Lincolnshire and the Danes
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!/ IS' LINCOLNSHIRE AND THE DANES LINCOLNSHIRE AND THE DANES BY THE REV. G. S. STREATFEILD, M.A. VICAR OF STREATHAM COMMON; LATE VICAR OF HOLY TRINITY, LOUTH, LINCOLNSHIRE " in dust." Language adheres to the soil, when the lips which spake are resolved Sir F. Pai.grave LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH & CO., r, PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1884 {The rights of translation and of reproduction arc reserved.) TO HER ROYAL HIGHNESS ALEXANDRA, PRINCESS OF WALES, THIS BOOK IS INSCRIBED BY HER LOYAL AND GRATEFUL SERVANT THE AUTHOR. A thousand years have nursed the changeful mood Of England's race,—so long have good and ill Fought the grim battle, as they fight it still,— Since from the North, —a daring brotherhood,— They swarmed, and knew not, when, mid fire and blood, made their or took their fill They —English homes, Of English spoil, they rudely wrought His will Who sits for aye above the water-flood. Death's grip is on the restless arm that clove Our land in twain no the ; more Raven's flight Darkens our sky ; and now the gentle Dove Speeds o'er the wave, to nestle in the might Of English hearts, and whisper of the love That views afar time's eventide of light PREFACE. " I DO not pretend that my books can teach truth. All I hope for is that they may be an occasion to inquisitive men of discovering truth." Although it was of a subject infinitely higher than that of which the following pages treat, that Bishop Berkeley wrote such words, yet they exactly express the sentiment with which this book is submitted to the public. It may be well to state that the present volume is the development of three parochial lectures given in Louth (Lincolnshire) during the years 1877-78, and I would venture to say that the constant calls and de- mands of a busy parish may help to explain, though not to excuse, much that may be open to criticism. Any one who attempts to deal with the derivation of place-names must do so with the full expectation of calling forth much controversy. As, in pursuing my subject, I have often had to change my opinions, so I am fully prepared, in sending them before the tribunal viii PREFACE. conclusions dis- of the public, to see many cherished cases reversed. proved, and my own judgment in many Far abler writers have pointed out the uncertainty that too often hangs over the original meaning of a local name, even when every effort has been made to is to doubt that of the trace it, and it impossible many derivations given in this volume will be charged with rashness and credulity. We may perhaps admit that, in dealing with such a subject, it is often by almost exhausting the wrong that the right is gained. If, then, the following pages do nothing more than conduce to the exhaustion of error, they place the right one step nearer to attainment. The subject of place-names possesses interest for comparatively few, and it is most unlikely that the greater part of this book, entering, as it necessarily does, into tedious details and technicalities, will find many readers. It is however hoped that the earlier chapters, as well as the concluding one, may not be without attraction for all who are interested in the history of the county. If, moreover, some of the names here discussed are found to throw a side-light, however dim, upon the life and associations of a past that cannot be more than faintly realized, it will be confessed that the studies, of which the is result here given, have not been altogether fruitless. PREFACE. IX Whilst heartily wishing that the subject had fallen into more competent hands, I can only hope that I may have led the way 1 to a more complete and correct elucidation of at least one part of the county nomencla- ture than the present attempt can pretend to be. The Glossary appended to this volume is the result of a careful examination and comparison of many works, but is chiefly indebted to the following, viz. : —Cleasby and Vigfusson's Icelandic Dictionary, Professor Skeat's Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary of the Scottish Language, the Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect, by the Rev. J. C. Atkinson, Vicar of Danby, and Stratmann's Dictionary of Old English. I would take this opportunity of returning my warmest thanks for most courteous and ready help from Professor Worsaae of Copenhagen, and to Professor Rygh of Christiania. I would also acknowledge, with much gratitude, the unfailing sympathy and advice of my friend, the Rev. M. G. Watkins, Rector of Barnoldby- le-Beck. Whitby, August, 1883. 1 This ought to be said with some reserve, inasmuch as a short, but interesting paper on this very subject was read by the Precentor of Lincoln at the annual meeting of the Lincoln Architectural Society, and has been printed in the Report for 1882. The Danish element in the topography and language of Lincolnshire is also touched upon in Sir Charles Ander- son's Lincoln Pocket Guide. CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE I. The Danish Occupation ... ... ... i II. Connecting Links ... ... ... 