverbed, there shall be foreseeable impact on environment like pollution of surface water quality, development of unhygienic conditions, biotic pressure on nearby protected forest, besides conflict with the local community. This method of mining is most suited in states where the provision under Minor Mineral (Concession) Rules put an embargo on mechanical mining through excavator and other earth moving machineries in river or stream bed by the lease holder or permit holder or contractor as the case may be. The method is tailor-made for small leases held by lessees / licensees / permit holders and cluster of small leases after formation of association. In such case the implementation of common issues of environmental management plans in cluster shall be manageable as the responsibility for the implementation of the EMP vests with the Association.
5.3.2. Semi-Mechanized Method of Mining In contrast to the conventional manual method, the mining by deploying mechanical excavator including any other earth moving machines like J.C.B, Bulldozer, Pocklain,
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Loaders etc. in river or stream bed by the lease holder or permit holder or contractor as the case may be, is highly efficient and continuous process to win exorbitantly high daily / annual targeted production in a scientific and safe manner in accordance with the approved mining plan. The approved mining plan also permits the use of earthmovers and loaders in riverbeds. The Rules 37L (3) of Chapter IV A of RMMCR, 1986 amended upto 2012 also states that in order to ensure optimum production with minimum waste generation, every lease / license / short–term permit holder shall endeavour to deploy machinery and equipment as per mining plan. Thus use of mining machinery is not prohibited under the RMMCR. Besides this the approved mine plan also entails semi – mechanized method of mining and speaks about the extent of mechanization to be followed for mining. The targeted annual production as per approved mining plan is 1.12 million metric tonne which corresponds to 4000 metric tonne / day by mining in 3m deep and 20m wide benches. If this daily production is to be achieved by manually then 950 labours shall be needed for excavation @ 3 cum/day/labour which is equivalent to 4.2 tonne/day/labour. Besides this approximately 800 labours will be required at mine site for loading the mineral into the trucks.
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CHAPTER 6. : Environmental Monitoring Programme 6.1. General The monitoring and evaluation of environmental parameters indicates potential changes occurring in the environment, which paves way for implementation of rectifying measures wherever required to maintain the status of the natural environment. Evaluation is also a very effective tool to judge the effectiveness or deficiency of the measures adopted and provides insight for future corrections. The main objective of environmental monitoring is to ensure that the obtaining results in respect of environmental attributes and prevailing conditions during construction and operation stage are in conformity with the prediction during the planning stage. In case of substantial deviation from the earlier prediction of results to identify the cause and suggest remedial measures. Environmental monitoring is also mandatory to meet compliance of statutory provisions under the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, relevant conditions regarding monitoring covered under EC orders issued by the MoEF as well as the conditions set forth under the order issued by Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board while granting CTE/CTO.
6.2. Areas of concern In case of river bed mining projects, the changes relating to water, aquatic biota, air, noise, biodiversity of the area, stability of river bank slopes, river hydraulics and plantation programme need special attention, from monitoring point of view, during the conceptual mine plan period to judge the efficiency of measures implemented for conservation of environment.
6.3. Environmental Monitoring The overall impact assessment of the proposed project was carried out and monitoring plans have been framed based on the severity of impacts in different areas. During the EIA study, it has been observed that the Ambient Air Quality and Noise, Water Quality are going to be affected marginally though temporary. The preventive/ curative measures to reduce the ill effects of construction activities on these parameters have been suggested under various plans. A holistic approach has been adapted for monitoring of air, noise and water related factors under different heads with suitable financial provisions for their implementation.
6.4. Environmental Monitoring Programme All the environmental parameters viz. air, water, noise, soil will be monitored regularly in order to detect any changes from the baseline status. Environmental Monitoring program will be followed till the mining operations ceases.
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6.4.1. Air Quality Monitoring and Management: Three locations one each in core zone (where the maximum mining is envisaged) and two each in buffer zone preferably at such intersection of the roads through which the increased vehicular traffic due to transportation of mined out material is stipulated to pass en-route in the tehsil will be monitored for four weeks in every season except monsoon.
The 24 hr. monitoring shall be done in respect of PM10, SO2 and NOx. It will be mandatory on the part of the project proponent (lessee) that they use the required equipment for monitoring gaseous pollutants in and around the project and periodically put into their website, accessible for public domain the results of Ambient Air Quality monitored besides providing the static information regarding mine lease area , production, lease duration. The information will also be made available on display board affixed at a conspicuous place in their site office. In addition the lessee will submit a detailed report every fortnight to the statutory bodies / authorities for evaluation and monitoring purposes. Any abnormal rise will be investigated to identify the causes and appropriate action will be initiated. The air quality in and around the project area can be improved by adopting following practices/ methods. (Table 6.1) Table 6.1 : Air Quality Monitoring and Management
Potential Parameters for Action Timing Impact Monitoring Air All mining and transportation Random checks of log At the Emissions equipment are operated as per book of equipment and commissionin specified design parameters of the follow-up action as per g of mining manufacturers. To keep gas manufactures manual. operations. emissions from the vehicles within the prescribed limit, proper tuning of engine should be ensured and periodically checked. Vehicle trips to be controlled as per Vehicle logs are to be During site mining plan. Either hooded trucks or maintained regularly. The clearing, covered with tarpaulin or overloading of vehicles to transportatio polyethylene sheet be prevented by properly n of minerals adjusting the weighing machine to display the true weight (tare and loaded). The top soil mainly consisting silt / Absence of heaps / During site clay as crust material in the riverbed stockpiles of top soil clearing as must be removed 2 to 3 days before per the pit mining in the area earmarked progressive is taken up. The top soil shall be mine plan scrapped, collected and stacked systematically on the upper terraces where plantation is to be carried out as per approved mine plan.
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Potential Parameters for Action Timing Impact Monitoring Periodical grading and maintenance Depressions and furrows During entire of haul roads so as to facilitate created on the surface operation smooth movement of vehicles and profile of the road due to period of minimizing the incidence of spillage continuous movement of mine of sand bajri. the vehicles. Regular water spraying shall be Quantity of water During entire done on haul roads through moving requirement shall be operation sprinklers, besides water spray on monitored from daily water period of top surface of the area to be mined utilization register as well mine on daily basis subject to site as from water consumption requirements. statement. Ambient air quality within mine The ambient air quality will As per lease area and other locations of the conform to the standards RSPCB proposed unit to be monitored. for PM10, SO2 and NOx requirement.
6.4.2. Ambient Noise Levels Monitoring and Management: Noise levels in the working area will be monitored once in every season till the continuation of mining operations. Ambient noise levels will also be monitored once in a season at one site in the core area zone (where the maximum mining is envisaged) and two each in buffer zone preferably at such intersection of the roads through which the increased vehicular traffic due to transportation of mined out material is stipulated to pass en-route in the tehsil will be monitored for four weeks in every season except monsoon to evaluate the noise status and its effects on the surrounding community. Due to use of excavators and loaders the level of noise will definitely rise above threshold level at the place in the riverbed where the machines are in operation. But this increase in noise level will not be continuous and shall be governed by the breakup of cycle of operation of the machine which includes idle time also. Therefore, it would be most appropriate if following measures are rigorously applied during construction phase of the project. (Table 6.2) Table 6.2 : Noise Level Monitoring and management
Potenti Action Parameters for Timing al Monitoring Impact Noise Inventory of all noise generating mining Equipment logs, noise During machinery onsite along with the reading entire information of the running hours mining corresponding to useful life of operation. machinery to be prepared. All equipment under deployment must be maintained in good condition. Generation of noise due to transport Maintenance records of During vehicles vehicles trans- portation.
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Potenti Action Parameters for Timing al Monitoring Impact Implement good working practices Site working practices During (equipment selection and siting) to records, entire minimize noise and also reduce its mining impacts on human health (ear muffs, safe operation. distances and enclosures). The Noise level should not exceed the Noise level monitoring As per permissible limit both during day and RSPCB re- night times. quirement or quarterly whichever is lesser. All mining and transportation equipment Random checks of log At the are operated as per specified design book of equipment and commissioni parameters of the manufacturers. Proper follow-up action as per ng of mining maintenance of vehicles and their manufactures manual. operations. silencers to minimize noise levels Vehicle trips to be controlled as per Vehicle logs are to be During site mining plan. Either hooded trucks or maintained regularly. The clearing, covered with tarpaulin or polyethylene overloading of vehicles to transportatio sheet. Minimum use of horns in the be prevented by properly n of minerals village area. Phasing out of old trucks adjusting the weighing who have outlived their useful life. machine to display the true weight (tare and loaded). Plantation of trees on the upper terrace of Green development During the delineated reach of the river where programme in the entire period the mining activity have to be carried out approved mining plan of the mining including the avenue plantation along operation. haul roads to attenuate the noise level.
6.4.3. Water Quality Monitoring and Management: Water is one of most precious natural resources. Human beings are highly dependent on water for various purposes such as domestic needs, sanitation irrigation, industry, and disposal of wastes etc. The terrestrial and aquatic fauna also depend upon the water. The mining activity in riverbed will lead to increase in siltation though to a lesser degree. Further, due to congregation of labourers during the operation phase, open air defecating in the river bed section cannot be ruled out completely, if proper sanitation facilities are not provided to them. The rivers flowing in the area are ephemeral and flow during monsoon only, thus the probable water pollutants which may cause pollution during are:-
Suspended solids Biodegradable organic matters Pathogens and vectors Dissolved inorganic solids
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The riverbed mining in 3m depth will have an impact on ground water level for monitoring of which the quality of the ground water shall have to be monitored in each quarter of the year besides observation of ground water levels during pre-monsoon (May) and post monsoon (November) every year at selected wells site. Besides this the surface water quality shall be monitored by taking samples from core area (where the maximum mining is envisaged) u/s of the lease area and also from two places at buffer zone preferably from medium dam on main rivers to ascertain the surface water quality. The Bureau of Indian Standards has prescribed clear cut guidelines for the maintenance of surface water quality standards (IS:2296-1982). The physico-chemical characteristics of the ground water should be compared with the drinking water specification as per IS:10500. The water quality parameters to be monitored quarterly are shown in Table 6.3. Table 6.3 : Physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters to be monitored
S. No. Parameter S. No. Parameter 1 pH 12 Fluorides 2 Electrical Conductivity 13 Iron 3 Turbidity 14 DO 4 Water Temperature 15 Phosphates 5 TSS 16 BOD 6 TDS 17 COD 7 Total hardness 18 Alkalinity 8 Magnesium 19 Chlorides 9 Calcium 20 Oil and Grease 10 Nitrates 21 Total Coliform 11 Sulphates 22 E-Coli
6.4.4. Soil Quality Assessment: Soil samples will be collected from one site each at core and buffer zone and quality will be checked once every except monsoon in order to see any positive or negative impacts of the operations. Soil samples will be collected from the plantation areas within the ML area in order to observe the improvement or deficiencies in the soil fertility and to take corrective actions. The soil analysis shall be carried out for the physico chemical characteristics like pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon and status of macro – nutrients like Nitrogen, Phosphate, Potassium and micro – nutrients like zinc, iron, boron, etc.
6.4.5. Plantation Plantation before the onset of monsoon season will be done progressively until the final closure of the mine. An environment management group will carry out the monitoring as per schedule durations and parameters mentioned in Table 6.4.
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6.4.6. Monitoring of erosion and stability of river bank The project proponent shall closely monitor the condition of the bank of the river/khad with in the mine lease area, one time each before monsoon and post monsoon. Based on the observation, the corrective measures in the form of retaining wall / gabion structure shall be provided at the affected banks at the toe, to control the land slips/bank erosion.
6.5. Environment Management Group For implementation of Environment Management Plan, a small unit called Environment Management Group will be formed under the control of the Environment Engineer. The job of this cell will be:
Implementation of pollution control measure. Monitoring programme implementation. Post-plantation care. To estimate the efficiency of pollution control measures taken. To bring out any other unforeseen effect on environment not covered under report. Seeking expert’s advice when needed. The task of monitoring of various environmental parameters could be assigned to State Pollution Control Board or any other agency approved by MoEF / SPCB. However, the project proponent shall procure a few field instruments like RDS, Noise level meter, Water testing kit.
6.6. Environment Policy/Violations of Environment Norms/ Hierarchal System 6.6.1. Environment Policy The project proponent (LOI Holder) is a firm which has a laid down environmental policy of its own and in furtherance of their business philosophy are committed to maintaining a clean and sustainable environment with concerted efforts towards improvement of environment performance in routine business. The firm shall strictly adhere to the central and the state rules and acts in context to the environment protection. The project proponent (would be lessee) shall comply with the environmental norms and conditions set forth in the main Environmental Clearance of the project and shall submit compliance to the MoEF periodically as warranted under the EC letter. The environment policy is enclosed as Annexure-V (A).
6.6.2. Infringement / deviation of the environment or forest norms/conditions The project proponent shall comply with the environmental norms set out by the Centre / State Government, which are being closely monitored by the MoEF, New Delhi and the State Pollution Control Board, Rajasthan, Forest Department. IPHD and Department of
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Mines and Geology, Rajasthan. Any infringement / deviation / violation of the rules contained in various environment and other rules and acts such as Rajasthan State Environmental Policy, 2010, Rajasthan State Water Policy, 2010, Rajasthan State Forest Policy, 2010, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, 1987, Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rule 2000 and the Rajasthan Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1986 (amended up to 19 June, 2012), if and whenever brought to the notice of the lessee, the same shall be addressed by him in the light of the expressed non-compliance reporting system, Annexure V (B). As a safeguard a well-documented Environment monitoring plan has been formulated.
6.6.3. Hierarchical System of the Company The organizational structure of the firm belonging to the project proponent is annexed as Annexure- V (C). The firm is headed by the Project Proponent (would be lessee) duly assisted by the Manager Mines & Environment shall act as project head. The mines manager is responsible for execution of works and enforcement of environmental laws/norms in respect of the project and is supported a Foreman who are responsible for direct execution of work and planning through Supervisors and Assistant Supervisors working at different locations. The environmental issues and compliance of the EC conditions shall be looked into by the Manager (Mines & Environment).
6.7. Cost of Environment Monitoring Plan The cost in respect of monitoring of environmental attributes, parameter to be monitored, sampling/monitoring locations with frequency and cost provision against each is shown in Table 6.4. The total cost of environmental plan works out to Rs. 15.0 lac.
Table 6.4 : Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme S. Aspect Parameters to Frequency Location Cost Implementing and No. be monitored Estimates Pursuing Agency (Rs. lac) 1 Air Quality SO , NO , CO, Four weeks in 3 locations as 2 X Rajasthan State Pollution monitoring one season already specified PM10 10.0 Control Board or any except monsoon approved agency of MOEF 2 Noise Quality Noise level Once quarterly 3 locations as Rajasthan State Pollution Monitoring except monsoon already specified 1.5 Control Board or any approved agency of MOEF 3 Water quality All parameters Once quarterly 3 locations as Rajasthan State Pollution Monitoring given in water except monsoon already specified 2.5 Control Board or any quality approved agency of MOEF
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4 Soil Parameters Once yearly 3 locations as given under soil except monsoon already specified Rajasthan State Pollution monitoring 0.5 Control Board or any approved agency of MOEF
5. Plantation Plants and At the time of Green belt area shrubs in the plantation before within the mine Project Proponent as green belt area monsoon and lease area, haul - routine inspection and there quarterly roads mortality status thereafter 6. Erosion and Conditions of Before monsoon Bank Stability vulnerable banks and post Project Proponent as Lease area - and of check monsoon every routine inspection dam /spurs year 7. Celebration of Yearly At Tehsil 0.5 Project Proponent Environment Day 15.00
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CHAPTER 7. : Additional Studies 7.1. General After having gone through the various aspects of the river bed mining at the proposed site and the related documents like Form–I and PFR, the MoEF in its 22nd meeting, held on 26.9.2013, set out the scoping clearance and issued ToR with additional ToR proposed for environmental impact assessment studies and preparation of environmental management plan for river bed mining and for submission of report after Public Hearing. The Terms of Reference issued by the MoEF is very comprehensive and subjective covering every aspects of mining activities and the related environmental issues to be addressed.
7.2. Replenishment Studies 7.2.1. Sediment Yield From Watershed The rate of gross or absolute silt production (erosion) in the watershed and the ability of the stream system to transport the eroded material in a river and then to a reservoir has the direct relation with the quantity of sediment delivered into a reservoir. The rate of gross erosion is dependent upon many physical factors live climatic conditions, nature of soil, slope of the area, topography and the land use. Hydro-physical conditions of the watershed govern the capability of transporting the eroded material. It has been observed that the average rate of sediment production decreases as the size of drainage area increase and the larger watershed the lesser is the variation between the rates. The larger watershed presents more opportunity for deposition of silt during its traverse from the point of production. The watershed with maximum land use class of forest generate very low rate of production unless the forest are degraded or open forest. The cultivated watersheds with unscientific farming produce very high rate of silt production. The total amount of eroded material, which reaches a particular hydraulic control point, is termed as sediment yield. The sediment control of inflow is governed by Character of run-off; Susceptibility of soils; The extent and density of vegetative cover in the area; and The hydraulic efficiency of the drainage system.
