Boston Symphony Orchestra Concert Programs, Season 92, 1972-1973
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Boston Symphony Orchestra Archives
Pftft.. Slower • .. ina• alumna •••• ■■••••■•••=411• 'I 4 mp • • ••• •• Mman•IMMIln. • ■•••••■•■ ••••■••■•••■•••■■ •••• =Mr • NOW". • • =Mir • 11••■••••■••1111••••1•11• ■•111•141•111111 NUM/ 11/MIIMIN MAIMM•MIM / •• la. ••MINM/ ..MIN MI ••`' GAM MI =MO OW GM womall AMMONIUM mm,•••• ■• ".••••• rnio gradually taster 111•^ •IIMI ._./Mat MINNIP MUM OM -AM DINIIMINIMP MAIIIIIMINIMIMM•••••■ •1•1 MM. IMMIMMIIMMIO MM. MIIMMIMMO IMMIN••••••• OPP"' a tempo (lively) 111111.1. -.la a ••••••••■• • •• . • •■•■ 011•1111111MMIMINIAMmIM m••• ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ np. ••••• •••• A •• •• •••• • •• •11 OM MI MI MOM MOMMIll NI . •• maim ININIMIMMIM. ••• s4•4411•1• / a Ma . (1.• • •,41411•1~m MIHM11.11•••• 0 ■• IL • u damns. ••••■••••••••••• ••••• • •-••••,••• .ma• • ...•••■•••••••• mar- ••••• • • •••111111 • 4 . • 11.1111.1111111 Man a 4.M1 ... OM • 1■•••• ■••■=1IN•1•11••11 •IIMMIMIMMINIIIIIIMINIM-1• •••••••••••••••• NOMIM MAIM AMU MIMI MID IIIMIIIIP - IIIIIIMMIDIMIU•MIME V- • . • • 1•■•••■•••• al•IIMIMIIIII••••••••• ••••■••••••••• V M-4111•1111•111•IM • MS MI••••••■ •••• MMUMMIIMINAMMOMIIM •■•• • ••••■•• MINIam•• • • M ■•■•■ ••••••111M4•• IIIMIll. 111111.111. 511111.1111 111 ads MIIMNIM■• ■ • I 1••••••• IMAMS •111.401MMIIIIMI IIMI ■MIIIMMIMIMM • -.MMMMIMI ••• MINIMMOINNIMMIIMMMIIIMUM- ONO WM. Boston Symphony Orchestra Seiji Ozawa, Music Director Colin Davis, Principal Guest Conductor Joseph Silverstein, Assistant Conductor 16, 18, 21 October 1975 at 8:30 pm 17 October 1975 at 2:00 pm 25 November 1975 at 7:30 pm Symphony Hall, Boston Ninety-fifth season -
Verdi Week on Operavore Program Details
Verdi Week on Operavore Program Details Listen at WQXR.ORG/OPERAVORE Monday, October, 7, 2013 Rigoletto Duke - Luciano Pavarotti, tenor Rigoletto - Leo Nucci, baritone Gilda - June Anderson, soprano Sparafucile - Nicolai Ghiaurov, bass Maddalena – Shirley Verrett, mezzo Giovanna – Vitalba Mosca, mezzo Count of Ceprano – Natale de Carolis, baritone Count of Ceprano – Carlo de Bortoli, bass The Contessa – Anna Caterina Antonacci, mezzo Marullo – Roberto Scaltriti, baritone Borsa – Piero de Palma, tenor Usher - Orazio Mori, bass Page of the duchess – Marilena Laurenza, mezzo Bologna Community Theater Orchestra Bologna Community Theater Chorus Riccardo Chailly, conductor London 425846 Nabucco Nabucco – Tito Gobbi, baritone Ismaele – Bruno Prevedi, tenor Zaccaria – Carlo Cava, bass Abigaille – Elena Souliotis, soprano Fenena – Dora Carral, mezzo Gran Sacerdote – Giovanni Foiani, baritone Abdallo – Walter Krautler, tenor Anna – Anna d’Auria, soprano Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra Vienna State Opera Chorus Lamberto Gardelli, conductor London 001615302 Aida Aida – Leontyne Price, soprano Amneris – Grace Bumbry, mezzo Radames – Placido Domingo, tenor Amonasro – Sherrill Milnes, baritone Ramfis – Ruggero Raimondi, bass-baritone The King of Egypt – Hans Sotin, bass Messenger – Bruce Brewer, tenor High Priestess – Joyce Mathis, soprano London Symphony Orchestra The John Alldis Choir Erich Leinsdorf, conductor RCA Victor Red Seal 39498 Simon Boccanegra Simon Boccanegra – Piero Cappuccilli, baritone Jacopo Fiesco - Paul Plishka, bass Paolo Albiani – Carlos Chausson, bass-baritone Pietro – Alfonso Echevarria, bass Amelia – Anna Tomowa-Sintow, soprano Gabriele Adorno – Jaume Aragall, tenor The Maid – Maria Angels Sarroca, soprano Captain of the Crossbowmen – Antonio Comas Symphony Orchestra of the Gran Teatre del Liceu, Barcelona Chorus of the Gran Teatre del Liceu, Barcelona Uwe Mund, conductor Recorded live on May 31, 1990 Falstaff Sir John Falstaff – Bryn Terfel, baritone Pistola – Anatoli Kotscherga, bass Bardolfo – Anthony Mee, tenor Dr. -
