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Understanding Mass Culture Dynamics to Maximize Production and Quality of Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid Commercial Algal Cultivation

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Understanding Mass Culture Dynamics to Maximize Production and Quality of Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid Commercial Algal Cultivation St. Cloud State University theRepository at St. Cloud State Culminating Projects in Biology Department of Biology 12-2019 Understanding Mass Culture Dynamics to Maximize Production and Quality of Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid Commercial Algal Cultivation DeAnna Dvorak [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/biol_etds Recommended Citation Dvorak, DeAnna, "Understanding Mass Culture Dynamics to Maximize Production and Quality of Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid Commercial Algal Cultivation" (2019). Culminating Projects in Biology. 45. https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/biol_etds/45 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at theRepository at St. Cloud State. It has been accepted for inclusion in Culminating Projects in Biology by an authorized administrator of theRepository at St. Cloud State. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Understanding Mass Culture Dynamics to Maximize Production and Quality of Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid Commercial Algal Cultivation by DeAnna M. Dvorak A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Facility of St. Cloud State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biology: Ecology/Natural Resources December, 2019 Thesis Committee: Matthew Julius, Chairperson Ryan Fink Debra Japp 2 Abstract Omega-3 fatty acid supplements derived from algal oil are a fast- growing nutraceutical product because they provide an alternative to fish- meal based oil; they are sustainable, economically viable, and appeal to a wider consumer market. There are many factors that have been shown to affect the fatty acid profiles of algae: environmental stressors, nutrient availability, and temporal cycles. This thesis explores the effects of temporal culture dynamics on the fatty acid profiles of Cyclotella meneghiniana in both small-scale and large-scale growth models. these results can be used to develop a strategic growth model for the optimization of Omega-3 product yield in a commercial scale algal growth facility. A market assessment of the quality and consistency of current algal omega-3 supplements was completed to identify possible challenges of a commercial algal based product. Maximizing the lipid content and optimizing the fatty acid profiles will have a significant impact on the quantity, quality, and profitability of these products. 3 Acknowledgments The first time I heard the term “algae” in a positive light was in my junior year as an undergraduate in the BS biology program at East Carolina University. The professor of the global climate change class was outlining some potential bioremediation technologies and algae was featured as a possible carbon fixer/toxin remover for the environment. With a botany/ecology concentration, I had already discovered my love for growing things, but these tiny aquatic plants intrigued me, the more I learned about these organisms, the more fascinating they became. After my undergraduate education I decided that I wanted to start my own algal growth facility. To that end I began looking for a graduate level program that was able to offer a phycology focus, specifically on the growth and commercial use of algae. While researching the next step in producing algae commercially I came across an article about Dr. Julius and his phytoplankton laboratory at St Cloud State University, near my hometown of Big Lake MN. I reached out to Dr. Julius and in our first meeting expressed my interest and desire to learn more about algae and their potential for commercial growth. St Cloud State was able to offer me a flexible graduate program allowing me to pursue both of my passions, biology and business, simultaneously. My research combined work from the Herberger school of business, centering around entrepreneurship and new product development, with a foundation in the school of science and engineering curriculum. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight some of the research that was completed during my Master of Science degree studies. I am exceedingly grateful for all of Dr. Julius’ support in the completion of this research. This is one of the steps in my journey towards the launch of an innovative nutraceutical grade algal biomass facility. I will be using the knowledge gained from my time at St Cloud State University as a foundation 4 for the launch of a scientifically based, economically viable business in the algae industry. I will be refining my business plan, with the intentions to procure funding and execute a proof of concept commercial algal growth pilot facility outlined in the appendix. These core concepts will be the launching pad for my future career as a business owner and algal researcher. 5 Table of Contents Page List of Tables.............................................................. 7 List of Figures............................................................. 8 Chapter 1. Diatom growth and yield factors, a review............................. 9 Introduction....................................................... 9 Lipid Production Strategies....................................... 10 Commercial Cultivation Strategies................................. 14 Harvesting Strategies............................................. 17 Economic Modeling................................................. 19 Conclusion........................................................ 20 2. Bioreactor scale-up for commercial cultivation....................... 21 Introduction...................................................... 21 Omega-3 Producing Algal Species................................... 22 Methods........................................................... 25 Results........................................................... 30 Discussion........................................................ 33 Conclusion........................................................ 36 3. Consistency and quality of dietary supplements....................... 37 Introduction...................................................... 37 Nutraceuticals.................................................... 39 Methods........................................................... 41 6 Chapter Page Results........................................................... 43 Discussion........................................................ 46 Conclusion........................................................ 48 References................................................................. 50 Appendix. Start up summary for pilot facility.............................. 61 7 List of Tables Table Page 1.1 Economic model comparison........................................... 19 2.1 Omega-3 producing algae............................................. 22 2.2 Cyclotella meneghiniana products.................................... 24 2.3 Cylclotella menegniniana fatty acid profiles ........................31 3.1 Market yield advances............................................... 48 8 List of Figures Figure Page 1.1 Lipid metabolic pathways............................................ 10 2.1 Commercial Raceway innoculation..................................... 27 2.2 Raceway growth curves............................................... 30 2.3 Small-scale omega-3 FA.............................................. 32 2.4 Small-scale versus large-scale omega-3 FA ...........................33 3.1 Schizochytrium sp. oil consistancy and quality...................... 43 3.2 Nannochloropsis sp. oil consistancy and quality..................... 45 3.3 EPA and DHA in commercial strains and Cyclotella meneghiniana........46 9 Chapter 1 : Diatom growth and yield factors, a review Introduction The term “diatom” refers to organisms in the family Bacillariophyceae, also termed “golden algae”. Diatoms are a group of oleaginous algae, characterized by their distinctive silica frustules. Diatoms are one of the most diverse group of organisms; with over 200 known genera and an estimated 200,000 species, of which only approximately 10% are currently described (Mann and Droop 1996). This group of organisms are environmentally significant because they provide an estimated 20% of available oxygen to the planet (Mann 1999). Diatoms have been of commercial interest for almost 40 years because of the high non-polar lipid content stored in their vacuoles (Chisti 1980). The most popular commercial application for these lipids is biodiesel, which can be used as a direct replacement for petrol-based fuels. The lipid body in diatoms contains primarily triglycerides which can be reacted with methanol via transesterification to make fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel). This process can be completed for a biodiesel yield of over 98% of the crude algal oil (Fukuda et al. 2001). It is estimated that if 2.5% of United States crop land is converted to production of algae-based biofuel, 50% of the US petrol consumption could be replaced with biodiesel (Chisti 2007). Some species of diatoms produce long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA), Specifically docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). These fatty acids have been used in fish feed to increase the omega-3 fatty acids in their tissues (Stoneham et al. 2018). Direct supplementation of DHA and EPA has also shown to be beneficial for brain health. Showing neuroprotective properties against heavy metal poisoning 10 (Singh et al. 2019) as well as treatment of some mental ailments such as depression (Tayama 2018). Omega-3 fatty acids have also shown to
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