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Teacher Resource Material Primary Years 5 and 6 Teacher Resource Material Primary Years 5 and 6 ©Australian National Maritime Museum 2015 1 CURRICULUM LINKS Year 5 and 6 Year 5 Mathematics Data representation and interpretation (ACMSP118) (ACMSP119) (ACMSP120) Year 6 Mathematics Data representation and interpretation (ACMSP147) (ACMSP148) Year 5 English Interacting with others (ACELY1699) Speaking Listening (ACELY1796) (ACELY1700) Creating texts(ACELY1704) Year 6 English Interacting with others (ACELY1709) Speaking Listening (ACELY1816) (ACELY1710) Creating texts(ACELY1714) Year 5 Humanities and Social Science Geography (ACHASSK113) Year 5 Science Biological sciences (ACSSU043) Year 6 Science Biological sciences (ACSSU094) Year 5 and 6 Visual arts (ACAVAM115) (ACAVAM116) Ernest Shackleton Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge/ Getty Images ©Australian National Maritime Museum 2015 2 ICONS Icons are used next to activities to indicate skills being addressed. Think carefully about the question and what you want to say in reply. Discuss something with a friend, within a group or with your teacher. Write a response in the space provided. This could be following discussion. Perform mathematical calculations. Read some information. Look at some visual material. Research an issue. This is an interactive activity. Make something. ©Australian National Maritime Museum 2015 3 GLOSSARY Antarctic bottom water The coldest and densest water mass in the ocean. Formed in particular places in Antarctica when surface water cools and becomes more dense and so sinks to the ocean floor. Anthropologist Anthropologists examine, analyse, report on and compare different communities and how they grow, develop and interact. Avalanche A fall or slide of a large mass of snow and ice which has detached from where it rested. Biologist Biologists study humans, plants, animals and the environments in which they live. Calve When the ice flowing from a glacier reaches a body of water it begins to float and may break off the glacier becoming an iceberg. Desert An area where precipitation is low and evaporation is high creating very little moisture in the air. Antarctica is a “white desert”. Ecosystem A system formed by the interactions of the living organisms (plants, animals and humans) and physical elements of the environment. Environment The total physical and biotic features and influences surrounding a place or organism. Geographical issues Areas of concern that arise due to changes in environments and which can be in spatial and ecological dimensions. Geologist Geologists study the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth as well as the processes and history that has shaped it. Glaciers Glaciers are snow, compressed over many years, which thicken into ice masses. They are like rivers of ice and move slowly. Freshwater. Habitat The environment in which an organism lives: the land and resources (food and shelter) required to support an organism. Hypothesis A predictive statement which can be tested using a range of methods: most often associated with experimental procedure. Ice floe A large, flat, sheet of sea ice that has broken off contact with the coast where it was formed and is floating in open water. Sea-water. Ice sheet A large, thick mass of ice that covers the land beneath it and is greater than 50,000 square kilometres. Ice sheets cover Antarctica. Freshwater. Ice shelf A large flat sheet of ice that is attached to land along one side and floats in the ocean. Formed where a glacier or ice shelf has reached the water and kept flowing. ©Australian National Maritime Museum 2015 4 GLOSSARY Ice tongue A mass of ice projecting from a glacier into the sea. It is still fixed to and forms a part of the larger glacier. Iceberg A massive piece of floating ice that has calved off a glacier or ice shelf. Icebergs occur in lakes and the ocean and can be the size of islands or small countries. Only about 10% of its mass is above the surface of the water. Inuit The Inuit is a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions. Investigation Systematic inquiry. Physical environment Includes water, air, living things, sunlight and natural features of the earth’s environment . Phytoplankton (Plant plankton) Microscopic plant organisms which grow and live in the upper layers of the ocean and form the basis of the marine food web. Primary materials (History) Original material written, composed, constructed at the time that is being studied and about the topic that is being studied. Primary materials (Science) Original material collected by the author. It includes measurements, survey responses, photographs, digital images, maps and sketches. Secondary sources (History) Material written, composed, constructed after the event being studied; not first-hand knowledge. Secondary sources (Science) A range of forms of information and data that have resulted from the investigations of other people, including graphs, diagrams, images. South Pole