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Periodical of the Military National Security Service

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Periodical of the Military National Security Service PERIODICAL OF THE MILITARY NATIONAL SECURITY SERVICE CURRENT ISSUES Problems of State Efficiency and Terrorism in North Africa Terrorist Attack on Tiguentourine Gas Plant in Algeria A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words: Visual Analytics – What is it and Why Now National and International Crisis Management A New Security Bug: Shellshock Intelligence and Counterintelligence: Insurgent Perspective 2015 1 Scientific Periodical of the Military National Security Service Responsible Publisher: Lt. Gen. József Kovács, Director General, Chairman of the Scientific Board Editorial Board Chairman: Maj. Gen. János Béres, PhD Members: Lt. Col. Csaba Vida, PhD Secretary of the Scientific Board Lt. Col. János Norbert Fürjes, PhD Lt. Col. Sándor Magyar, PhD Lt. Col. Tamás Kenedli, PhD Responsible editor: Lt. Col. Szabolcs Háry Make-up editor: Capt. Viktória Magyar Language editor: Ret. Col. Mihály Szabó A kiadásban közreműködött az MH Geoinformációs Szolgálat Szabályzatszerkesztő és Kiadó Osztálya Nyomdai munkák: HM Térképészeti Közhasznú Nonprofit Kft. Felelős vezető: Németh László ügyvezető igazgató HU ISSN 2063-2908 2 EVALUATIONS, ANALYSES, STUDIES Dr habil Mária Bordás, PhD 5 Problems of State Efficiency and Terrorism in North Africa Col. János Tomolya, PhD 41 Terrorist Attack on Tiguentourine Gas Plant in Algeria Krisztina Osvát 60 Energy Security of Australia Capt. Tibor Sonkoly 66 A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words: Visual Analytics – What Is It and Why Now? Lt. Balázs Püspök 76 Somalia: Modern Piracy in the 21st Century Col. István Resperger, PhD 90 National and International Crisis Management, The Triumph Method FORUM of PhD CANDIDATES Lt. Col. Zsolt Lakatos, PhD aspirant 110 Terrorism and Other Transnational Challenges on the Western Balkans Péter Császár Csutorás, PhD aspirant 125 A New Security Bug: Shellshock János Kemény, PhD aspirant 130 Intelligence and Counterintelligence: the Insurgent Perspective News, Events and Information Col. Ret. Lajos Németh, MD 149 Hungarian Defence Forces Medical Centre, Institute for Aeromedical and Military Medical Evaluation and Care, Current Issues of Military Medical Ethics 3 Balázs Klein 158 The management of motivated employees CONDITIONS OF PUBLICATION 174 4 EVALUATIONS, ANALYSES, STUDIES Dr. HABIL MARIA BORDAS PhD PROBLEMS OF STATE EFFICIENCY AND TERRORISM IN NORTH AFRICA Motto: “You can never win a war against terror as long as there are conditions in the world that make people desperate – poverty, disease, ignorance, etc.” Arch-bishop Desmond Tutu, 2007 Abstract The study examines how the state inefficiency in North Africa has led to the increase of the terrorism in these countries. The reasons of terrorism in these countries are fairly complex, cannot describe with only one feature, like the Islamic fundamentalism, but much too far related to state efficiency issues. The study will analyze the segments of the state inefficiency that are typical as the reasons for the terrorism in North Africa, but will examine the countries one by one, as well. That is, there are general phenomena which are closely related to the terrorism, there are special features in these countries, too, which cannot be described with the general tendencies in themselves. Finally, conclusion will be made on the strategies in developing the efficiency of the state which could serve as a tool in the counter-terrorism of North African countries. The standpoint of the study is that terrorism cannot be defeated by the military itself, but by a complex development of the state functions which are capable to eliminate the roots of the terrorism. Key words: terrorism, North Africa, state efficiency, Islamic fundamentalism, good governance, economic-social problems, rebellion, religious-ethnic violence, human rights. Introduction The aim of the study is to shed light on how the state inefficiency in North Africa has led to the increase of the terrorism in these countries. The terrorist attack in the gas plant in Algeria, and the armed conflict caused by the Tuareg tribe in Mali – both in 2013 - called the attention to the fact that North African countries have increasingly served as a safe haven for terrorist groups. Terrorism in North Africa has special features compared to that of in the Middle East, although, there are certain similarities, of course. The reasons of the terrorism in the North African countries are fairly complex, cannot describe with only one feature, like the Islamic fundamentalism, but much too far related to state efficiency issues. The study will analyze the segments of the state inefficiency that are typical as the reason for the terrorism in North Africa, but will examine the countries one by one, as well. 5 This is because there are general phenomena which are closely related to the terrorism, but besides, there are special features in these countries, too, which cannot be described with the general tendencies in themselves. It should be noted, too, that the terrorism