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Application for the Import of Cape Porcupine (Hystrix Africaeaustralis)

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Application for the Import of Cape Porcupine (Hystrix Africaeaustralis) Application for the Import of Cape Porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis) Terms of Reference: 1. Provide information on the taxonomy of the species Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Suborder: Hystricomorpha Infraorder: Hystricognathi Family: Hystricidae Genus: Hystrix Species: africaeaustralis 1 Common name: Cape Porcupine or South African Crested Porcupine The Cape Porcupine, Hystrix africaeaustralis, is an Old World porcupine that was described by Peters in 1852. It is one of eight species belonging to the genus Hystrix, and there are two named subspecies (H. a. africaeaustralis and H. a. zuluensis).1 Captive populations are not generally assigned to subspecies as the origins of the founders are usually unknown. 2. Provide information on the status of the species under CITES CITES Listing: no status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern (LC) The Cape Porcupine is not listed on the CITES appendices2, and is listed as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List due to the species’ wide distribution (from Kenya and southern Uganda in the north, through Tanzania, Rwanda, southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, extreme southwestern Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique, and then south throughout the southern African Subregion, although it is absent from much of central Botswana), presumed large overall population, occurrence in a number of protected areas, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. 3 1 Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds) (2005) Mammal Species Of The World: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (2013) Appendices I, II and III. http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php Accessed 12 August, 2013. 3 Grubb, P. (2008) Hystrix africaeaustralis. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Accessed 12 August, 2013. Zoo and Aquarium Association Australasia PO Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088 Australia p: 61-2-9978 4797 f: 61-2-9978 4761 www.zooaquarium.org.au 3. Provide information about the ecology of the species. Adult Cape Porcupines reach a total length of between 630 and 805mm (including a tail of between 105 and 130mm). They weigh between 10 and 24kg, and do not exhibit any sexual dimorphism. Life span is approximately 10 years in the wild, and up to 20 years in captivity.4 The species is found in the southern half of Africa (refer to 2, above), from sea level to 2000m ASL. Cape Porcupines are nocturnal and semi-fossorial, occupying extensive burrow systems during the day. They have broad ecological tolerances, and can live in environments characterised by large daily and seasonal temperature changes. They can therefore occupy a range of habitat types, from tropical forest to desert.4 Cape Porcupines are largely herbivorous; they dig up roots, tubers and bulbs, and eat fallen fruit / other fruit on the ground, leaves, stems and bark.5 They also engage in osteophagy and occasionally consume carrion.6 Home range size varies with food availability and differs between Cape Porcupines that forage primarily on natural foods and those that forage on crops, with porcupines that forage on natural foods having smaller home ranges than those that forage on crops. Natural food foragers have larger home ranges in winter (116 ha) than in summer (67 ha), and the home ranges of neighbouring animals therefore overlap more often in winter than summer. Home range size does not vary seasonally for porcupines that forage on crops (203 ha year round), however.7, 8 Cape Porcupines often follow regular routes to feeding areas within home ranges9, and they use up to six different burrows; each is occupied on an irregular basis for anywhere between one and 151 days at a time7, 8. Cape Porcupines are monogamous and adult pairs form the basic social unit, although they may also live individually or in family groups that consist of an adult pair and their subadult and juvenile offspring.6 Home ranges of male and female members of a mated pair overlap by, on average, 75%. Although almost 90% of free- ranging Cape porcupines forage on their own at night10, members of a pair forage near each other.7, 8 It is likely that, within the home range, a pair defends an exclusive territory.7, 8 In the absence of predators (e.g. lions, leopards), age structure in Cape Porcupine populations changes between seasons and years, and population regulation is density-dependent. Juvenile survivorship is high regardless of density.10 High density populations on riverine plains in the Karoo supported 25 individuals / km2. 