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Tracking Intraplate Uplifts and Changes in Sediment Delivery Systems

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Tracking Intraplate Uplifts and Changes in Sediment Delivery Systems Journal of South American Earth Sciences 39 (2012) 93e111 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of South American Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jsames The paleogene synorogenic succession in the northwestern Maracaibo block: Tracking intraplate uplifts and changes in sediment delivery systems R.C. Ayala a,*, G. Bayona a, A. Cardona b, C. Ojeda a, O.C. Montenegro a, C. Montes b, V. Valencia c, C. Jaramillo b a Corporación Geológica Ares, Calle 44A No. 53-96, Bogotá, Colombia b Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama c School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, USA article info abstract Article history: The integration of sandstone petrography, detrital zircon U-Pb ages, and sedimentological data was Received 23 April 2011 carried out for lower Paleogene rocks in four sections of the western Maracaibo Block, allowing for the Accepted 2 April 2012 documentation of a shift from regional to localized fluvial drainage systems associated with intraplate uplifts. Keywords: The lower to middle Paleocene units have similar thicknesses, and show a depositional profile varying Paleogene northward from fluvial-estuarine environments to shallow marine carbonates. Sandstones show high Maracaibo block quartz percentages (up to 80%) and detrital zircon age populations are dominantly older than 0.9 Ga Provenance e Geochronology (with peaks in 1.55 and 1.8 Ga), with minor populations in the range of 400 600 Ma. In contrast, the Caribbean plate upper Paleocene units were deposited in marginal, coal-rich environments, and have strong variations in thickness among the four studied areas. These sandstones show quartz percentages between 40 and 70%, and have a significant increase in metamorphic fragments (approximately 13% of the total framework) as compared to the lower Paleocene sandstones (5e7% of metamorphic lithic fragments). The lower Eocene sandstones, on the other hand, show an increase in k-feldspars and quartz content. The detrital zircon age populations for the upper Paleocene and lower Eocene sandstones in the western sections show a strong decrease in ages from 1.3 to 2.5 Ga and an increase in ages from 55 to 360 Ma; in contrast, age populations older than 0.9 Ga persist in the southern section. The lower-middle Paleocene rocks suggest a regional, basin-wide drainage system fed by the Creta- ceous sedimentary cover exposed in low-amplitude localized uplifts and developed a mixed siliciclastic- carbonatic platform in the shelf areas. On the other hand, the upper Paleocene-lower Eocene synorogenic succession accumulated in several basin compartments separated by more pronounced source areas and recorded the introduction of new ones. These sandstones contain basement rock fragments from marginal uplifts of the Santa Marta Massif and the Central Cordillera, as well as fragments from emerging intraplate ranges, such as the Perijá Range and the Santander massif. Caribbean subduction along the northwestern margin of South America induced tectonic changes inside the Maracaibo Block, modifing sedimentary depocenters from a regional basin (ca. 300 km width) to isolated intermontane basins, which have been separated since the late Paleocene to present. Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction drives the shift from large- to small-scale drainage networks and induces change in sedimentary environments (Horton, 2005; Sobel The integrated analysis of provenance markers reflects changes and Strecker, 2003; Hilley and Strecker, 2005; Siks and Horton, in an array of river drainages within a syntectonic sedimentary 2011; Hain et al., 2011; Moreno et al., 2011; Strecker et al., 2011). basin (e.g., Dickinson, 1988; Cibin et al., 2003; Lawton et al., 2003). Large rivers cover extensive areas, and their sediment load carries The uplifting of intraplate ranges, which compartmentalizes former valuable information about tectonic evolution and the composition regional sedimentary basins and creates intermontane basins, of distant sources (Miall, 1996). In tropical areas like the northern Andes, unstable detritus can be lost by chemical weathering in * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ57 13243116. source areas or during temporal storage, with sandstone as a result E-mail address: [email protected] (R.C. Ayala). becoming quartz-rich at distances of more than 100 km away 0895-9811/$ e see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2012.04.005 94 R.C. Ayala et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 39 (2012) 93e111 (Amorocho et al., 2011; Johnsson et al., 1991); geochemical signa- conditions of deposition are related