Development of Vaccination Against Fungal Disease: a Review Article

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Development of Vaccination Against Fungal Disease: a Review Article Tesfahuneygn and Gebreegziabher. Int J Trop Dis 2018, 1:005 Volume 1 | Issue 1 Open Access International Journal of Tropical Diseases REVIEW ARTICLE Development of Vaccination against Fungal Disease: A Review Article Gebrehiwet Tesfahuneygn* and Gebremichael Gebreegziabher Check for updates Tigray Health Research Institute, Ethiopia *Corresponding author: Gebrehiwet Tesfahuneygn, Tigray Health Research Institute, PO Box: 07, Ethiopia, Tel: +25134- 2-414330 vaccines has been a major barrier for other infectious Abstract agents including fungi, partly due to of our lack of Vaccines have been hailed as one of the greatest achieve- knowledge about the mechanisms that underpin pro- ments in the public health during the past century. So far, the development of safe and efficacious vaccines has been tective immunity. a major barrier for other infectious agents including fungi, Fungal diseases are epidemiological hallmarks of partly due to of our lack of knowledge about the mecha- nisms that underpin protective immunity. Although fungi are distinct settings of at risk patients; not only in terms of responsible for pulmonary manifestations and cutaneous their underlying condition but in the spectrum of dis- lesions in apparently immunocompetent individuals, their eases they develop [1,2]. Although fungi are responsible impact is most relevant in patients with severe immunocom- for pulmonary manifestations and cutaneous lesions in promised, in which they can cause severe, life-threatening forms of infection. As an increasing number of immunocom- apparently immunocompetent individuals, their impact promised individuals resulting from intensive chemotherapy is most relevant in patients with severe immune com- regimens, bone marrow or solid organ transplantation, and promised, in which they can cause severe, life-threat- autoimmune diseases have been witnessed in the last de- ening forms of infection. As an increasing number of im- cades, so has the incidence of fungal diseases. munocompromised individuals resulting from intensive Vaccine development is a priority for several fungal patho- chemotherapy regimens, bone marrow or solid organ gens, including C. albicans, C. neoformans, A. fumigatus, transplantation, and autoimmune diseases have been and dimorphic fungi. Many challenges confront vaccine de- velopment for fungi, including different host risk factors and witnessed in the last decades, so has the incidence of modes of fungal pathogenesis. No single antigen can be fungal diseases [1,2]. Regardless of hundreds of thou- expected to be used in a “pan-fungal” vaccine; rather, spe- sands of fungal species, only a few cause disease in cific tailored vaccines will be required for the major fungal humans. The most common fungi that infect humans pathogens. are Candida spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus Immunotherapy can be evaluated as preventive or as ad- neoformans, Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) and the junctive therapy. Prevention should be targeted to patients thermally dimorphic fungi e.g. Histoplasma capsulatum, at significant risk for the infection of interest and should fo- cus on infections with significant morbidity or mortality that Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides posadasii, Pen- are inadequately covered by standard therapies. One chal- icillium marneffei and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis [3]. lenge relates to accrual of adequate numbers of patients in trials involving uncommon infections. Despite recent additions to our antifungal drug ar- mamentarium, success rates for many mycoses remain Introduction unacceptably low and antifungal drug therapy is often limited by toxicity, resistance and high cost. To circum- Vaccines have been hailed as one of the greatest vent these difficulties, alternative approaches to pre- achievements in the public health during the past cen- vention and treatment are being developed, including tury. So far, the development of safe and efficacious vaccines and passive immunotherapy. Citation: Tesfahuneygn G, Gebreegziabher G (2018) Development of Vaccination against Fungal Dis- ease: A Review Article. Int J Trop Dis 1:005. Accepted: August 23, 2018; Published: August 25, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Tesfahuneygn G, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Tesfahuneygn and Gebreegziabher. Int J Trop Dis 2018, 1:005 • Page 1 of 8 • Here, we review the progress of current research in that stimulated antibody titers (e.g., pneumococcus) or this field, discuss some of the potential obstacles to de- in the case of the bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine, de- veloping and marketing a protective antifungal vaccine. layed-type hypersensitivity responses. More recently, Vaccines against the fungi the concept of adjuvants has been expanded to include soluble mediators and antigenic carriers (e.g., endotox- In recent years, several studies in the field of medi- in, Flt3 ligand, and heat-shock protein) that activate an- cal mycology have been focused on the development of tigen-presenting cells and stimulate innate and cellular new vaccines against fungal pathogens. Many pertinent immunity [14]. Heat-shock proteins are an example of reviews and papers have been published with both new naturally produced proteins that have been exploited as strategies and challenges to the development of anti- vaccine adjuvants in cancer and infectious diseases [14- fungal vaccines due to the rise of dangerous systemic 20]. Heat-shock proteins exhibit powerful immunostim- fungal infections, especially related to immunocom- ulatory effects on dendritic cells in a TLR2- and TLR4-de- promised patients, premature infants, cancer patients pendent fashion [21,22] and induce antibody and type I and those with invasive treatments for long periods in cellular immunity that may be promising in fungal vac- hospital settings, which are known as high-risk groups cine development [23]. Fungi also produce heat shock [4-6]. High-risk groups in the past decades have been proteins that may be targets for vaccine development. expanding in number owing to advances in the medical Long, et al. [24] identified heat-shock protein 60 as the field, where new treatments to critical diseases, such as ligand on H. capsulatum that mediates binding to CD18 cancer, have arisen [7]. These treatments improve pa- receptors on human macrophages. Immunization with tient’s survival rates, but can also affect natural barriers recombinant heat shock protein 60 from H. capsulatum of the body or even significantly impact the competence conferred protection from a subsequent challenge in of the immune system of the individual, contributing to mice [25]. Paradoxically, vaccination may be useful to an increased vulnerability to infections caused by fungi attenuate pathological inflammatory responses or in- [8]. duce tolerance. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillo- sis develops from sensitization to airway A. fumigatus Vaccine development is a priority for several fun- antigens, leading to a Th2 CD4+ cell response charac- gal pathogens, including C. albicans [9], C. neoformans terized by secretion of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 [26]. T cells [10], A. fumigatus [6], and dimorphic fungi [11]. Many are the key components mediating allergic responses to challenges confront vaccine development for fungi, in- A. fumigatus antigens in mouse models of allergic bron- cluding different host risk factors and modes of fungal chopulmonary aspergillosis [27]. There is significant pathogenesis. No single antigen can be expected to be interest in immunotherapy for allergic bronchopulmo- used in a “pan-fungal” vaccine; rather, specific tailored nary aspergillosis, including the use of CpG sequences vaccines will be required for the major fungal pathogens [28], recombinant allergens, and peptides to induce [12]. tolerance, as well as antigenic and DNA-based vaccines One impediment to fungal vaccine development is aimed at controlling the Th2-mediated responses in al- that the patients who are most susceptible to oppor- lergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis [29]. tunistic fungal infections are those least able to mount protective responses [13] showed that CD4+ T cells Challenges in Designing Mycological Immuno- were dispensable in vaccine immunity against pulmo- therapy Trials nary blastomycosis (an extracellular pathogen) and his- Immunotherapy can be evaluated as preventive or toplasmosis (a facultative intracellular pathogen) in im- as adjunctive therapy. Prevention should be targeted to munocompromised mice. CD8+ T cells, in the absence patients at significant risk for the infection of interest of CD4+ T cells, mediated vaccine-induced protection and should focus on infections with significant morbid- against these fungi, and protection by Blastomyces-im- ity or mortality that are inadequately covered by stan- mune CD8+ T cells could be adoptively transferred. dard therapies. These results contradict the dogma that induction of CD8+ T cell responses against exogenously processed One challenge relates to accrual of adequate num- antigens requires CD4+ T cells, and they provide en- bers of patients in trials involving uncommon infections. couragement for vaccine development for patients with Assuming a vaccine with 80% efficacy in preventing in- impaired CD4+ T cell immunity (e.g., patients with ad- vasive aspergillosis and a 5% frequency of invasive as- vanced AIDS). pergillosis in
Recommended publications
  • Coccidioides Immitis