11 In contrast, Cape Porcupines living in a geophyte rich semi-arid region in South Africa reached a density of eight individuals / km2, which is high for a semi-arid region.12 Please note that Cape porcupines do not exhibit sexual dimorphism, so males and females look similar. Please note that Cape porcupines do not exhibit sexual dimorphism, so males and females look similar. 4 References cited in Barthelmess, E.L. (2006) Hystrix africaeaustralis. Mammalian Species 788:1-7. 5 de Villiers (1992) M.S. thesis & Bragg (2003) M.S. thesis cited in Barthelmess, op. cit. 6 References cited in Barthelmess, op. cit. 7 Corbet (1991) M.S. thesis cited in Barthelmess, op. cit. 8 Corbet, N.U. and van Aarde, R.J. (1996) Social organization and space use in the Cape porcupine in a southern African savanna. African Journal of Ecology 34:1–14. 9 Roberts (1951) in Barthelmess, op. cit. 10 van Aarde, R. J. (1987a) Demography of a Cape porcupine, Hystrix africaeaustralis, population. Journal of Zoology 213:205–212. 11 van Aarde (1998) in Barthelmess, op. cit. 12 Bragg, C.J, Donaldson, J.S. and Ryan, P.G. (2005) Density of Cape porcupines in a semi-arid environment and their impact on soil turnover and related ecosystem processes. Journal of Arid Environments 61:261-75. © Zoo and Aquarium Association 4. Provide information on the reproductive biology of the species Compared to most rodents, Cape Porcupines are slow breeders, producing only one litter of one to three young per year; almost 60% of all litters only contain a single young.13 They exhibit biparental care of young; adult males accompany offspring on foraging trips and defend them against intruders.10 During the day, juveniles sleep with their parents in the burrow. Females are polyestrous, and both males and females are reproductively active throughout the year, although almost 80% of captive litters are born between August and March in South Africa.13 Mean gestation length is 94 days, mean duration of lactation is 101 days (females are anoestrous during this time), and, once young are weaned, females exhibit between three and seven 30 day sterile oestrous cycles.14 Conception intervals in 25 porcupines that reared young to weaning ranged from 210 to 500 days, with a mean interval of 340 days.15 Sexual maturity is reached at between eight and 18 months for males, and during their second year for females. Conception in sexually mature females is suppressed until after dispersal from the natal group; average age at first conception is approximately 20 months.16 Given that their life span in the wild is approximately 10 years and 60% of all litters only contain a single young, the average female could therefore be expected to produce between 12 and 14 offspring over the course of her life. Although the Cape Porcupine is not known to hybridise, in captivity in London, 1918 a Hystrix cristata paired with a Hystrix africaeaustralis, (http://www.zoohistory.co.uk/projects/first_breedings/hybrids, accessed 10/03/14). These two species are not know to hybridise in their natural range of overlap in east Africa 17. It is unknown if the hybrid created in captivity in London was fertile. It seems unlikely therefore that the Cape Porcupine would hybridise with any native Australian fauna. 5. Provide information on whether the species has established feral populations As noted above, there are eight species of porcupine in the genus Hystrix.18 Commonly held in zoos around the world for a number of decades, there are currently 835 Hystrix porcupines, including 279 Cape Porcupines, held in ISIS (International Species Information System) member institutions in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America and New Zealand.19 In addition, there are likely to be many more Cape Porcupines in non-member institutions around the world (many smaller zoos and wildlife parks are not members of ISIS, and so their holdings are not available in a global database). Despite being held in good numbers by zoos outside the geographic range of the species, there are no records of the establishment of Cape Porcupine populations in the wild outside its natural range. Foraging porcupines can 13 van Aarde, R.J. (1985a) Reproduction in captive female Cape porcupines (Hystrix africaeaustralis). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 75:577–582. 14 van Aarde, R.J. (1985b) Husbandry and immobilization of captive porcupines Hystrix africaeaustralis. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 15: 77–79. 15 van Aarde, R.J. (1995) The effect of premature weaning on reproductive output of female Cape porcupines Hystrix africaeaustralis. Journal of Zoology, London 237: 653–654. 16 van Aarde, R.J. & van Wyk, V. (1991) Reproductive inhibition in the Cape porcupine, Hystrix africaeaustralis. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 92:13–19. 17 Skinner & Smithers, 1990 in Barthelmess, E.L. (2006) Hystrix africaeaustralis. Mammalian Species 788:1-7 18 Wilson & Reeder, op. cit. 19 ZIMS (Zoological Information Management System) records, accessed August 14, 2013. © Zoo and Aquarium Association damage crops; farmers consider it to be a pest of crops such as tubers (e.g.
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