The southern-most point on the surface of the Earth where the Earth’s axis of rotation intersects. validity of first hand data The extent to which the processes and resultant data measure what was intended. Zooplankton (Animal plankton) Microscopic animal organisms, such as tiny crustaceans and fish larvae, that drift in bodies of water. Zooplankton cannot produce their own food so are consumers. ©Australian National Maritime Museum 2015 5 A. Timeline Construct a timeline of exploration in the Antarctic region and other world events of the time of Shackleton’s expedition. The timeline needs to be to scale and record at least ten of the events listed below. Label each event with a date and title. British explorer James Cook crosses the Antarctic Circle in January and circumnavigates Antarctica. He does not sight land, but finds evidence that a 1773 southern continent exists. The First Fleet arrives in Australia. 1788 Thaddeus Bellingshausen, a Russian naval officer, circumnavigates Antarctica 1891 - 1821 and is the first person to cross the Antarctic Circle since Captain Cook. British whaler James Weddell discovers the sea later named after him and reaches the most southerly point to date. No one else penetrates the Weddell 1823 Sea again for 80 years. British naval officer and scientist James Clark Ross takes two ships, the Erebus and the Terror, to within 80 miles of the Antarctic coast. He is stopped by a 1840 massive ice barrier, known as the Ross Ice Shelf. He also discovers an active volcano that he names after his ship Erebus. Karl Benz builds the first motorcar. 1885 Carsten Borchgrevink leads a British expedition to Cape Adare and builds huts. 1899 This was the first time that anyone had spent a winter on land in Antarctica. 1901 Australia becomes an independent nation with Federation. ©Australian National Maritime Museum 2015 6 1902 Robert Falcon Scott leads his first Antarctic expedition to the South Pole, with Ernest Shackleton and Edward Wilson. They are forced to turn back two months later having reached 82˚ south, suffering from snow blindness and scurvy. 1903 The Wright brothers make the first powered airplane flight. 1907 - 1909 Ernest Shackleton leads an expedition to within 156 km of the South Pole, but turns back after supplies are exhausted. 1912 - December Norwegian Roald Amundsen is the first to reach the South Pole. 1912 – January Robert Falcon Scott reaches the South Pole three weeks after Amundsen. 1914 World War One begins. 1915 Ernest Shackleton returns to Antarctica in October in an attempt to complete the first crossing of the continent. The attempt is unsuccessful. Ernest Shackleton and five men depart Elephant Island on an 800 nautical 1916 mile voyage across the Southern ocean to reach South Georgia. According to Sir Edmund Hillary, “this attempt to rescue all of Shackleton’s 28 men stranded in Antarctica is the greatest survival story of all time”. Ernest Shackleton returns aboard Aurora to rescue the stranded members January 1917 of the Ross Sea party. 1956 A United States of America aircraft lands at the South Pole, the first people since Scott in 1912. 1958 The first successful land crossing via the South Pole is led by British geologist Vivian Fuchs with New Zealander Edmund Hillary leading the backup party. 1961 Antarctic Treaty comes into effect. ©Australian National Maritime Museum 2015 7 B. The story behind Escape from Antarctica One hundred years ago one of the most compelling adventure and survival stories of the 20th century occurred in Antarctica. Sir Ernest Shackleton’s Imperial trans-Antarctic Expedition aimed to be the first to cross the frozen Antarctic continent. Shackleton’s bold plan would see two parties working from opposite sides of the continent. He would lead the Weddell Sea crossing party while a second Ross Sea supply party, led by Aeneas Mackintosh, would lay critical rations ahead of them. It was an incredibly dangerous venture. Both parties were trapped by ice; both lost their ships. One party was never to touch the continent they hoped to cross. The other became marooned on it with no escape, desperately sledging through blizzard and ice to lay supplies for the leader who would never come. The Endurance Story (Weddell Sea crossing party) On 5 December 1914, the onset of summer, Endurance, Shackleton, his 27 crew, 54 dogs and ship’s cat farewelled the whalers of South Georgia. They had waited a month on the island for the unusually icy seas to clear. Days later Captain Frank Worsley was navigating the ice, wedging his ship into waterways, following leads in the ice field, and ramming the ice pack under full steam. By January 1915 the ship was surrounded and stopped by ice in Vahsel Bay. On 24 February Shackleton halted shipboard routine, turning his ship into a shore station. The sledging dogs were moved into ‘dogloos’, ice kennels on the floe while the scientists and sledging parties moved from the deckhouse into ‘the Ritz’ - warmer cabins built in the cargo hold.
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