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Middle East Crisis: the Role of Regional and Alien Actors Journal of Historical Studies Vol. VII. No. I (Jan-Jun 2021) PP 205-220 Middle East Crisis: The Role of Regional and Alien Actors Safdar Ali Ph.D Scholar Institute of International Relations, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur Sindh, Pakistan. Dr. Amir Ahmed Khuhro Professor Institute of International Relations, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur Sindh, Pakistan. Abstract The Middle East presents the strategic critical view of the popup interconnected system of globalization. It comprises of natural resources such as hydrocarbons, natural gas, minerals and the maximum quantity of oil reserves. This research revolves around game theory or conflict strategy, which can be described as a bargaining chip in international politics, which includes mutual interests as well as conflicting interests of Saudi Arabia and Iran. The idea to study conflict as a cooperative game is contradictory at first glance because conflict is the result of conflicting interests. The present study explores the challenges to security; politics of the region, clash and alliance. Additionally, the way it helps them to structure alternative governance opportunities on the ground and internationally. It highlights the tactical manners adopted by the foreigners due to the trade with Middle East in the region. Consequently, it reveals the native and alien actors’ role in the Middle East. Keywords: Middle East, Iran, Saudi Conflicts, Regional actors, Alien actors. 205 Safdar Ali & Dr. Amir Ahmed Khuhro Middle East: An Introduction The world we live in always seems to be full of wars and conflicts. In just 100 years, history has been filled with major wars, such as the two world wars, the constant fear of escalating threats during the Cold War i.e. the recent political turmoil, tensions and proxy war in the Middle East. However, people always talk about the need for peace but the world is full of fear and threats to a permanent security. The Middle East is a controversial term which refers to a geographical area that either stretches from Egypt to Afghanistan or the cultural region in which Islam was born and developed. Middle East Africa is a natural confluence of Eurasian lands. It is also known as the "Land of the Seven Seas." It is located on the route from southern Ukraine to the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the Bassmore, the Maramara, the Dardanes and the Aegean Sea. The area between the Nile Delta and the Sinai Peninsula has been adapted to facilitate transportation between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea in various positions, making it a highway between Asia and East Africa.1 Various researchers and experts write informative articles on multifaceted issues in the Middle East. As Benjamin McQueen provides a comprehensive survey of Middle Eastern 206 Journal of Historical Studies Vol. VII. No. I (Jan-Jun 2021) PP 205-220 politics, the response to current events has been well-reviewed and reorganized.2 Kim Ghats discovered that Sunni Saudi Arabia and Shiite Iran, once allies and twin pillars of US strategy in the region, became enemies of humanity after 1979. It shows how they used and distorted religion in a contest that transcends geopolitics. Intolerance, Suppression of Cultural Expression, and Encouragement of Sectarian Violence from Egypt to Pakistan this results in the terrorist attacks and the rise of ISIS.3 The region gets its share of the news: Arab-Israeli wars (or possible peace), killings, oil, the Iranian revolution, terrorism, the Gulf War, and the US occupation of Iraq. Current events in the Middle East affect us as individuals, members of religious or ethnic groups, and as citizens of our countries.4 In the Middle East, internal violence, including some terrorist attacks, threatens mainly Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Israel, and the Palestinian territories. Some Middle Eastern and foreign governments' counter-terrorism efforts pose a greater threat to civilians and public figures than to al-Qaeda and its affiliates. Arab has been burgeoning up since (2011) which causes the major changes in the Middle East. Additionally, the states have been affected severely by this transformation. Moreover, the issue of security sensitive territorial boundaries and receives the influence of international devastating inconsistency. Furthermore, the war against ISIS has been initiated then the regional actors strengthen their strategic military position. Hence, it moves back historical confrontation between states at geological and political level. In the Middle East the upcoming fortune of Arab states is vague as the civil war in Syria and continuous progress of ISIS. Similarly, their system is in crisis which has never been experienced in modern historical times. The organizations refused during