THE NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC THIS WEEK Broadcast Schedule – Spring 2020
THE NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC THIS WEEK Broadcast Schedule – Spring 2020 PROGRAM#: NYP 20-27 RELEASE DATE: March 25, 2020 Music of Our Time: Liang, Dalbavie, Shepherd, Muhly, and Pintscher Lei LIANG (b. 1972): Verge, for 18 Strings (2009) (Magnus Lindberg, conductor) Marc‐André DALBAVIE (b. 1961): Melodia, for Instrumental Ensemble (2009) (Magnus Lindberg, conductor) Sean SHEPHERD (b. 1979): These Particular Circumstances, in seven uninterrupted episodes (2009) (Alan Gilbert, conductor) Nico MUHLY (b. 1981): Detailed Instructions, for orchestra (2010) (Alan Gilbert, conductor) Matthias PINTSCHER (b. 1971): Songs from Solomon’s garden, for baritone and chamber orchestra (2009; New York Philharmonic Co‐Commission with the Frankfurt Radio Symphony Orchestra) (Alan Gilbert, conductor; Thomas Hampson, baritone) PROGRAM#: NYP 20-28 RELEASE DATE: April 1, 2020 Bernstein Conducts Bernstein BERNSTEIN: Chichester Psalms (World Premiere performance) (Leonard Bernstein, conductor; Camerata Singers, dir. Abraham Kaplan; John Bogart, boy alto) BERNSTEIN: Kaddish, Symphony No.3 (Leonard Bernstein, conductor; Camerata Singers, dir. Abraham Kaplan; Columbus Boychoir, dir. Donald Bryant; John Bogart, boy alto; Felicia Montealegre, speaker; Jennie Tourel, mezzo-soprano) BERNSTEIN: Suites 1 and 2 from the Dybbuk (Leonard Bernstein, conductor; Paul Sperry, tenor; Bruce Fifer, bass- baritone) PROGRAM#: NYP 20-29 RELEASE DATE: April 8, 2020 American Works: Gershwin, Russo, Ellington, and Copland GERSHWIN: Porgy and Bess (selections) (recorded 1954) (André Kostelantetz, conductor) RUSSO: Symphony No. 2, “Titans” (recorded 1959) (Leonard Bernstein, conductor; Maynard Ferguson, trumpet) ELLINGTON/ Marsalis: A Tone Parallel to Harlem (recorded 1999) (Kurt Masur, conductor; Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra, Wynton Marsalis, artistic director & trumpet) COPLAND: The Tender Land (abridged) (recorded 1965) (Aaron Copland, conductor; Joy Clements, soprano; Claramae Turner, mezzo-soprano; Richard Cassilly, tenor; Richard Fredricks, baritone; Norman Treigle, bass; Choral Art Society, dir. -
June WTTW & WFMT Member Magazine
Air Check Dear Member, The Guide As we approach the end of another busy fiscal year, I would like to take this opportunity to express my The Member Magazine for WTTW and WFMT heartfelt thanks to all of you, our loyal members of WTTW and WFMT, for making possible all of the quality Renée Crown Public Media Center content we produce and present, across all of our media platforms. If you happen to get an email, letter, 5400 North Saint Louis Avenue or phone call with our fiscal year end appeal, I’ll hope you’ll consider supporting this special initiative at Chicago, Illinois 60625 a very important time. Your continuing support is much appreciated. Main Switchboard This month on WTTW11 and wttw.com, you will find much that will inspire, (773) 583-5000 entertain, and educate. In case you missed our