DOCSLIB.ORG

Christian Community and the Development of an Americo-Liberian Identity, 1824-1878 Andrew N

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Christian Community and the Development of an Americo-Liberian Identity, 1824-1878 Andrew N Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2010 Christian community and the development of an Americo-Liberian identity, 1824-1878 Andrew N. Wegmann Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Wegmann, Andrew N., "Christian community and the development of an Americo-Liberian identity, 1824-1878" (2010). LSU Master's Theses. 525. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/525 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN AMERICO- LIBERIAN IDENTITY, 1824-1878 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Department of History by Andrew N. Wegmann B.A., Spring Hill College, 2008 August 2010 To Dennis Alexander, for planting the seed. ii Acknowledgements To say the least, this project has taken some time. Though many people have helped me along the way, I have but little room to list those who helped me the most. Firstly, I must thank my parents, Julie-Ann and Richard Wegmann. From the very beginning of my life they have cared for both my physical and intellectual growth. They sent me to fine schools, and never told me that history, my favorite subject since fourth grade, was a useless field of study. They are, without a doubt, the most supportive, loving individuals I have ever known. In a similar vein, I thank my brother, Matt Wegmann, who, over the past half-decade or so, has become one of my closest companions, and one of my favorite conversationalists. Though in youth we fought incessantly, we now support each other in every effort, however hopeless or true. Of course, there are also my colleagues in the Louisiana State University History Department. Geoff Cunningham and Terry Wagner, my two closest friends, have, over many beers and late nights, played perhaps as large a role in the creation of this thesis as I have. I thank them from the bottom of my heart. Also, Spencer McBride also deserves note for sharing his advisor with me, and letting me know that I wasn’t alone throughout this process. Of course, I must not forget my advisor, Andrew Burstein, who, for nearly a full year, helped me create a reading list, provided support for my research, and read at least two full drafts of this thesis. He never gave up on me. He made me a better scholar, thinker, and person. He taught me how write history, and, in his own bizarre way, gave me the support I needed to realize my own potential, and the value of my skills. He is a good man, a good friend, and a remarkable mentor. I must also thank David Lindenfeld and Gibril Cole, the other two members of my thesis committee for reading full drafts of this paper, and offering kind and valuable criticism and support along the way. Prof. Cole, though on leave with a grant for the past year, so kindly iii broke into his own work to help me with mine. In similar fashion, Prof. Lindenfeld actively engaged my topic, and read two full drafts of this thesis in spite of his many more warranted obligations. Though not a historian, I have had some of the most intense historical discussions of my life with Malcolm Bromham over the past near decade. Although our escapades into the nightlife of New Orleans made me question my ability to finish this thesis on time, he kept me sane, and having fun. For that I am forever grateful. I am more so obliged to Melissa Garland, my partner and love. For the past four and a half years, she has provided me with a brilliant mind, beautiful face, and sharp wit. She tested my arguments, prose, and scholarship, as if my work was as important to her as it was to me. She made me think, and smile. She made me angry, and happy. She made it all worth it, somehow. I envy her abilities, her intellect, and her kindness. And I thank her for putting up with my hectic schedule, and long days of silent writing. Finally, though, I must mention a man who quite literally made this thesis a possibility almost 15 years ago. If not for Dennis Alexander I would never have realized the value of historical knowledge. He taught me, as early as sixth grade, that this subject – that which many people pass over for more lucrative fields – holds an innate value and force in human society. He showed me that history could be fulfilling, stimulating, and fun. He allowed me to understand the value of my work, the meaning behind my seemingly useless knowledge. Most importantly, he gave me the chance to shine at the one subject I ever loved, and offered me the support, so long ago, that eventually led me to graduate school. He taught me that history could be a profession, a life dream, and purposeful interest. He allowed me to think, and fail, and iv succeed. I’ve always wanted to be a man like him, and now, I can say that I am as close as I will ever come. Thank you, sir. This thesis is yours, a long time coming. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………..….ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………..…iii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………….vii INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………......1 CHAPTER I: “A Debt of Patriotism and Humanity”………………………………………………......16 CHAPTER II: “Upon This Rock We Shall Build Our Hopes”……………………………………….....43 CHAPTER III: “He be God Who Make All Dis Man, Dem Bush, Dem Tree, Dem Riber”…………….78 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………...112 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………….