The Portrait of a Lady De Henry James Em the Piano De Jane Campion

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The Portrait of a Lady De Henry James Em the Piano De Jane Campion UNIVERSIDADEDEAVEIRO DissertaçãodeMestradoemEstudosIngleses DepartamentodeLínguaseCulturas Orientador:Prof.Dr.AnthonyDavidBarker Abril1999 JoséliaMariadosSantosJoséNeves Ao Neves e ao Pedro... e à memória da Mariana Agradecimentos Os meus agradecimentos ao Prof. Dr. Anthony Barker, pelos conselhos e pela exigência, sem os quais este trabalho não se teria realizado como aqui se encontra. Ao Prof. Dr. Abílio Hernandez, pela disponibilidade e palavra sempre amiga. Ao Neves, pelo carinho, a paciência e o apoio incondicional a todos os meus projectos. Ao Pedro, pelas horas de mãe a que não teve direito e pelo orgulho com que viveu cada etapa desta caminhada. À minha família, pelas orações e pela força que só quem ama sabe dar. Às minhas amigas Guida, João, Lucy e Lurdes - pelo tanto que me deram, minha família já são. Aos meus amigos e aos meus alunos, a quem roubei tempo para que este sonho se concretizasse. “Books and films are separate art forms and it is useless to wish that one would perform the other’s high-wire act. But when all’s right with the heavens, movies that grow from books seem to have an extra layer of subtlety and resonance. When you see one that has, stop for a minute to think about the work of the adaptor, an artist working with repect, compassion, wit, humanity and the sharpest razor this side of Sweeney Todd.”1 Sheila Benson, Los Angeles Times Film Critic, 1981-1991 1 cit. Brady, p.2 ÍNDICE Pág. NOTA INTRODUTÓRIA .......................................................................................................... 7 Nota sobre Referências Bibliográficas ............................................................................ 10 A ADAPTAÇÃO DE OBRAS LITERÁRIAS AO CINEMA ....................................................... 11 Literatura vs. Cinema ....................................................................................................... 11 A Adaptação .................................................................................................................... 22 A ADAPTAÇÃO DE OBRAS DE HENRY JAMES ................................................................... 29 De Jane Campion a Henry James... de Henry James a Jane Campion ............................ 57 O Preâmbulo ................................................................................................................... 71 A Introdução .................................................................................................................... 78 As Personagens ................................................................................................................ 89 “The sweet-tasting property of observation” ................................................................... 99 Imagens de Opressão .................................................... .................................................. 110 Ecos de The Portrait of a Lady de Henry James em The Piano de Jane Campion ......... 118 CONCLUSÃO ........................................................................................................................ 130 BIBLIOGRAFIA FUNDAMENTAL ......................................................................................... 142 Bibliografia Primária ...................................................................................................... 142 Bibliografia Secundária ................................................................................................. 143 ANEXOS .................................................................................................................................. 153 Anexo 1 - Lista Cronológica das Publicações de Henry James Anexo 2 - Filmografia de Henry James Anexo 3 - Cronologia Biográfica de Jane Campion Anexo 4 - Filmografia de Jane Campion ÍNDICE FIGURAS Pág. Fig. 1 - Robert Cummings (Lewis Venable) e Susan Hayward (Tina Borderau) em The Lost Moment (1947) de Martin Gabel .................................................................. 52 Fig. 2 - Deborah Kerr (Miss Giddens) em The Innocents (1961) de Jack Clayton ........... 52 Fig. 3 - Cybill Sheperd (Daisy Miller) em Daisy Miller (1974) de Peter Bogdanovich ... 53 Fig. 4 - Vanessa Redgrave (Olive Chancellor) e Christopher Reeve (Basil Ransome) em The Bostonians (1984) de James Ivory ........................................................... 53 Fig. 5 - Alison Elliot (Millie Theale) e Helena Bonham Carter (Kate Croy) em The Wings of the Dove (1997) de Ian Softley .............................................................. 54 Fig. 6 - Cartaz promotor de The Portrait of a Lady (1996) de Jane Campion................... 56 Fig. 7 - Nome do filme tatuado sobre uma mão feminina ................................................ 