live stream on May 20, you Member and Viewer Services can watch as ten of the area’s most outstanding high school educators (and (773) 509-1111 x 6 one school principal) receive this year’s Golden Apple Awards for Excellence WFMT Radio Networks (773) 279-2000 in Teaching. Enjoy a wide variety of great music content, including a Great Chicago Production Center Performances tribute to folk legend Joan Baez for her 75th birthday; a fond (773) 583-5000 look back at The Kingston Trio with the current members of the group; a 1990 concert from the four icons who make up the country supergroup The Websites wttw.com Highwaymen; a rousing and nostalgic show by local Chicago bands of the wfmt.com 1960s and ’70s, Cornerstones of Rock, taped at WTTW’s Grainger Studio; and a unique and fun performance by The Piano Guys at Red Rocks: A Soundstage President & CEO Special Event. -
Boston Symphony Orchestra
Tangtewqpd 19 3 7-1987 BOSTON SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA Seiji Ozawa, Music Director Saturday, 29 August at 8:30 The Boston Symphony Orchestra is pleased to present WYNTON MARSALIS An evening ofjazz. Week 9 Wynton Marsalis at this year's awards to win in the last four consecutive years. An exclusive CBS Masterworks and Columbia Records recording artist, Wynton made musical history at the 1984 Grammy ceremonies when he became the first instrumentalist to win awards in the categories ofjazz ("Best Soloist," for "Think of One") and classical music ("Best Soloist With Orches- tra," for "Trumpet Concertos"). He won Grammys again in both categories in 1985, for "Hot House Flowers" and his Baroque classical album. In the past four years he has received a combined total of fifteen nominations in the jazz and classical fields. His latest album, During the 1986-87 season Wynton "Marsalis Standard Time, Volume I," Marsalis set the all-time record in the represents the second complete album down beat magazine Readers' Poll with of the Wynton Marsalis Quartet—Wynton his fifth consecutive "Jazz Musician of on trumpet, pianist Marcus Roberts, the Year" award, also winning "Best Trum- bassist Bob Hurst, and drummer Jeff pet" for the same years, 1982 through "Tain" Watts. 1986. This was underscored when his The second of six sons of New Orleans album "J Mood" earned him his seventh jazz pianist Ellis Marsalis, Wynton grew career Grammy, at the February 1987 up in a musical environment. He played ceremonies, making him the only artist first trumpet in the New -
Boston Symphony Orchestra Concert Programs, Summer, 1963-1964
-•-'" 8ft :: -'•• t' - ms>* '-. "*' - h.- ••• ; ''' ' : '..- - *'.-.•..'•••• lS*-sJ BERKSHIRE MUSIC CENTER see ERICH LEINSDORF, Director Contemporary JMusic Presented under the Auspices of the Fromm zMusic Foundation at TANGLEWOOD 1963 SEMINAR in Contemporary Music Seven sessions will be given on successive Friday afternoons (at 3:15) in the Chamber Music Hall. Four of these will precede the four Fromm Fellows' Concerts, and will consist of a re- hearsal and lecture by the Host of the following Monday Fromm Concert. July 12 AARON COPLAND July 19 GUNTHER SCHULLER July 26 I Twentieth Century Piano Music PAUL JACOBS August 2 YANNIS XENAKIS j August 9 Twentieth Century Choral Music ALFRED NASH PATTERSON & LORNA COOKE de VARON August 16 I LUKAS FOSS August 23 Round Table Discussion of Contemporary Music Yannis Xenakis, Gunther Schuller and lukas foss Composers 9 Forums There will be four Composers' Forums in