…………………………..122 VITA……………………………………………………………………………………128 vi Abstract By the mid-nineteenth century, two separate visions of civilization and Christianity existed in Liberia. On the one hand, the settlers – the emigrants sent from the United States to Liberia by the American Colonization Society starting in 1822 – worshiped the external appearance of a Christian mind and “civilized” western body. They revered those citizens who spoke the best American English, lived in the grandest wood-framed houses, and wore the best American clothes. They required total indoctrination of natives into the “religion of the tall hat and frock coat” to maintain a stable, “civilized” American society. On the other hand, the black- led missionaries – the black Americans and frustrated settlers who broke off from the white-led missionary enterprise in the 1840s and 1850s – promoted the idea of a “civilized,” Christian mind. To them, the “religion of the top hat and frock coat” developed an exaggerated sense of “civility” both in Americo-Liberian society and the few native societies it touched. Accordingly, they worked to inject the native population with an understanding of a single benevolent God, solemn prayer, and spiritual immortality through translated scripture, and pidgin sermons. This split in cultural and religious practice gave rise to a new national and racial identity in the Liberian hinterland based on the pan-Negro principles of Edward Blyden, Alexander Crummell, and John Seys, among others. Led by the black missionaries, a new group of pan-Negro preachers rejected the “total indoctrination” practices of the Americo-Liberians, promoting a sense of racial unity and equality lost in Liberian settler society. They transplanted American- based Jacksonian individualism into the African context, allowing natives to experiment with, and learn the teachings of Christianity on their own. At the same time, however, the Americo- Liberian society, which existed strictly in the urban centers of Monrovia, and coastal settler towns, remained steadfastly American. Americo-Liberian leaders placed innate value on skin vii color, ancestry, and outward appearance, creating a racialistic meritocracy that banned dark- skinned blacks, and native Africans from the highest echelons of settler society. Both societies were Americo-Liberian by nature, separated by the fundamental difference between rhetoric and reality. viii Introduction On December 28, 1816, a group of American philanthropists, slaveholders, ministers, and politicians, both northern and southern, gathered in the chambers of the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C., to form a society “for the colonization of the people of color of the United States.” Their mission was in part benevolent, religious, economic, and political. It touched each member of the group in a different way. To some, like Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky, a slaveholder who presided over the meeting, it represented a chance to bring equality and racial hegemony to the United States by granting the black population freedom elsewhere, while maintaining the hegemony of white racial power in America. “What is the true nature of the evil of the existence of a portion of the African race in our population?” he asked the gathered assembly. “It is not that there are some, but that there are so many among us of a different caste, of a different physical, if not moral constitution, who never could amalgamate with the great body of our population.”1 To others, such as John Randolph of Roanoke, a Virginia representative and slaveholder, the new society offered an organized way to thwart the social advances of the “promoters of mischief” who threatened peace within slave society by enlarging the threat of slave revolt and extending laziness among field hands.2 To others, the colonization of free blacks meant the salvation of a “debased” American population.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Remembering Alexander Crummell's Appeal to Postbellum
    “WE NEED CHARACTER!”: Remembering Alexander Crummell’s Appeal to Postbellum African Americans LAURA GIMENO PAHISSA Institution address: Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. Departament de Filologia Anglesa i de Germanística. Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres. Campus UAB. 08193 Bellaterra. Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-3750-4769 Received: 31/01/2018. Accepted: 02/05/2018. How to cite this article: Gimeno Pahissa, Laura. “‘WE NEED CHARACTER!’: Remembering Alexander Crummell’s Appeal to Postbellum African Americans.” ES Review. Spanish Journal of English Studies, vol. 39, 2018, pp. 117‒33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24197/ersjes.39.2018.117-133 Abstract: The following article offers a study and reassessment of the controversial figure of Alexander Crummell, an African American leader whose influence has been neglected by most scholars. His postbellum ideas on the advancement of black people influenced some of his contemporaries like Booker T. Washington and even later leaders such as W. E. B. DuBois. The article also offers an interpretation of two of Crummell’s most famous speeches on the future of his race, which suggest possible solutions to the tensions and problems experienced by his people after the end of the Civil War. Keywords: African American history; memory; slavery; American Civil War; Crummell; negro problem. Summary: Postbellum African American memory. Alexander Crummell: Advancement through character and morality. Conclusions. Resumen: Este artículo estudia y reexamina la figura del controvertido líder afroamericano Alexander Crummell, cuya influencia ha sido ignorada por muchos estudiosos. Sus ideas, escritas en la posguerra, sobre el progreso de los ciudadanos afroamericanos influyeron en algunos de sus contemporáneos como Booker T.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of the First Liberian Republic