25 III. The Dane and his English Home ... ... 41 IV. Records of Mythology ... ... ... 57 V. Heroes and Nationalities ... ... ... 83 VI. Records of Settlement—Part I. ... 99 VII. Records of Settlement—Part II. ... ... 123 VIII. Records of Settlement—Part III. ... 139 IX. Records of Nature—Land ... ... ... 160 X. Records of Nature—Water ... ... 188 XL Records of Animal and Vegetable Life ... 209 XII. Lost Landmarks ... ... ... ... 236 XIII. The Language of Lincolnshire ... ... 258 Appendix I. Additional Names ... ... 279 „ II. Thong Caistor and Torksey ... 292 „ III. Personal Names in Lincolnshire 298 Glossary ... ... ... ... ... ••• 3*4 ABBREVIATIONS. Ann. I si. = Annales Islandici. Brogden = Provincial Words and Expressions current in Lincoln- shire. J. Ellett Brogden, 1866. CI. Gl. = Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect, by Rev. J. C. Atkinson, Vicar of Danby. CI. and Vigf. = Cleasby and Vigfusson's Icelandic-English Dic- tionary. Cod. Dip. JEv. Sax. = Codex Diplomaticus^Evi Saxonici. Kemble. Cr. D. = Craven Dialect. Dip. Angl. JEv. Sax. = Diplomatarium Anglicum JEv'\ Saxonici. B. Thorpe. Dugdale, Mon. Angl. = Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum. Ferg., E.S. = English Surnames. R. Ferguson. Grimm's Teut. Myth. (Stallybrass) = Grimm's Teutonic My- thology, translated by Stallybrass. Halliwell = Halliwell's Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words. Hold. Gl. = Holderness Glossary. English Dialect Society. Jam. = Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language. John Jamieson, D.D. New Edition, 1877. Landn. = Landndmabok. L.C.D. = Liber Census Danias den Andens ; Kong Valdemar (1202-1241), Jordebog. M. and C. Gl. = Glossary of the Manley and Corringham Dialect. E. Peacock. Madsen, Sjael. Stedn. = Sjselandske Stednavne. Emil Madsen. Archaeological Journal of Scandinavia, 1863. xiv ABBREVIATIONS. Molbech = Dansk Dialekt Lexicon. C. Molbech, 1841. Prompt. Parv. = Promptorium Parvulorum sive Clericorum, 1540. Stratmann = Stratmann's Dictionary of the Old English Language. St. S. = Sturlunga Saga. C.I. = Calendarium Inquisitionum post mortem sive Escastarum. (Henry III., Edward I. and II.) C.R.C. = Calendarium Rotulorum Chartarum ad inquisitionem ad quod damnum, 1 307-1460. C.T.T. = Catalogus Tenentium Terras per Singulas Hundredas in Comitatu Line. (Henry I.) D.B. = Domesday Book. = Rolls Rotuli Hundredorum. Hundr. R. Hundred ; (Henry III., Edward I.) Inqu. Non. or I.N. = Inquisitiones Nonarum. (14 and 15 Edward III.) PI. A. = Placitorum Abbreviatio. (Richard I., John, etc.) = Patent Rolls Rotulorum Patentium. P.R. ; Calendarium (3 John, 23 Edward IV.) R.C. = Rotuli Chartarum, 1199-1216. T.E. = Taxatio Ecclesiastica Anglias et Wallise, 1291. = T.N. Testa de Nevill. (Henry III., Edward I.) A.S. = Anglo Saxon. O.N. = Old Norse. Su.G. = Suio- Gothicum. Dan. = Danish. O.Dan. = Old Danish. Dan. D. = Danish Dialect. Sw. = Swedish. Sw. D. = Swedish Dialect. Norw. = Norwegian. Ger. = German. O.H.G. = = Old High German. Eng. English. O.E. = Old English. M.E. = Middle English. N.E. = North England. Pron. = Pronounced. note of (?) A interrogation placed after a local name signifies that the writer has not ascertained the earlier forms of the name. LINCOLNSHIRE AND THE DANES. CHAPTER I. THE DANISH OCCUPATION. " In there stepped a stately Raven Not the least obeisance made he ; Ghastly, grim, and ancient Raven, wandering from the Nighlly shore, Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore.' The Raven, E. A. Poe. It may be that education and the love of travel have, to some extent, weakened the popular misconception that to live in Lincolnshire means little short of flounder- in a and with it is ing swamp shivering ague ; yet hardly rash to say that the county, as a whole, excites less interest than any other in the mind of an average Englishman. Those who know its broad acres best feel that scant justice is done to it by strangers, who have never taken the trouble to see it for themselves. The day will doubtless come, when the general public will be awakened to the fact that Lincolnshire enjoys one of the healthiest climates in the in a drive kingdom ; that, across the wolds, a landscape meets the eye surpassing in beauty the scenes familiar to the South-countryman 13 2 LINCOLNSHIRE AND THE DANES. Downs that the of the amid the Hampshire ; geology and county is full of interest, from the oolite, ironstone, forests of the red chalk of the hills, to the submerged with that of coast; whilst the Church architecture vies 1 any county in Great Britain, outside Meanwhile, we pity the ignorance of the world, and confess that the quaint and sagacious Fuller was before his time in his estimate of this portion of the " " realm.