political turmoil and conflict. Similarly, the relations between citizens and the state deteriorate which results in the powerful sub-state actors who have taken the 207 Safdar Ali & Dr. Amir Ahmed Khuhro advantage of social and economic grievances. Hence, it leads to the disruption of security and elimination of the order of politics along with the associations. The Arab states’ downfall has deprived those who control them of power conventionally. Moreover, the elites who belonged to politics and military challenged the state in order to suppress it as of invaders along with the insurgent gatherings. Furthermore, they used either the oppression or repression. The non-state actors contain arms, which are sometimes competent and empowered by these same state actors. They have emerged as key advocates of authority which creates divisions on the basis of race and sectarianism. Additionally, it leads to far- reaching, bloody and has sparked international controversy. Hence, it has destroyed its fabric and societies throughout the Middle East5 ISIS (2014) has established itself in the region regardless of the constant efforts by the allies and powers of the world in order to empower it. Thus, the proto-state has been established by the forces which declare it unshakable such as Syria and Iraq’s borders. Just the times the militia organization has been by a group in Iraq named as Shitie militia. This organization is known as Hashad-al-Shabi and PMU which is stands for Popular Mobilization Unit. Furthermore, the imprisonment of Mosul (June, 2014) by ISIS and the downfall of army of Iraq which has created a gap. Similarly, this is filled by the one lac (100,000) competent fighters. Moreover, the state has been supported by Iraq, Syria, Libya, Yemen and armed actors especially non-state. It aims to provide the security services, in concordance with the tribes, civil society and scholars which are proletariats in reality. In each of these countries, such unorganized group continued to fight which was either the struggle against ISIS or conflicts within the state. Hence, it is sometimes among various groups because of ethnicity or cult. Regional and foreign actors will overcome power, resources and power sharing after conflicts. The aim of the armed groups merging into the state is to restructure the state 208 Journal of Historical Studies Vol. VII. No. I (Jan-Jun 2021) PP 205-220 according to their ideology and worldview. Basically, the competition in the state is spreading to change radically the military theatres. Similarly, since the first civil war in the region, the international network has extended. Therefore, there has enmity between the states along with the demand of competent armed associations. Thus, Iran and its allies achieved success because of the civil wars in Syria but defeats in the Arab and West. However, the conflict does not stop here. Conflicts in Middle East Main conflicts in Middle East are explaining the cause of regional rivalry and alien attraction in region. South Yemen Insurgency (2009–15) The root controversy is the failure of the political transition to stabilize Yemen following an Arab Spring uprising. Additionally, this leads to the ouster of its longtime dictator, Ali Abdullah Saleh, to his deputy, Abdurrahman Mansour Hadi in 2011 Was forced to hand over power. Furthermore, the president, Mr. Hadi has struggled to address a number of issues. Thus, this is listed as the jihadist attacks, the separatist movement in the south along with the continued loyalty of security personnel to Saleh, corruption, unemployment, and food insecurity. Arab Spring (2010) The Arab Spring was a series of pro-democracy uprisings which engulfed several major countries, including Tunisia, Morocco, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Bahrain. Events in these countries usually began in the spring (2011) which gave rise to the name. So, the political and social impact of these popular uprisings is still evident today, many years after their demise. The Arab Spring was a group affiliated with the protests which causes the change of government in countries such as Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. Hence, not all movements will be considered successful - at least if the ultimate goal is to increase democracy and cultural freedom. 209 Safdar Ali & Dr. Amir Ahmed Khuhro Egyptian Crisis (2011–14) Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak has resigned and handed over power in the wake of a historic eighteen days wave of anti-government protests. Furthermore, hundreds of thousands of Egyptians took part in demonstrations aimed at removing the long-time leader. Hence, the extraordinary demonstrations on the streets of Cairo drew world attention. Here's a brief look at the evolution of the situation in Egypt. Yemeni Crisis (2011) The Intra-Yemen dissections and the intrusion by Saudi Arabia resulted
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