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How to Reduce Transport Emissions and Increase Energy Security

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How to Reduce Transport Emissions and Increase Energy Security How to reduce transport emissions and increase energy security EDITED BY LOVISA KÄLLMARK EDITED BY LOVISA KALLMARK EUROPE’S ENERGY FUTURE How to reduce transport emissions and increase energy security ISBN: 978-91-87379-37-6 Print: Multiprint Design: Ivan Panov | [email protected] Cover Photo: shutterstock © 2016 European Liberal Forum. All rights reserved This publications can be downloaded for free on www.liberalforum.eu or www.fores.se. Single copies can also be ordered in print by emailing [email protected] Published by the European Liberal Forum asbl with the support of Fores, Neos-lab, Friedrich Naumann Foundation and NOVUM. Co-funded by the European Parliament. Neither the European Parliament nor the European Liberal Forum asbl are responsible for the content of this publication, or for any use that may be made of it. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) alone. These views do not necessarily reflect those of the European Parliament and/or the European Liberal Forum asbl. 2 EUROPE’S ENERGY FUTURE – HOW TO REDUCE TRANSPORT EMISSIONS AND INCREASE ENERGY SECURITY 4/ THE FRENCH CASE ................................................24 Introduction ....................................................................25 CONTENT Current fuel use in the French transport sector ........25 Political targets in the French transport sector .........25 Current and future transport and fuel policies ..........26 Challenges for the French transport sector ...............27 Conclusion .....................................................................28 5/ THE SLOVENIAN CASE ......................................... 30 Introduction ....................................................................31 Current fuel use in the Slovenian transport sector ...31 Political targets in the Slovenian transport sector .... 33 Current and future transport and fuel policies ......... 33 Challenges for the Slovenian transport sector ......... 34 About the authors ...........................................................4 Conclusion .................................................................... 35 About the publishers .......................................................5 6/ THE SWEDISH CASE ............................................. 36 1/ INTRODUCTION .........................................................6 Introduction ....................................................................37 Current fuel use in the Swedish transport sector .....37 2/ THE EUROPEAN TRANSPORT SECTOR ................8 Political targets in the Swedish transport sector ...... 39 Introduction ......................................................................9 Current and future transport and fuel policies ......... 39 Energy and emissions ....................................................9 Challenges for the Swedish transport sector .............41 Fuel use in the transport sector ..................................10 Conclusion .....................................................................41 Energy security .............................................................12 Political targets .............................................................13 7/ THE AUSTRIAN CASE ............................................ 42 EU target overview .......................................................17 Introduction ................................................................... 43 Current fuel use in the Austrian transport sector ..... 43 Political targets in the Austrian transport sector ...... 45 3/ THE BULGARIAN CASE ..........................................18 Current and future transport and fuel policies ......... 46 Introduction ....................................................................19 Challenges for the Austrian transport sector ............ 48 Current fuel use in the Bulgarian transport sector ....19 Conclusion .....................................................................52 Political targets in the Bulgarian transport sector .....21 Current and future transport and fuel policies ......... 22 8/ POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ............................. 54 Challenges for the Bulgarian transport sector .......... 22 Conclusion .....................................................................23 BIBILIOGRAPHY ........................................................... 58 3 About the authors Lovisa Kallmark is the assistant program manager for climate and environmental policy at Fores. Lovisa is an envi- ronmental economist and has worked for Fores since 2015. Within in the 2030-secretariat (www.2030-sekretariatet.se) for a fossil independent transport sector, with more than 50 industrial partners, Lovisa is responsible for the behaviour-aspect, fo- cusing on modal shifts and IT solutions that can replace physical transports. Lovisa is also a much liked moderator and con- ference leader. Sara Kymenvaara is a doctoral candidate of climate law at Aalto University in Finland, and is writing her doctoral the- sis on the effectiveness of national climate law from the perspectives of the Finnish and Swedish jurisdictions. As a part of her research, Sara completed a consultancy project on climate law in the Finnish transport sector as 1st author of a report drafted for the Ministry of the Environment in Finland. She graduated with a Master of Laws from Lund University, Sweden, after which she has worked as an associate lawyer of a Helsinki-based law firm, providing advice in environmental and en- ergy related regulatory matters in connection with large-scale mergers and acquisitions. Jakob Lagercrantz started his professional career in the recently founded Greenpeace Sweden in 1984. He left as the Director of Greenpeace Sweden. Currently, he works for his own consultancy firm. He was appointed the Chairman of the influential organization the Swedish Organization of Green Motorists. After leaving GM he co-founded the 2030 secretar- iat, an industrial NGO devoted at achieving a fossil fuels independent transport sector in Sweden by 2030, as well as advis- ing the Swedish Government on decarbonisation policies. Ronald J. Pohoryles is Chairman of the board of directors of the ICCR Foundation and ass. Prof. for comparative political systems, experienced in social science research for more than 35 years. His research expertise covers European integration emphasising public policy analysis, science and technology with emphasis on internationalisation, green economy & environment and integrated assessment of technologies. Jordan Yankov is the Director “Research Projects” of Public Policy Institute. He has expertise in energy strategy anal- ysis, nuclear innovations, and emerging renewable technologies. He has academic and professional interest in modelling of complex social systems, as well political and economic prognoses. Aleksander Aristovnik is an Associate Professor in the Department of Public Sector Economics at the Faculty of Public Administration and in the Department of International Economics at the Faculty of Economics (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia). Additionally, he is a director of Zavod 14, a social liberal non-for-profit organization. His areas of research interest encompass Public Sector Economics, International Economics and Economics of the EU. Finally, a big thank you to all the authors and other participants who contributed to this report. A special thanks to Emilia Ingemarsdotter for her help and thorough work with editing and completing this report. 4 EUROPE’S ENERGY FUTURE – HOW TO REDUCE TRANSPORT EMISSIONS AND INCREASE ENERGY SECURITY About the publishers European Liberal Forum (ELF) is the foundation of the Eu- va in close cooperation with a multitude of local partners. ropean Liberal Democrats, the ALDE Party. A core aspect of Focus areas of our current work on national and regional our work consists in issuing publications on Liberalism and level are anticorruption and transparency, freedom of me- European public policy issues. We also provide a space for dia, entrepreneurship, and education. With a large number the discussion of European politics, and offer training for lib- of manifold public activities and publications we strive to eral-minded citizens. Our aim is to promote active citizen- raise the awareness on the principles of liberal democracy ship. Our foundation is made up of a number of European and to foster civic engagement in our four project countries. think tanks, political foundations and institutes. The diversity www.fnf-southeasteurope.org of our membership provides us with a wealth of knowledge and is a constant source of innovation. In turn, we provide NEOS Lab is the political academy of the liberal grass-roots our members with the opportunity to cooperate on European movement NEOS, and an open laboratory for new politics. projects under the ELF umbrella. The youthful and dynamic The main objective of NEOS Lab is to contribute to en- nature of ELF allows us to be at the forefront in promoting hancing political education in Austria. Particular emphasis activecitizenship, getting the citizen involved with European is placed on the core topics of education, entrepreneurship, issues and building an open, liberal Europe. sustainable welfare systems and democratic innovation. NE- www.liberalforum.eu OS Lab conceives itself as a participatory interface between politics and society insofar as it mediates between experts Fores — Forum for Reforms, Entrepreneurship and Sustain- with scientific and practical knowledge on diverse policy is- ability – is an independent think tank
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