ITS ADMINISTRATION & PROGRESS

B1' SIR JOHN STRACHEY, G.C.S.I

THIRD EDITION. REVISED AND ENLARGED

iLonbon MACMILLAN AND CO., LtliiTED NEW YORlt: TBl!lliACYILLAI'I COMPANY 1903 PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

IN 1884 I gave a course of lectures on subjects connected with before the University of Cambridge. They formed the , basis of the first edition of ·this work, published in uiss. Since that time great changes have been made in. the constitution of the Indian Legislatures, in the orga~ation of the Civil Services and Amly, and in other branches of the administration, while the progress of the country. in wealth and material prosperity has been immense. A second and revised· .edition of the book was published in 1894, and so many .alterations were then made that the work assumed a new shape, and no division into imaginary lectures. remained. In the present edition the changes and .additions necessary to make it give, as far as possible,· an accurate description of existing facts, have been still greater, it has been much enlarged, parts of the work . have been entirely re-written, and its title has been slightly altered. The changes thus made in the original fonp of the bqok have one drawback. While it was merely a course of lectures, it was obvious that it pro • .Cessed to be nothing more than a series of papers, not necessarily connected with each other, on various Indian · topics i that many subjects of importance 'necessarily b . viii INDIA

and designedly remained untouched; and that I did not ·pretend to attempt the impossible tas~ of describing in a single volume the great continent of India. In that respect the purpose of the book remains as it was, but, instead of being a collection of lectures on certain Indian · subje~ts, it has become a collection of chapters. · Mr. Baines, in his Report on the Indian Census of 1891, a work which I have often quoted, and to which it would be difficult to give mote ·praise than it deserves, has applied to himself the :words of Moliere, "Je prends · mon bien ou je le trouve," and every one who writes, with any just pretence to knowledge, on, such a subject as India must say the same. There is no man living competent to give, .from his own knowledge alone, an accurate description of a continent as large as civilised Europe, and one that in all its physical characteristics i~ far more various.. Valuable works and official reports have been published in recent years, dealing with Indian subjects, or with special branches of the administration,. and to these I have, in the body of the work, acknow­ ledged my obligations. Among them I must here especially mention the contributions to o~r knowledge made by Sir Henry JM;aine, Sir James Stephen, Sir Alfred Lyall, Mr. Baines, Sir Denzil lbbetson, 1\fr. Risley, and the Reports of the three Famine Commissions of JJ380, 1898, and 1901. I am under many obligations of a ·more personal kind. 1\fr. A. N. ·wollaston, Sir Steuart Bayley, Sir John Edge, Sir Charles Lyall, u.nd :Mr. Lionel Abrahams have given to me, in the prepara~ tion of this edition, both from their personal knowledgt:ii and from the records of the , help for which I cannot sufficielltly thank them. :Mr. Bourdillon, now PREFACE ix acting as Lieutenant- Governor of , and wh? possesses a knowledge and experience of the subject which few 'can equal, has been good enough to revise my account of that great province; and Sir Antony Mac­ Donnell has not been prevented by his present arduous duties from going through the proofs of the chapters which treat of the United Provinces of and Oudh, the government of which, a short time ago; ~e was . .administering with. conspicuous ability. My special thanks are also due to Mr. Morison, the accomplished Principal of the Mohammedan College. at Aligarh ;. to Sir Charles Elliott ; to Sir Hugh Barn~, the Lieutenant-Governor of Burma; to .my son, Major J. Strachey ; and to Mr. G. H. M. ~atten, who, in addition to much other assistance, has contributed to the book the most complete account which, in my opinion, has been written of all the facts connected with the revenue of India. Thus, if I may apply to 'such a subject as the im~rovement of this book the. famous words of the poet, i~has at least had the advantage of the help of" the ma ters of those who know." . ·when a man ha, been for many years writing and speaking on matters to which his life has been mainly devoted, there must be much about which he call say, nothing new. As ~rr. John Mo~ley has written in."'~-...... '" what similar circumstances, "TheA!Lbol"'~ "~ former self the rell.der-:J.J--.1....,~ _thf'-'.'J..~' X INDIA

published by my brother, General Sir Richard Strachey, andmyself on the Finances and Public Works of India. It was our joint production ; our opinions were so much in unison, . and were so constantly formed in close personal communication, that while I know that I owe far more to hin1 than he has owe_d to me, it is impossible for me to say to which of us some parts of that book are to be attributed. 'In the present edition I have 'borrowed· from. it freely. ·And, having named my brother, I must add, because this is the last opportunity that I shall ever have of saying it, that there are, in . my belief, few men living who have done so much, often in ways unknown to the outside world, for the improve­ ment of Indian administration. It is to him that . India . owes the initiation of that great policy of the systematic extension of railways and canals which has . been crowned with such extraordinary success, which has increased to an incalculable extent the wealth of the country, and has profoundly altered its condition. To him is due the conception of those measures of financial and administrative decentralisation which have had the most far-reaching consequences, and which were pro: nounced by Sir Henry Maine to bJ by far the greatest and most successful reforms carriei out in India in his ~.,~"'-·To his active support is l~gely due the initiation ...~hic~ .. have prcfed of the highest value, · ,,.._ ..,...f .. .the Indian Forests, ,.l\ .... J...... :..-:-- ~---...... ~.P.nt. ,.~\as...... PREFACE xi

