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The Socialist Camp, the USSR, and the Greek Political Refugees. an Unsettled Historical Issue

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The Socialist Camp, the USSR, and the Greek Political Refugees. an Unsettled Historical Issue PECOB’S VOLUMES N: 978 - 88 96951 22 4 B IS The Socialist camp, the USSR, and the Greek Political Refugees. An unsettled historical issue Maria Olimpia Squillaci Master of Arts MIREES Interdisciplinary Research and Studies on Eastern Europe AWARDED MASTER THesis in collaboration with Portal on Central Eastern and Balkan Europe University of Bologna - Forlì Campus www.pecob.eu PECOB’S VOLUME: SELECTED MIREES MASTER THESES ____________________________________________________________________________________ The initiative of: University of Bologna, Vytautas Magnus at Kaunas, Corvinus of Budapest and St. Petersburg State Uni- versity, together with University of Ljubljana and University of Zagreb In collaboration with: MIREES Alumni International Association (MAiA) Institute for Central-Eastern and Balkan Europe (IECOB) Selection coordinated by: MIREES Faculty Academic Council Editorial coordination by: Prof. Francesco Privitera, MIREES Programme Director Adriano Remiddi, President of the MAiA Executive Board Giovanni Cadioli, MAiA Editorial Manager Luciana Moretti, IECOB Editorial Assistant The Socialist camp, the USSR, and the Greek Political Refugees. An unsettled historical issue Maria Olimpia Squillaci Master of Arts MIREES Interdisciplinary Research and Studies on Eastern Europe Awarded Master thesis in History of Eastern Europe Supervisor Prof. Stefano Bianchini Academic Year 2011/2012 FOREWORD The International Master in Interdisciplinary Research and Studies on Easter Europe (MIREES) was launched in 2004 at the School of Political Sciences-Forlì Campus in cooperation with Europe and the Balkans International Network (EBIN). In 2008 it developed as a second cycle degree program, which currently delivers a joint MA awarded by the four full partner Universities of Bologna, Vytautas Magnus at Kaunas, Corvinus of Budapest and St. Petersburg State University, together with the universities of Ljubljana and Zagreb. The program is carried out with the additional support of the associate partners, as the MIREES International Alumni Association (MAiA), the Institute of East-Central and Balkan Europe (IECOB) in Forlì, the NATO Centre of Excellence for Energy Security in Vilnius, and the Institute for Democracy ‘Societas Civilis’- IDSCS - in Skopje, and more recently enjoys the cooperation with the Visegrad Fund. MIREES is an innovative graduate programme focusing on interdisciplinary and in-depth study of the post- socialist Countries in transition, the new EU member States, as well as the New East-European Neighbor Countries. Providing courses in history, politics, economics as well as cultural and anthropological studies, MIREES stimulates multifaceted approaches to the study of Central, Eastern and Southern Europe. The program combines an academic approach with mobility in one of the partner Universities and professional training pursuing the goal of forging potential insightful consultants, analysts or managers, to become area experts for international agencies, public administrations, private and public companies, and NGOs, while also offering a solid basis for further academic studies at the PhD level. MIREES graduates who successfully defended a thesis deemed of a commendable standard are awarded the possibility to publish their research on the Portal for Central-Eastern and Balkan Europe (PECOB). The peer review and publication of the selected MA theses is carried out through a cooperation between MIREES, MAiA and IECOB which resulted in a set of MIREES/MAiA Volumes published by PECOB with ISBN code. Remarkable and diverse academic works, truly representative of MIREES’ intrinsic interdisciplinary and multifaceted approach are made available through such cooperation. These innovative, in-depth and insightfully drafted analyses testify the authors’ dedication and MIREES’ competence in training outstanding researchers and analysts. All members of the MIREES, MAiA and IECOB network congratulate the authors on their achievements. Prof. Francesco Privitera Adriano Remiddi Giovanni Cadioli Programme Director, President of the Executive Board, Editorial Coordinator, MIREES International Degree MIREES Alumni International MIREES Alumni International Programme Association Association Table of Contents Abbreviations .................................................................................... 13 Introduction ...................................................................................... 15 Literature review ....................................................................... 16 Research and methodology ....................................................... 