The sediment load comprises of bed load as well as suspended load, the former being the eroded material kept in motion in the bottom layers of the flow due to rolling, sliding and hopping, while the latter being the smaller size particles in saltation being thrown in suspension by the upward component of the turbulent velocity of flow. When the tractive force exceeds the frictional resistance between sand particles the latter are set in motion. The resistance to sediment to motion is directly proportional to the diameter of sediments ‘d’ and the specific weight of sediments in water (G-1), where ‘G’ is the specific gravity of sediments. The equation of critical tractive forces is:-
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c = 0.078d
where, ‘d’ is in mm and c is in kg/sqm
7.2.2. Estimation of Sedimentation Rate The scientific survey for determination of soil erosion rate from catchment and deposition rate in reservoirs have been frequently and widely conducted in past in India and in other countries. Sedimentation rate on the basis of actual measurement have been arrived for different perennial rivers by stream sampling of sediment load including bed load. Surveys of some of the existing reservoirs was carried out to assess the actual silting experienced by them over long period after impoundment. Thus the fundamental method for estimation of sediment is on the basis of actual measurements carried out in the basin.
7.2.2.1 Sedimentation rate on the basis of actual measurement Sediment sampling over a substantially long period is a suitable and logical method of obtaining information of sediment load being carried out by a stream. No sediment load observation have been made in the case of any of the rivers flowing the district/Tehsil as the rivers are seasonal and flow during monsoon alone and that the study period was post monsoon and thus there was no flow in the river. The study of soil erosion and sediment yield in the Indian Arid Zone was conducted by Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur (CARZI).
The arid zone of India has been subdivided into three zones. The Zone – I (42900 sq.km) is a humid region and has more dependable irrigation system through perennial rivers. It comprises of part of Punjab and Haryana and is irrigated by Abohar and Bhatinda branch system. Zone-II (148600 sq.km) comprises of sandy plain, interdune plains, sand dunes and isolated hillocks. It covers Ganganagar, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Churu, Jhunjunu, Sikar and Nagor district in Rajasthan. Zone – III represents the sloping region with intergrated drainage network of ephemeral river channel. In Rajasthan it extends over Pali, Jalore and Sirohi districts. The hydrological zones of arid region of India is shown in Figure 7.1.
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68° 70° 72° 74° 76° N
30° Br. 30° Abohar PUNJAB Br. Sangrur Kotla Br. Bhatinda.Bhatinda. Ganganagar I ESirsaHARYANA N Jind 28° Hisar O 28° Bhiwani Canal Churu Z Bikaner Jhunjhunu Gandhi RAJASTHAN Sikar Jaisalmer Indira ZONE II Nagaur 26° 26° Jodhpur
Barmer ZONE III Jalore Bikaner Luni River 24° 24° ZONE II Great Rann of Kuchh GUJARAT Scale 0 Bhuj 50 100 200 kms ZONE III Little Rann of Kuchh
Surenaranagar ZONE -I Region with Major Inputs 22° from more Humid Regions 22° ZONE -II Plainlands with primitive/ no ARABIAN ZONE III SEA stream network ZONE -III Sloping Region with integrated stream network
68° 70° 72° 74° 76°
Figure 7.1 : Hydrological Zones of Arid Region of India The approach of the study was to collect information on the spatial variation of stream discharges and the sediment yield for 34 Gauge and Discharge site (G& D) in the zone on various tributaries of the Luni River. The discharge rate for run-off and the sediment concentration for 16 years was analyzed for computation of sediment yield. Wide variation in the magnitude of annual sediment yield was observed for different physiographic reasons. The results plotted in figure shows skewed frequency distribution. The annual sediment yield results thus obtained are shown in Table 7.1 and the relationship developed between sediment yield and effective rainfall is depicted
0.99 in Figure 7.2. The relationship developed is Es=3.68ER , where ER is effective rainfall (mm) and Es is sediment yield. The annual sediment yields from the other physiographic reasons are in agreement with mean rates reported from the arid regions of Australia, Tanzania and USA (Jones, 1981) under similar rainfall conditions.
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Table 7.1 : Annual Sediment Yield in Indian Arid Zones Physiographic Region Average sediment yield No. of m3/ha/year Ham/sq.km/year Observations Sandy Plain 3.4 0.034 36 Dune Complex 4.8 0.048 18 Younger Alluvial Plain 2.7 0.027 30 Older Alluvial Plain 18.4 0.184 5 Rocky/Gravelly 14.3 0.143 11 Piedmont Source: IAHS Publication No. 236, 1996
10000
Abohar 0.99 2 ES =3.68 ER (R = 0.84,P: 0.01)
1000
100
SEDIMENT YIELD,Es (T/Sq km) (T/Sq YIELD,Es SEDIMENT
10
1 0 1 10 100 1000
EFFECTIVE RAINFALL, ER (mm)
Figure 7.2 : Sediment Yield as a function of effective rainfall
The effective rainfall has been worked out on the basis of monthly evapotranspiration coefficient and average recent rainfall data for 10 years (2004-13). The computation of sediment yield of Marwar Jn. tehsil based on the relationship derived for sediment yield as function of the effective rainfall is shown in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2 : Sediment Yield as a function of Effective rainfall Coefficient of Sediment Monthly Average Effective Sediment evapotranspiration Yield in Month Rainfall (mm) Rainfall ER Yield in cubic as per Penman tonne / Period 2004-13 (mm) meter / ha method sq.km January 0.8 0.6 0.48 1.78 0.007 February 3.4 0.6 2.04 7.45 0.030 March 1.5 0.7 1.05 3.86 0.015
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 188 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
April 5.3 0.7 3.71 13.47 0.054 May 9.9 0.8 7.92 28.55 0.114 June 29.1 0.8 23.28 83.02 0.332 July 136.1 0.8 108.88 382.32 1.529 August 169.2 0.8 135.336 474.18 1.897 September 70.5 0.7 49.357 174.69 0.699 October 5.9 0.7 4.13 14.98 0.060 November 18.7 0.6 11.19 40.20 0.161 December 0.3 0.6 0.18 0.67 0.003 Total 450.6 8.4 347.553 1225.18 4.90
7.2.2.2 Empirical Relation Sediment load remains ungauged for majority of streams for want of setup of GDS sites (Gauge, Discharge and Sediment) in non-classified river basins. Many empirical relations have been evolved for determination of offsite deposition of eroded soil and sediment yield on the basis of analysis of data from different catchments of varying catchment area. The sediment yield has been worked out on the basis of some of such equations as applicable for Indian conditions and
a) Dr. A.N. Khosla’s Findings : y = 0.036 million cubic meter / 100 sq.km of catchment = 3.60 cubic meter/ha
Recent studies carried out in some of the Indian reservoirs suggest that actual silting observed in them is higher than what was postulated in Dr. Khosla’s Findings. The enveloping curve developed by Dr. Khosla had only five points pertaining to data of Indian reservoir while the remaining 33 points related to the reservoirs of other countries. The sediment rate of 3.60 cubic meter / ha is 26.5% less than 4.90 cubic meter / ha as actually assessed on the basis of relationship developed between sediment yield effective rainfall by CARZI Jodhpur on the basis of actual observation of stream discharges and sediment yield in the zone of various tributaries of Luni river.
b) Dr. D.V. Joglekar Enveloping Curve y=0.597/A0.24 where y= annual silting rate in million cubic meter per 100 sq. km. A= Catchment area in sq. km. For 1sq km catchment area the value of y y = 0.597/10.24 = 0.597 million cubic meter / 100 sq km = 5.97 cubic meter/ ha
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 189 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
The sediment rate of 5.97 cubic meter / ha is 21.8 % more than 4.90 cubic meter / ha as actually assessed by CARZI Jodhpur on the basis of actual observation of stream discharges and sediment yield in the zone of various tributaries of Luni river. c) Dr. R.S. Varshney’s Regional Enveloping Curves for Northern Indian River For plain rivers with catchment upto 1000 sq.km. y=0.392/A0.202 where, y= annual silting rate in million cubic meter per 100 sq. km. A= Catchment area in sq. km. For 1sq km catchment area the value of y y = 0.392/10.202 = 0.392 million cubic meter / 100 sq. km = 3.92 cubic meter/ ha The sediment rate of 3.92 cubic meter / ha is 20% less than 4.90 cubic meter / ha as actually assessed by CARZI Jodhpur on the basis of actual observation of stream discharges and sediment yield in the zone of various tributaries of Luni river.
d) Garde and Kothyari The author have analysed data from 50 catchment with an area ranging from 43 sq. km to 81880 sq. km and evolved the following equation for meet annual sediment yield.
0.6 1.7 0.25 0.1 0.19 Sam = CP Fe S Dd (P max/P) Where,
Sam = mean annual sediment yield in cum C = A co-efficient depending on the geographical location of the catchment P = Average annual rainfall in cm S = Land slope Dd = Drainage density in km/ sq.km. P max = Average maximum monthly rainfall A = Catchment Area in sq.km. Fe = Erosion Factor defined as under
Fe = (0.8 FA + 0.6 FG +0.3 FF + 0.1 Fw) /A Where,
FA = area of available land in catchment
FG = area occupied by grass and scrub
FF = area of forest land
FW = area of waste land
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 190 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
On the basis of analysis of 154 catchment in India Garde and Kothyari produced an ISO-Erosion Rate Map of India (Figure 7.1). In the absence of any other information the erosion rates in tonne / sq. km / yr, for planning purposes, can be obtained by using the map. As per the map the study area lies between contours of 350 tonne / sq.km / yr and 1000 tonne / sq. km. / yr erosion rate but it is close to the latter. In any case the average value of 675 tonne / sq.km. or 4.82 cubic meter / ha can be conservatively adopted.
Figure 7.3 : Iso-Erodent Map of India after Kothyari
e) Dandy Bolten Study Dandy and Bolton studied sedimentation data from about 1500 reservoirs, ponds, and sediment detention basins with drainage areas between 1 to 30,000 sq.mile and found that the annual sediment yield per unit area was inversely related to the 0.16 power of the drainage area:
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 191 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Where, S = Sediment yield in tons per square mile per year;
SR = Reference sediment yield of 1645 tonne/year corresponding to a 1 sq. mile drainage area, A = Drainage area in square miles AR = Reference drainage area in square mile
Dandy and Bolton also analysed sedimentation and mean annual runoff data from 505 reservoirs and inferred that annual sediment yield per unit area was increases sharply as mean annual runoff Q increases from 0 to 2 inches and thereafter, it decreased exponentially. This led to the following equations.
For Q<2 inches
- - - - - Eq. 1
For Q >2
inches - - - - - Eq. 2
Where, QR = reference mean annual runoff QR = 2 inches Dandy and Bolton combined Eqs. 1 and 2 into a set of equations to express sediment yield in terms of drainage area and mean annual runoff.
For Q <2 in.: - - - - - Eq. 3
For Q > 2 in.: - - - - - Eq. 4
2 Putting values of SR = 1645 tons/mi /y, QR = 2 inches, and AR = 1 sq.mile, Eq. 3 and 4 reduces to the followings set of equations: - - - - - Eq. 5 For Q <2 in.: S = 1280 Q0.46(1.43 – 0.26 log A)
-0.055Q - - - - - Eq. 6 For Q >2 in.: S = 1965e (1.43 – 0.26 log A)
In several cases, local factors such as soils, geology, topography, land use, and vegetation may have greater bearing on sediment yield than either mean annual runoff or drainage area. Nevertheless, these equations provide a first approximation to be regional assessment of sediment yield for watershed planning purposes. Equations 5 and 6 are based on average values of grouped data; therefore, they should be used with caution. Besides Dandy & Bolton themselves has category stated that use of the equation to predict sediment yield for a specific
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 192 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
location would be unwise because of the wide variability caused by local factors not considered in the equation development. Actual sediment yield form individual drainage basins may vary 10-fold or even 100-fold from computed yields.
In the present case for effective catchment of 550 sq.km and the mean annual runoff corresponding to monthly average of 450.6 mm for the observed data from 1973 to 2012 has been computed as under.
Estimation of mean annual runoff on the basis of empirical relation as applicable to the study area falling in Rajasthan.
R = (P-175)/2500 X P = 37.3 mm
Since the mean annual runoff is less than 2 inches, Eq. 5 shall be adopted for working the sediment yield.
S = 1280 Q0.46(1.43 – 0.26 log A) = 441.54 metric tonne/km2/yr or 4.42 metric tonne / ha or 3.16 cubic meter / ha.
The annual sediment rate on the basis of Dandy Bolten equation are lower than the rates arrived on the basis of actually assessed by CARZI Jodhpur on the basis of actual observation of stream discharges and sediment yield in the zone of various tributaries of Luni river
7.2.2.3 Conclusion - Annual Sediment Rates to be Adopted The summary of silt rate on the basis of various methods described is presented in Table 7.3.
Table 7.3 : Annual Sediment Rates by Various Methods
S. Method Annual Sediment Rate No. Cubic meter / ha Tonne / ha 1 Actual Observation of tributaries by 4.90 6.86 CARZI Jodhpur 2 Dr. A.N. Khsola’s Findings 3.60 5.04 3 Dr . D.V. Joglekar Enveloping Curve 5.97 8.36 4 Dr. R.S. Varshney’s Enveloping Curve 3.92 5.49 5 Garde and Kothyari 4.82 6.75 6 Dandy Bolten 3.16 4.42
The siltation rate of 4.90 cum/ha is also comparable with the siltation rate of 4.82 cum/ha as deduced from the ISO – Erodent Map of India (Garde and Kothyari)
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 193 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
7.2.3. Computation of annual Sedimentation load: The major drainage flowing through Tehsil Marwar Jn., are Gogi, Lilki and Sukri. These drainages form part of sub-watershed 6A2C3 and 6A2C4 as per Watershed Atlas of India and marked in catchment area map (Figure 7.3). Sediment production occurs in the drainage basin and sediment delivery is limited to major flood flows. When run-off occurs from severe storms or torrential rainfall flash floods of high magnitude flow in the drainage system along with large quantities of sediments which are transported through the rivers and get deposited at depositional or convex banks due to slower velocity of flow. Thus it is apparent that any sediment particle detached from its original configuration shall take time to reach the streams for onwards journey. The lower order streams (1st and 2nd order) generate more sediments due to their higher bed gradient but it is the higher order streams flowing with large discharge responsible for creating high tractive force needed for transportation of bed load and suspended sediments.
With rivers flowing through different tehsils / district it is not feasible to confine the watershed into one tehsil. Depending upon the topography, the area in anyone tehsil could be the catchment for nearby drain/stream flowing in contiguous tehsil/district. Besides this the drainage basin in tehsil/district has been harnessed in the form of reservoir and tanks created across the main rivers and their tributaries the details of which are provided in Table 7.4. During flood the silt ladden discharge is intercepted by the structures and is entrapped in thse reservoirs except for the period of outflow from the dam which is possible only when the inflow into the dam exceeds the reservoir capacity. In case of smaller weirs/sluice/dams the condition of outflow is invariably achieved during good monsoon season. But by contrast this situation is none-to-happy in context of larger dams as in the case of Jawai Dam which has been filled to its FRL only in 9 years out of 56 years as is evident from Table 7.5. For transportation of the sediment it is necessary that the rivers flow during monsoon which is possible only in case of smaller tanks and reservoirs. The pictorial view of prominent dam in tehsil is shown in Figure 7.3.
Considering the geographical area of the tehsil as the catchment for the river system draining through and accounting for the intercepted catchment by different reservoirs, tanks, weir, anicuts, dams, and the effective catchment area is 550 sq.km. The sediment yield from this portion of catchment @ 1225.18 tonne/sq.km works out to 0.67 million tonne/year. The project envisages annual production of 1.12 million tonne or 5.6 million tonne in 5 years lease period. Thus the annual extraction exceeds the
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 194 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
annual deposition by 0.45 million tonne which implies that the deposition rate is about 40% lower than the annual extraction rate. The mine pits will get replenished provided there are two to three events of floods in every monsoon. The replenishment takes place faster during the first flood and thereafter the rate of replenishment decreases. For safe replenishment of river bed mine pits it is necessary that the mining activities are carried out in such reaches which are susceptible to deposition like the convex banks. Since the mineable reserves are 161.49 MMT against which 5.6 MMT can be safely extracted during the lease period without taking into account the annual replenishment. The area mined out every year will get replenished after every consecutive good monsoon season, reckoned from the end of pre-monsoon season of the year of extraction, provided the free reach of the river receive run-off from three to four events of flood every monsoon. It is therefore assessed that the mined out area within 5 years shall be completely replenished after 5 years reckoned from the cessation of the mining provided every year average annual rainfall during rainy season (450.6 mm) occurs in the catchment.