    24/08/2017 FUNGAL AGENTS CAUSING INFECTION OF THE LUNG Microbiology Lectures of the Respiratory Diseases Prepared by: Rizalinda Sjahril Microbiology Department Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University 2016 OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL MYCOLOGY . Among 150.000 fungi species only 100-150 are human pathogens 25 spp most common pathogens . Majority are saprophyticLiving on dead or decayed organic matter . Transmission Person to person (rare) SPORE INHALATION OR ENTERS THE TISSUE FROM TRAUMA Animal to person (rare) – usually in dermatophytosis 1 24/08/2017 OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL MYCOLOGY . Human is usually resistant to infection, unless: Immunoscompromised (HIV, DM) Serious underlying disease Corticosteroid/antimetabolite treatment . Predisposing factors: Long term intravenous cannulation Complex surgical procedures Prolonged/excessive antibacterial therapy OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL MYCOLOGY . Several fungi can cause a variety of infections: clinical manifestation and severity varies. True pathogens -- have the ability to cause infection in otherwise healthy individuals 2 24/08/2017 Opportunistic/deep mycoses which affect the respiratory system are: Cryptococcosis Aspergillosis Zygomycosis True pathogens are: Blastomycosis Seldom severe Treatment not required unless extensive tissue Coccidioidomycosis destruction compromising respiratory status Histoplasmosis Or extrapulmonary fungal dissemination Paracoccidioidomycosis COMMON PATHOGENS OBTAINED FROM SPECIMENS OF PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE Fungi Common site of Mode of Infectious Clinical
    [Show full text]
  • Valley Fever a K a Coccidioidomycosis Coccidioidosis Coccidiodal Granuloma San Joaquin Valley Fever Desert Rheumatism Valley Bumps Cocci Cox C
    2019 Lung Infection Symposium - Libke 10/26/2019 58 YO ♂ • 1974 PRESENTED WITH HEADACHE – DX = COCCI MENINGITIS WITH HYDROCEPHALUS – Rx = IV AMPHOTERICIN X 6 WKS – VP SHUNT – INTRACISTERNAL AMPHO B X 2.5 YRS (>200 PUNCTURES) • 1978 – 2011 VP SHUNT REVISIONS X 5 • 1974 – 2019 GAINFULLY EMPLOYED, RAISED FAMILY, RETIRED AND CALLS OCCASIONALLY TO SEE HOW I’M DOING. VALLEY FEVER A K A COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS COCCIDIOIDOSIS COCCIDIODAL GRANULOMA SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY FEVER DESERT RHEUMATISM VALLEY BUMPS COCCI COX C 1 2019 Lung Infection Symposium - Libke 10/26/2019 COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS • DISEASE FIRST DESCRIBED IN 1892 – POSADAS –ARGENTINA – RIXFORD & GILCHRIST - CALIFORNIA – INITIALLY THOUGHT PARASITE – RESEMBLED COCCIDIA “COCCIDIOIDES” – “IMMITIS” = NOT MINOR COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS • 1900 ORGANISM IDENTIFIED AS FUNGUS – OPHULS AND MOFFITT – ORGANISM CULTURED FROM TISSUES OF PATIENT – LIFE CYCLE DEFINED – FULFULLED KOCH’S POSTULATES 2 2019 Lung Infection Symposium - Libke 10/26/2019 COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS • 1932 ORGANISM IN SOIL SAMPLE FROM DELANO – UNDER BUNKHOUSE OF 4 PATIENTS – DISEASE FATAL • 1937 DICKSON & GIFFORD CONNECTED “VALLEY FEVER” TO C. IMMITIS – USUALLY SELF LIMITED – FREQUENTLY SEEN IN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY – RESPIRATORY TRACT THE PORTAL OF ENTRY The usual cause for coccidioidomycosis in Arizona is C. immitis A. True B. False 3 2019 Lung Infection Symposium - Libke 10/26/2019 COCCIDIOIDAL SPECIES • COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS – CALIFORNIA • COCCIDIOIDES POSADASII – NON-CALIFORNIA • ARIZONA, MEXICO • OVERLAP IN SAN DIEGO AREA THE MICROBIAL WORLD • PRIONS
    [Show full text]
  • PCR Based Identification and Discrimination of Agents Of
    1180 ORIGINAL ARTICLE J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.2004.024703 on 27 October 2005. Downloaded from PCR based identification and discrimination of agents of mucormycosis and aspergillosis in paraffin wax embedded tissue R Bialek, F Konrad, J Kern, C Aepinus, L Cecenas, G M Gonzalez, G Just-Nu¨bling, B Willinger, E Presterl, C Lass-Flo¨rl, V Rickerts ............................................................................................................................... J Clin Pathol 2005;58:1180–1184. doi: 10.1136/jcp.2004.024703 Background: Invasive fungal infections are often diagnosed by histopathology without identification of the causative fungi, which show significantly different antifungal susceptibilities. Aims: To establish and evaluate a system of two seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to identify and discriminate between agents of aspergillosis and mucormycosis in paraffin wax embedded tissue samples. Methods: DNA of 52 blinded samples from five different centres was extracted and used as a template in See end of article for two PCR assays targeting the mitochondrial aspergillosis DNA and the 18S ribosomal DNA of authors’ affiliations zygomycetes. ....................... Results: Specific fungal DNA was identified in 27 of 44 samples in accordance with a histopathological Correspondence to: diagnosis of zygomycosis or aspergillosis, respectively. Aspergillus fumigatus DNA was amplified from Dr R Bialek, Institut fu¨r one specimen of zygomycosis (diagnosed by histopathology). In four of 16 PCR negative samples no Tropenmedizin, human DNA was amplified, possibly as a result of the destruction of DNA before paraffin wax Universita¨tsklinikum embedding. In addition, eight samples from clinically suspected fungal infections (without histopatholo- Tu¨bingen, Keplerstrasse 15, 72074 Tu¨bingen, gical proof) were examined.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix a Bacteria