    Joseph Saye Guannu A Short History of the First Liberian Republic Third edition Star*Books Contents Preface viii About the author x The new state and its government Introduction The Declaration of Independence and Constitution Causes leading to the Declaration of Independence The Constitutional Convention The Constitution The kind of state and system of government 4 The kind of state Organization of government System of government The l1ag and seal of Liberia The exclusion and inclusion of ethnic Liberians The rulers and their administrations 10 Joseph Jenkins Roberts Stephen Allen Benson Daniel Bashiel Warner James Spriggs Payne Edward James Roye James Skirving Smith Anthony William Gardner Alfred Francis Russell Hilary Richard Wright Johnson JosephJames Cheeseman William David Coleman Garretson Wilmot Gibson Arthur Barclay Daniel Edward Howard Charles Dunbar Burgess King Edwin James Barclay William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman William Richard Tolbert PresidentiaI succession in Liberian history 36 BeforeRoye After Roye iii A Short HIstory 01 the First lIberlJn Republlc The expansion of presidential powers 36 The socio-political factors The economic factors Abrief history of party politics 31 Before the True Whig Party The True Whig Party Interior policy of the True Whig Party Major oppositions to the True Whig Party The Election of 1927 The Election of 1951 The Election of 1955 The plot that failed Questions Activities 2 Territorial expansion of, and encroachment on, Liberia 4~ Introduction 41 Two major reasons for expansion 4' Economic
    [Show full text]
  • Litany of Remembrance and Thanksgiving
    Litany of Remembrance and Thanksgiving Prepared by the Virginia Baptist Historical Society and the Center for Baptist Heritage & Studies for River Road Church, Baptist Richmond, Va. This litany is to serve as a resource for others. It is hosted on the Baptist Joint Committee website with permission. Leader: Our God, our help in ages past, People: Our hope for years to come, Leader: Our shelter from the stormy blast, People: And our eternal home. Leader: From everlasting Thou art God, People: To endless years the same. Voice of an English Baptist: I represent Robert Norden. In God’s providence, my English Baptist brethren sent me and others as “messengers” to our kinsmen who had settled in the Virginia Colony. The year was 1714. We went as “stewards of the mysteries of God” and were found as “trustworthy” in representing the Faith. With courage and conviction, we risked our lives to bring the Gospel to this place. There was Thomas White who died on our long ocean voyage to the Colony. I led in gathering our first church. Other Baptists joined us and started more chuches. People: For all the saints who from their labors rest, Who Thee by faith before the world confessed, Thy name, O Jesus, be forever blest. Voice of Native Americans: Christian settlers came and lived among us and proved by their words and deeds that they cared for us. My people recognized a Supreme Being and sought to understand the mysteries of this God. Baptist ministers shared the good news of Christ in our villages. We established our own churches and joined the English in the work of God’s Kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • Present State of Christianity, and of the Missionary Establishments For
    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. http://books.google.com PresentstateofChristianity,andthemissionaryestablishmentsforitspropagationinallpartsworld JohannHeinrichD.Zschokke,FredericShoberl,Zschokke ^SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSt Harvard College Library FROM THE BEQUEST OF Evert Jansen Wendell CLASS OF 1882 1918 c 3. & J. TTARPER, PRINTERS, 82 FfHF ffllilBMfHr! ITT PRESS, FOR THE TRADE, PELHAM; OR THE ADVENTURES OF A GEN TLEMAN. A Novel. In 2 vols. 12mo. 14 If the most brilliant wit, a narrative whose interest never flags, and some pictures of the most rivetting interest, can make a work popular, " Pelham" will he as first rate in celebrity as it is in excellence. The scenes are laid at the present day, and in fashionable life." — London Literary Gazette. THE SUBALTERN'S LOG-BOOK ; containing anecdotes of well-known Military Characters. In two vols. 12mo. In Press, for the Trade. DOMESTIC DUTIES ; or, Instructions to young Married Ladies, on the Management of their Households and the Regulation of their Conduct in the various relations and duties of Married Life. By Mrs. William Parkes. PRESENT STATE OF CHRISTIANITY, and of the Mis sionary Establishment for its propagation in all parts of the World. Edited by Frederic Shoberl. 12ano. HISTORY OF THE CAMPAIGNS OF THE BRITISH ARMIES in Spain, Portugal, and the South op France, from 1 308 to 1 8 14. By the Author of " Cyri! Thornton." GIBBON'S ROME, with Maps, Portrait, and Vignette Ti tles. 4 vols. 8vo. CROCKFORD'S LIFE IN THE WEST ; or, THE CUR TAIN DRAWN.