Particular / Year 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Total
Annual Production (MMT) 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.6
Annual Deposition (MMT) 0.00 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 6.03
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 195 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Figure 7.4 : Pictorial view of Siriyari dam in tehsil Marwar .
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 196 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Table 7.4 : Tanks under the jurisdiction of Water Resources Department Design Command Area in purpose ( Ht.above Gross Live Length hectares Irrigation , Length Catchment Yield S. Name of River/ Nearest lowest storage storage of Canal Type Water of Dam Area in in No Dam Nallah City foundation capacity Capacity system in of Dam supply , (M) Sqkm Mcft (M) (Mcum) Mcum k.m. GCA CCA ICA power generation etc.) Sardar Irrigation + 1 Sukri pali 35.00 9000 2064 2848 88.17 88.17 64.7 13245 10325 8562 Earthen Samand Water supply
Irrigation + Earthen 2 Hemawas sumer pali 12.00 7924.88 1120 1900 62.55 62.55 33.59 9115 8704 6093 Water supply
Kharda feeder & Irrigation + 3 Kharda pali 7.00 3000 180 240.95 18.8 18.8 17.82 3006 2451 2220 Earthen local Water supply catchment
Irrigation + Earthen 4 Baniawas Khari pali 6.20 6082 600 1273 8.49 7.84 8.4 1535 1462 899 Water supply
Bandi Irrigation + 5 Giroliya pali 3.65 3960 691 545 4.95 4.2 15.69 2540 2429 1215 Earthen Nalla Water supply
Local Irrigation + 6 Endla pali 4.70 5400 46 98.71 6.37 6.03 3.60 810 688 607 Earthen Nalla Water supply
Local Irrigation + 7 Vayad pali 4.80 3350 800 96.18 1.44 1.44 3.36 368 350 263 Earthen Nalla Water supply
Sali ki Local Irrigation + 8 pali 4.70 3075 98.7 58.57 1.55 1.33 5.13 384 369 259 Earthen Dhani Nalla Water supply
Lordiya feeder & Irrigation + 9 Lordiya pali - 3350 25.8 - 1.23 1.23 0.15 159 138 121 Earthen local Water supply catchment
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 197 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Bandi Bandi 10 pali 8.75 7200 2693 7.36 6.52 17.65 1456 1452 1162 Earthen Irrigation Nehra Nadi
Bomadara Khari & Diversion 11 pick up pali 1.92 5029 1254 1500 1.27 1.27 Diversion scheme Earthen Sukri scheme weir
Juna Eathen 12 Local Sadri 10. 50 1915.00 18 61.89 1.750 1.680 3750 450.00 319.00 240.00 Irrigation malari dam Magai Masonary Irrigation & 13 Sadri Sadri 28.44 349.50 54 22.5 5. 80 5. 23 19529 1382.38 1274.12 930.00 River dam Water supply Ghanerao Eathen 14 Kana dam Desuri 12.63 1143.00 53 113.5 3. 05 3.040 10710 812.49 667.34 507.00 Irrigation River dam Eathen Irrigation 15 Muthana Local Desuri 12. 00 1079.00 35 99.55 2.718 2.464 8700 608.38 455.89 367.00 dam Eathen Irrigation 16 Rajpura Local Desuri 12. 50 558.00 23 81.6 2. 54 2.220 4290 720.00 648.00 350.00 dam Eathen Irrigation & 511.11 414.32 343.01 17 Seli ki nal Local Desuri 13. 80 1708.00 94 414 2.265 1.926 5540 dam Water supply Eathen Irrigation 18 47.28 Local Desuri 16.11 1630.00 14 47.28 1.338 1.333 4730 315.88 315.88 260.00 dam Eathen Irrigation & 19 Godadhara Local Desuri 10.62 1348.20 31 107 2.378 2.209 2946 492.60 492.60 379.00 dam Water supply Eathen 587.00 440.00 308.00 Irrigation 20 Kesuli Local Bali 10. 70 137.10 77 129 2.420 2.170 2580 dam Eathen Irrigation 21 Dantiwara Local Bali 10. 00 542.50 31 98 2.770 2.630 6270 797.00 784.00 494.00 dam Masonary Irrigation 22 Latara Local Bali 21.00 76. 00 20 70.8 1.410 1.301 2490 422.208 419.948 294.00 dam
Eathen 23 Kot Dam Local Bali 8.10 3930.00 72 116.87 2.860 2.730 9090 283.00 521.00 469.00 dam With Irrigation Face wall
Eathen Irrigation 24 Dhani Local Falna 8.00 2610.00 14 0.940 0.930 3340 299.00 220.00 135.00 dam Mithri 1129.0 Eathen 25 Mithri Bali 15.70 1545.00 77 292.6 8.710 8.310 4570 1996.00 1930.00 Irrigation River 0 dam Eathen Supplimentally 26 Sewari Local Bali 8.60 111.00 2 6.01 0.203 0.186 450 44.00 44.00 26.00 dam Tank of Mithri
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 198 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Eathen 130.00 79.00 48.00 27 Pipla Local Bali 7.10 159.00 3 10.35 0.364 0.326 240m dam
Shivnath Eathen 28 Local Bali 20.10 82.30 4 50 1.410 1.410 900 522.00 421.00 240.00 dam With Irrigation Sagar Face wall
4903. Eathen 29 Phutia Local Bali 5. 50 2 55.23 1.540 1.370 3480 380.00 348.00 233.00 Irrigation 00 dam Raipur Raipur 1563.0 Eathen 30 Luni Raipur 18.90 341.50 373 50.97 9.22 7.63 22.81 4168.24 2605.15 Irrigation Luni Dam 9 dam River
Giri Eathen Lilari dam & 31 Nanda Raipur 10.67 350.50 102 304 5.66 5.59 11.74 1839.31 1432.60 860.00 Irrigation River Masonary Dam Face wall
Babra Lilari Eathen 32 Raipur 11.00 350.00 372 247.17 3.77 3.56 8.49 598.48 537.02 482.87 Irrigation Dam River dam Tributory Rajsagar 1320.0 Eathen 33 Luni Sojat 4.60 7680.00 113 176.61 8.16 8.04 9.90 2397.00 1670.00 Irrigation Chopra 0 dam River Malpuria Local Eathen 34 Sojat 2.15 1048.00 129 146.35 5.53 5.08 2.72 892.00 877.00 621.00 Irrigation Kanawas Nallah dam
Sukri Eathen Irrigation/Water 35 Gajnai Raipur 10.00 210.00 86 178.14 6.37 6.27 15.62 1418 1255.00 897.00 River dam Supply
Local Eathen 36 Borinada Sojat 2.25 4026 70 79 1.72 1.72 2.1 336 242 Irrigation Nallah dam 842
Local Marwar Eathen Irrigation/Water 37 Siriyari 7.93 250 39 132.63 4.48 4.13 7.44 805 763 591 Nallah Jn. dam Supply
Local Marwar Eathen Irrigation/Water 38 Kantaliya 7 572 81 166.2 5.34 5.18 8.19 838 759 611 Nallah Jn. dam Supply
Local Marwar Eathen Irrigation/Water 39 Phulad 8.23 735 49 131.04 3.72 3.49 5.19 879 810 498 Nallah Jn. dam Supply
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 199 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Jograwas I Local Marwar Eathen 40 2.28 1213 77 120 3.36 3.32 3.66 931 842 486 Irrigation & II Nallah Jn. dam
Local Marwar Eathen 41 Chirpatia 2.7 4710 47 91.8 2.13 2.05 0 1828 1502 405 Irrigation Nallah Jn. dam
Local Marwar Eathen 42 Saran 3.5 330 18 66.8 1.87 1.7 3.6 524 509 263 Irrigation Nallah Jn. dam
Local Eathen 43 Dhani Bali 5.5 27.3 0.94 0.93 3.3 481 347 274 Irrigation Nallah dam
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 200 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Table 7.5 : Year wise Maximum gauge Water Received, Water Utilized from Jawai Dam Max. Gross Water reserved in Water utilized in Area of Irrigation in No. of Year gauge Capacity mcft mcft. acres Watering in ft. in mcft. Irrigation PHED Irrigation PHED Proposed Actual 1956-57 48.45 4496 - 3454 1957-58 34.4 2431 - 1746.82 18815 1958-59 40.05 3141.5 2249.12 23294 1959-60 51.42 5057.7 2361.7 24818 1960-61 45.7 4066 1000 2368.63 638.85 22669 1961-62 48.9 4577 660 2904.17 614.24 24868 1962-63 37.5 2827.5 600 1660.87 595.95 16629 1963-64 31.86 2176.96 830 740.89 863.5 8895 1964-65 36 2638 461 1765.3 457.28 16502 1965-66 32 2180 390 1213.56 338.4 12560 1966-67 29.3 1949.2 520 898.28 264.67 11816 1967-68 57.57 6364.6 3849.21 327.54 32082 1968-69 48.35 4478 1000 2545.13 638.87 22700 27432 1969-70 16.95 1107.25 1107.25 604 1488 1970-71 48.32 4496.6 1000 3464.2 1000 22407 32421 1971-72 32.02 2189.25 900 805.66 766.67 11000 9982 1972-73 19.4 1232 1200 1321 Nil 1973-74 61.05 7273.5 780 3770.66 388.18 43400 46618 4 1974-75 39 3008 2200 156.48 1800 6402 1 1975-76 55.87 6019.36 100 2892.06 418 43400 36112 3 1976-77 53.4 5627 1000 4087.7 1308.8 40000 39552 4 1977-78 41 3265 800 1992.5 800 23124 3 1978-79 54.45 5679 2300 2500.15 1691 29590 24562 4 1979-80 53.8 5519 1250 3625.8 804 43400 46999 4 1980-81 40.8 3239 660 2000 660 1959 19756 20062 2 1981-82 18.6 1190 Full water reserved 1463 6106 1982-83 21.4 1337 Full water reserved 1546 962 1983-84 61 7260 4650 2000 4610 943.5 43500 57032 5 1984-85 41.5 3229.05 470 2200 670 2495.52 28800 19235 1 1985-86 38.75 2977.25 2829 2390.7 325 1986-87 44 3706 1900 1605 1772 1792.34 21400 28018 3 1987-88 9.9 793.5 Full water reserved 978 Nil 1988-89 46.7 4182.5 2000 2174 1997 1515 21990.41 41287 3 1989-90 29.7 1999.6 1989.06 2072 265 1990-91 61.25 7327.5 4350 3021 4312.4 1958 43500 63679 4 1991-92 49 4595 1710 2367 1608 3260 18801.64 35445 3 1992-93 61.25 7327.5 3550 4200 3476 1745 35550 58700 4 1993-94 60.9 7221.5 3500 3700 3462 3232 60160 4 1994-95 61.25 7327.5 4500 3150 3490 2552 59935 4 1995-96 52.75 5288 2800 2500 2800 2583 42000 24009 3
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 201 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
1996-97 42.2 3418.2 650 2652 635 2250 30000 58246 1 1997-98 57 6278 4200 2142 3500 2255 50500 4 1998-99 26.6 1726 Nil Full water reserved 1761 1999-00 5.8 657.26 Nil Full water reserved 664.04 00-2001 42.3 3230.3 800 2727.95 709.5 2728 32000 18252.27 1 2001-02 45.3 3880 2050 1830 2125 1755 24600 55714 3 Full reserved for 2002-03 11.65 838 838 800 PHED 2003-04 40.1 2765.07 900 1976 825 14447 15410 2 2004-05 27.5 1800 Full reserved for PHED 2005-06 43.4 3591.4 1800 2263 1800 2263 21600 34471 3 2006-07 61.25 7327.5 5200 2363 4621 932.35 43500 66076 4 2007-08 60.75 7195 5112.5 2050 4783 2182.54 42420 66493 4 2008-09 24 1505 Full reserved for PHED 2009-10 25 Full reserved for PHED 2010-11 50.15 5907.63 3425 2482.63 3255.03 2352.6 41100 59431 4 2011-12 6082 3500 2250 42000 4
7.3. Risk Assessment The mining activities involve certain types of hazards, during operation and close, which can disrupt normal activities abruptly and lead to disaster like fires, inundation, failure of machinery, explosion, to name a few. The impending dangers or risks, which need be investigated addressed, disaster management plan formulated with an aim to taking precautionary steps to avert disaster and to take such action after the disaster, which limits the damage to the minimum.
Nevertheless, the following natural/industrial problem may be encountered during the open cast manual riverbed mining operation at the mine site.
Inundation in mine pits. Failure of Slope of riverbanks. Surface fire (Oil). In order to take care of above hazards/disasters, the following will be strictly followed: Working of mines as per approved plans. All safety precautions and preventions of CMR 1957 shall be strictly followed during all mining operations. Regular maintenance of transport vehicles. Entry of unauthorized persons will be prohibited. Periodic checking of worthiness of firefighting and first aid provision in the mining area.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 202 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Training and refresher courses for all the employees. As a part of disaster management plan, a rescue team will be formed by imparting specialized training to select mining staff.
7.4. Inundation The area experiences worst storms causing rainfall during monsoon season Though no mining activities is envisaged during monsoon season (June to September), yet in the context of the present mine the inundation cannot be ruled out due to flash flood in the catchment during non-monsoon season as is evident from Table 7.6. It is inferred from the Table that during non-monsoon season the monthly rainfall during November month is maximum and infact out of 10 years it was only in November 2010 that good precipitation ranging from 27-55 mm in a day occurred to generate run-off corresponding to maximum one day rainfall in different tehsils of Pali. (2.68 mm – 6.65 mm)
Table 7.6 : Monthly Average and Maximum Rainfall (mm) in a day during non- monsoon season Monthly Average Rainfall (mm) during non- Maximum Run-off from monsoon season (2004-2013) Rainfall (mm) Maximum Rainfall Tehsil Jan Feb Mar Apr May Oct Nov Dec in any day mm MCM 5.86 8.25 Rohat 2.8 3.7 2.4 7.9 17 1.4 11.4 0.6 55 (14-11-2010) Pali 0.7 2.6 3.2 6.6 10.8 1.7 8.7 0.6 27 (23-11-2010) 2.68 4.50 Marwar Jn. 0.8 3.4 1.5 5.3 9.9 5.9 18.7 0.3 54 (17-11-2010) 5.95 8.35 Sumerpur 0 1.6 13.3 1.5 10.8 8.6 12.1 0 50 (23-11-2010) 6.65 6.38 Sojat 1.4 3.2 0.4 4.5 8.1 2.4 10.1 0.6 35 (14-11-2010) 3.66 6.14
Following precautionary measures shall be undertaken in respect of mining operation during non- monsoon season and before the onset of monsoon
The local nalas will not be obstracted/dirverted along the boundary of lease area. A careful assessment of the danger of inundation from surface water shall be made before onset of monsoon season every year and adequate precautions against such dangers shall be implemented. Effectiveness of precautions, obstruction in normal drainage system etc. shall be checked regularly. During May no mining pit excavation shall be carried out adjacent to the bank offset line Standing orders for withdrawal of persons and mining equipment from mine in case of apprehended danger shall be framed and enforced.
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7.5. Disaster Due to Failure of Pit Slope The excavation of a pit in a river bed can be construed as disturbing the continuity of the earth mass at the surface of excavation. The failure in an earth mass may be looked upon as loss of continuity caused by shearing stresses brought into play by the act of removing earth mass. The riverbed material in question comprises of gravel, bajri, sand, silt and clay and can be treated as cohesive – frictional (c - ᴓ) type of soil.
The mining involves mechanized excavation in pits of 3 m depth from the natural surface level in the riverbed by deploying excavators. The riverbed material is a consolidated matrix comprising of gravel / bajri / sand and sand/silt/clay and thus has an angle of repose of 400 - 450. Since the depth of the pit is 3m and the slope material has a good angle of internal friction, probability of any planer failure, or wedge failure of pit are not there. If the depth of cut is too high, there is possibility of slope collapse, which releases a sediment cloud. This will further move outside the suction radius of dredged head. In order to avoid this typical situation, the depth of cut may be restricted to:
H/C < 5.5, where, - Unit weight of the soil H - Depth of soil C - Cohesive strength of soil In the present case = 1850 kg/m3 H = 3 m C = 750 kg/m2 Therefore H/C = 7.4 which is more than 5.5. Hence the pit mining in 3 m depth is safe from stability consideration of slope. Otherwise also the safety factor against slope failure has been worked out as under by adopting Taylor’stability curve for stability number N=0.035 for angle of slope of 400.