    Appendix A Complete list of 594 pathogens identified in canines categorized by the following taxonomical groups: bacteria, ectoparasites, fungi, helminths, protozoa, rickettsia and viruses. Pathogens categorized as zoonotic/sapronotic/anthroponotic have been bolded; sapronoses are specifically denoted by a ❖. If the dog is involved in transmission, maintenance or detection of the pathogen it has been further underlined. Of these, if the pathogen is reported in dogs in Canada (Tier 1) it has been denoted by an *. If the pathogen is reported in Canada but canine-specific reports are lacking (Tier 2) it is marked with a C (see also Appendix C). Finally, if the pathogen has the potential to occur in Canada (Tier 3) it is marked by a D (see also Appendix D). Bacteria Brachyspira canis Enterococcus casseliflavus Acholeplasma laidlawii Brachyspira intermedia Enterococcus faecalis C Acinetobacter baumannii Brachyspira pilosicoli C Enterococcus faecium* Actinobacillus Brachyspira pulli Enterococcus gallinarum C C Brevibacterium spp. Enterococcus hirae actinomycetemcomitans D Actinobacillus lignieresii Brucella abortus Enterococcus malodoratus Actinomyces bovis Brucella canis* Enterococcus spp.* Actinomyces bowdenii Brucella suis Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae C Actinomyces canis Burkholderia mallei Erysipelothrix tonsillarum Actinomyces catuli Burkholderia pseudomallei❖ serovar 7 Actinomyces coleocanis Campylobacter coli* Escherichia coli (EHEC, EPEC, Actinomyces hordeovulneris Campylobacter gracilis AIEC, UPEC, NTEC, Actinomyces hyovaginalis Campylobacter
    [Show full text]
  • The Known Unknowns of the Immune Response to Coccidioides
    Journal of Fungi Review The Known Unknowns of the Immune Response to Coccidioides Rebecca A. Ward 1 , George R. Thompson 3rd 2 , Alexandra-Chloé Villani 3,4,5, Bo Li 3,4,5, Michael K. Mansour 1,5, Marcel Wuethrich 6, Jenny M. Tam 5,7, Bruce S. Klein 6,8,9 and Jatin M. Vyas 1,5,* 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; [email protected] (R.A.W.); [email protected] (M.K.M.) 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 96817, USA; [email protected] 3 Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; [email protected] (A.-C.V.); [email protected] (B.L.) 4 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA 5 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; [email protected] 6 Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; [email protected] (M.W.); [email protected] (B.S.K.) 7 Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA 8 Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA 9 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-617-643-6444 Abstract: Coccidioidomycosis, otherwise known as Valley Fever, is caused by the dimorphic fungi Coccidioides immitis and C.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the 63Rd Coccidioidomycosis Study Group Annual Meeting
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE 63RD COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS STUDY GROUP ANNUAL MEETING April 5–6, 2019 University of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento, CA ECOLOGY DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ONYGENALEAN FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH PRAIRIE DOGS IN NORTHERN ARIZONA Bridget Barker1, Marcus Teixeira2, Kaitlyn Parra1, Julie Hempleman3, Jason Stajich4, Anne Justice-Allen5 1Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA. 2University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil. 3TGen-North, Flagstaff, AZ, USA. 4UC-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA. 5AZ Game and Fish, Phoenix, AZ, USA Background: Onygenalean fungi include a broad array of species associated with animals and their surrounding habitats. Burrowing-mammal species may contribute to their maintenance because burrows are enriched with animal-derived material such as feces, fur, and decomposing carcasses. Prairie dogs (PD) are comprised of at least five Cynomys species native to western North America and northern Mexico, overlapping the range of coccidioidomycosis. We hypothesize that PDs may be one host of Coccidioides spp., and these animals may facilitate fungal maintenance and dispersion. Methods: 16 C. gunnisoni specimens were collected from Aubrey Valley, Seligman, AZ, USA. The lungs were split into quarters, and sample from each quarter was used for DNA extraction. A subset of the remaining quarters were used for culturing. The mycobiome of PD lungs was assessed using ITS2 amplification followed by metagenome sequencing. ITS2 sequences were analyzed using Qiime 1.0 software and Ghost tree methods. Fungal isolation was carried out by plating homogenized lung tissue onto agar plates incubated at 24°C and 37°C for 4 weeks. 48 colonies were picked to single colonies and genotyped by sequencing entire ITS region, and 25 of these were fully sequenced for phylogenomic comparisons.
