Plasmonics and Metamaterials for Photonics and Solar Energy Conversion

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Plasmonics and Metamaterials for Photonics and Solar Energy Conversion Metamaterials and plasmonic materials have yielded new modes of light localization and dispersion control that are not available in ordinary homogeneous photonic media. These have enabled creation of metallodielectric composites with an enhanced local density of optical states and structures that act as slow light structures, greatly enhancing the degree of optical absorption and spontaneous emission. I will begin by surveying the conditions for plasmonic and artificial magnetic response and the resulting conditions for the optical wavevector, power flow, and phase propagation. Then basic nanophotonic motifs for metamaterial and plasmonic structure design will be introduced. New component materials for metamaterials design will be discussed, including conducting oxides, nitrides and two-dimensional materials such as graphene that give rise to electrical tunability of the complex refractive index, examples of integrated photonic device applications will be given. Further, criteria for plasmonic and metamaterial structures in solar energy conversion will be outlined, including designs to maximize absorption of broadband unpolarized radiation over a wide range of incidence angles, as is needed in solar energy conversion applications. Finally, emerging and future directions for nanophotonics, such as exploiting hot carrier excitation and quantum phenomena will be surveyed. Web Resources: LMI-EFRC: http://lmi.caltech.edu/ Atwater Group: http://daedalus.caltech.edu/ Biography Harry Atwater is the Howard Hughes Professor of Applied Physics and Materials Science at the California Institute of Technology. Professor Atwater received his B. S., M. S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology respectively in 1981, 1983 and 1987, and has been a member of the Caltech faculty since 1988. Atwater’s scientific interests have two themes: plasmonics and optical metamaterials as well as photovoltaics and solar energy. He was an early pioneer in nanophotonics and plasmonics, and has authored or co-authored more than 400 publications; his group’s work has appeared in Science, Nature Materials, Nature Photonics, PNAS, Advanced Materials and Scientific American. Atwater currently serves as Director of the Light-Matter Interactions Energy Frontier Research Center, and is also Director of Caltech Resnick Institute for Science. His group have developed principles for light management in photovoltaics and have created new high efficiency solar cell designs. He is co-founder and chief technical advisor for Alta Devices, a venture- backed company in Santa Clara, CA, which has developed a low cost GaAs photovoltaics technology with world record cell efficiency. He was co-founder (2006) and Chair (2008) of the Gordon Research Conference on Plasmonics, and is a Fellow of the Materials Research Society (2012), and is founding Editor in Chief of ACS Photonics (2013). .

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Harry Atwater Is Currently Howard Hughes Professor and Professor of Applied Physics and Materials Science at the California Institute of Technology
Harry Atwater is currently Howard Hughes Professor and Professor of Applied Physics and Materials Science at the California Institute of Technology. His research interests center around two intertwined research themes photovoltaics and renewable energy and plasmonics and metamaterials. Atwater and his group have been active in photovoltaics research for more than 20 years. Recently they have pioneered new fabrication approaches to III-V semiconductor multijunction cells, and have actively research projects on III-V thin film cells, silicon wire array solar cells, silicon thin film cells and plasmonic light absorber structures. Atwater received his S.B. (1981), S.M. (1983), and Ph.D. (1987) in Electrical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He currently serves as Director of the Caltech Center for Sustainable Energy Research, and is also Director of the Center for Light-Material Interactions, a DOE Energy Frontier Research Center. Professor Atwater was most recently named as Director of the Resnick Institute. Dr. Atwater has consulted extensively for industry and government, and has actively served the materials community in various capacities, including Material Research Society Meeting Chair (1997), Materials Research Society President (2000), AVS Electronic Materials and Processing Division Chair (1999), and Board of Trustees of the Gordon Research Conferences. He serves on the Director’s Review Committee, Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He has served on the Department of Energy, Office of Science, Division of Materials Sciences Visiting Committee; Stanford University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Visiting Committee; National Science Foundation Division of Materials Research Visiting Committee. Atwater is founder and chief technical advisor for Alta Device, a solar energy company, and Aonex Corporation, a compound semiconductor materials company.
