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Recent Advances on Functionalized Micro and Mesoporous Carbon Materials: Synthesis and Applications Chemical Society Reviews Recent advances on functionalized micro and mesoporous carbon materials: synthesis and applications Journal: Chemical Society Reviews Manuscript ID CS-REV-11-2017-000787.R1 Article Type: Review Article Date Submitted by the Author: 09-Feb-2018 Complete List of Authors: Benzigar, Mercy; a. Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, Engineering Talapaneni, Siddulu Naidu; The University of Newcastle, Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), Faculty of Natural Built Environment and Engineering Joseph, Stalin ; a. Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, Engineering Ramadass, Kavitha; The University of Newcastle, Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), Faculty of Natural Built Environment and Engineering Singh, Gurwinder; University of South Australia, Future Industries Institute Scaranato, Jey; Saudi Basic Industries Corp, SABIC Corporate Research and Development Center at KAUST Ravon, Ugo; Saudi Basic Industries Corporation Al-Bahily, Khalid; Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, SABIC Corporate Research and Development Center at KAUST Vinu, Ajayan; Global Innovative Center for Advanced Materials Faculty of Natural Built Environment and Engineering University of Newcastle Page 1 of 40 PleaseChemical do not Society adjust Reviews margins Journal Name ARTICLE Recent advances on functionalized micro and mesoporous carbon materials: synthesis and applications a† a,b† a a figReceived 00th January 20xx, Mercy R. Benzigar, Siddulu Naidu Talapaneni, Stalin Joseph, Kavitha Ramadass, Gurwinder Accepted 00th January 20xx Singh,a Jessica Scaranto,c Ugo Ravon,c Khalid Al-Bahily,c and Ajayan Vinua,b* DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x Functionalized nanoporous carbon materials have attracted the colossal interest of materials science fraternity owing to their intriguing physical and chemical properties including well-ordered porous structure, exemplary high specific surface www.rsc.org/ areas, electronic and ionic conductivities, excellent accessibility to active sites, and enhanced mass transport and diffusion. These properties make them a special and unique choice for various applications in divergent fields such as energy storage batteries, supercapacitors, energy conversion fuel cells, adsorption/separation of bulky molecules, heterogeneous catalysts, catalyst supports, photocatalysis, carbon capture, gas storage, biomolecule detection, vapour sensing and drug delivery. Because of the anisotropic and synergistic effects arising from the hetero atom doping at the nanoscale, these novel materials show high potential especially in the electrochemical applications such as batteries, supercapacitors and electrocatalysts for the fuel cell applications and water electrolysis. In order to gain the optimal benefit, it is necessary to implement the tailor made functionalities in the porous carbon surfaces as well as in the carbon skeleton through the comprehensive chemistries. These most appealing nanoporous carbon materials can be synthesized through the carbonization of high carbon containing molecular precursors by using soft or hard templating or non-templating pathways. This review encompasses the approaches and the wide range of methodologies that have been employed over the last five years on the preparation and functionalisation of the nanoporous carbon materials via incorporation of metals, non-metal heteroatoms, multiple heteroatoms, anchoring of various surface functional groups that mostly dictate their place in a wide range of practical applications. fabrication of carbon nanotubes or fullerenes put the hurdle in 1. Introduction exploiting their full potential in various applications. On the other hand, the preparation of highly ordered nanoporous Design of carbon materials with ordered porous structure is one carbons is quite simple and the properties of these materials are of the hot topics in the area of materials chemistry. The high much better than other porous carbon materials owing to their specific surface area, large pore volume, well-ordered and ordered porous structure. Most importantly, the well-ordered controllable porous structure, unique morphologies of carbons porous structures support the addition of new functionalities and their excellent chemical, mechanical and thermal stabilities including organic or inorganic or biomaterials inside the porous attract them for various applications including energy storage channels or on the surface of the carbon walls, which and conversion, catalysis and sensing.1-4 Generally, carbon significantly enhance their performances in various nanotubes, fullerenes and ordered nanoporous (micro and applications. mesoporous) carbons have been widely applied for the energy Highly ordered nanoporous carbon materials have been and environmental applications including as adsorbents for the traditionally used for many years in large number of practical purification of water and capture of greenhouse gases.5, 6 applications including catalysis, energy storage and conversion, However, the complex synthesis methods required for the adsorption and separation and biomedical engineering. The first report on the preparation of highly ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-1) via nanocasting approach led to a new class of ordered a. Future Industries Institute, Division of Information Technology Energy and mesoporous carbons (OMCs), with large specific surface areas Environment, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia. 1, 7 b. Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), Faculty of and tunable pore diameters between 2 and 50 nm. This Engineering and Natural Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, invention has led to the discovery of many useful porous Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] materials including carbons, polymers, metal oxides, silicas and c. SABIC Corporate Research and Development Center at KAUST, Saudi Basic metals which are considered as potential game changers for Industries Corporation, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia. various current technologies.1, 7 The structure of these †These authors contributed equally. nanoporous materials can be controlled by varying the structure of the templates used for the synthesis. For example, several mesoporous silica materials with different structures This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx J. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 1 Please do not adjust margins PleaseChemical do not Society adjust Reviews margins Page 2 of 40 ARTICLE Journal Name including MCM-48, SBA-1, SBA-15, SBA-16, KIT-6 and KIT-5 have emission, optical, electronic devices and fuel cells. Therefore, been used as templates for the fabrication of mesoporous the research on the development of ordered nanoporous carbon materials (CMK-x) with different mesoporous carbons with different functional groups is being actively structures.8-12 A similar nano-hard templating approach was progressed for energy and electrocatalytic applications. Several also used by Hyeon et al. for the preparation of ordered porous review articles have been reported on the preparation of pure carbon using phenolic resin as the source of carbon.13, 14 OMCs mesoporous carbons and their applications.4, 18-21 However, the having surface areas of more than 2000 m2 g−1, a higher pore review papers on the recent development on the preparation, volume of up to 3.0 cm3 g−1 and tuneable pore diameters along functionalization and applications of nanoporous carbon with high conductivities can be achieved through a nanohard materials are quite limited.21 For instance, much progress has templating approach using mesoporous silica hard-templates. been made recently on the conversion of metal organic Because of their excellent textural characteristics, physical frameworks (MOFs) in to highly dispersed metal/metal oxide properties and chemical stability, OMCs have been productively functionalized nanoporous carbons without any external utilized in carbocatalysis, adsorption and separation of toxic sacrificial templates for energy related applications.21-23 molecules, gas storage, selective sensing, energy conversion In this review, we give an overview on the latest advances in fuel and solar cells, batteries, super(ultra)capacitors, and synthesis, structural characteristics, physicochemical properties biomedical devices.4, 15-17 The properties and the performance and the prospects for application of pristine and functionalized of these OMCs can be controlled with the modification of OMCs (Table 1). Much emphasis will be given on the relatively porous structure with organic or inorganic moieties. For new and exciting discoveries on the nanoporous materials with example, the introduction of foreign atoms such as B, N, O, S different organic or inorganic functional moieties such as B, N, and P in the carbon framework can tune not only the specific O, S and P, amines, complexes and hybrid OMCs incorporated surface area and electronic properties of the materials but also with metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, metal chalcogenides their performance in catalysis or sensing. These factors are and graphene. We also address how these added functionalities critical for various applications including semiconducting, field may affect the final performance of the materials in various 2 | J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx Please
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