    [Show full text]
  • Coccidioidomycosis (Last Updated February 16, 2021; Last Reviewed February 16, 2021)
    Coccidioidomycosis (Last updated February 16, 2021; last reviewed February 16, 2021) Epidemiology Coccidioidomycosis is caused by either of two soil-dwelling dimorphic fungi: Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. Most cases of coccidioidomycosis in people with HIV have been reported in the areas in which the disease is highly endemic.1 Cases also may be identified outside of these areas when a person gives a history of having traveled through an endemic region. In the United States, these areas include the lower San Joaquin Valley and other arid regions in southern California; much of Arizona; the southern regions of Utah, Nevada, and New Mexico; and western Texas.2 Several cases of coccidioidomycosis in individuals who acquired the infection in eastern Washington state have been reported. One of these cases was phylogenetically linked to local Coccidioides immitis isolates.2 These observations suggest that the coccidioidal endemic range may be expanding. The risk of developing symptomatic coccidioidomycosis after infection is increased in patients with HIV who have CD4 T lymphocyte (CD4) counts <250 cells/mm3, those who are not virologically suppressed, or those who have AIDS.3 The incidence and severity of HIV-associated coccidioidomycosis have declined since the introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART).4, 5 Clinical Manifestations Four common clinical syndromes of coccidioidomycosis have been described: focal pneumonia; diffuse pneumonia; extrathoracic involvement, including meningitis, osteoarticular infection, and other extrathoracic sites; and positive coccidioidal serology tests without evidence of localized infection.7 In patients with HIV, lack of viral suppression and CD4 count <250 cells/mm3 are associated with increased severity of the presentation of coccidioidomycosis.6 Focal pneumonia is most common in patients with CD4 counts ≥250 cells/mm3.
    [Show full text]
  • Coccidioidomycosis: Changing Concepts and Knowledge Gaps
    Journal of Fungi Review Coccidioidomycosis: Changing Concepts and Knowledge Gaps Neil M. Ampel Department of Infectious Diseases, Medicine and Immunobiology University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; [email protected] Received: 26 October 2020; Accepted: 3 December 2020; Published: 10 December 2020 Abstract: Although first described more than 120 years ago, much remains unknown about coccidioidomycosis. In this review, new information that has led to changing concepts will be reviewed and remaining gaps in our knowledge will be discussed. In particular, new ideas regarding ecology and epidemiology, problems and promises of diagnosis, controversies over management, and the possibility of a vaccine will be covered. Keywords: coccidioidomycosis; Coccidioides; antifungals; vaccines; ecology 1. Introduction As stated more than two decades ago, coccidioidomycosis is a regional disease of national importance [1]. Recent studies attest to the continued medical [2] and economic impact [3] of this mycosis in the United States as well as in the rest of the western hemisphere [4,5]. In this review, particular aspects of coccidioidomycosis will be discussed that emphasize changing ideas and critical knowledge gaps. These will include new concepts regarding ecology, changing epidemiology, and possible geographic spread; problems and challenges with diagnosis; issues with treatment; and the possibility of a protective vaccine. While reference to older works will be noted when appropriate, the purpose here will be to cite more recent publications. 2. Defining the Ecology and Changing Epidemiology of Coccidioidomycosis The distribution of coccidioidomycosis in nature was inferred in the past using three sources: epidemiology of proven cases, population-based skin test surveys, and ecological studies [6].