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Light Management in Photovoltaics and Photoelectrochemical Cells
Light Management in Photovoltaics and Photoelectrochemical Cells using Tapered Micro and Nano Structures Thesis by Sisir Yalamanchili In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Pasadena, California 2019 Defended December 5, 2018 © 2018 Sisir Yalamanchili All Rights Reserved i Acknowledgements I would like to begin with thanking Caltech community and the materials science department for the opportunity they provided for me to improve intellectually, professionally, and personally. My last five years at this place has not just made me a better thinker and problem solver, it also gave me the confidence in my abilities and ideas. I am very grateful for my advisers Harry Atwater and Nathan Lewis for giving me the opportunity to be part of their fantastic groups through which I had a chance to find a lot of collaborators for research and some close friends. In these two groups I found a lot like minded individuals who are motivated to find creative solutions for important energy and environment related problems. I want to thank Harry Atwater for constantly encouraging me to go to conferences and network with people, and for being an integral part of the Sunday soccer team. I can only wish to be able to match a twenty something year old in fitness when I am over fifty. I would like to thank Nathan Lewis for giving me all the freedom in the world to figure out my own project, and for dancing and playing games with us after intense scientific discussions during group retreats. Nate’s retreats also gave us, the current members of the group to talk to alumni who are doing wildly different things in their carriers to open our mind to the limitless possibilities.
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Forty-First DOE Solar Photochemistry P.I. Meeting
Proceedings of the Forty-First DOE Solar Photochemistry P.I. Meeting Gaithersburg Marriott Washingtonian Center Gaithersburg, Maryland June 3-5, 2019 Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy FOREWORD The 41st Department of Energy Solar Photochemistry Principal Investigators’ Meeting, sponsored by the Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, is being held June 3-5, 2019 at the Washingtonian Marriott in Gaithersburg, Maryland. These proceedings include the meeting agenda, abstracts of the formal presentations and posters, and a list of participants. The Solar Photochemistry Program supports fundamental, molecular-level research on solar energy capture and conversion in the condensed phase and at interfaces. This conference is the annual meeting of the grantees who conduct research with support from this Program. The gathering is intended to facilitate the exchange of ideas and foster collaboration among these researchers. The meeting this year features an invited presentation by Harry Atwater, Director of the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP). JCAP is the Department of Energy’s Fuels from Sunlight Energy Innovation Hub, a multi-investigator research and development center that was established in 2010 and renewed in 2015. Its mission is currently focused on creating a scientific foundation for the solar-driven conversion of carbon dioxide into renewable transportation fuels. Prof. Atwater will tell us about recent JCAP discoveries and research accomplishments. I would like to express my thanks to Justin Johnson who continues to spend part of his time as a detailee for the Solar Photochemistry Program, assisting with numerous critical behind-the- scenes tasks.
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Hybrid Silicon Nanophotonic Devices: Enhancing Light Emission, Modulation, and Confinement Thesis by Ryan Morrow Briggs In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 2011 (Defended May 13, 2011) c 2011 Ryan Morrow Briggs All Rights Reserved ii To Hannah. iii Acknowledgements With immense gratitude, I first acknowledge my advisor, Professor Harry Atwater, for his support, encouragement, and enthusiasm. Harry is the source of an incredible number of great ideas and visionary scientific contributions, but he also allows his students to own their thesis work in a way that fosters personal and professional growth. Looking back on the past five years, I realize that I would not have had my graduate school experience be any other way. To this day, Harry amazes me with his ability to deeply understand ideas and immediately expand on them with his pithy insights, but he also amazes me with his genuine regard and concern for other people, particularly the members of his group at Caltech. I am eager to see how Harry, his research group, and his entrepreneurial ventures will continue to impact the world in the years to come. I am also extremely grateful to Professors Oskar Painter, Julia Greer, Amnon Yariv, and Bill Goddard for serving on my candidacy and thesis committees. It is an honor, but also a humbling experience, to prepare a thesis knowing that it will be examined by individuals who are eminent experts in their fields, and I thank them for their time and input. Within the Atwater group, I must first thank Ken Diest for teaching me how to survive in the lab, figuratively and perhaps literally.