has special features in the North African countries, to compare then with the Middle East. The most important difference is that most of the terrorist groups in North Africa have been Al Qaeda affiliates, but they are reluctant to implement terrorist attacks on global level, “just” in North Africa, and they are, however Jihadists, do not want to establish the World Caliphate, “just” to infiltrate in the state authorities here. Finally, conclusion will be made on the strategies in developing the efficiency of the state which could serve as a tool in the counter-terrorism of North African countries. The starting point of the study is that terrorism cannot be defeated by the military itself, but by a complex development of the state functions which are capable to eliminate the roots of the terrorism. It is not hopeless, even many consider it fairly seems to be so. 1. Meaning and relevance of state efficiency in North Africa The question of the efficient state has been one of the most often debated issues in Europe and the US since the 1980-s. The neoliberal economic policy which was rooted in the US in the second part of the 1970-s, was transformed to the practice in the form of New Public Management. This latter one had three segments: establishing more market and less state, using management means in the public sector, and applying business principles. It meant that the state was expected to withdraw from the market, in other words, to intervene in a less manner in the economic processes, and principles of market mechanisms, such as private ownership, market competition, profit-motivation, more opportunity for the customer choice, etc., were emphasized. The European public administrators sought for the answer to the question, if the New Public Management could be applied in the centralized, law-governed European public administration systems, in the so called “Weberian model”. By the end of the 1990-s it became quite clear in Europe, that the principles of the neoliberal economic policy could not be applied in the public sector in the American way, although some elements, such as public policy in the quality legislation, e-Government in the administrative jurisdiction, public leadership in the public service, privatization of certain public services, etc. were introduced. The neoliberal economic policy could never changed, however the solidarity-based welfare system in Europe to a business view-oriented that developed in the American model. The issue of the state efficiency in the developed Western countries had another aspect, as well, which was identified as the requirements of good governance during the 2000- s. The world economic crises in 2007 called the attention to the importance of the state intervention in the economy, i.e. to solve certain market failures, such as to strengthen the stock and money market supervision. As a result, the neoliberal economic policy was accused with the economic problems, and instead of the neo-liberalism, an expectation had been seen towards a strong state that can solve economic and social problems in a highly efficient way. 6 The good governance includes several requirements towards the government, e.g. predictability, accountability, transparency, accessibility, public interest-orientation, professionalism, etc. The relationship between the politics and the public administration was rethought by the political and administrative scientists, too, e.g. the system of checks and balances, the role of the interest groups (lobbies) the majority-based democracy, the decision making process of the government, the formulation of the public interest, the issues of the so called “spoil system”, etc., and called the attention to the different solutions between the European and US state systems. The aforementioned issues of the state efficiency arose in the European post- communist countries as a challenge to establish a market-oriented economy, instead of the former communist bureaucratic economic administration, and also, to build a democratic state system to change the former dictatorial, one-party based regimes. These goals could not be achieved without difficulties: in the lack of democratic traditions, the post-communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe had to face only a slow evolution of a well-operating market economy and governance based on democratic values. Efficiency requirements do not have such a refined meaning here, like in the developed Western countries, the goal seems much rather to achieve just the basic institutions of the Western-type democracies. When the study is trying to analyze in the North African countries how the state inefficiency has led to the escalation of the terrorism, it is needed to identify what elements of the state efficiency will be examined. That is, in a weak or failed state there would make just little sense to discuss the characteristics of the efficient state evolved in the developed Western countries. Instead, the study has to focus on those basic functions of the government, necessary to prevent the total disintegration of the state, which is thought to be capable eliminate the spread of the terrorism.
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