F=C/NH = 750/0.035 x 1850 x 3 = 3.8 which is more than 1.5 (SF)
The riverbed in most of the rivers has become a consolidated matrix comprising of gravel, bajri, sand, silt ansd clay and thus the soil is classified as c - ᴓ i.e. it has both cohesion as well as internal friction. This is manifest from the almost vertical side slopes of the pit excavated for the footing of column of a bridge under construction on Rediya River (Figure 7.5).
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Figure 7.5 : Pictorial view of pits on river coarse of Rediya 7.6. Disaster Due to Failure of Mine Waste Dump Sliding of surface waste dump is an equally severe risk compared to quarry slope failure. Hence, it is imperative that the degree of hazard against potential failure of waste dump slopes should be identified and that precautionary measures are adopted, if required. The overall waste dump slope, considering the angle of repose, should not be more than 35º- 37º. In the present case of riverbed mining, the mine waste material is silt and clay which have been proposed to be disposed in the area designated for plantation and shall be properly dressed and levelled for creation of the green belt / plantation. Thus, no surface dumps have been proposed under the plan. The natural heap surface of about 0.5m - 1m high have an angle of repose of about 250 are quite safe.
7.7. Disaster Due to Surface Fire The chances of surface fire resulting per se from the riverbed mining activities are well- nigh impossible except for the mining machinery and transport vehicles catching and engulfed in fire due to electrical fault like short circuiting and other reasons. In winters the labour some time use fuel wood to warm themselves. The fire can result from the negligence of the labour, but it will be localized and shall not spread as the core zone area of the mine has no appreciable woody material, which can easily catch fire. As a safety, measure against fire hazard a couple of fire extinguishers will be installed at rest shelter and refilled periodically.
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7.8. Disaster Management Plan In order to handle disaster/emergency situations, an organizational chart entrusting responsibility to various project personnel will be prepared with their specific roles during emergency.
7.8.1. Planning 7.8.1.1 Identification and Prevention of Possible Emergency Situations Possible emergency situations can broadly be classified into vehicle collision, and inundation. Some of the ways of preventing emergencies are as follows:
Preparation of a Preventive Maintenance Schedule Programme and also covering maintenance schedules for all mining machinery/equipment and instruments as well as transport vehicles as per recommendations of the manufacturers user manuals,
Ensuring the compliance of traffic rules strictly along Katcha roads (haul roads) within the mine lease area as well as outside the mine lease area.
Emergent situation arise due to happening of some incident culminating into an abnormal situation. It implies that sufficient time space running from a few seconds to few minutes are always invariably available to arrest an incident of abnormal situation from turning in to an emergency.
7.8.2. Implementation Following key personnel, identified for carrying out specific and assigned duties in case of any kind of emergency, shall be available on call on holidays and off duty also.
Mine Manager
Personnel Officer
Foreman
Senior Mining Mate
Essential workers
7.8.2.1 Responsibilities of Mine Manager To take overall charge at the place of incident and activate the Emergency Preparedness Plan according to severity of situation.
Inform Doctor to be ready for treatment of affected employees and intimate their relatives.
To depute staff carry out following functions -
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To liaison with District Administration and other Departments and guide their personnel
To supervise Assembly and Evacuation at all points
To look after Patients who are bed ridden and any Casualties and give psychological support
Inform and liaise with project proponent, Police department and District Emergency Authority.
Arrange for chronological records of emergency to be maintained.
Issue authorized statements to News Media.
7.8.2.2 Responsibilities of Mines Foreman To take immediate charge at the site of incident and ensure that immediate steps as per Emergency Preparedness Plan are taken and immediately inform Mines manager.
Shall disseminate the information regarding emergency by blowing of Siren / Hooter.
Supervise assembly and evacuation as per plan, if required and ensure that casualties are receiving proper medical care.
Ensure accounting for personnel and rescue of missing persons.
Control traffic movement in Quarry premises.
7.8.2.3 Responsibilities of Trained Workers A task force comprising of specially trained staff to act and deliver in the emergency situation shall carry out the following work.
Fire fighting and spill control till fire brigade takes the charge and thereafter assist the fire brigade
Ensuring safety and Isolating equipment, materials, urgent repairing or replacement, electrical work etc.
Controlling movement of equipment, transport vehicles, special vehicle at the mine site.
Extending First - Aid and medical help.
Assistance at casualty’s reception areas to record details of casualties.
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7.9. Occupational Health and Safety The effects of air pollution on human health are well documented. There are controversies in many respects, but there is sample evidence to show that air pollution is definitely a contributing factor to chronic bronchitis, asthma and emphysema. Health and Safety Measures to control dust inhalation; precautions would be adopted to prevent dust generation at site and dispersing in the environment. For the safety of workers at site, engaged at strategic dust generation points like loading and unloading points, screening plant etc., dust masks would be provided. Dust masks would prevent
inhalation of RSPM (PM10) thereby reducing the risk of lung diseases and other respiratory disorders. Regular health monitoring of workers will be carried out at the time of appointment as per Mine Rules 1955 and also yearly. Lung function test and audiometry test will be the essential part of health checkups as mine workers are prone to these. First aid facility should be available at the rest shelter. Training will be imparted to all the workers for health safety measures so that they can use the protective equipments essentially and effectively. Qualified Vocational Training Officer will be employed to impart the training to all the employees on regular basis. The personal protection equipments (PPE) such as Industrial Safety Helmet, goggles, Ear muffs / earplug, Dust mask, hand gloves and Industrial safety shoes with steel toe will be provided to the workers. The details of pre-placement medical examination and periodical check-up schedule with cost have been provided in Chapter 9.
7.10. R & R Plan In the wake of the fact that no private land or asset acquisition is involved in the mine lease area which totally falls in revenue waste land classified as Gair Mumkin Nadi/Nala in the revenue records, no R&R plan is warranted.
7.11. Social Impact Assessment The project does not involve acquisition of any private land or asset and thus there shall be no project affected persons. No social impact assessment is thus warranted under Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013.
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CHAPTER 8. : PROJECT BENEFITS 8.1. General The forthcoming project shall open new vista for employment in the area in many spheres. With the commencement of proposed mining activities, a new horizon shall emerge to the local populace for their social upliftment. The mine lease area neither entails any acquisition of any private land or property nor any displacement of persons. Therefore, it will it will not have any adverse impact on these counts but it will herald all positive benefits to the society and improve socio economic fabric of the region.
8.2. Accelerated Development of Infrastructure and Housing Sector The implementation of the project shall help in meeting the huge demand of construction material like coarse and fine sand/Bajri required for building construction and infrastructure works in Jodhpur Division of Rajasthan.
8.3. Employment Potential 8.3.1. Mining Activities About 102 labors shall be engaged for extraction of Sand/Bajri and loading and handling of mineral in mining area, besides, watch and ward and plantation activity with proper maintenance. The majority of manpower belonging to skilled/semi-skilled/unskilled shall be indigenously available. Therefore, it is estimated that approximately102 persons shall be benefited by direct employment.
8.3.2. Implementation of Management Plans Various management plans, suggested as mitigation measures, viz. Green Belt Development and maintenance of haul road are highly labour oriented forestry/civil work with lesser material component. The forestry works involved under these plans do not involve any state-of-the-art for which especial labour is warranted. In fact, these routine works can be executed to perfection by the skilled/semi-skilled/unskilled labour locally available.
8.4. State Exchequer Commencement of mining activities shall result in direct revenue to the State Exchequer in the form of royalty, trade/sales tax, cess etc. besides creating environmental management fund for carrying out environment protection works.
8.5. Betterment of Trade and Commerce With the commencement of mining operations, the need for housing of the mine workers/personnel shall arise which will be mostly provided by the local persons of nearby villages/ markets by giving the accommodation on rental basis. This will fetch income to the house owners. Besides this there shall be an increase in demand of all commodities
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to meet out the needs of mined workers/personnel and the transport personnel. Thus, there shall be a general boost to business and commerce in the area.
8.6. Tangible social benefits There will be a positive impact in socio-economic area due to increased economic activities, creation of new employment opportunities, infrastructural development and better educational and health facilities.
The project proponent (Lessee) will undertake awareness program and community activities like health, camps, medical aids, family welfare camps, AIDS awareness programme etc.
Periodic medical check-ups as per Mines Act/ Rules and other social development and promotional activities will be undertaken. All this will assist to lift the general health status of the residents of the area around mines.
A massive plantation has been done in the mine area so far and lot many are proposed to mitigate the ill-effects of mining and to improve the vicinity and environment of mine and it surrounding area. The project proponent will give emphasis on plantation and will also motivate local persons for plantation during rainy season. This will also increase the consciousness in workers and near-by villagers for greenery. Fruit trees can contribute towards their financial gains.
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CHAPTER 9. : Environmental Management Plan 9.1. General Based on the evaluation of baseline data and predicted impacts, suitable and plausible management plans are to be formulated for implementation, to minimize the negative impacts in the environmental attributes of land, water, air, noise, ecological and socio- economics. The implementation of all the management plans should commence pari passu with the commencement of mining activities so that the environmental ambiguities going to crop up may be resolved before the completion of conceptual plan of the mine i.e. towards the end of life of mine. Various environmental management plans, designed within the framework of statutory and regulatory requirements on environmental and socio- economic aspects to attain sustainable development are described in the proceeding sections.
9.2. Pollution Control Measures 9.2.1. Air Pollution Control In riverbed manual mining, dust emissions are generated during various mining activities, material handling and due to plying of transportation trucks in the mine lease area and also on haul roads. However, the EIA study has shown that ground level concentration of
pollutants like PM10, SO2 and NOX are within the NAAQS are well and when become airborne lead to increase in particulates level in the ambient air. The detailed mitigation measures as contained in Section 4.7. The project proponent shall ensure that these are strictly followed. Besides this the ambient air quality monitoring shall be periodically carried out at locations and frequencies mentioned under Section Chapter 6.4.1. Apart from these mitigation measures, the idle running of transport vehicles at the mine site shall be totally avoided. The sprinkling of water on surface of haul roads and over the silt/clay disposed in the plantation area shall involve major cost component of the works towards air pollution control. For meeting out the cost of purchase of ground water (25 kld for dust suppression) from tube wells and its transportation cost to the site @ Rs. 625/day for 280 days annually, a sum of Rs. 1.75 lac has to be earmarked as recurring expenditure under air pollution control measures.
9.2.2. Noise Pollution Control The noise monitoring shows that day and night time baseline noise levels at mine site in river bed are within the prescribed limit. The other source of noise at the site is due to operation of transport vehicle. Due to use of excavators and loaders the level of noise will definitely rise above threshold level at the place in the riverbed where the machines are in operation. But this increase in noise level will not be continuous and shall be governed by the breakup of cycle of operation of the machine which includes idle time also. The
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impact study shows that the noise levels due to noise source from mining machinery and truck movement are attenuated after 100 m distance from the mine site. The resultant noise levels are very high at mine site. The detailed mitigation measures are contained in Section 4.6. The project proponent shall ensure that these are strictly followed. Besides this the ambient air noise level monitoring shall be periodically carried out at locations and frequencies mentioned under Section Chapter 6.4.2. The environmental surroundings near the mine site like vegetal cover greatly attenuate the noise level. On this account the green belt shall be developed along the haul road as well as in the area earmarked for plantation within the lease, the cost of development of greenbelt has been separately assessed. The cost of other equipments like ear plug/muff and noise level monitoring during the course of mining have been included under occupational health and safety plan and environmental monitoring plan.
9.2.3. Water Pollution Control 9.2.3.1 Surface Water The major impact due to riverbed surface mining is the increase siltation owing to sediment particles coming under the influence of the current and also due to toe erosion of bank in the mine lease area. In the impact studies, it has been held that the mining activities shall be carried out during the period when the rivers run dry and thus there will be no synergic relation between water and soil during the period of mining. However, during heavy rains the loose soil spread on upper terraces can find way into the river section due to run-off from upper banks and also due to formation of rills. This will increase the silt rate to smaller extent as the river flow during flash floods carry considerably high sediment and suspended load as compared to the former. Apart from the mitigation measures suggested in Section 4.5.2, spillage of sand and bajri into the river bed should be avoided during transportation. The plantation under the green belt programme shall also help in checking the erosion of the bank. Besides this the water quality monitoring shall be periodically carried out at locations and frequencies mentioned under Section Chapter 6.4.3. Thus, there is no cost implication of this plan as all work activities are covered under other plans.
9.2.3.2 Ground Water The base level study have revealed that there will be neither any impact on groundwater as the ground water table is not intersected nor the mineral formation has any toxic elements. However as the requirement of water for drinking/domestic use, dust suppression and green belt shall be met from the ground water resources (nearby tube well), thus there shall be an impact on ground water resource to the extent the water is abstracted from the ground. This impact shall not be substantial as merely 0.011 MCM shall be abstracted from ground water resource annually. This meagre use of ground
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water resource shall be compensated many fold during flood and after flood when the subsurface basin in the form of 3m deep mine pits shall act as reservoir to trigger a good recharge of the ground water due to the increase head for percolation. Besides this the project proponent shall construct a few conventional water harvesting structure under the CSR initiatives. Thus no further mitigation measures are warranted.
9.2.4. Land Environment Any mining activity may alter the land use pattern in the lease area. In order to minimise the adverse effects, the following suggestions have been made. Degradation of land is not a very significant adverse impact of river terrace mining due to creation of access roads, mining operations and transportation of mined material. In order to prevent the environmental degradation of lease area and its surroundings, the following measures shall be taken;
Minimal damage to the flora standing around the lease area.
Foreign material should neither be allowed to remain/spill in lease area, nor the pits/pockets will be allowed to be filled with such material,
No stockpiling of extracted sand and bajri shall be done outside the lease area.
9.2.5. Biological Environment The dust is the only major pollutant, which will be generated from different activities of mining. The effect of particulate matter on vegetation is in the form of incrustation, plugging of stomata, and loss of chlorophyll and reduction of photosynthesis process. The annual plantation proposed for five years of mining period shall greatly help in developing a good vegetal cover on the upper terrace near the bank of the river and eventually attract micro fauna, birds etc. in the area. Thus, there will be positive impact on terrestrial environment around the mine lease area. The increase in siltation due to mining shall be controlled by creating greenbelt and soil conservation works. Though no Schedule-I & II species, under WPA 1972, have been sighted in the project area i.e. core zone. However, in the buffer zone of the study area a good wildlife which inter-alia include a few mammals (Jungle Cat, Indian Fox, Rhesus Monkey and Mongoose - Schedule - II) and avi-fauna (Common Peafowl – Schedule - I) included in Schedule I & II of WPA Act, 1972 are stated to be present as per Forest Working Plan of Pali Forest Division. These wild animals sometimes also frequent the area nearby the river banks and villages. Thus, for conservation of these wildlife in non-forest area a management plan has been formulated in the light of measures enunciated in the working plan of Pali Forest Division.
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9.2.5.1 Conservation Plan for Peafowl
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae Genus: Pavo Species: Pavo cristatus
Introduction The Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), is also known as the Common Peafowl or the Blue Peafowl, The peacock is the national bird of India. It is a resident breeder in the Indian subcontinent and has been introduced into many parts of the world and feral populations exist in many introduced regions. It is the largest of the pheasants. It has a crest atop the head. Most attractive part of its body is its magnificent `tail`(train) with its colourful feathers with a black eye at the end. The peafowls loose these feathers at the end of summer and new ones grow during summer.
Geographical Distribution:
The Indian sub-continent is the natural range of the Indian Peafowl. It is found in good numbers in Indian Territory ranging from Outer Himalayas through vast stretch of the country including the Peninsula. It is also found in Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka. The arid deserts of Rajasthan, the riverbanks of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, the foothills of the Himalayas in Uttar Pradesh and the forests of Haryana – these are considered to be the major and commonly-known habitats of peacocks in India.
Habitat and Behaviour:
The scrub jungles and forest edges are the natural habitat of this bird which has affinity towards a moist and dry deciduous and semiarid biomes. It is also found along streams with good vegetation and in agricultural fields and in close proximity with the human settlements. Habitat mosaic of scrub and open areas with ample sites for “dust bathing” and “lekking”. Dust bathing is critical as this bird has to condition its feathers and remove feather-degrading bacteria and other external parasites. The peafowl are forest birds that nest on the ground. The peafowl are terrestrial feeders but roost in trees. It has got a loud scream that can scary many enemies. The life expectancy is about 10-15 years.