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Harry Atwater Is the Howard Hughes Professor of Applied Physics and Materials Science at the California Institute of Technology
Harry Atwater is the Howard Hughes Professor of Applied Physics and Materials Science at the California Institute of Technology. Professor Atwater currently serves as Director of the DOE Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis. Atwater’s scientific interests have two themes: photovoltaics and solar energy as well as plasmonics and optical metamaterials. His group has created new high efficiency solar cell designs, and have developed principles for light management in solar cells. Atwater is an early pioneer in nanophotonics and plasmonics; he gave the name to the field of plasmonics in 2001. He has authored or co- authored more than 400 publications cited in aggregate > 33,000 times and his group’s advances in the solar energy and plasmonics field have been reported in Scientific American, Science, Nature Materials, Nature Photonics and Advanced Materials. He is co-founder and chief technical advisor for Alta Devices, a venture-backed company in Santa Clara, CA, that holds the current world record for 1 Sun single junction solar cell efficiency and that is currently transitioning high efficiency/low cost GaAs photovoltaics technology to manufacturing and large-scale production. He serves as Editor in Chief for the journal ACS Photonics, and is Associate Editor for the IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, and in 2006 he founded the Gordon Research Conference on Plasmonics, which he served as chair in 2008. Harry Atwater is a Fellow of the Materials Research Society, and Member of US National Academy of Engineering. Atwater has been honored by awards, including: (2014) Julius Springer Prize in Applied Physics, (2014) ISI Highly Cited Researcher, (2013) Fellowship from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, (2012) ENI Prize for Renewable and Non-conventional Energy, SPIE Green Photonics Award (2012), MRS Kavli Lecturer in Nanoscience (2010), the Popular Mechanics Breakthrough Award (2010).
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Spatiotemporal Imaging of Thickness-Induced Band-Bending Junctions. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5pn61484 Journal Nano letters, 21(13) ISSN 1530-6984 Authors Wong, Joeson Davoyan, Artur Liao, Bolin et al. Publication Date 2021-07-01 DOI 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01481 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Spatiotemporal Imaging of Thickness-Induced Band Bending Junctions 1 1,2 3,4 5 6 7 Joeson Wong , Artur R. Davoyan , Bolin Liao , Andrey Krayev , Kiyoung Jo , Eli Rotenberg , Aaron Bostwick7, Chris Jozwiak7, Deep Jariwala1,6, Ahmed Zewail3, ǂ, Harry A. Atwater1, * 1. Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA 2. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 3. Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA 4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA 5. Horiba Scientific, Novato, CA, USA 6. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA 7. Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA ǂ Deceased *Corresponding Author: Harry A Atwater ([email protected]) ABSTRACT: Van der Waals materials exhibit naturally passivated surfaces and can form versatile heterostructures, enabling observation of carrier transport mechanisms not seen in three- dimensional materials. Here we report observation of a “band bending junction”, a new type of semiconductor homojunction whose surface potential landscape depends solely on a difference in thickness between the two semiconductor regions atop a buried heterojunction interface. Using MoS2 on Au to form a buried heterojunction interface, we find that lateral surface potential differences can arise in MoS2 from the local extent of vertical band bending in thin and thick MoS2 regions.
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Spatiotemporal Imaging of Thickness-Induced Band Bending Junctions
Spatiotemporal Imaging of Thickness-Induced Band Bending Junctions 1 1,2 3,4 5 6 7 Joeson Wong , Artur R. Davoyan , Bolin Liao , Andrey Krayev , Kiyoung Jo , Eli Rotenberg , Aaron Bostwick7, Chris Jozwiak7, Deep Jariwala1,6, Ahmed Zewail3, ǂ, Harry A. Atwater1, * 1. Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA 2. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 3. Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA 4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA 5. Horiba Scientific, Novato, CA, USA 6. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA 7. Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA ǂ Deceased *Corresponding Author: Harry A Atwater ([email protected]) ABSTRACT: Van der Waals materials exhibit naturally passivated surfaces and can form versatile heterostructures, enabling observation of carrier transport mechanisms not seen in three- dimensional materials. Here we report observation of a “band bending junction”, a new type of semiconductor homojunction whose surface potential landscape depends solely on a difference in thickness between the two semiconductor regions atop a buried heterojunction interface. Using MoS2 on Au to form a buried heterojunction interface, we find that lateral surface potential differences can arise in MoS2 from the local extent of vertical band bending in thin and thick MoS2 regions. Using scanning ultrafast electron microscopy, we examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of photogenerated charge carriers and find that lateral carrier separation is enabled by a band bending junction, which is confirmed with semiconductor transport simulations.