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Characterization of Genes Found in Coccidioides Spp
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/413906; this version posted October 19, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Identification and characterization of genes found in Coccidioides spp. but not nonpathogenic Onygenales Theo N. Kirkland University of California San Diego School of Medicine Departments of Pathology and Medicine [email protected] Abstract Coccidioides spp. are dimorphic, pathogenic fungi that can cause severe human and animal disease. Like the other primary fungal pathogens, infections of animals results in a morphologic transformation to a tissue phase, which in this case is known as a spherule. The sequencing and annotation of Coccidioides spp. and the genomes of several nonpathogenic Onygenales species allows comparisons that might provide clues about the Coccidioides spp. genes that might be involved in pathogenesis. This analysis is a gene by gene orthology comparison. Although there were few differences in the size of genes families in the Coccidioides spp.-specific group compared to the genes shared by Coccidioides spp. and nonpathogenic Onygenales, there were a number of differences in the characterization of the two types of genes. Many more Coccidioides spp.-specific genes are up-regulated expression in spherules. Coccidioides spp.- specific genes more often lacked functional annotation, were more often classified as orphan genes and had SNPs with stop codons or higher non-synonymous/ synonymous ratios. Review of individual genes in the Coccidioides spp.-specific group identified two genes in the Velvet family, a histidine kinase, two thioredoxin genes, a calmodulin gene and ureidoglycolate hydrolase.
    [Show full text]
  • Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection and Differentiation of Coccidioides Immitis And
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.08.21254780; this version posted April 16, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . 1 2 Real-time PCR assay for detection and differentiation of Coccidioides immitis and 3 Coccidioides posadasii from culture and clinical specimens 4 5 Sudha Chaturvedi1,2*, Tanya R. Victor1, Anuradha Marathe1, Ketevan Sidamonidze1,#, 6 Kelly L. Crucillo3, and Vishnu Chaturvedi1* 7 8 1Mycology laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 9 Albany, NY 10 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 11 3Coccidioidomycosis Serology Laboratory, University of California School of Medicine, 12 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, CA 13 14 Species-specific real time PCR for C. immitis and C. posadasii 15 16 17 *Corresponding authors Email: [email protected], 18 [email protected] 19 20 21 22 NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified1 by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.08.21254780; this version posted April 16, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Fungal Peptide Vaccines
    Journal of Fungi Review Advances in Fungal Peptide Vaccines Leandro B. R. Da Silva 1,2, Carlos P. Taborda 1,3 and Joshua D. Nosanchuk 2,* 1 Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; [email protected] (L.B.R.D.S.); [email protected] (C.P.T.) 2 Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA 3 Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Laboratorio de Micologia Medica, Departamento de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-718-430-2993 Received: 9 June 2020; Accepted: 22 July 2020; Published: 25 July 2020 Abstract: Vaccination is one of the greatest public health achievements in the past century, protecting and improving the quality of life of the population worldwide. However, a safe and effective vaccine for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of fungal infections is not yet available. The lack of a vaccine for fungi is a problem of increasing importance as the incidence of diverse species, including Paracoccidioides, Aspergillus, Candida, Sporothrix, and Coccidioides, has increased in recent decades and new drug-resistant pathogenic fungi are emerging. In fact, our antifungal armamentarium too frequently fails to effectively control or cure mycoses, leading to high rates of mortality and morbidity. With this in mind, many groups are working towards identifying effective and safe vaccines for fungal pathogens, with a particular focus of generating vaccines that will work in individuals with compromised immunity who bear the major burden of infections from these microbes.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Report Abortion and Disseminated
    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title Case report: Abortion and disseminated infection by Coccidioides posadasii in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) fetus in Southern California. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3s75w9kk Journal Medical mycology case reports, 2(1) ISSN 2211-7539 Authors Diab, Santiago Johnson, Suzanne M Garcia, Jorge et al. Publication Date 2013-10-31 DOI 10.1016/j.mmcr.2013.10.002 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Medical Mycology Case Reports 2 (2013) 159–162 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Medical Mycology Case Reports journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mmcr Case report: Abortion and disseminated infection by Coccidioides posadasii in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) fetus in Southern California$ Santiago Diab a,n, Suzanne M. Johnson b, Jorge Garcia a, Erin L. Carlson b, Demosthenes Pappagianis b, Jana Smith c, Francisco A. Uzal a a California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), San Bernardino branch. University of California, Davis, CA, USA b Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA c Private Practitioner, Somis, CA, USA article info abstract Article history: Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease affecting humans and other mammals caused by the soil-dwelling Received 24 September 2013 fungi Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii. Abortion due to Coccidioides spp. infection is rare in domestic Received in revised form animals and transplacental transmission is considered uncommon in women. This report describes a case 23 October 2013 of placental-fetal infection and abortion in an alpaca with disseminated C. posadasii infection.
    [Show full text]