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Food:
Peafowls are omnivores, eating plant parts, flower petals, seed heads, insects and other arthropods, reptiles and amphibians. In the study area, dense tree canopy cover supports good insect diversity which is very common food for peafowls.
Conservation Status:
The Indian Peafowl is listed as least concern species in the Red List of International Union for Conservation of Nature. However, in India it has been attributed the utmost protection by inclusion in Schedule-I of Indian Wildlife Act, 1972.
Threat:
These birds are under continuous threat from human beings for variety of reasons like demand for feather and wild meat, direct encounter with the farmers during harvesting seasons, adverse impact due to increase use of pesticides and habitat reduction due to conversion of their habitat to agricultural land, industrial growth etc. The incidence of killing of peafowls by the local populace for host of reasons have been reported and recorded at many places in Rajasthan.
Conservation Plan:
The people living in the surrounding area and employee of the company would be motivated towards the protection of the animal. Motivation will lead to timely information to the concerned authorities about any threat to wild life or any cases of pouching/hunting. Though peafowl is well adapted to the existing rural setting of the study area yet the following strategies may be adopted:
Habitat improvement programme will include plantation of various plant species mentioned in green belt development plan (Table 9.2) and other species reported from the study area should be taken in to priority. In order to improve vegetation cover, it is suggested to carry out extensive afforestation program in different phases. Peafowl is seen at times in this area. It is well known that this bird requires insects, snakes and grass seeds etc. as its food and sufficient water to drink. By planting tree and sowing grass seeds, vegetational status of the area will improve. This will provide more food and by strengthening water bodies more water will be available which shall help improve the population status of Peafowl in this area.
Under habitat improvement programme the seeds of grasses and saplings will be distributed in the various villages of the study area. Compost packets will be also
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provided at the intervals of the every six months by the proponent (in consultation of forest department).
Water will be filled in the existing (selected by forest department) water bodies near the river banks and in the scrub area by water tankers.
School level awareness programmes will be conducted for conservation of peacocks by organizing competitions during “Wildlife Week” and “Van Mahotsav” celebrations
The prolific use of insecticides / pesticides should be checked as these harmful chemicals are detrimental and instrumental for killing of insects / butterflies which are natural prey for the birds.
Conservation of “lekking sites” and dust bathing sites for Peafowl.
9.2.5.2 Conservation Plan for Jungle Cat Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Suborder: Feliformia Family: Felidae Subfamily: Felinae Genus: Felis Species: Felis chaus
Introduction The jungle cat (Felis chaus), also called the swamp lynx (although not closely related to the lynxes), is a medium-small cat, but is now considered the largest remaining species of the wild cat genus Felis. Due to the pointed ears and the long legs this cat resembles a small lynx (hence the name "swamp lynx").
Geographical Distribution:
Felis chaus inhabits Asia and North Africa, including Indochina, Thailand, Burma, India, Sri Lanka, Mesopotamia, and North Egypt. Afghanistan and Transcapia define the northern border of its range It inhabits various habitats, for instance savannas, tropical dry forests and the reedbeds along rivers and lakes, but it is not found in rainforests. In some areas the jungle cat comes close to villages and may even live in deserted houses. The jungle cat lives in heights up to 2500 m, but is more common in the lowlands.
Habitat:
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Felis chaus is found in a wide variety of habitats, most often in wet grasslands and reed thickets near stagnant or slowly flowing water. Although some populations reside in dry areas, F. chaus is never far from a pool of water. Jungle cats live at elevations between sea level and 2400 meters above MSL.
Food:
The cat feeds on rodents, frogs, hares and other small mammals snakes, lizards and birds. Those cats living close to bodies of water are able to swim and dive in order to catch fish. Felis chaus preys on, ground birds, and frogs.
Behaviour: Like most felids, Felis chaus are solitary animals. They are active both day and night and den in thick vegetation or in the abandoned burrows of badgers, foxes, or porcupines. When resting they twist the forefeet at the wrist joint and tuck them under the body.
Conservation Status: The Jungle Cat is listed as least concern species in the Red List of International Union for Conservation of Nature. However, in India it has been attributed the utmost protection by inclusion in Schedule-II of Indian Wildlife Act, 1972
Threat: Competitors are the main threat to the wild cat. Competitors of the wild cat include leopards, wolves, red dogs, and hyenas’
Conservation Plan: The people living in the surrounding area and employee of the company would be motivated towards the protection of the animal. Motivation will lead to timely information to the concerned authorities about any threat to wild life or any cases of poaching/hunting. Proper incentive shall be given to such locals who pass on information about the illegal poaching. Water holes should be made away from such places where the local people bring their animals for grazing. Parapets of adequate height should be constructed above the top of the open wells so that incidence of wildlife / animals drowning in the well are checked. The area around the well should be cleared of the shrubs so that the animals don’t dare to come near to it. The ban on use of plastic bags should be strictly followed. The dangerous chemicals should not be indiscriminately disposed near to the water holes otherwise the water quality shall be impaired to dangerous proportion. The database of natural habitat of wild animals should be prepared and the information disseminated to the gram Panchayat. A great deal of wildlife also inhabit the area outside of the forests
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which do not fall under jurisdiction of the Forest Department. In context of such areas the revenue department and the NGOs may take joint and concerted efforts for protection of animals. The following conservation measures are proposed.
Conservation of Soil and Improvement of Water Regime Habitat Improvement Creation of Conservation awareness Provision of Salt Lakes Incentives to Informers of Illegal hunting /poaching of animals Fencing of natural habitat to check the encroachment of shrinking habitat Strengthening of translocation centres of the district by one time financial aid.
9.2.5.3 Conservation Plan for Indian Fox Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Vulpes Taxon: Vulpes bengalensis
Introduction
The foxes are the smallest amongst the canids characterized by their solitary nature (the only social unit being a pair during the breeding season) and versatility in strategies for effective survival.
Geographical Distribution:
The Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis) is endemic to the Indian subcontinent. The species has a relatively wide distribution varying from the foothills of the Himalayas in Nepal to the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent.
However nowhere in its range is the Indian fox abundant.
Habitat:
The species largely occupies semi arid, flat to undulating terrain, scrub and grassland habitats, which are suitable for foraging and denning activities. The Biogeographic Zones 3 (Desert), 4 (Semiarid) and 6 (Deccan Peninsula) are believed to hold relatively high numbers. It avoids dense forests, steep terrain, tall grasslands and true deserts. In the Indian peninsula, the species is restricted to the plains and open scrub forest.
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Food:
The order Carnivora is well known for its wide dietetic characteristics. Indian fox has been reported as an omnivorous opportunistic canid. Their diet has been known to comprise of insects (grasshoppers, termites, beetles, scorpions, ants, and spiders), crustaceans, rodents including gerbils, field rats and mice, hares (Lepus nigricollis), birds and their eggs, fishes, ground lizards and rat snakes (Ptyas mucosus). Fruits consumed by the foxes included ber (Zizyphus spp.), neem (Azadirachta indica), mango (Mangifera indica), jamun (Syzigium cumini), banyan (Ficus bengalensis) and pods of Cicer arietum and Cassia fistula. etc., they have also been reported to feed on carcasses, and urban waste.
Behaviour:
They are mostly crepuscular and nocturnal in habits, foraging usually in the dark hours. Denning in the Indian fox is restricted to the pup rearing period. The Indian fox breeds from December to January (in Kutch), average litter size being two.
Life Span:
6-8 years in captivity, 10-12 years also reported.
Conservation Status:
The Indian Fox is listed as least concern species in the Red List of International Union for Conservation of Nature. However, in India it has been attributed the utmost protection by inclusion in Schedule-II of Indian Wildlife Act, 1972.
Threat:
Wolves and feral dogs are major predators. Bengal foxes are susceptible to habitat loss and degradation, persecution, roadkills, and changes in native species dynamics due to pathogens or parasites. Bengal fox is hunted for sport and for its fur. Its body parts are used in traditional medicines. Although the Indian Fox is widespread, it occurs at low densities throughout its range, and populations can undergo major fluctuations due to prey availability. It is also quite sensitive to human modifications of its habitat. There are no known commercial uses for the Indian Fox, although there is limited localized trade for skin, tail, teeth and claws (for medicinal and charm purposes). There is no trade or potential for trade of the Indian Fox.
Conservation Plan:
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The people living in the surrounding area and employee of the company would be motivated towards the protection of the animal. Motivation will lead to timely information to the concerned authorities about any threat to wild life or any cases of poaching/hunting. Proper incentive shall be given to such locals who pass on information about the illegal poaching. Water holes should be made away from such places where the local people bring their animals for grazing. Parapets of adequate height should be constructed above the top of the open wells so that incidence of wildlife / animals drowning in the well are checked. The area around the well should be cleared of the shrubs so that the animals don’t dare to come near to it. The ban on use of plastic bags should be strictly followed. The dangerous chemicals should not be indiscriminately disposed near to the water holes otherwise the water quality shall be impaired to dangerous proportion. The database of natural habitat of wild animals should be prepared and the information disseminated to the gram Panchayat. A great deal of wildlife also inhabit the area outside of the forests which do not fall under jurisdiction of the Forest Department. In context of such areas the revenue department and the NGOs may take joint and concerted efforts for protection of animals. The following conservation measures are proposed.
. Conservation of Soil and Improvement of Water Regime
. Habitat Improvement
. Creation of Conservation awareness
. Provision of Salt Lakes
. Incentives to Informers of Illegal hunting /poaching of animals
. Fencing of natural habitat to check the encroachment of shrinking habitat
. Strengthening of translocation centres of the district by one time financial aid.
9.2.5.4 Conservation Plan for Rhesus Monkey Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Cercopithecidae Genus: Macaca
Introduction
The Rhesus Macaque is also known as the Rhesus Monkey. It belongs to the Old World category and is among the best known. These are small Monkeys with pink faces that
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don’t have any fur on them. They may be brown or gray in color. They have a long tail that helps them to stay balanced and for leaping.
Geographical Distribution:
The Northern portions of India are where you will find the Rhesus Macaque. Thailand, Vietnam, and South China are just a few of the places where they are found. They have the largest geographical location of any primate in the world other than humans. They enjoy open areas that are arid. However, they also live in the mountains at high elevations. They can also live in wooded regions as they have a diverse ability to live in many habitats.
Habitat:
This species is diurnal and omnivorous, and alternatively arboreal and terrestrial. It resides in a range of habitats, including temperate coniferous, moist and dry deciduous, bamboo, and mixed forests, mangroves, scrub, rainforest, and around human habitations and developments, including cultivated areas, temples, and roadsides (Choudhury 2001; Srivastava and Mohnot 2001).
Food:
Pine needles are part of their food supply. Roots, small insects, and leaves also make up their daily dietary intake. They are able to store food in the pouches of their cheeks. In many areas they have been known to go to humans for food that has been left out for them. They remember where to go for it though so now it has become a huge problem. Now villagers are trapping them and killing them to get them to stop coming around.
Behaviour:
Swimming is a common event for the Rhesus Macaque. They do it to help them cross between the islands. The young can swim when they are just a few days old. They are often found to have drown though in areas where the waters was moving just too fast for them to swim. They are active both during the day and at night. They will live mainly in the trees but also on the land.
The groups can have as many as 40 members, with there being about 4 times as many females. There is a complex hierarch that is through the females. Her young will have their lineage in the group based on hers
Reproduction:
There isn’t a specific time of year for mating to occur with the Rhesus Macaque. As long as they have enough food and shelter it will be taking place. The females are mature
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around 3 years of age. It is about a year later for the males. After mating it takes about 164 days for the young to arrive. They are well cared for by their mothers. They are taught how to be important members of the group. They are encouraged when they find food and when they call out to warn other members of dangers. The life span of a rhesus monkey in captivity is approximately 15 - 20 years for males and 20 - 25 years for females. These monkeys rarely live beyond 15 years of age in the wild.
Conservation Status:
The Rhesus Monkey is listed as least concern species in the Red List of International Union for Conservation of Nature. However, in India it has been attributed the utmost protection by inclusion in Schedule-II of Indian Wildlife Act, 1972.
Threat:
This species is generally unthreatened, though its original habitat is increasingly being lost to development. While M. mulatta exists easily around humans, the increasing level of cohabitation has been associated with waning levels of human tolerance for the animals (Molur et al. 2003). Confiscation for laboratory testing is a mostly localized threat, but it is considerable in certain areas. Capture and release of laboratory and “problem monkeys” from rural and urban areas into natural forests is a major threat to wild macaques.
Conservation Plan:
The people living in the surrounding area and employee of the company would be motivated towards the protection of the animal. Motivation will lead to timely information to the concerned authorities about any threat to wild life or any cases of pouching/hunting. The root cause of this conflict between humans and rhesus macaques is the eradication of natural habitat, forcing monkeys into proximity with humans. Though they excel in human-disturbed environments, rhesus macaques living in forested areas are usually healthier, eating a better diet, and in overall better condition than urban macaques (Lindburg 1971). Restoration of their natural habitat in densely populated areas may decrease conflict, but given that they will likely move into areas where humans make food readily available, this may not be a permanent solution. In the long term, management will be necessary to conserve healthy populations of rhesus macaques and prevent persecution by humans from being a threat to their survival (Muroyama & Eudey 2004).
Translocation of large numbers of monkeys may be one management option to remove rhesus macaques dependent on human sources of food. In one area of significant human-
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rhesus macaque conflict, about 600 macaques were captured and successfully relocated to forested areas nearby (Imam et al. 2002).
9.2.5.5 Conservation Plan for Mongoose
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Herpestidae Genus: Herpestes Taxon: Herpestes edwardii Introduction
Mongoose is a member of the family of small cat-like, bold, agile carnivores having a tapered head, long body, short legs.and are typically gray or brown with long, coarse hair that bristles when disturbed. They use their claws for digging burrows.
Geographical Distribution and Habitat:
They are widely found in the Caribbeans, Southern Europe and in the Asian and African continents. Their general habitats are forests, open land, semi-desert/desert and takes shelter in ground borrows, open fissures in the rocks besides hollows of trees.
Food:
The predators thrive on small mammals, rodants, lizards, snails, crabs, birds and insects. They often attacks and kill snakes including Cobras.
Behaviour and Life Span:
They can live in isolation and in large groups and are invariably active during the day time while some species are nocturnal. Their general life span is about 7 to 12 years in the wild and more than 20 years in captivity.
Conservation Status:
They are listed as lower risk, least concern species in the Red List of International Union for Conservation of Nature. However, in India it has been attributed the utmost protection by inclusion in Schedule-II of Indian Wildlife Act, 1972.
Threat:
Their small size renders them an easy prey for big carnivores. The threat also comes from human intervention in the form of use of toxic agro chemicals in agriculture fields.
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Conservation Plan:
The people living in the surrounding area and employee of the company would be motivated towards the protection of the animal. Motivation will lead to timely information to the concerned authorities about any threat to wild life or any cases of poaching/hunting. Proper incentive shall be given to such locals who pass on information about the illegal poaching. Water holes should be made away from such places where the local people bring their animals for grazing. Parapets of adequate height should be constructed above the top of the open wells so that incidence of wildlife / animals drowning in the well are checked. The area around the well should be cleared of the shrubs so that the animals don’t dare to come near to it. The ban on use of plastic bags should be strictly followed. The dangerous chemicals should not be indiscriminately disposed near to the water holes otherwise the water quality shall be impaired to dangerous proportion. The database of natural habitat of wild animals should be prepared and the information disseminated to the gram Panchayat. A great deal of wildlife also inhabit the area outside of the forests which do not fall under jurisdiction of the Forest Department. In context of such areas the revenue department and the NGOs may take joint and concerted efforts for protection of animals. The following conservation measures are proposed.
. Conservation of Soil and Improvement of Water Regime
. Habitat Improvement
. Creation of Conservation awareness
. Provision of Salt Lakes
. Incentives to Informers of Illegal hunting /poaching of animals
. Fencing of natural habitat to check the encroachment of shrinking habitat
. Strengthening of translocation centres of the district by one time financial aid.
9.2.5.6 Financial Projection of Conservation Plan To implement the conservation plan following works are proposed within the core zone, buffer zone and adjoining forest and revenue area. More emphasis will be given to soil and water conservation structures and creation of water holes along with the habitat development works. To improve the habitat and conserve the flora and fauna following items of works are proposed and tentative financial allocation for the same is given in front of them (Table 9.1).