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NEWS NATURE|Vol 445|25 January 2007 How to drive light round the wrong bend Can visible light ever be manipulated so that it bends the wrong way? If it could, a range of futuristic devices would be tantalizingly close NEGATIVE RESULT to reality, such as a lens for imaging features Researchers used surface plasmons to carry View from above light across a gold prism — achieving the first Negatively smaller than the wavelength of light, or a shield refracted negative refraction of visible light. wave to render objects invisible. Surface Several scientists have written off such ‘nega- Slit plasmon Normal wave tive refraction’ in the visible range as practically Visible light impossible but a group is now claiming to have enters through slit Positively achieved it, spurring a debate about what con- refracted stitutes true refraction. wave Light bends in a specific way when it passes Silver Silver from one medium to another — an effect called refraction. Negative refraction describes a situ- Surface plasmons 50 nm When surface plasmons ation in which light bends the opposite way. created which emerge from the prism, It happens only if the direction in which the carry the light they are negatively refracted (see inset) peaks and troughs travel along a light wave can 500 nm Gold be reversed relative to the direction in which Silicon nitride the wave itself is travelling. A material with a negative refractive index Silver would focus light perfectly instead of dispers- ing it. This led John Pendry of Imperial Col- lege London to predict that a ‘perfect’ lens could be made, which would image features smaller But achieving similar effects for visible light unveiled a material that they say has a negative than the wavelength of light.
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The Next Wave | Vol
Vol. 20 | No. 3 | 2014 Forecasting faster, more powerful, and more secure technology At a Glance | Pointers | Spinouts This Z antenna tested at the National Institute of Standards and Technology is smaller than a standard antenna with comparable properties. Its high eciency is derived from the “Z element” inside the square that acts as a metamaterial, greatly boosting the signal sent over the air. The square is 30 millimeters on a side. Innovation in materials science: Electromagnetic metamaterials Jane E. Heyes | Nathaniel K. Grady | Diego A. R. Dalvit | Antoinette J. Taylor aterial properties aect the propagation found in nature, metamaterials have the potential of electromagnetic (EM) waves in to aid in the creation of ultrathin planar lenses, Mprofound ways, which has allowed for superresolution microscopes, compact antennas, devices ranging from eyeglasses to radar to ber- faster computer chips, and surfaces that radically optic cables. However, there are a limited number alter or cloak the EM signature of an object (e.g., an of responses found in natural materials. How can invisibility cloak). the range of possibilities be expanded? Enter EM e limitations of natural materials are a major metamaterials. obstacle that must be overcome to meet the ever- EM metamaterials are composites built increasing demand for faster, lighter, cheaper, and from a structured combination of conductors, more compact devices, making metamaterials semiconductors, and insulators. e individual an important and timely tool for meeting future features make up an ordered array smaller than technology needs. the wavelengths of radiation they are designed to aect, so the EM wave responds to the overall Background combination of these individual structures as if it were an eectively homogeneous material.
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Tunable and Quantum Plasmonic Materials
McCormick Northwestern Engineering Materials Science and Engineering 2014 DORN MEMORIAL LECTURE Harry A. Atwater Professor of Applied Physics and Materials Science California Institute of Technology Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Tech L211, 4:00pm Reception to follow Cook Hall - Atrium, 5:15pm “Tunable and Quantum Plasmonic Materials” Understanding the fundamental properties of plasmonic and dielectric materials in resonant subwavelength structures has fueled an explosion of interest in metamaterials and nanophotonic devices. In this seminar, we explore new directions for plasmonics by examining the relationship between plasmons and the electrochemical potential of the electron gas, and we discuss opportunities to observe quantum coherent states in plasmonic structures. Usually plasmons are described in a classical electromagnetic theory context, yet plasmons are fundamentally quantum excitations. Moreover, the carrier density and optical properties of plasmonic materials are typically fixed at the time of fabrication. Field effect tuning of the electrochemical potential in graphene nanoresonators enables the plasmon and phonon dispersion to be measured. Electrochemical and carrier density modulation in metals yields tunable resonances in metal nanostructures and reveals the plasmoelectric effect, a newly-discovered photoelectrochemical potential. By tuning the permittivity and index to near-zero values, expands the length scale over which coherent quantum emitter phenomena (e.g., concurrence, superradiance) can be observed in epsilon-near-zero
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