    [Show full text]
  • Joseph Jenkins Roberts Birthday 2009
    A PROCLAMATION BY THE PRESIDENT WHEREAS, it is virtuously befitting that a people and a nation, should recognize and pay homage to persons who contributively make significant impact for the installation of the State, and its perpetuity; and WHEREAS, the Creation of the Republic of Liberia, out of the aspiration of the African and his Descendents was made possible by the combined efforts of Those who came to these shores with Those whom they met here, with Joseph Jenkins Roberts, arriving on 9th February 1829 with the Robert’s Family, including his Mother, who wrote that they were “pleased with the Country and had not the least desire to leave” for any other place; and WHEREAS, Joseph Jenkins Roberts was preeminent in fostering the Movement of the “Colony” to inspire all those concerned resulting in the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Liberia on July 26, 1847, thus becoming “the Father of the Nation”; and WHEREAS, under his Leadership as Governor from 1822 to 1847, and as President, from 1847 to 1855, and then, from 1871 to 1876, Liberia developed along the West African Coast from the Shebro River to the Pedro River, counting approximately 600 miles of seacoast; and WHEREAS, under the role of an effective and objective Leadership, he substantiated many diplomatic, legal, political and social cornerstones for the continuation of the Republic of Liberia, which have remained as irrepressible and irreplaceable until today, from which our present Republic draws its strength in its independence and sovereign interactions with
    [Show full text]
  • Liberia Electricity Corporation (Lec) and Rural and Rrenewable Energy Agency (Rrea)
    Public Disclosure Authorized LIBERIA ELECTRICITY CORPORATION (LEC) AND RURAL AND RRENEWABLE ENERGY AGENCY (RREA) Public Disclosure Authorized Liberia Electricity Sector Strengthening and Access Project (LESSAP) Resettlement Policy Framework Public Disclosure Authorized Draft Report November 2020 SQAT: January 12, 2021 Public Disclosure Authorized Contents LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................................ 1 1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 2 1.1 Project Description ......................................................................................... 3 1.2 Objective and Rationale of the Resettlement Policy Framework .................. 7 1.3 Project Locations, Beneficiaries and Project Affected People ...................... 8 1.4 Institutional Capacity ................................................................................... 10 1.5 Baseline Information Required for Projects ................................................. 10 1.5.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 10 1.5.2 Montserrado County ...................................................................................... 12 1.5.3 Grand Bassa County ...................................................................................... 12 1.5.4 Margibi County .............................................................................................. 13 1.5.5
    [Show full text]
  • Jane W V. Moses Thomas Complaint