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Table 9.1 : Cost under Conservation Plan S. No. ITEM Amount (Rs. Lac) 1. Conservation of Soil and Water 1.1 Improvement of existing water sources (Small Ponds) 1.00 1.2 Development of new water sources (Water Holes) 1.00 1.3 Construction of Anicut / Check Dams on small Nalas / Balas 2.00 2. Habitat Improvement 2.1 Plantation / Pasture Development 2.00 2.2 Burning regime, seeding and grass cutting 0.50 2.3 Improvement of Escape cover 0.50 2.4 Improvement of Reproductive cover 0.50 3. Creation of Conservation Awareness 0.25 4. Provision of Salt Licks 0.25 5. Incentives to informers of illegal game / poaching 0.50 6. Fencing of Natural Habitat to check the encroachment 0.75 7. Strengthing of trans location centers in the district by one time 0.75 financial aid Total for five years 10.00
9.2.6. Social Environment With the commencement of the project, there shall be direct employment opportunity for 109 workers, besides this the project will open vista for employment in transportation sector, besides generation opportunity for deployment in activities related to stone crushing plant. Since no private land is to be acquired for mining, thus the ticklish issues touching and arising due to R&R issues are not involved. Therefore, impact of riverbed mining of sand and bajri on the social economics of the area shall be a very positive one. It will also provide stimulus to the business and commerce of local market. The small-time shopkeepers running hotel/Dhaba shall also be benefitted.
9.2.6.1 Corporate Social Responsibility The project proponent is a non – corporate entity and is well aware of his duty and responsibility towards the socio-economic development of the local community where the project activities will be carried. The proponent is also bound by the national policies and is vigorously passionate to carry out some initiative towards the society by improving their quality of life and fostering sustainable and integrated development in the communities in the vicinity of the lease area. This objective of social responsibility is equally well-entrenched in the minds of the project proponent which is manifest from some of the CSR activities included in the mine plan. The project proponent wish to play an active part in providing financial support and empowering rural communities to chart their own development.
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The activities to be carried out under Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives will have a positive impact on socio economic fabric of the region. The Project Proponent may promote local NGO, ask the communities to prepare their micro level plans based on genuine needs. It is, therefore, proposed to have CSR plan focusing on following broad areas of activities that addresses the problems and needs of the community in the project area in a holistic manner:
Livelihood and Entrepreneurship: Helping rural communities in the project vicinity to become self-sufficient and sustainable by providing training in self-employment and supporting entrepreneurship
Women Empowerment: A driving social change in rural areas by empowering women through education and training and promoting their Self Help Groups (SHG) and micro finance for group, individual and community income generation activities such as tailoring/embroidery classes for women; and Orientation programs for self-employment in collaboration with District Industries Centre and District Rural Development Agencies.
Education: Empowering children and adults by bringing quality education to remote rural areas
Infrastructure:
Invest in rural infrastructure to make basic amenities available to the villages such as traditional water harvesting structures.
Environment: Promoting environmental awareness and responsibility amongst rural, socially backward and poor communities.
Health:
Provide affordable, quality healthcare to villages by giving community level health care training through village workers especially women.
Agricultural Improvement: With the help of Agricultural Department, organize training programs such as animal husbandry, dairy development, modern cultivation, scientific storage of grain, water conservation etc; Assist district livestock officer (DLO) to organize veterinary camps; Help in arranging in association with nearby agricultural department for soil testing and technical inputs for increasing yield.
Employment:
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Preference in employment should be given to local population for skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled categories. Necessary training may be imparted to locals to improve their skill. The broad activities proposed under CSR initiative along with financial implications is shown in Table 9.2.
Table 9.2 : Cost under CSR initiative S.No. Description Amount (Rs. lac) 1. Health checkup camps 3.5 2. Assistance to local schools, scholarship to students 5.0 3. Sanitations and drinking water facilities 2.5 4. Vocational training to persons for income generation 1.0 5. Assistance to self-help groups 1.0 6. Creation of traditional water harvesting structures 2.0 7. Gender support / women empowerment 2.0 8. Organizing veterinary camps 1.0 9. Plantation in the village panchayat 2.0 Total 20.0
9.3. Green Belt development plan In order to mitigate and minimize the environmental impacts, arising due to riverbed mining project especially from air pollution, noise pollution, soil erosion etc. the Greenbelt development in the area delineated can provide the best mitigation option. The green canopy not only absorbs some of these pollutants as carbon sink but also improves the aesthetic environment, besides attenuating the noise levels. Therefore, a “Green Belt Development Plan” has been proposed around the mine lease area and along the haul roads. Though the mine lease area 4280 ha has vast linear length along river(s) as compared to the width of mining and it extends over several rivers separated by kilometres, yet the annual mining shall be limited to 26.67 ha for each year of lease period of 5 years beyond which the lease is not extendable. Thus keeping in view the guideline for plantation in respect of mining lease area more than 50 ha, the plantation within the lease area has to be carried out during lease period (5 years) in such manner that the total area under plantation is equivalent to 33% of the factual mining area. In the present case the annual area for plantation works out to 8.9 ha.
9.3.1. Development of Greenbelt The green belt is proposed to be developed in the area of upper terraces and areas prohibited for mining and along the network of haul roads. The strategy worked out for development of green belt consists of following:
The species selected should be capable of growing fast, The species should be wind firm and long lived.
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Broad leaf trees growing above 10 m in height should be planted along the roads, offices and infrastructure facilities. The species should form a dense crown cover. The species should form a litter in abundance on the plantation flow. Generally local/indigenous fast growing trees shrubs should be planted. The trees should be protected by plantation of non-palatable shrub species to avoid browsing by animals. Placement of tree guards (metal tree guard, pre-feb RCC tree guard, Fiber tree guard etc.), should be provided to save avenue plantation. For protection against biotic interference thorn fencing around the plantation, circular trench around the planting pit and sown with fast growing thorny shrubs on the ridge should be followed. To mitigating the impact of dust and noise, which likely to rise during mining, plantation would be done around the mining areas. The species selected under this plantation will be moderately high, good foliage bearing and are able to trap dust and noise. The following species have been proposed for plantation under green belt. (Table 9.3).
Table 9.3 : Species suggested for plantation under Greenbelt Development Progaramme Sl. No. Name Scientific Name 1 Bordi Zizyphus nummularia 2 Churel Holoptelia integrifolia 3 Farash Tamarix articulata 4 Israeli Babool Acacia tortilis 5 Kala Siris Cassia Siamea 6 Khejdi Prosopis cineraria 7 Kumat Acacia senegal 8 Kunali Dichrostachys glomerata 9 Neem Azadirachta indica 10 Shishum Dalbergia sissoo 11 Siris Albizzia lebbek 12 Vilayathi Babool Prosopis juliflora
9.3.2. Guidelines and Techniques for Green Belt Development Based on environmental conditions suitable indigenous plants species shall be planted under green belt development plan. The requirement of plants sapling for development of green belt shall be made from the nearby forest nursery. The soil characteristics shall also be kept in mind. As advance work the area to be planted shall be demarcated and pit locations marked. For site having sandy and sandy loam soil planting pits of 45cm x 45cm
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or 60cm x 60cm x 60cm shall be dug out and semi-filled with good and loose weathered soil before planting with the commencement of good monsoon rains sometime in month of July. For avenue plantation on haul roads as well as village roads circular pit of 60 cm diameter and 90 cm depth with a circular ditch of 2m diameter and 60 cm depth shall be dug for planting the soil from the circular dig shall be pitted on the berm. The digging operation of the pit should be completed before the end of June so as to allow thoroughly weathering of the dugout soil. Prior to the commencement of the rains, pits shall be refilled with the dugout soil and FYM added. Planting shall be done when heavy showers causing run-off occurs sometime between July and August. The saplings should be 9 to 12 months old. Immediately after planting the pits shall be watered with 20 litres / pit and in case of failure of rainfall it should be watered @ 20 litres / pit at the interval of the fortnight. The mortality of plants has been considered as @ 10% and re-digging of pit should be carried out before replacement of the individual plant.
9.3.3. Precautions During Plantation Some important precautions should be taken during the plantation, which are as under:
Open grazing is practiced in general in the area; therefore, protection should be provided in advance. Polyculture should be practiced. Mixture by group should be preferred over intimate mixture. Indigenous species recommended should be planted in sufficient numbers to increase their population size in the area. Multipurpose species should be planted in large numbers.
9.3.4. Phase-wise Programme for Plantation under green belt In the present case the annual area proposed for plantation works out to 8.9 ha. The plantation shall be carried out @ 500 plants/ha. The plants shall be protected by thorny brushwood protection and shall be maintained one year after the closure of mine. Considering the mortality @ 10% the no. of plants / year have been worked out as per Table 9.4.
Table 9.4 : Phase-wise programme of plantation
1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year Total S. Area Area Area Area Area Area No. Activity (ha) Number (ha) Number (ha) Number (ha) Number (ha) Number (ha) Number Demarcation of Area for 1 plantation 8.9 - 8.9 - 8.9 - 8.9 - 8.9 - 44.5 - Excavation of Pits including 2 re-digging - 4450 - 4895 - 5384.5 - 5922.95 - 6515 - 27168
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Plantation including 3 mortality - 4450 - 4895 - 5384.5 - 5922.95 - 6515 - 27168 Thorny brushwood 4 protection - 4450 - 4895 - 5384.5 - 5922.95 - 6515 - 27168
9.3.5. Annual Programme for Plantation under green belt The greenbelt shall be developed annually in approximately 8.9 ha area. The area designated for each year shall be planted with trees and shrubs @ 500 plants/ha. The annual cost for development of greenbelt has been assessed in Table 9.5.
Table 9.5 : Annual cost for green belt development plan (Rs. in lakhs) S. No. Component Cost (Rs. Lac) 1 Cost of plantation including maintenance for 5 years and 4.45 establishment charges @ Rs 0.5 lac/ ha for 8.9 ha 2 Thorny brushwood protection guard for 4450 sapling @ Rs 0.45 10/No. 3 Cost of FYM and Bio-fertilizer 0.30 4 Cost of watering / irrigation in green belt 0.70 5 Contingency 0.10 Total 6.00
9.4. Solid Waste Management 9.4.1. General The following types of solid wastes are likely to generate from the mining activities during the mining period.
Waste from mining in the form of silt/clay Solid waste from Septic tank/Soak pit The above-mentioned solid wastes can play havoc and have severe impacts on the ecosystem if not properly addressed through well designed management plans in their respect.
9.4.2. Management of Waste from Mine No solid waste other than silt/clay, which deposits as crust material on the bed profile, shall be scrapped and deposited in the upper terraces earmarked for plantation. Approximately 13333 cum (about 18666 MT) of silt/clay shall be produced during 5 years. The year-wise estimation of quantity of solid waste is shown in Table 9.6, the quantity of
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scrapped crust material (clay) which is in excess of the quantity required for plantation purpose in upper terraces shall be deposited in the riverbed pits.
Table 9.6 : Year-wise Production of Solid waste Year Block –A Block –B Block –C Block –D Block –E Total I 345 452 536 619 714 2666 II 476 464 512 536 679 2667 III 393 476 524 595 679 2667 IV 405 476 548 536 702 2667 V 440 476 536 500 714 2666 2060 2345 2655 2786 3488 13333
It is evident from the soil characteristics of the core zone that it has low contents of macronutrients Nitrogen and in Organic carbons. The soil shall be mixed with urea and farmyard manure (FYM) so as to increase its fertility. Apart from this, the bio-fertilizers shall be added to the soil.
9.4.3. Cost for management of mine waste The cost of management of mine waste (Silt/Clay) by manual carriage and disposal / spreading into the areas earmarked for plantation @ Rs. 50/cum for 2667 cum has been assessed as Rs. 1.33 lac.
9.5. Occupational Health Management Plan 9.5.1. Potential Risk of Sand Mining Activities The open-cast semi-mechanized riverbed sand mining project by the nature of the activities involved is accompanied with risk of lowest degree as compared to underground mining or the open-cast mining involving blasting. The risks associated with the project are not hazardous, but if any, they are only accidents and incidents, associated with mining machinery or transportation activity, if adequate controls or safety systems are not adopted. The sand excavation by deploying excavators / JCB and loading on to the trucks by Backhoe can have risks of accidents if human failure or errors are not taken care of. The Accidents, if any, may not be fatal, but are potential to cause temporary or permanent disabilities. Thus, the need for adequate safety at work places is needed. On the other hand, the manual activity of sand mining and sand loading is not associated with accidents, however, some minor incidents like exhaustion, sun-strokes, or other health related incidents may take place, which can be avoided with adequate safety regulations and measures. Transportation of mined sand to the stowing sites is the activity associated with accidents on road and at the project site. However, with effective safety measures the accidents can be avoided and prevented.
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9.5.2. Safety of Machine Use at Mining Site The major mining machinery to be deployed at site shall be excavators/JCB, Backhoe and loaders which can excavate sand and load on to vehicles. The area where mining machinery shall be operated will be under supervision of trained operators and helpers besides technically qualified foreman to ensure that the machinery are operated as per specified design parameters of the manufacturer. Before the work is initiated every day, the routine check-up especially with regard to its hydraulic systems, mechanical conditions, and other operating systems shall be performed. The movement of trucks/trippers/tractors for loading /transportation of sand within the mine area and haul road area shall be regulated by a trained supervisor who shall be responsible for the safety of vehicle movement and prevention of accidents or incidents associated with the vehicular movement. All staff working with the mining machinery shall be trained in first- aid and other safety measures, accident or incident prevention and reporting and communication mechanisms.
9.5.3. Occupational Health & Safety (OHS) Sand/Bajri mining does not contain any toxic element. Therefore, the likelihood of any health hazard does not arise due to the mined product per se. However, the process of excavation / quarrying leads to some health hazards. The dust generated due to excavation loading and movement on Katcha/riverbed haul road creates air borne dust which has silica contents. The dust is the main pollutant of concern for the workers engaged in the mining activities. The most significant occupational health impacts are Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) and Occupational Lung Disease (OLD) like allergic rhinitis and asthma due to inhalation of dust. Working in open during summer can expose workers to the direct sun rays causing heat strokes, cramps and burns besides leading to exhaustion. In extreme windy conditions the dust particles forcing way into the eyes can create itching as well as allergic conjunctivitis of eye. As per Mines Rules, 1955, Chapter – IV-A, Section 29B, medical examination of employees at the initial stage and periodically, shall be done by a team of qualified medical officers provided by the project proponent. The initial medical examination of every person employed in the mine within a period of five years of the date so notified and the said examination shall be so arranged over a period of five years that one fifth of the persons employed at the mine undergo the examination every year. The periodical medical examination thereafter of every person employed in the mine shall be conducted at intervals of not more than five years. In the present case since the lease is only for five year. It is suggested that the initial medical
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examination for all workers must be arranged during the first year of appointment and the periodical check-up during fourth and fifth year subsequent to the appointment. Regular medical check-up camps shall also be arranged for detection of occupational diseases and minor disease in the nearby rural population. Free check-up and medicine for treatment for their acute and chronic illness shall be provided. The medical examination schedule is provided in Table 9.7.
Table 9.7 : Schedule of Medical Checkup 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th S.No. Particular Year Year Year Year Year Year Total Initial medical checkup of employees for lung function, audiometric test, tuberclausis and pulmonary disease at the 1 time of appointment 80 22 - - - - 102 Periodical Medical Checkup of 2 the employees - 40 40 22 102
9.5.4. Occupational Health & Safety Measures to Control Dust Inhalation Providing a working environment that is conducive to safety and health. The management of occupational safety and health is the prime responsibility of mine management. Employee involvement and commitment in the implementation of health and safety guidelines. Periodical health checkups Implementing safety and health management system and assessing the effectiveness through periodic audits. Monitoring the effects of mining activities on safety and health and conducting regular performance reviews. Provision of necessary personal protective equipments. Establishing and maintaining a system of medical surveillance for employees Ensuring employees at all levels receive appropriate training and are competent to carry out their duties and responsibilities.
All the above precautions would be adopted to prevent dust generation at site and to be dispersed in the outside environment. However, for the safety of workers at site, engaged at strategic locations / dust generation points like loading and unloading points, screening sieve, dust masks would be provided. Dust masks would prevent inhalation of RPM
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thereby reducing the risk of lung diseases and other respiratory disorders. Regular health monitoring of workers will be carried out.
9.5.5. Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) Hearing conservation programmes exists at all operations. Baseline audiogram forms the basis for future assessment of employees in terms of hearing loss. Using engineering initiatives to reduce noise at source is the priority management tool. The hearing conservation programme includes the provision of Hearing Protection Devises (HPDs) and annual audiometry examination of all employees. Apart from provision of HPDs emphasis is also laid on training the employees’ responsibility to protect his / her hearing.
