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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting SCREENING COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata L. WALP] GERMPLASM FOR FORAGE PRODUCTION AND ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE RESISTANCE (Meloidogyne spp.) By ROCHETEAU DAREUS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2019 © 2019 Rocheteau Dareus To my parents, Lionel and Paulia, and my late brother, Jean-Ricot ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I want to say thank you the almighty God who relentlessly keeps on guiding my paths and fulfilling my life with so many blessings. Without his mercy, I would not be able to do a master’s degree at the University of Florida. I would like to say thank you the USAID who funded my graduate studies through a scholarship granted by the AREA project back in Haiti. I would like to express my gratitude to my adviser, Dr. Esteban F. Rios, who accepted to supervise my thesis research. Without his help and support, I would not be able to face all the challenges and earn my degree at the University of Florida. A special thanks to all my committee members: Dr. Carlene A. Chase, Dr. Michael Mulvaney, Dr. Peter DiGennaro, and Dr. Raphael Colbert for their assistantship anytime I needed their help. My thoughts go to all the labmates at the Forage Breeding and Genetics Lab specially, Yolanda Lopez, Maricela Puluc, Ajaha, Janam, Hermez, Ian, and Kacey Aukema for their help in collecting data for my thesis. A special thank you to my friend Beatriz Gouveia Tome for her help analyzing the data. I also want to thank Dr. Dickson and Dr. Maquilan from the Nematology Department of the University of Florida for their help and support. Finally, I especially thank Cassandre Feuillé for her unconditional company, help and support throughout the two years I spent in Gainesville and numerous friends and collabarators I met who contributed to my success. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................7 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................11 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................14 Overview of Cowpea Phenology and Growth ........................................................................14 Temperature and Water Requirements ............................................................................14 Cowpea Plant Growth, Development and Morphology ..................................................14 Soil Fertility Requirements for Cowpea Growth.............................................................15 Cowpea Cropping System ...............................................................................................16 Botanical Characteristics and Genetic Resources ...........................................................17 Major Cowpea Breeding Achievements and New Goals ................................................18 Root Knot Nematode (RKN) ..................................................................................................21 Symptoms/Signs, Life Cycle and Disease Environmental Conditions of RKN ..............22 Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne enterolobii .....................................................23 Genetic Resistance of Cowpea to Root-Knot Nematodes ...............................................25 2 GENETIC PARAMETERS IN COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata L. Walp] FOR FORAGE PRODUCTION TRAITS ........................................................................................................28 Introduction .............................................................................................................................28 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................33 Plant Materials .................................................................................................................33 Experimental Design and Field Management .................................................................34 Data Collection ................................................................................................................35 Statistical Analyses ..........................................................................................................36 Results .....................................................................................................................................38 Experiment 1 ...................................................................................................................38 Experiment 2 ...................................................................................................................38 Variance component estimates and genotypic values ..............................................39 Genetic correlations ..................................................................................................41 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................41 Experiment 1 ...................................................................................................................41 Experiment 2 ...................................................................................................................42 Phenotypic diversity in the UC-Riverside cowpea germplasm ................................42 Trait correlations ......................................................................................................45 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................47 5 3 INVESTIGATION OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE (Meloidogyne spp.) RESISTANCE IN UC-RIVERSIDE’S COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] GERMPLASM FOR BREEDING PURPOSES .....................................................................63 Introduction .............................................................................................................................63 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................65 Plant Materials .................................................................................................................65 Nematode Isolates ...........................................................................................................65 Screening Assay ..............................................................................................................65 Data Collection ................................................................................................................67 Statistical Model, Assumptions and Statistical Analysis ................................................67 Results .....................................................................................................................................68 Variance Component Estimates and Genotypic Values ..................................................68 Genetic Correlations ........................................................................................................72 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................73 Phenotypic Diversity in the UC-Riverside Cowpea Germplasm and Commercial Cultivars for RKN Resistance ......................................................................................73 Trait Correlations for RKN Resistance ...........................................................................75 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................76 APPENDIX A PREDICTED VALUES OF SIX MEASURED TRAITS ......................................................91 B RAW DATA OF GALL SCORE AND REPRODUCTION INDEX IN THE M. Incognita SCREENING ..........................................................................................................99 C DATA OF GALL SCORE AND REPRODUCTION INDEX IN THE M. Enterolobii SCREENING ........................................................................................................................107 D UC-RIVERSIDE MINI CORE COLLECTION INFORMATION ......................................115 LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................128 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................139 6 LIST OF TABLES 2-1 Phenotypic traits characterized in cowpea. ........................................................................49 2-2 ANOVA table for viral disease severity visually rated in 56 cowpea genotypes in Cabaret, Haiti in the summer 2018. ...................................................................................49 2-3 ANOVA table for total grain yield in 56
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