    Case 2:18-cv-00569-PBT Document 1 Filed 02/12/18 Page 1 of 38 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA JANE W, in her individual capacity, and in her capacity as the personal representative of the estates of her relatives, James W, Julie W, and Jen W; Civil Action No. ________________ JOHN X, in his individual capacity, and in his capacity as the personal representative JURY TRIAL REQUESTED of the estates of his relatives, Jane X, Julie X, James X, and Joseph X; JOHN Y, in his individual capacity; AND JOHN Z, in his individual capacity, Plaintiffs, v. MOSES W. THOMAS, Defendant. COMPLAINT Plaintiffs Jane W, John X, John Y, and John Z in their personal capacities and on behalf of their decedent relatives (collectively “Plaintiffs”), complain and allege as follows. PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 1. This case arises from the brutal massacre of unarmed civilians seeking shelter in St. Peter’s Lutheran Church (the “Lutheran Church” or the “Church”) in Monrovia, Liberia (the “Lutheran Church Massacre” or the “Massacre”). The Church was a designated Red Cross humanitarian aid center sheltering civilians displaced from the growing violence in Liberia’s countryside and in the capital city of Monrovia. The Lutheran Church Massacre was one of the largest attacks on civilians during Liberia’s two back-to-back civil wars, the first of 106612680v.1 Case 2:18-cv-00569-PBT Document 1 Filed 02/12/18 Page 2 of 38 which was a seven-year armed conflict beginning in 1989 that took the lives of over 200,000 individuals and displaced half the nation’s population.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    VOLUME I OCTOBER 1968 NUMBER 1 JSHED BY THE AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER, REPAUW UNIVERSITY, GREENCASTLE, INDIANA - VOLUME I Fall 1968 NUMBER 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Edited by: Svend E. Holsoe , DePauw University David M. Foley, University of Georgia Published at the African Studies Center, DePauw University CONTENTS THE KPELLE TRADITIONAL POLITICAL SYSTEM, by Richard M. Fulton CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE 19 FIELD NOTES ON TRIBAL MEDICAL PRACTICES IN CENTRAL LIBERIA, by Kenneth G. Orr TWO HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS FROM THE KRU COAST, by Ronald W. Davis A. A. ADEE'S JOURNAL OF A VISIT TO LIBERIA IN 182 7, by George E . Brooks, Jr . THE TUBMAN CENTER OF AFRICAN CULTURE, by Kjell Zetterstrom Emphasizing the social sciences and humanities, the Liberian Studies Journal is a biannual publication devoted to studies of Africa's oldest republic. Copyright 1968 by The Liberian Studies Association in America. Manuscripts, correspondence and subscriptions should be sent to: Liberian Studies Journal, African Studies Center, DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana 4 6135 . THE KPELLE TRADITIONAL POLITICAL SYSTEM Richard M. Fulton The Kpelle are the largest tribal group in Liberia, numbering around 150,000. Residing in the central interior of the country, rcughly between the St. Paul and St. John Rivers, they were amongst the last tribal units to be pacified by the central-modernizing government. Since thls paciii- cation program was only completed in the early 19201s, the Kpelle offer a good opportunity to investigate the primitive system that perservered, on the whole, until that time. Remarkably little has been written on the Kpelle as such and almost nothing on their traditional political system.' This effort is part of a larger attempt on the part of the author to trace the development of the political change amongst the Kpelle researched while in Liberia teaching at Cuttington College (October, 1966- July, 1967).