9.5.6. Occupational Lung Diseases (OLD) There will be regular health camps for all the workers and nearby rural people. Lung function tests, chest X-rays etc. shall be carried out and any health disorders will be evaluated. The budget shall be earmarked for the necessary protective devices and training needs by the project proponent.
9.5.7. Incidence of Silicosis Continuous exposure to sand dust can lead to Silicosis, silica tuberculosis and pulmonary disease. Prolong contact with wet sand can cause fungal infection of hands and legs.
9.5.8. Cost Estimate For initial and periodical medical check-up of employee of the mines, who are engaged at the active mine site, budgetary provision of Rs. 600/employee/year shall be made. The provision at this stage is being made for 102 skilled/semi-skilled / unskilled workers. The cost estimate is provided in Table 9.8.
Table 9.8 : Cost Estimate S. Particular Quantity Unit Rate Amount No. (Rs. lacs) 1. Initial medical check-up for all workers 21 Man 600 0.13 for 1/5th of the workers i.e. 21 workers/year 2. Periodical check-up for all workers for 21 Man 600 0.13 1/5th of the workers i.e. 21 workers/year 3. Provision for free medicines for all 102 Man 200 0.21 workers @ Rs. 200/year
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4. Provision for personal protection 102 No. 2000 2.04 equipment like ear plug, dust mask, shoes, goggles and etc., for 102 workers 5. Provision for First Aid facilities 1 Job L.S. 0.20
6. Provision for fire extinguisher and its 1 Job L.S. 0.10 regular refilling Total 2.81
The overall estimated cost is made up of the components of capital cost of PPE i.e. Rs. 2.04 lac and Rs. 0.77 lac as annual recurring cost.
9.6. Soil conservation works Hard measures (Engineering structures) shall be constructed to control the toe erosion and land slips from falling into the river course. This can be accomplished by erecting stone masonry retaining structure / Gabion structures at stretch of bank showing sign of slope failure or imminent soil mass movement. Besides this, sometimes the river current is directed towards the bank, which are susceptible to toe erosion. In that scenario, it becomes necessary to repel the current from the bank, for which purpose-repelling spurs are to be implemented. The advantage with the repelling spurs is that while diverting the current they create a quiet pocket d/s of these and are filled with river borne material. The provision for such structures have been incorporated in the management plan. The cost of which is assessed as Rs. 3.0 lac which amounts to Rs. 0.6 lac / year (Table 9.9).
Table 9.9 : Cost estimate of soil conservation works (engineering) Sl. Item Quantity Unit Rate Amount No. 1. RR Dry stone masonry (10 no.) Average dimension = 10 m long, 2m high and side slope 1:4 a. Excavation in foundation 33 Cum 150.00 4950.00 10 x 10 x 1.10 x 0.3 = 1.65 b. RR stone masonry dry 170 Cum 300.00 51000.00 10 x 10 x (1.10 + 0.60 / 2) x 2.0 = 8.5 cum 2. Wire crate boulder Spurs for stream bank Protection (5no.) (a) Excavation in foundation 21.88 Cum 150 3282.00 5 x 3.5mx 2.5 x 0.5 (b) Filling of boulder and hand packing in 123.05 Cum 130.00 15966.00 Wire crates 2.25mx 1.25mx1.25 in three tiers i.e. 3 in first tier2 each in second and third tier. 5 x 7 (2.25 x1.25x 1.25) (c ) Collection of boulder 123.05 Cum 160.00 19688.00 (d) Carriage of boulder average lead 1 km 123.05 Cum 400.00 49220.00
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Manually (e) CostofG.1 wire crates 5 x 7 x 15.10 sq mx 2.23 = 1178.55 kg or say 11.8 Qtl 7000 82600.00 11.8Qtl (f) Carriage ofG.1.wire crate to an average 11.8 Qtl 150.00 1770.00 lead of1 km (g) Weaving of GI wire crate 528.5 20.00 10570.00 Total 239046.00 Add 3% Contingencies 7171.00
Grand Total 246217.00
Or say 2.5 lac
3 Annual care of river 0.5 lac Say 3.0 lac
9.7. Capital Cost of Project The capital cost of the project Rs. 75 lac involves construction of temporary non-residential building like main mine office at one place where the maximum mining is envisaged and small units at other blocks of the mine lease area. It also includes the construction cost of rest shelters, first-aid posts, establishing of workshops, stores, water supply and sanitary arrangements, establishing of barriers and Weigh Bridge. The mining and transport equipment’s shall be procured on hire / rental basis.
9.8. Summary of cost of environment management plan
Table 9.10 : Total cost of environmental management plan
S. No. Name of Plan Capital Cost Recurring annual (Rs Lac) Cost (Rs Lac) 1. Environment Monitoring Plan for Air, - 3.00 Noise, Water, Soil, etc. 2. Air Pollution Control- - 1.75 Management o f H a u l a g e R o a d s including Sprinkling. 3. Plantation / Green belt development 6.00 plan 4. Disposal and spreading of - 1.33 Silt/clay as per Mining Plan
5. Occupational Health Measures 2.04 0.77 Provision of PPE and other Miscellaneous expenditure
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6. Soil Conservation works (Engineering) - 0.60
7. Cost under Corporate Social - 4.00 Responsibility Initiatives for five years is Rs. 20 lac. Thus cost per year is Rs. 4.0 lac
8. Conservation Plan for Wildlife - 2.00 (Schedule I & II, WPA, 1972)
Total 2.04 19.45
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CHAPTER 10. : Environmental Management Plan
10.1. Purpose of the Report For sustainable maintenance of environmental commensuration with the mining and related operation, it is imperative to conduct studies on the baseline status of existing environmental attributes and assess the impact on these due to proposed activities, which would assist in formulating well-addressed management plans for sustainable mineral extraction within mine. The main purpose of the report is to establish the baseline environmental attributes in terms of scoping clearance issued by the EAC, Ministry of Environment and Forests, vide meeting held on 26.9.2013 and predict/identify the impacts for preparing environment management plan.
10.2. Identification of Project & Project Proponent The project envisages open cast semi-mechanized extraction of Sand/Bajri to an annual maximum of 1.12 MMT for five years from riverbed of Bandi, Lilki, Mithri, Kantaliyi, Khardi, Sukri upper, Khari and Siriari Nala constituting a combined mine lease area 4280.0 ha for five years. The project proponent (LoI Holder) is firm named as M/s Kuber Associates, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
10.3. Project Description 10.3.1. Type and category of project The riverbed mining project in 4280.0 ha, classified under category ‘A’ of EIA notification 1996, has been proposed for an annual production of 0.8 MCM (1.12 MMT) of Sand (Bajri) by open cast Semi-Mechanized extraction method. The project, with capital cost Rs. 75 lac has no other interlinked project.
10.3.2. Location The mine lease area, covered under SOI Toposheet no. 45 G/6, 45 G/9, 45 G/10, G/13 and 45G/14 is linearly stretched under 127 revenue villages of tehsil Marwar Jn., district Pali. The site is approached from NH-14, SH-61, SH-62, SH-67 and ODRs’ and also by Western Railway B/G line at Marwar Jn.
10.3.3. Need for the project For meeting the huge demand of construction material like coarse and fine sand/Bajri required in building construction and infrastructure works, road material for construction and maintenance of roads / highway material in Jodhpur Division of Rajasthan. Apart from this, it will fetch huge revenue to state exchequer.
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10.3.4. Annual Production Schedule (Million Metric Tonne) S. No. Year Block –A Block –B Block –C Block –D Block –E Total 1 I 0.145 0.19 0.225 0.26 0.3 1.12 2 II 0.2 0.195 0.215 0.225 0.285 1.12 3 III 0.165 0.2 0.22 0.25 0.285 1.12 4 IV 0.17 0.2 0.23 0.225 0.295 1.12 5 V 0.185 0.2 0.225 0.21 0.3 1.12 Total 0.865 0.985 1.115 1.17 1.465 5.60
10.3.5. Technology and Process Description The collective stretch of the lease area for each river has been sub-divided in to five blocks for ease of operation, supervision, management and safety. Dry riverbed mining will be carried out as per the approved production schedule. Light weight excavators will be deployed for extraction in 3.0 m layer only forming one bench. This is as per the digging depth of the equipment. Mineral will be loaded in tippers/trucks (20 tonne). The mining machinery and equipment and transportation vehicles will be on hire/rental basis.
10.3.6. Water Requirement and source Water requirement for human consumption (drinking / domestic), plantation and dust suppression is 4 KLD, 6 KLD, 15 KLD respectively which shall be met from ground water resource from nearby tube wells on payment basis.
10.3.7. Man Power Requirement About 102 workforce including Ist and IInd class mine manager under Rule 37N (1)(i) RMMCR 1986, foreman, mine mates, supervisors, skilled operators and helpers, semi-skilled and un- skilled workers shall be engaged.
10.3.8. Extent Of Mechanization For an optimum daily production of 4000 metric tonne excavators, loaders, transport and other light vehicles and the water sprinklers shall be deployed.
10.3.9. Geological Reserve, Mineable Reserves and Targeted Production 1 Total Proved Geological reserves with 3 m depth of mining. 128.4 MCM (179.76 MMT)
Reserve blocked due to bank offsets, wells, road and 2 13.05 MCM (18.27 MMT) bridges as per Rule 18(26) of RMMC Rules,1986 3 Mineable Reserve (A-B) 115.35 MCM (161.49MMT) 4 Targeted Production @ 1.12 MMT/year for 5 years 4 MCM (5.6 MMT) Balance Reserve (C-D) 111.35 MCM (155.89MMT)
10.3.10. Anticipated life of Mine
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The life of mine can be considered as continuous/ perpetual as long as the rate of sediment aggradations within the mined out area is either equal to or in excess of the rate of extraction of the river bed material. In the present case the area mined out in any year in any block shall not be considered for mining during the lease period of five years.
10.3.11. Year-wise production since 1994 There was no production by the project proponent who was not entitled to carry out mining operation in the period anterior to the date of issue of letter of intent.
10.3.12. Details of Mining Activities with Respect to Block wise, Calendar wise, Zonal wise The current project has vast linear length along river(s) as compared to the width of mining and it extends over several rivers separated by kilometres. For facilitating easy operation, supervision and safety, the lease area along river(s) in the concerned Tehsil has been sub divided into four to five blocks depending upon the length of the river(s).
10.3.13. Overburden dumps There will be no development of overburden dumps in the present case, as the riverbed material is not overlain with waste material warranting its disposal in the form of internal or external dumps.
10.3.14. Plan of backfilling of mine pit The backfilling plan of the riverbed pit is neither required nor it is envisaged under the management plan.
10.3.15. Details of Excavation Schedule and Sequential Mining Plan Year Block –A Block –B Block –C Block –D Block –E Total I 3.45 4.52 5.36 6.19 7.14 26.66 II 4.76 4.64 5.12 5.36 6.79 26.67 III 3.93 4.76 5.24 5.95 6.79 26.67 IV 4.05 4.76 5.48 5.36 7.02 26.67 V 4.40 4.76 5.36 5.00 7.14 26.66 20.60 23.45 26.55 27.86 34.88 133.33 10.3.16. Solid Waste Generation & its Disposal In the entire lease period 13333 cubic meter of silt and clay (18670 metric tonne) shall be produced, which shall be scrapped and deposited into the mine pits or in the upper terraces earmarked for plantation.
10.3.17. Mineral Transportation Mined out material will be directly loaded into the trucks/tippers (20 MT) by deploying JCB/Pay loaders which will be used on hired.
10.3.18. Site Services
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Proper site services such as mine office, site office, First Aid post, Rest Shelter, and Drinking Water and sanitary facilities will be provided to the mine workers.
10.3.19. Site Elevation, Working Depth and Groundwater Table The longitudinal profile of the rivers, showing river bed elevation at different RD, the elevation of the mining floor (pit) corresponding to 3m depth of mining and the depth to the ground water reveals that the ground water shall not intersect the bottom of the mining pit.
10.4. Description of Environment The description of baseline status of various environmental attributes as assessed during EIA study is enumerated in Table. Baseline status
Landuse The pre-dominant landuse in the Tehsil is agriculture land 65098ha (47%), followed by fallow land 28213 ha (20%), Permanent Pasture 11439ha (8%), barren and unculturable land 8729 ha (6%), culturable waste land 7464 ha (5%), Land under non-agricultural use 5050 ha (4%) and Forest Land 14281 ha (10%). Geology and sub- Geological configuration of Pali district is comprised of litho units of igneous, surface geology of sedimentary and metamorphic origin. The oldest & prominent rock exposed the Area along district belongs to Delhi supergroup. The geological formations in the study area covering Tehsil Rohat mainly consist of Alluvium & Blown Sand, Phylites and Eranpura Granite / Ultra Basic Ambient Air Quality The pollutant concentration in the air is well below the NAAQS, as set out by and Noise CPCB. The noise monitoring shows that Leq day and night time noise levels in mine lease area are within the standards. Surface Water The results of surface water indicate that pH ranged is within specified Quality standard limits of 6.5 - 8.5. The TDS exceeded the tolerance limit of 500 mg/l. Dissolved Oxygen was observed to be above 5 mg/l is conducive for aquatic life. The Chlorides and Sulphates are within the tolerance limits (Chlorides 250 mg/l and sulphates 400 mg/l). The surface water quality is good for fish culture, irrigation purpose and outdoor bathing except drinking water source with conventional treatment Ground Water The analysis results indicates that the pH ranged between 7.2 to 7.9, which is Quality well with in the specified standard of 6.5 - 8.5 limit. Total hardness recorded was within the desirable and permissible limits for two locations each and exceeded the permissible limit (600 mg/l) for one station. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentration was below desirable limit for one location and exceeded the desirable limit (500 mg/l) for three locations and exceeded the permissible limit (2000 mg/l) in case of one station. Soil Quality The results of the soil analysis show that the soil is slightly to moderately alkaline and its texture varies from sandy to sandy clay loam sand. The macronutrients (N, P, K) have been found in all the soil samples though it is low in available Nitrogen and Potassium. The soils are low in organic content. Biological During this study a total of 18 trees, 19 shrubs and 20 herbs species were Environment found in the study area zone. All the above plant species belong to 14 families each of tree and shrub and 10 families of herb. Fabaceae, Apocynaceae and Poaceae were the dominated families in tree, shrub and herb flora respectively. During study 9 mammalian species, 26 bird species (22 resident and 4 winter visitors) and 4 species of herpetofauna were reported. Todgarh Raoli WLS and Kumbhalgarh WLS exists within 1km and 8.5 km of the mine lease area respectively. Though no mining is proposed within core- zone of these sanctuaries.
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Socio-economy There are 126 rural villages and 1 urban Town (Marwar Jn.) in study area with a population of 170571 (Census 2011) comprising of 37753 households. The sex ratio is 1026 Female / 1000 Male. SC and ST constitutes 21 % and 4% of the total population respectively. The Literacy Rate of the study area is 54.5% of which male and female literate are 68.3% and 41.6% of respective male female population. The main and marginal workers are 32% and 12% respectively of the total population while the remaining 56% constitutes non- workers. The majority of people in rural sector are cultivators & agricultural labours which indicates dominant agricultural economy.
10.5. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 10.5.1. IMPACTS ON TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE 10.5.1.1 Topography The mining activity in the riverbed by creating pits per se shall not lead to any change in the local topography of the area. There will be no formation of overburden dumps. Thus there will be no change in topography of either core or buffer zone.
10.5.1.2 Drainage No temporary diversion of discharge of main rivers or any of their interlacing is proposed for facilitating mining. The drainage pattern of the rivers flowing in tehsil shall not alter due to dry bed mining.
10.5.2. LAND ENVIRONMENT 10.5.2.1 Change in land use The mining activity in the river bed per se shall not lead to any change in the landuse in the core zone as well as buffer zone where no mining activities is proposed.
10.5.2.2 Change in river course There will be no change in the river course due to mining as the river course is mainly guided by the hydraulic gradient of surface water and the geological conditions of the bank and bed of the river. In the mine lease area the river section is well defined and is confined between both the flanks.
10.5.2.3 Impact on soil The mine waste in the form of silt/clay in mine lease area are very fine but due to semi- mechanized mining, very little dust would be generated. These dust particles are usually blown away along the wind direction and get deposited on the canopy of surrounding vegetation on the river bank and agricultural crops thereby interfering with photosynthesis and other physiological activities of the green cover. Following mitigation measures will be adopted:
The top soil shall be removed and stacked systematically. Top soil shall be planted with fast growing indigenous herbs, shrubs of pioneer species, apart from planting of tree species. Sprinkling of water, at regular intervals, on exposed surface of silt/clay in upper terraces.