the Chamber Music Hall: Wednesday, July 24 at 4:00 ] Thursday, August 1 at 8:00 Wednesday, August 7 at 4:00 Thursday, August 15 at 8:00 FROMM FELLOWS' CONCERTS Theatre-Concert Hall Four Monday Evenings at 8:00 'Programs JULY 15 AUGUST 5 AARON COPLAND, Host YANNIS XENAKIS, Host Varese Octandre (1924) Boulez ...Improvisations sur Mallarme, Copland Sextet (1937) No. 2 Chavez Soli (1933) Philippot ...Variations Schoenberg String Quartet No. 2, Op. 10 Mdcbe .. ..Canzone II (1908) Brown, E ...Pentathis Stravinsky Ragtime for Eleven Instruments Marie, E... Polygraphie-Polyphonique (1918) J. Ballif,C ...Double Trio, 35, Nos. 2 and 3 Milhaud... L'Enlevement d'Europe — Op. Xenakis Achorripsis Opera minute (1927) JULY 22 AUGUST 19 GUNTHER SCHULLER, Host LUKAS FOSS, Host Ives Chromatimelodtune Paz .Dedalus, 1950 Schoenberg Herzgewacb.se Goehr... -
Boston Symphony Orchestra Archives
.ff Boston Symphony Orchestra Seiji Ozawa, Music Director Colin Davis, Principal Guest Conductor Joseph Silverstein, Assistant Conductor 26 November 1975 at 8:30 p.m. (Wednesday) 28 November 1975 at 2:00 p.m. 29 November 1975 at 8:30 p.m. 2, 4 December 1975 at 8:30 p.m. Symphony Hall, Boston Ninety-fifth season Baldwin Piano Deutsche Grammophon Records Program Program Notes Colin Davis conducting Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) Incidental Music from 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' Mendelssohn: Incidental Music from 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' The Incidental Music to Shakespeare's comedy was per- formed complete under Seiji Ozawa's direction at the 1975 I. Overture Berkshire Festival, and these excerpts were last played by II. Scherzo the Boston Symphony with Erich Leinsdorf in 1962. III. Nocturne The instrumentation calls for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, IV. Wedding March 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, tuba, timpani, cymbals, triangle and strings. Sibelius: Tapiola, Tone Poem Op. 112 Youthful miracles are seldom repeated. Mendelssohn composed his Overture to 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' Intermission at seventeen (1826), with a miraculous deftness and deli- cacy, an elfin imagination and humor then unmatched. Yet, near the end of his life (1843), Mendelssohn did match the Sibelius: Symphony No. 6 Op. 104 miracle. He was invited by the King of Prussia to compose incidental music for a Berlin production of Ein Sommernachts- I. Allegro molto moderato traum. His youthful enthusiasm for Shakespeare surged II. Allegretto moderato back. With the most felicitous ease he wove the early III. Poco vivace themes into new pieces and ideas flowed with the Roman- Allegro molto N. -
1950S Playlist
1/10/2005 MONTH YEAR TITLE ARTIST Jan 1950 RAG MOP AMES BROTHERS Jan 1950 WITH MY EYES WIDE OPEN I'M DREAMING PATTI PAGE Jan 1950 ENJOY YOURSELF (IT'S LATER THAN YOU THINK) GUY LOMBARDO Jan 1950 I ALMOST LOST MY MIND IVORY JOE HUNTER Jan 1950 THE WEDDING SAMBA EDMUNDO ROS Jan 1950 I SAID MY PAJAMAS (AND PUT ON MY PRAY'RS) TONY MARTIN/FRAN WARREN Jan 1950 SENTIMENTAL ME AMES BROTHERS Jan 1950 QUICKSILVER BING CROSBY/ANDREWS SISTERS Jan 1950 CHATTANOOGIE SHOE SHINE BOY RED FOLEY Jan 1950 BIBBIDI-BOBBIDI-BOO PERRY COMO Feb 1950 IT ISN'T FAIR SAMMY KAYE/DON CORNELL Feb 1950 RAG MOP LIONEL HAMPTON Feb 1950 THE THIRD MAN THEME ANTON KARAS Feb 1950 MY FOOLISH HEART GORDON JENKINS Feb 1950 THE CRY OF THE WILD GOOSE FRANKIE LAINE Feb 1950 