AAA 4 4 p. *;,A*~ ­ 00p, (~9? The Ist International Munsbean Symposium F N if i I. *III I Foreword This publication contains papers presented at the First International Symposium on Mung­ bean. Held between August 16-19, 1977 at the University of the Philippines, the project Los Baios (UPLB), was jointly sponsored by the University, the Southeast Asian Regional Graduate Center for Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), the Department of Agriculture Philippines, of the the Asia Foundation, the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources search Re­ (PCARR), and the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC). More than 135 participants and observers from 16 countries and 45 research, government, educational, and private organizations gathered to exchange and expand current information about the mungbean. Mungbean production in various countries was assessed reports. through country The utilization and economics of mungbean production focused on constraints the use limiting of mungbean as a major protein source in Asian diets. Papers on management, tion, and varietal protec­ improvement sought ways to expand production of this improtant pulse. The following notes apply to the papers published herein. All references to mungbeari to Vigna radiata (L) are Wficzek. The metric system is used throughout the Proceedings and currency is all in US$ based on local currency equivalents. A Single asterisk (*)means cant at the 5% signifi­ level; a double asterisk (**) means significant at the 1% level. Color graphs photo­ of the various mungbean diseases and Irsect pests is on page 157 The editor and staff wish to thank the many people wI.o assisted in the the Proceedings. preparation of As it should, the Symposium brought enthusiastic participation from and researchers alike. workers Special appreciation goes to all the helpers and assistants from the sponsoring agencies. 3 Introduction The mungbean is an excellent source of high quality protein in Asian diets. As pointed out by Dr. J. D. Drilon, Director of SEARCA in his opening remarks at this Symposium, with at least 500 million peuple in the world undernourished, this crop could contribute substantially to closing the "protein gap". The crop was selected by AVRDC for intensive research for this reason. Itwas also chosen for examination and reporting in an international meeting because substantial progress has been made by the many national and international program scientists engaged in improving the mungbean. The University of the Philippines at Los Banos was an especially appropriate location for the meeting because of the university's large group of scholars and teachers devoted to agriculture and rural development and particularly because of the outstanding results inmungbean breeding and improvement work going forward in its College of Agriculture. Chancellor Abelardo G. Samonte pointed out in welcoming us to his campus, that the association of the many national and regional institutions at UPLB is producing a synergistic impact of the many disciplines directed toward the improvement of food crops and nutrition and training of manpower for scientific agriculture. Another of the co-sponsors, the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research, represented by Director-General Dr. J. C. Madamba pointed out that PCARR has ernphasi,#..d legume protein preduction for the Philippines via their pivotal role in organizing and funding the national research program. One of the important results anticipated by the sponsors of the symposium is the formation of an international network of mungbean research and extension workers, who will extend this emphasis to other nations. The welcome to the participants from Agricultural Sect'etary Arturo R. Tanco Jr., delivered by Assistant Secretary Jose P. Leviste Jr., emphasized the national commitment to improvement of agriculture, food production, nutrition and health. Use of the mungbean as a simple, nutritious, low cost, protein and calorie source for children has long been recognized inthe Philippines and development of outstanding varieties has been achieved. Many problems remain; however, pests and disease, poor plant architecture, irregular response to environment, and the numerous harvests required by pod-shattering and indeterminate growth habit are recognized as limitations. Low farm yield resulting from unimproved management practices results in low income to the farmer in spite of a relatively high unit price. This symposium owes much to the generosity of donors who supported the travel of Asian scientists to the meeting. Foremost among these is the Asia Foundation, who funded travel for scientists from nine countries. The Rockefeller Foundation, the United States Agency for International Development, the Tropical Agriculture Research Center of Japan, and the Ford Foundation also contributed to international travel. PCARR and the BPI supported the travel and expenses for Philippines scientists. Our great thanks also go to Dr. Hyo Guen Park, AVRDC mungbean breeder, who corresponded at length with scientists around the world to organize the papers and the scientific subject matter for the symposium. The excellent staff help from SEARC and the UPLB made local arrangements an efficient and attractive feature of the meeting. Special credit for this work goes to Drs. A.O. Gagin and R. Barba of SEARCA; Drs. I.C. Cagampang and F.C. Quebral of UPLB; and H.A. Custodio, F.B. Ballon, Ms. R. Tejam, and Dr. A. Palo of the Department of Agriculture. Our gratitude also extends to Robert L. Cowell, AVRDC's editorial associate who edited the manuscript to its present concise and attractive form by working with many scientists even before their papers were presented. J.C. Moomaw Director . i ~~~ ~ ~~'........ i PI, '.-/ A , A i.At t . 1r, I , > .. 1A.t 4'o ,, "". -4.-"., , All ~ 1~ in. 'A;". -ill t4':?' • xA, ., ___ . P1, S- S M44 Production MUNGBEAN RESEARCH AND PRODUCTION IN SRI LANKA N. Vignarajah --- 9 MUNGBEAN PRODUCTION IN THAILAND Auwooth Natampang --- 12 MUNGBEAN IN WEST MALAYSIA Abu Ka6sim b. Abu Bakar, Abduw Rahman b. HaAon, and Zainol b. Abd. Aziz --- 15 MUNGBEAN IN NEPAL M.P. Bhati --- 18 MUNGBEAN CULTIVATION IN BANGLADESH MV. As6tafuCLstam --- 21 YIELD POTENTIAL OF Vigna radiata AND Vigna mungo IN SUMMER RAINFALL CROPPING AREAS OF AUSTRALIA R.J. Lawn --- 24 PRODUCTION POTENTIALS OF MUNGBEAN AND GAPS LIMITING ITS PRODUCTIVITY IN INDIA Chokhey Singh and B.S. Yadav --- 28 7 N. VIGNARAJAH is Leader, Grain Legumes Imrrovement Program, Agricultural Research Station, Maha Illuppallana, Sri Lanka Mungbean Research and Production inSri Lanka IV.V~uaiajah IMPORTANCE AND UTILIZATION Mungbean is popularly known as green gram in Sri Lanka. It is one of the 6 major grain legumes cultivated in the country; the others being cowpea, black gram, soybean, groundnut, and pigeon pea. Of these, green gram was the most popular food inour diet until recently. However, it is now second to cowpea for which there are fewer production constraints. Grain legumes are the major source of protein in Sri Lanka. Green gram, used either in the split form or to make curry spiced with chilis, is consumed with rice. Boiled, it is eaten with grated coconut for breakfast. And it is also used in making a variety of sweet­ meats. Inall these preparations, green gram is preferred to cowpea since it cooks easily and the people are used to it. However, the currenc cost of green gram is about twice that of cowpea. Grain legumes were freely imported prior to 1970. Since 1970, foreign exchange difficul­ ties and increasing world market price progressively reduced the import of grain legumes until now they have been discontinued altogether. This has given a boost to the local culti­ vation of green gram and other grain legumes. Consequently, production and research efforts have been intensified. ECOLOGY The total land area of Sri Lanka is 6.6 million ha. Divided into 3 agroclimatic zones ­ namely, dry, intermediate, and wet ­ the dry zone comprises 4.7 million ha. Approximately half this area is available for agriculture. The bi-modal rainfall pattern experienced in the dry zone creates 2 well-defined rainy seasons, the Maha and the Yala. The Maha, from mid-October to late January, is the major cultivation season. The YaTais the mln-or cultivation season and occurs from late March or early April to late May. The wet, and some parts of the intermediate, zones are more suitable for the cultivation of plantation (perennial) crops and rice. The soil, climate, and other environmentdl charac­ teristics of the dry zone (and some parts of the intermediate zone) make it both physically possible and economicaly feasible to grow a wide range of annual crops. Green gram isone of the major crops grown in the dry zone. In summary, green gram is grown: ­ 1.as a Maha rainfed crop in the highlands; 2. as a Ta-a rainfed crop; 3. under lFft irrigation; and 4. in paddy fields, during both seasons by using irrigation tanks when water is insuffi­ cient to grow rice. 9 DISEASES indeterminate plant type is considered appropri­ ate for cultivation under Maha rainfed conditions The Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus BMYMV) and where the levels of management will be low. In the Tobacco Ring Spot Virus (TRSV) are diseases this case, the farmer'will not risk investing in that drastically reduce green gram yields. No pest control (including disease and weed control) sources of resistance have been identified in since he will be dependent on rainfall which might either virus disease. The plant pathologists fail. suspect that the local strain of MYMV is differ­ ent from that in India. Cercospora leaf spot Other important objectivesa are: Cercorspora canescens) and powdery mildew Erysiphe polygoni) occur to a lesser extent. 1. resistance to MYMV and TRSV. (We are intensively pursuing this objective TRSV is seed-borne. There is no passage through interspecific hybridization with for the virus in black gram seed. A large number black gram); of interspecific crosses between green and black gram have been completed and selections are being 2.