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of the African Student in American Higher Education, 1960-1980
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository FROM STUDENT TO IMMIGRANT: THE DIASPORIZATION OF THE AFRICAN STUDENT IN THE UNITED STATES BY OLANIPEKUN LAOSEBIKAN DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Policy Studies in the Graduate College University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2012 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Christopher M. Span, Chair Professor James D. Anderson Associate Professor Yoon K. Pak Assistant Professor Bekisizwe Ndimande ABSTRACT This dissertation examines African student non-return within the larger historical pursuit of higher education in the United States by African students. Non-return by African students as addressed in this study is a process more than two centuries old extending directly across four defined phases of African student migrations. Key primary documents including the autobiographies of African students, correspondence between African students and other primary agents of African student migrations as well as oral interviews from African students turned permanent settlers from the fourth phase of African student migrations to the United States, are utilized in this dissertation. The perspectives of the non-returning African student in this dissertation address three important areas central to analyzing non-return; first, the factors that shaped the choices of non-returning African students to study in the United States; second, the social and cultural experiences encountered as a part of their educational migrations; and last, the decision to non-return. Non-return as articulated through interviews in this dissertation and supported by other primary and secondary source documentation is identified as a fluid process constantly shifting in response to internal and external pressures as well as historical and contemporary forces.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberian Studies Journal
    VOLUME XIV 1989 NUMBER 2 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL r 8 °W LIBERIA -8 °N 8 °N- MONSERRADO MARGIBI MARYLAND Geography Department 10 °W University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown 8oW 1 Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor Cover map: compiled by William Kory, cartography work by Jodie Molnar; Geography Department, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor VOLUME XIV 1989 NUMBER 2 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editor D. Elwood Dunn The University of the South Associate Editor Similih M. Cordor Kennesaw College Book Review Editor Dalvan M. Coger Memphis State University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bertha B. Azango Lawrence B. Breitborde University of Liberia Beloit College Christopher Clapham Warren L. d'Azevedo Lancaster University University of Nevada Reno Henrique F. Tokpa Thomas E. Hayden Cuttington University College Africa Faith and Justice Network Svend E. Holsoe J. Gus Liebenow University of Delaware Indiana University Corann Okorodudu Glassboro State College Edited at the Department of Political Science, The University of the South PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor CONTENTS THE LIBERIAN ECONOMY ON APRIL 1980: SOME REFLECTIONS 1 by Ellen Johnson Sirleaf COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF AGRICULTURE AMONG THE KPELLE: KPELLE FARMING THROUGH KPELLE EYES 23 by John Gay "PACIFICATION" UNDER PRESSURE: A POLITICAL ECONOMY OF LIBERIAN INTERVENTION IN NIMBA 1912 -1918 ............ 44 by Martin Ford BLACK, CHRISTIAN REPUBLICANS: DELEGATES TO THE 1847 LIBERIAN CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION ........................ 64 by Carl Patrick Burrowes TRIBE AND CHIEFDOM ON THE WINDWARD COAST 90 by Warren L.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Coding Units
    INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) .
    [Show full text]
  • Michigan State College
    Michigan State College F ALL COM MEN C E MEN T Monday December Sixth Nineteen Hundred and Fifty Four in the College Auditorium at East Lansing Progran1 MONDAY, DECEMBER 6, 1954, 8:00 P . M. AUDITORWM PROCESSIONAL--- Coronation March Meyerbeer Michigan State College Band Leonard Falcone, Director AMERICA Michigan State College Band INVOCATION Right Rev. Msgr. Jerome V. Mac Eachin Pastor, St. Thomas Aquinas Church East Lansing ADDRESS Dr. Harry Newburn, President Educational Television and Radio Center Ann Arbor CONFERRING OF DEGREES President John A. Hannah WELCOME TO ALUMNI Starr Keesler Director of Alumni Relations ALMA MATER Michigan State College Band BENEDICTION Right Rev. Msgr. Jerome V. Mac Eachin RECESSIONAL TriuIilphal March Mancinelli The audience is requested to remain seated while those in the procession are entering. 2 SCHOOL OF Agriculture The candidates will be presented by DEAN THOMAS K. COWDEN DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SClENCE Douglas Martin Arnold Eugene Elko Johnson Agricultural Education; Horticulture; Saranac Laingsburg Frederick Hung Fo Au Carlos Jose Knoepffler Soil Science; Agricultural Mechanics; Honolulu, Hawaii Managua, Nigaragua Kenneth Lewis Austin Daniel Charles Landberg Agricultural Economics; Agricultural Extension; Dearborn Croswell Ervin Joseph Bedker Kyu Yawp Lee Agricultural Mechanics; Agricultural Economics; Custer Pyongnsm, Korea J oseph Robert Bloom James Lee Martin Agricultural Education; Forestry; Williamston Baroda Harold Gilbert Blossey Herbert Martin Mercer Dairy Production; Food Technology; Williamston Flint Archie Lee Brott Eugene Gilbert Miller Residential Building; Soil Science; Baldwin Litchfield Ernest E. Brown John William Prior Agricultural Mechanics; Forestry; Beaverton East Lansing tKeith La Marre Brown Raymond Charles Rahn Animal Husbandry; Horticulture; Jonesville Chicago, Illinois Dorian Albert Carroll Eugene M.
    [Show full text]