THE FAT MAN FATS DOMINO Feb 1950 DADDY'S LITTLE GIRL MILLS BROTHERS Feb 1950 MUSIC MUSIC MUSIC TERESA BREWER Mar 1950 THE THIRD MAN THEME GUY LOMBARDO Mar 1950 CANDY AND CAKE MINDY CARSON Mar 1950 MY FOOLISH HEART BILLY ECKSTINE Mar 1950 IF I KNEW YOU WERE COMIN' I'D'VE BAKED A CAKE EILEEN BARTON Mar 1950 WANDERIN' SAMMY KAYE Mar 1950 DEARIE GUY LOMBARDO Apr 1950 COUNT EVERY STAR HUGO WINTERHALTER Apr 1950 HOOP-DEE-DOO PERRY COMO Apr 1950 BEWITCHED BILL SNYDER Apr 1950 PETER COTTONTAIL GENE AUTRY Apr 1950 ARE YOU LONESOME TONIGHT BLUE BARRON May 1950 THE OLD PIANO ROLL BLUES HOAGY CARMICHAEL/CASS DALEY May 1950 BEWITCHED DORIS DAY May 1950 VALENCIA TONY MARTIN May 1950 I DON'T CARE IF THE SUN DON'T SHINE PATTI PAGE May 1950 I WANNA BE LOVED ANDREWS SISTERS May 1950 BONAPARTE'S RETREAT KAY STARR Jun 1950 MONA -
Monday Playlist
December 23, 2019: (Full-page version) Close Window “I pay no attention whatever to anybody's praise or blame. I simply follow my own feelings.” — WA Mozart Start Buy CD Program Composer Title Performers Record Label Stock Number Barcode Time online The Christmas Tree, and A Pine Forest in Sleepers, Awake! 00:01 Buy Now! Tchaikovsky Dresden State Orchestra/Poschner Sony Classic 88875031652 888750316523 Winter ~ The Nutcracker, Op. 71 Lute Suite in A minor (originally C minor), 00:10 Buy Now! Bach Julian Bream RCA 5841 07863558412 BWV 997 00:31 Buy Now! Mozart Violin Concerto No. 5 in A, K. 219 "Turkish" Frang/Arcangelo/Cohen Warner Classics 0825646276776 825646276776 01:01 Buy Now! Mendelssohn Piano Trio No. 2 in C minor, Op. 66 Perlman/Ma/Ax Sony Classical 52192 886975219223 St. Olaf Choir/Nidaros Cathedral Girls' 01:32 Buy Now! Traditional O come, all ye faithful St. Olaf Records 3501 610295350126 Choir/Armstrong/Brevik 01:38 Buy Now! Mercadante Flute Concerto in E minor Galway/I Solisti Veneti/Scimone RCA 7703 07863577032 02:01 Buy Now! Lauridsen O magnum mysterium Los Angeles Master Chorale/Salamunovich RCM 19605 707651960522 02:07 Buy Now! Leontovych Carol of the Bells Los Angeles Master Chorale/Salamunovich RCM 19605 707651960522 02:09 Buy Now! Schubert Symphony No. 1 in D, D. 82 Hanover Band/Goodman Nimbus 5198 083603519827 02:38 Buy Now! Brahms Cello Sonata No. 1 in E minor, Op. 38 Nelsova/Johannesen CBC 2018 059582201824 Christmas at the Opera House, with Bob 03:00 Buy Now! Chapman Symphony No. 1 in G minor, Op. -
Boston Symphony Orchestra Concert Programs, Season 87, 1967-1968
1 J MIT t / ^ii "fv :' • "" ..."?;;:.»;:''':•::•> :.:::«:>:: : :- • :/'V *:.:.* : : : ,:.:::,.< ::.:.:.: .;;.;;::*.:?•* :-: ;v $mm a , '.,:•'•- % BOSTON ''•-% m SYMPHONY v. vi ORCHESTRA TUESDAY A SERIES EIGHTY-SEVENTH SEASON 1967-1968 -^^VTW-s^ Exquisite Sound From the palaces of ancient Egypt to the concert halls of our modern cities, the wondrous music of the harp has compelled attention from all peoples and all countries. Through this passage of time many changes have been made in the original design. The early instruments shown in drawings on the tomb of Rameses II (1292-1225 B.C.) were richly decorated but lacked the fore-pillar. Later the "Kinner" developed by the Hebrews took the form as we know it today. The pedal harp was invented about 1720 by a Bavarian named Hochbrucker and through this ingenious device it be- came possible to play in eight major and five minor scales complete. Today the harp is an important and familiar instrument providing the "Exquisite Sound" and special effects so important to