77 Fig. 8 - Isabel, sumptuosamente penteada e vestida, no auge do seu encarceramento social ..................................................................................................................... 97 Fig. 9 - Isabel “aprisionada” pela sua própria vontade - (contraste entre a envolvente iluminada em tons de azul e o cabelo flamejante da protagonista) ...................... 114 Fig. 10 - Ana Paquin (Flora) surge envergando asas em The Piano ................................... 127 Nota Introdutória 7 Nota Introdutória A minha descoberta do texto fílmico como objecto de análise narrativa e estilística surgiu no decurso da componente lectiva do Mestrado em Estudos Ingleses no qual esta dissertação se inscreve. Até então, a apreciação que fazia do cinema limitava-se à vivência lúdica que era o visionamento de filmes como mero entretenimento. À medida que, nas disciplinas de “História do Cinema em Língua Inglesa” e “Narrativa e Estrutura no Cinema em Língua Inglesa”, fui aprofundando os meus conhecimentos sobre a história do cinema e a estrutura narrativa de determinados filmes tomei consciência da complexidade de tais manifestações artísticas e vi nascer a curiosidade pelo fenómeno da adaptação de textos literários ao cinema. Pela mesma altura, e no âmbito da disciplina de “Formas de Representação da Experiência Pós-Colonial”, interessei-me pelo trabalho literário e cinematográfico da realizadora neozelandeza, Jane Campion, que trouxe a público em 1996 a adaptação do romance de Henry James, The Portrait of a Lady. O estudo comparativo entre The Portrait of a Lady de Henry James e o de Jane Campion surgiu, então, como um bom ponto de partida para uma reflexão sobre a problemática da adaptação do texto literário ao cinema, sobre as dificuldades inerentes a qualquer adaptação de obras de Henry James e, em particular, sobre as opções tomadas por esta realizadora pós-feminista2, envolvida na múltipla tarefa de se manter “fiel” ao texto original de Henry James, de atender às suas próprias preocupações e estilo 2 Embora os trabalhos de início de carreira se possam inscrever, de certa forma, num feminismo empenhado em subverter os cânones do cinema clássico e por extensão da sociedade patriarcal, actualmente, Jane Campion revela uma atitude menos radical perante os valores feministas dos anos 70 e 80. Como sugere Jill Nelmes, no seu artigo “Women Film” (244), talvez seja mais apropriado utilizar o termo “feminist realism” para referir às realizadoras que, nos anos 90, passaram a estar sensíveis às exigências do cinema comercial, garantindo, assim, financiamento e maior divulgação dos seus trabalhos, até muito recentemente considerados produções independentes ou de valor menor. Nota Introdutória 8 pessoais, bem como de agradar ao público de finais do século XX, a quem já conquistara, em 1993, com o galardoado The Piano. Com vista a uma maior compreensão do fenómeno de adaptação levado a cabo por Campion, houve necessidade de delinear alguns pressupostos teóricos que presidem à natureza do texto literário e do texto cinematográfico, pressupostos esses que clarificam as atitudes tradutológicas possíveis na passagem do texto literário ao texto fílmico. Daí ressalta como inevitável a cotação do texto fílmico em termos de “fidelidade” ao texto literário, salvaguardando o facto de que, embora seja possível comparar os dois textos, não poderemos ter o segundo texto como subalterno ao primeiro, mas sim como uma obra autónoma de pleno direito que, intencionalmente ou não, se aproxima ou se afasta do texto primeiro. A fim de integrar a produção de Campion na já longa tradição de adaptações de textos de Henry James far-se-á uma retrospectiva das diferentes adaptações já realizadas, procurando estabelecer quais os aspectos da criação de James tomados em consideração nas diferentes versões cinematográficas abordadas. No que diz respeito ao The Portrait of a Lady de Jane Campion, a abordagem seguida apoia-se nos seguintes aspectos: - Em primeiro lugar, a determinação da versão do texto literário que serviu de base à realizadora e à argumentista para a criação do guião, o qual por sua vez, daria origem ao filme. Dado que o romance de Henry James surgiu em duas versões, a primeira em 1881 e a segunda em 1908, aquando da edição da “The New York Edition”, tornou-se importante determinar qual das versões foi utilizada para a adaptação pois, embora as diferenças entre as duas versões pareçam mínimas, são particularmente significativas na composição da personagem principal, Isabel, de quem se pretende fazer um “portrait”. Assim, e na medida em que creio que The Portrait de Campion se baseou na versão de 1908, todas as referências ao romance de James serão relativas à dita versão, salvo menção em contrário. - Em segundo lugar, houve necessidade de uma análise sumária do romance
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