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10.5.3. IMPACTS ON CLIMATE 10.5.3.1 Wind Speed The wind speed in any area is dependent upon local topography and is intimately connected with the development as high and low pressure zones. The controlling factors for the pressure changes lie much beyond the mining operation. Thus, no adverse impact on the regional wind speed is anticipated due to the mining operations.
10.5.3.2 Temperature Humidity & Rainfall The temperature pattern is a regional behaviour and is not likely to be affected by the mining activity in the riverbed. The trend of rainfall follows a regional pattern and is mainly governed by the south west monsoon and disturbances in the Arabian Sea. The mining operation, therefore, is not likely to have any adverse impacts on rainfall pattern. The pattern of relative humidity depends mainly on the rainfall, wind, temperature and other weather phenomenon that are regional in behaviour. The mining operation is not likely to have any impact on the relative humidity in the surrounding.
10.5.4. WATER ENVIRONMENT 10.5.4.1 Impact on Surface Water Resources The requirement of water for drinking/domestic use, dust suppression and green belt shall be met from the ground water resources (nearby tube well), thus there shall be no negative impact on surface water resource. However, the surface water resource shall be affected to quantum of water which shall be stored in the mining pits (3 m deep) to the extent of annual mining area.
10.5.4.2 Impact on Ground Water Resource There shall be impact on ground water resource to the extent the water is abstracted from the ground for use in drinking/domestic use, dust suppression and green belt.
10.5.4.3 Impact on Surface and Ground Water Quality During heavy rains the loose soil spread on upper terraces can find way into the river section due to run-off from upper banks and also due to formation of rills. This will increase the silt rate to smaller extent as the river flow during flash floods carry considerably high sediment and suspended load as compared to the former. In view of the facts that the mining activities does not intersect the ground water table. No impact on the quality of ground water is anticipated. Beside this the sand and bajri are non- toxic in nature and therefore percolated water from the pits shall not impair the ground water quality.
10.5.5. NOISE AND VIBRATION
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The mine lease area is generally away from the settlements except in case of rivers which flow adjacent to the town. The noise monitoring shows that day and night time noise levels are highest at such places where the commercial activity takes place and the noise levels are within the limits in rural setup which are more than a couple of km away from mine site. Following mitigation measures shall be adopted:
(ix) Provision and maintenance of thick tree belts to screen noise. (x) Avenue plantation within the project area to dampen the noise. (xi) Proper maintenance of noise generating transport vehicles. (xii) Provision of protective devices like ear muffs/ear plugs to those workers who cannot be isolated from the source of noise.
10.5.6. IMPACTS ON AIR ENVIRONMENT The baseline results of the ambient air quality at all monitoring locations in respect of
pollutants, PM10, SO2 and NOx were found to be well within the limits of National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) except for pollutants PM10 in respect of monitoring site at Marwar
Jn. The resultant value of PM10 at the mine site after superimposing the maximum incremental
ground level concentrations of PM10 from the different mining activities at river bed mine pit area are still within the prescribed limits under NAAQS. Nevertheless, the following mitigation measures will be adopted:
Copious and regular water sprinkling on haul roads by obile sprinklers. Laying haul roads in gentle grade and in hard stratum. Avenue plantation on roadsides for creating carbon sink. Ensuring that laborers working near to high dust prone area use mask. Covered trucks shall be used for transportation.
10.5.7. Biological Environment 10.5.7.1 Impact on Flora Since there will be no felling of trees or deforestation, there will be no impact on flora of the core zone. The mining activity per se shall not lead to any impact on the terrestrial flora of the buffer zone either. There are no national parks, sanctuaries, notified biospheres, Tiger/Elephant Corridors, Birds migratory routes, etc. within 10 km radius. The effect of particulate matter on vegetation is in the form of incrustation, plugging of stomata, and loss of chlorophyll and reduction of photosynthesis process.
10.5.7.2 Impact on Fauna Intervention in the riverbed will impact butterflies and birds which are quite sensitive to noise and human presence. No endangered species of fauna is found in and around lease area. As
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 244 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
such, there will be temporary and insignificant effect on fauna around the mining lease area. Following mitigation measures shall be adopted:
Progressive afforestation through green belt development will improve the vegetal cover and create good habitat for fauna in the area. Measures shall be adopted to curb pollution due to air, water and land. Developing awareness for nature and wildlife in the adjoining villages.
10.5.7.3 Impact on Aquatic Ecology The dry riverbed mining in ephemeral river system which flow only in 90% of the year during monsoon alone, in which period the mining activities are not envisaged, apparently there will be no impact on aquatic life as there will be no surface water available for aquatic life to survive due to dry river bed condition.
10.5.8. IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT The beneficial and adverse impacts due to the activities in the region would be:
Direct Employment Potential in various categories as skilled/semi-skilled/un-skilled work force for carrying out mining activities besides Indirect employment in transport sector. Amelioration of the general living standards of local persons employed in mining activities and improving their purchase power. Improvement in the economic growth in the region by way of additional mineral availability. Corporate social responsibility initiative will have a positive impact on socio economic fabric of the area. Benefit to the State and the Central governments through financial revenues by way of royalty, tax, duties, etc from this project directly and indirectly. Dust will affect the land productivity and increase in respiratory problems. Conflict of utilization of local resources between lessee and locals. Contamination of water, soil and air due to mining. Increased use of existing roads may cause congestion on roads. 10.6. Environmental Monitoring Programme All the environmental parameters viz. air, water, noise, soil will be monitored regularly in order to detect any changes from the baseline status. Environmental Monitoring program will be followed till the mining operations ceases. The sites for monitoring, parameters to be monitored and the frequency of monitoring have been elucidated in the concerned monitoring programme with frequency of monitoring and the locations of the monitoring stations. A recurring annual cost of Rs. 3 lac has been earmarked.
10.7. Additional Studies 10.7.1. Replenishment Studies
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The computation of sediment yield of 1.20 MMT/year is based on the relationship derived for sediment yield as function of the effective rainfall. The annual extraction exceeds the annual deposition by 0.45 million tonne which implies that the deposition rate is about 40% lower than the annual extraction rate. The area mined out every year will get replenished after every consecutive good monsoon season, reckoned from the end of pre-monsoon season of the year of extraction, provided the free reach of the river receive run-off from three to four events of flood every monsoon. It is therefore assessed that the mined out area within 5 years shall be completely replenished after 5 years reckoned from the cessation of the mining provided every year average annual rainfall during rainy season (450.6 mm) occurs in the catchment.
10.7.2. Risk Assessment The mining activities involve certain types of hazards, during operation and close, which can disrupt normal activities abruptly and lead to disaster like fires, inundation, failure of machinery, explosion, to name a few. The impending dangers or risks, which need be investigated addressed, disaster management plan formulated with an aim to taking precautionary steps to avert disaster and to take such action after the disaster, which limits the damage to the minimum.
10.7.3. Inundation Studies The area experiences worst storms causing rainfall during monsoon season Though no mining activities is envisaged during monsoon season (June to September), yet in the context of the present mine the inundation cannot be ruled out due to flash flood in the catchment during non-monsoon season.
10.7.4. Pit Slope Stability On the basis of empirical formula considering the depth of cut, unit weight and cohesive strength, the pit mining in 3 m depth is safe from stability consideration of slope. Otherwise also the safety factor against slope failure has been worked out more than 1.5 by adopting Taylor stability curve for stability number N=0.035 for angle of slope of 400
10.7.5. Occupational Health and Safety The most significant occupational health impacts are Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) and Occupational Lung Disease (OLD) due to inhalation of dust. As per Mines Rules, 1955, medical examination of employees at the initial stage and periodically, shall be done by a team of qualified medical officers provided by the project proponent.
10.7.6. R & R Plan As no private land or asset acquisition is involved, no R&R plan is warranted. 10.7.7. Social Impact Assessment
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 246 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
No social impact assessment is warranted under Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
10.8. Project benefits As no R&R issue is involved, the project will not have any adverse impact but it will herald all positive benefits to the society and improve socio economic fabric of the region. The local population shall be definitely benefited due to implementation of CSR initiatives. The following are the positive benefits:
Direct employment to local population. Indirect employment for execution of various management plans, viz. Green Belt Development, erection of retaining wall/check dam and maintenance of haul road. Direct revenue to the state Exchequer in the form of royalty, trade/sales tax, cess etc. 10.9. Environmental Management Plan S. No. Name of Plan Capital Cost Recurring annual Rs in Lac Cost Rs in Lac 1. Environment Monitoring Plan for Air, Noise, Water, Soil, - 3.00 etc. 2. Air Pollution Control- - 1.75 Management o f H a u l a g e R o a d s including 3. PlantationSprinkling. / Green belt development plan 6.00 4. Disposal and spreading of - 1.33 Silt/clay as per Mining Plan 5. Occupational Health Measures 2.04 0.77 Provision of PPE and other Miscellaneous expenditure 6. Soil Conservation works (Engineering) - 0.60
7. Cost under Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives for - 4.00 five years is Rs. 20 lac. Thus cost per year is Rs. 4.0 lac 8. Conservation Plan for Wildlife (Schedule I & II, WPA, 1972) - 1.00
Total 2.04 18.45
10.10. Conclusion Within the ambit of the Tor issued by the EAC, MoEF, the EIA studies have been conducted and impacts predicted. It has been ensured that all possible environmental aspects are touched and assessed both quality wise and quantity wise. Necessary control and mitigative measures in context to adverse impacts have been proposed to meet the statutory environmental requirements. The environmental management plan have been formulated and the financial implications worked out. The implementation of the project shall not lead to any significant negative impact on the environment.
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 247 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
CHAPTER 11. : Declaration & Disclosure of Consultants
Declaration by Experts Contributing to the EIA: Sand/Bajri Mining (ML Area of 4280.0 ha) in Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan [Category – ‘A’]
I, hereby, certify that I was a part of the EIA team in the following capacity that developed the above EIA.
EIA Coordinator:
Name: Yamesh Sharma Signature & Date:
Period of Involvement: September 2013 to December 2014 Contact Information: EQMS India Pvt. Ltd.
Functional Area Experts:
Involvement Name of the Functional Areas (Period and Signature Expert (s) Task**) Air Pollution Monitoring Oct.13 – Jan.14 S K Jain
& Control (AP) Oct.13 – Jan.14 Water Pollution (WP) S K Jain
Solid and Hazardous Oct.13 – Jan.14
Waste Management S K Jain (SHW) Oct.13 – Jan.14 Socio-Economics (SE) T.G. Ekande
Ecology and Bio-diversity Dr. Sunil Oct.13 – Jan.14
Conservation (EB) Prasad Hydrogeology and Water Yamesh Oct.13 – Feb.14
Conservation (HG) Sharma Manoj Kumar Oct.13 – Jan.14
Soil Conservation (SC) Sharma Air Quality Modeling and Dr. Sudhanshu Jan.14 - Feb.14
Prediction (AQ) Kumar Sanjeev Oct.13 – Jan.14 Noise and Vibration (NV) Sharma Yamesh Oct.13 – Jan.14
Land use (LU) Sharma / Anil Kumar Risk and Hazard Oct.13 – Jan.14 S K Jain
management (RH) **Please attach additional sheet if required
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 0 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Declaration by the Head of the Accredited Consultant Organization/authorized person
I, S.K.Jain hereby, confirm that the above mentioned experts prepared the EIA: Sand/Bajri Mining (ML Area of 4280.0 ha) in Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan I also confirm that the consultant organization shall be fully accountable for any mis-leading information mentioned in this statement.
Signature:
Name: S.K.Jain Designation: Director, Technical Name of the EIA Consultant organization EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. NABET Certificate No. NABET/EIA/RA11/007 Issue Date: 19th May, 2014
UNDERTAKING BY THE CONSULTANT ORGANIZATION
I, S. K. Jain, hereby solemnly do undertake that the prescribed ToR by the MoEF, in respect of the EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mining (ML Area of 4280.0 ha) in Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan, have been complied with and that the data submitted is factually correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. I further undertake that the organization owns the contents (Information & Data) of the EIA report.
S.K. Jain
Director, Technical
EQMS India Pvt. Ltd.
NABET/EIA/RA11/007
19th May, 2014
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 1 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Annexures
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 2 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Annexure – I : Letter of Intent
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 3 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Annexure II: Approval Letter for mining plan from Department of Mines & Geology Rajasthan
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Annexure III: Public Hearing Notice, Attendence Sheets, Proceedings and Replies
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Rajasthan Patrika Dated 14-08-2014
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Hindustan Times Dated 14-8-2014
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EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 8 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 9 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 10 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 11 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 12 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 13 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 14 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
Summary/details of public hearing in tabular form :
Issues raised by Response/Commitment Suggestions made Action Plan the Public of Project Proponents by the Public Hearing Reference in EIA Panel Doc
Shri Tula Ram The plantation shall be The PP shall be Section 9.3 Devasi R/o carried out on the upper responsible for the Mukamsingh terraces and along haul maintenance of the (Green Belt roads as per green belt plantation during the Development Plan – Suggested that the development plan project period. Rs. 6 lac per annum) plantation should be contained in the EMP. carried out along the riverbank. Recommended NOC to the sand mining project
Shri Omkar Nath, There shall be general - Section 1.1 R/o Sehwas lowering of the FSL at the mined out sections Stated that by carrying out mining, the riverbed level will be lowered and shall be helpful in flood control
Shri Nathasingh R/o As per approved mine Section 4.10 Dutawas plan, the transportation of minerals shall be carried Suggested that the through covered trucks vehicle deployed for and overloading avoided transporation of beyond the stipulated minerals should be capacity. covered
Shri Raju, R/o The EIA document The PP shall be Section 4.9 and 8.3.1 Dhanla vouches for deployment of responsible for the manpower indigenously maintenance of the Wanted to know available during the lease plantation carried out about the period. during the project maintenance of period. The local plantation and people shall get the suggested that the employment for unemployed should executing mining be employed for this activities as well as labour oriented works under the management plans.
Shri Baburam - - -
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The proposed mining project is a good scheme and recommended NOC to it.
Shri Ghanshyam, - - - R/o Revadiya
Expressed no objection for mining project
Shri Ajit Singh The plantation shall be - Section 9.3 Rathore, carried out on the upper terraces and along haul (Green Belt Suggested that the roads as per green belt Development Plan – trees should be development plan Rs. 6 lac per annum) planted along banks contained in the EMP of river and expressed no objection from the project
Shri Hukumaram, As per approved mine Approved mining plan Section 4.10.2 Dy. Sarpanch plan, the transportation of shall be strictly Sehwas minerals shall be carried complied with. through covered trucks Periodical checking of Suggested that the and overloading avoided loaded trucks at proper incidence of beyond the stipulated “Naka” shall be carried overloading should capacity. It is the out by mining as well be controlled and responsibility of the state as transport recommended NOC mine department and the department. to the project transport department to ensure no overloading of
trucks. For effective control on overloading of trucks, the Hon’ble High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jaipur Bench vide Judgment dated 14.08.2014 has made the P.P. solely responsible and passed instructions to other departments like mining , transport and police to ensure strict compliance of the order.
Shri Ramesh The plantation shall be - Section 9.3 Kumar, R/o carried out as per green Panchayat Isali belt development plan.
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Suggested (Green Belt extensive plantation Development Plan – Rs. 6 lac per annum)
Shri Bhawan lal R/o - - - Khadio
He has no objection in respect of the mining project
Shri Dawood The plantation shall be - Section 9.3 Qureashi carried out as per green belt development plan. (Green Belt Suggested Development Plan – plantation to Rs. 6 lac per annum) improve aesthetic of the area
Shri Sharvan Singh, - - - R/o Kharchi
No objection in respect of the mining project
Shri Arjun Singh, As per approved mine Periodical checking of Section 4.10.2 R/o Sehwas plan, the transportation of loaded trucks at proper minerals shall be carried “Naka” shall be carried Suggested that the through covered trucks out by mining as well overloading of the and overloading avoided as transport tractors should be beyond the stipulated department avoided capacity
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Annexure IV: NOC issued by the competent authority in respect to Aravali Notification
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Annexure V: Laboratory Result Sheets of monitoring of Ambient Air Quality
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EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 20 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 21 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 22 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 23 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 24 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 25 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 26 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 27 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 28 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
EQMS INDIA PVT. LTD. 29 EIA/EMP report of Sand/Bajri Mine (With ML Area of 4280.0 ha) Tehsil Marwar Jn., District Pali, Rajasthan
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Annexure VI: Laboratory Result Sheets of Physico – Chemical Analysis of Water
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Annexure VII: Laboratory Result Sheets of Physico – Chemical Analysis of Soil
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Annexure VIII (A): Environmental Policy
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Annexure VIII (B): Non-Compliance Reporting System
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Annexure VIII (C): Organization Structure
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