modern orchestration and arrange- ment. The certainty of change makes necessary a continuous review of your insurance protection. We welcome the opportunity of providing this service for your business or personal needs. We respectfully invite your inquiry CHARLES H. WATKINS & CO. Richard P. Nyquist — Charles G. Carleton 147 Milk Street Boston, Massachusetts Telephone 542-1250 OBRION, RUSSELL & CO. Insurance of Every Description EIGHTY-SEVENTH SEASON 1967-1968 BOSTON SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA ERICH LEINSDORF Music Director CHARLES WILSON Assistant Conductor THE TRUSTEES OF THE BOSTON SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA INC. HENRY B. CABOT President TALCOTT M. BANKS Vice-President JOHN L. THORNDIKE Treasurer PHILIP K. -
Verdi's Rigoletto
Verdi’s Rigoletto - A discographical conspectus by Ralph Moore It is hard if not impossible, to make a representative survey of recordings of Rigoletto, given that there are 200 in the catalogue; I can only compromise by compiling a somewhat arbitrary list comprising of a selection of the best-known and those which appeal to me. For a start, there are thirty or so studio recordings in Italian; I begin with one made in 1927 and 1930, as those made earlier than that are really only for the specialist. I then consider eighteen of the studio versions made since that one. I have not reviewed minor recordings or those which in my estimation do not reach the requisite standard; I freely admit that I cannot countenance those by Sinopoli in 1984, Chailly in 1988, Rahbari in 1991 or Rizzi in 1993 for a combination of reasons, including an aversion to certain singers – for example Gruberova’s shrill squeak of a soprano and what I hear as the bleat in Bruson’s baritone and the forced wobble in Nucci’s – and the existence of a better, earlier version by the same artists (as with the Rudel recording with Milnes, Kraus and Sills caught too late) or lacklustre singing in general from artists of insufficient calibre (Rahbari and Rizzi). Nor can I endorse Dmitri Hvorostovsky’s final recording; whether it was as a result of his sad, terminal illness or the vocal decline which had already set in I cannot say, but it does the memory of him in his prime no favours and he is in any case indifferently partnered. -
The Philip Glass Ensemble in Downtown New York, 1966-1976 David Allen Chapman Washington University in St
Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) Spring 4-27-2013 Collaboration, Presence, and Community: The Philip Glass Ensemble in Downtown New York, 1966-1976 David Allen Chapman Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Part of the Music Commons Recommended Citation Chapman, David Allen, "Collaboration, Presence, and Community: The hiP lip Glass Ensemble in Downtown New York, 1966-1976" (2013). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 1098. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/1098 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Music Dissertation Examination Committee: Peter Schmelz, Chair Patrick Burke Pannill Camp Mary-Jean Cowell Craig Monson Paul Steinbeck Collaboration, Presence, and Community: The Philip Glass Ensemble in Downtown New York, 1966–1976 by David Allen Chapman, Jr. A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2013 St. Louis, Missouri © Copyright 2013 by David Allen Chapman, Jr. All rights reserved. CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................