18 Structure of the thesis ............................................................... 22 First Chapter Patriots against banditos or partisans against collaborators? The Greek Civil War’s question in the academic literature ......................... 25 1.1 The Ochi Day and the beginning of the Second World War ...... 28 1.2 “Of all the doctrines follies which communism has imposed on KKE, none was more fatal than the National Question” ...... 30 1.3 “We will not say that Greeks fight like heroes, but that heroes fight like Greeks”: the Greek resistance ............................... 31 1.4 “They regard the Germans as a less enemy”: the first round .... 33 1.5 Did Stalin and Churchill divide Europe? .................................. 35 1.6 “When the people face the danger of the tyranny they choose either the chains or the arms”: Ta Dekemvriana ...... 38 1.7 National-minded and Traitors: the White Terror of 1945-1946 .... 41 1.8 The Greek Civil War ................................................................. 43 1.9 Stalin’s policy towards Greece ............................................... 44 1.10 “The uprising on Greece must be stopped as quickly as possible” (I. Stalin): the end of the Civil War ...................... 46 Second Chapter The refugeeism ..................................................................................... 49 Greeks in Tashkent ................................................................................ 49 2.1 “The war must be stopped today”: the end of the Greek Civil War and the departure to the Eastern bloc ......................... 49 2.2 The necessary departure from Greece ................................... 51 2.3 “They welcomed us as heroes, who fought against the fascism”: the arrival in Tashkent .......................................... 53 2.4 New state, new city, new home .............................................. 55 2.5 From the agricultural world to the industrial ......................... 57 2.6 Who were the refugees, legally? ............................................. 59 2.7 Social life in Tashkent: Uzbek, Russian, or Greek feasts? ........ 60 2.8 The Greek Communist Party in Tashkent, its members and its citizens ............................................................................. 62 2.9 The KKE organization in the USSR and its activities ................ 64 2.10 The Greek small-scale civil war in Tashkent .......................... 66 The question of the children ................................................................. 68 2.11 Pedomazoma or Pedososimo? .............................................. 68 2.12 Why did the Communist take the children out from Greece? .... 71 2.13 The first repatriation of the children ...................................... 73 2.14 The children’s long travel to Eastern Europe ........................ 75 2.15 School, University, Institutes for everyone’s ambition ......... 76 Third chapter “Homeland is homeland”: The return .................................................. 79 3.1 “And the next year in the motherland” ................................... 79 3.2 To return or not to return: this is a dilemma .......................... 81 3.3 Different generations, different inclinations ........................... 82 3.4 Not everyone returned to Greece .......................................... 83 3.5 Home is not always as sweet as we image .............................. 84 3.6 Life in a capitalistic country .................................................... 85 3.7 “They came back to take our jobs” ......................................... 87 3.8 The pensioners ....................................................................... 88 Fourth Chapter The fatality of the ‘National Question’: the disputed fate of the Slavo-Macedonians political refugees .......................................... 89 4.1 The Slavo-Macedonian fighters of the DSE ............................. 90 4.2 The Slavo-Macedonian children .............................................. 91 4.3 The Slavo-Macedonians and their collaboration with the KKE ..... 93 4.4 Slavo-Macedonians again exploited for national purposes ..... 94 4.5 Where were you born? ........................................................... 96 4.6 Differences in affirming one’s own identity ............................. 98 4.7 The interviewees’ positions on the issue ................................ 99 Fifth Chapter Memories of the past and comments for the future ............................ 101 5.1 Individual and Collective memory .......................................... 101 5.2 Collective memory and generations ....................................... 103 5.3 “This is the first time I tell someone this story” ...................... 104 5.4 Hesitations and omissions ...................................................... 105 5.5 Attitude towards the experience ...........................................
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