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Pollination in Laos and Neighboring Countries

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Pollination in Laos and Neighboring Countries Conservation and Management of Pollinators For Sustainable Agriculture through an Ecosystem Approach An in-depth review of existing information in Lao PDR and neighbouring countries. Photos : J. Vandame Jérôme Vandame March 2006 i Introduction Presentation of the report The objective of this report1 is to provide inputs into the effort of the Government of Lao PDR for implementing its National Agricultural Biodiversity Programme that was endorsed by the Lao PDR Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in 2004. In particular, this report reviews the literature in the field of pollination and presents a synthesis of information available from a variety of sources. A list of the references is presented at the end of the literature review. The report is divided into six sections: - The first section summarizes main background information on Lao PDR in the context of agriculture and agriculture-related policies, and introduces the context of pollinators and pollination in Lao agriculture. - The second section is a description of the principles and incidence of pollination. - The third and fourth section present a synthesis of the diversity of pollinators and of flower plants‟ reproduction systems and briefly overviews, for the main plants of economical importance in Lao PDR, the biological characteristics of the flowers and the pollinators which intervene in their pollination. - The fifth section is focused on the controversial phenomenon of pollinator decline. - The last section is a presentation of the main issues and conclusions in pollination and management of pollinators for sustainable agriculture. To the extent possible, these sections will be documented with reports dealing with Lao PDR. However, taking into account that the pollination was seldom studied in this country, the field of the literature review has been widened in the nearby countries of Lao PDR, or even in remote geographic zones, as far as the information is relevant. Acronyms CPC Committee for Planning and Cooperation DAFO District Agriculture and Forestry Office FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FOA Faculty of Agriculture – National University Laos GOL Government of Lao PDR MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry NAFRI National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute NBCA National Biodiversity Conservation Area NGPES National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy NTFP Non Timber Forest Product PAFO Province Agriculture and Forestry Office 1 Funded by the FAO/Netherlands Partnership Programme ii Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... ii Presentation of the report ................................................................................................................................ ii Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................................ ii Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ iiv 1 Context .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Agriculture and Agricultural Policy in Lao PDR .............................................................................. 1 1.2 Importance of pollinators in agriculture ........................................................................................... 2 1.3 Information about pollination in Lao PDR ........................................................................................ 3 2 Principles and economic value of plant pollination ............................................................... 3 2.1 The principles of plant pollination ...................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Diversity of pollinators ............................................................................................................................ 6 2.3 Assessing the economic value of plant pollination ........................................................................ 9 3 Plant-pollinator relationships for trees and crops important to Lao PDR.................. 10 3.1 Forest trees ................................................................................................................................................ 10 3.2 Main agricultural crops ......................................................................................................................... 12 A trend in pollinator decline ....................................................................................................... 18 4.1 A decline linked to intensive agricultural practices ................................................................... 19 4.2 A decline of pollinators richness with increased habitat modification and fragmentation ...................................................................................................................................................... 20 4.3 A decline due to competition with introduced (exotic) species ............................................. 20 4.4 A decline due to hunting ....................................................................................................................... 21 4.5 Consequences of pollinators loss ...................................................................................................... 21 5 Pollination and pollinators management for sustainable agriculture ......................... 23 5.1 Habitat management for the conservation of ‘wild’ pollinators ............................................ 23 5.2 Pollination management through pollinators rearing .............................................................. 23 5.3 Artificial ways of managing pollination .......................................................................................... 25 6 Main Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 26 6.1 Awareness and knowledge on pollination ..................................................................................... 26 6.2 Loss of biodiversity ................................................................................................................................. 26 6.3 Native pollinators .................................................................................................................................... 26 Annotated Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 27 Annex 1 Breeding systems and identified pollinators of main crops of importance in Lao PDR ....................................................................................................................................................................... 47 Annex 2 Crop production in Lao PDR in 2005 ................................................................................... 51 Annex 3 An attempt to assess the economic value of plant pollination in Lao PDR, based on Costanza's model ....................................................................................................................................... 52 iii List of Tables Table 1 Plant pollination needs ......................................................................................................... 5 Table 2 Flower visitors and pollinators in South East Asia ............................................................... 8 Table 3 Pollinators of some Dipterocarpaceae ................................................................................. 11 Table 4 Pollination systems for some Dipterocarpacea ................................................................... 12 Table 5 Staple crops in Lao PDR ..................................................................................................... 13 Table 6 Evolution trends in various crop production ....................................................................... 13 Table 7 Breeding systems and identified pollinators of main fruit and nut crops of importance in Lao PDR ................................................................................................................................... 15 Table 8 Breeding systems and identified pollinators of some vegetable crops of importance in Lao PDR .......................................................................................................................................... 15 Table 9 Breeding systems and identified pollinators of some oil-seed crops of importance in Lao PDR .......................................................................................................................................... 16 Table 10 Breeding systems and identified pollinators of some fiber crops of importance in Lao PDR .......................................................................................................................................... 16 Table 11 Breeding systems and identified pollinators of some spices crops of importance in Lao PDR .........................................................................................................................................
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