to sediment supply from a distal tures and detrital zircon populations, however, are left behind source area versus multiple nearby source areas in the western (Gibbs, 1967; Xie et al., 2010). In contrast to large river systems, Maracaibo block. New detrital zircon U-Pb ages and petrographic small drainages of intermontane basins are more likely to preserve data from two localities in the western Maracaibo Basin (north- the composition of surrounding source areas; the conservation of western Maracaibo and Catatumbo) were collected and compared the original sand composition, however, ultimately depends also on with published data from the Cesar-Ranchería Basin (Bayona et al., climate, rates of tectonic subsidence, and diagenesis (Miall, 1996; 2007, 2011; Ayala-Calvo et al., 2009; Cardona et al., 2011) and the Paola, 1988). central-east Maracaibo Basin (Xie et al., 2010). Palynological anal- Presently, the western Maracaibo block in the northern Andes is yses in the four studied areas (Jaramillo, 1999; Jaramillo et al., 2007; segmented by marginal and intraplate uplifts (Fig. 1); we analyzed Mora et al., 2006) and detrital syndepositional volcanic zircon ages the lower Paleogene succession of four stratigraphic sections (Bayona et al., 2011; Cardona et al., 2011; this study) constrain the located in different compartments in order to determine when stratigraphic correlation of Paleogene units. Finally, we construct those basins became segmented. The triangle-shaped Maracaibo paleogeographicpaleogeographic maps between 65 and 35 Ma to block is bounded to the west by the Santa Marta-Bucaramanga fault show basin evolution and uplifts in the western Maracaibo block system, to the north by the Oca fault, and to the southeast by the and northern Colombia basins when the Caribbean Plate was Mérida Andes. Published Late Cretaceous paleogeographic maps advancing around northwestern South America. indicate that depositional systems from the Magdalena Valley to the Maracaibo block were connected, with a distal source area to 2. Geological setting the southeast (Guiana shield; Pindell et al., 1998; Villamil, 1999). Orogenic processes during the Cenozoic created intermontane 2.1. Tectonic constraints of the Maracaibo block and associated basins like Middle Magdalena and Cesar-Ranchería basins (Fig. 1); basins however, the time when marginal (Santa Marta massif) and intra- plate ranges (Santander-Floresta massifs, Perijá range, Mérida Sedimentary fi lling of the Maracaibo block basins began during Andes) emerged is still controversial (see Bayona et al., 2008 and the Jurassic-Neocomian where the accumulation of red beds, vol- Saylor et al., 2011 for discussion). Although Neogene compressional caniclastic, and siliciclastic rocks took place in extensional basins events caused the main uplifts (kilometer-scale) and exposed most (Maze, 1984; Lugo and Mann, 1995). From the Aptian to the Cam- of the basements (Kellogg, 1984; Shagam et al., 1984; Parra et al., panian, a regional marine transgression developed an epiconti- 2009), it is important to consider previous fault activity and block nental sea, and carbonate strata accumulated in the Maracaibo uplifting. Such activity could have compartmentalized the basins block (Martínez and Hernandez, 1992). By the end of the Creta- and caused lateral thickness variations, as well as changes in ceous, marine shales completely covered the Maracaibo block, as depositional environments and the sediment delivery systems well as the Eastern Cordillera, whereas craton-derived quartzose associated with the presence of sedimentary barriers. sandstone beds accumulated farther south. Late Cretaceous In this study, we compare provenance markers and sedimento- paleogeographic reconstructions show a regional marine basin logical data in order to test whether changes in provenance and bordered to the east and south by the Guiana shield (Etayo-Serna Fig. 1. A: Map of northern Colombia showing main massifs-Ranges and regional faults. B: Detail of western Maracaibo block and location of study areas. R.C. Ayala et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 39 (2012) 93e111 95 et al., 1976; Cooper et al., 1995; Lugo and Mann, 1995; Villamil, the Maracaibo Basin and the foothills of the Santander Massif; our 1999). analyzed samples were taken from the foothills area (Fig. 1). Since the Campanian, the collision of the Great Arc of the Caribbean over northern South America (Burke, 1988; Cardona et al., 2011) caused a diachronous uplift of the Central Cordillera 2.2. U-Pb ages and composition of possible source areas and the Santa Marta Massif, filling adjacent synorogenic basins (Touisaint, 1999; Restrepo et al., 2009; Bayona et al., 2011). The The northeastern Colombian massifs and ranges have units with subduction of the Caribbean Plate under the northwestern South characteristic
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