has now· been· carried out, and the delay of which has . involved India in incalculable loss. If the Weights and ' ·Measures of India are still in a condition of mischievous chaos, it is because, through the powerful influence of' ignorant prejudice, the Act which he introduced and earned. through the Legislature, and which is still on the Statu~e Book, has remained a dead letter. ~ He presided over the first of the Commissions which ·have taught us the true principles upon which Indian famines.

can be combated. ' • r 1 I suppose that no two men had greater opportumti...:.;• through a long co~se of years, than my brother and myself of obtaining knowledge regarding India. For . many years we took part, often in close association, in its government, and it would be an affectation of humility to profess that this part was not an important one. There is hardly a great office of the State, from that of Acting-Viceroy, Lieutenant-Governor, or Member· of Council downwards, which one or other of us has not held, and hardly a department · of the administration . • with which one or other of us has not been intimately connected. The book of which my brother and myself were the joint authors was dedicated by us to the public: servants of aU classes, the results of whose labours for India we had endeavoured, in some measure, t'-' record .. Whatever may have been do~ by viceroys, and governors, and great comm.andcrs, the soldiers and civilians whose ~ . '_llimes-'hale hardly been heard in England have done · much more in building up the splendid fabric of our Indian Empire. It is by the everyday work of a<:lminis­ tration that the real foll:Ildations of our P.ower have been maintained and strengthened,. and th~ steady progress xii INDIA

of the country has been secured.· It is, indeed, to that part of their lives that Indian officials like my · brother and myself, actively concerned although we have been in the work of the Central Government, look back with perhaps the greatest interest. We may be forgiven if we take pride in remembering that during the last century and a half four generations of our family have given to India the best portion of their lives. · A distinguished Frenchman, M. Harmand, did me the honour of translating into French the :first edition · of this book, and he prefaced his work with an Intro­ duction. which, if it h~d been less flattering to myself, I should have been glad to reproduce in English, show­ ing as it did, the opinions of a most competent and · intelligent foreign observer on the government of our .Indian Empire. M. Harmand, during a long residence in the Asiatic possessions of France and in British India, in both of which he held important official posts, had rare opportunities of· forming an accurate judgment on the problems· which have to be solved by the Western . rulers of Oriental peoples. He has discussed the principles on which the government of a great Eastern . possession can alone be wisely conducted, and, taking India a:::..his ..object-lesson, has· endeavoured to show to hj.s countrymen why· the...:ffforts of the English to establish a. solid and self-suppoit:!l~. d minion in the . East have been crowned :with such extraordinaryThcceiR. Another interesting book, written with aims similar to those of M. Harmand, has been published by M. Chailley· Bert, the worthy possessor of an illustrious name. 1 I

I 1A Colml.ilatiola dt r 1W-Ch.i111!, r~ anglaiu. PREFACE xiii eommend to Englishmen who feel an honourable pride in th~ work of the men who ~ave built up and who· are maintaining the wonderful structure of their Indian Empir~, the calm and impartial testimony of M." Harmand and 1fL Chailley-Bert. · · TQHN STRACHEY. Ap~ll903. CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTORY

English ignorance regarding India-India not a country but a continent-The name Hindustan-The great differences between the countries of India­ Bengal and Northern India-No countries or nations of the European type -The English in India-The British Government-The growth of a single Indian nationality impossible-Danger of generalisationlt-The great changes in India-Progress of the country in wealth and good government. Pages 1-18

CHAPTER II

THE GEOGRAPHY OF 1!..-DIA

The Indian Empire: area and population-The main features of Indian geo­ graphy-The Indo-Gangetic plain-Presidencies and Provinces-The ta.hlh land of Central and Southern India-Physical causes of the great ditrP.rAnce.~­ between the countries of India-The monsoons • 19-39

CHAPTER ITI

THE HnlALA.'U.

The Himalaya-Its influence on India-Its geography-The great rivers of India-The story of the sources of the -British and Native Hima­ layan provinc

CHAPTER IV

THE CONSTITUTION OP THE GOVEB.NMENT IN lli1>IA

Presidencies and provinces-The Presidency of Bengal-Fiu;t constitution of the Government-Hastings and his Council-Changes between 1773 and 1833-The Governor-General of India in Council-Separation of the North­ Western Provinces from Bengal-Renewal of the Charter in 1853-A Lieu­ tenant-Governor appointed for Bengal-The mutiny of the Native army­ Transfer of the government to the Crown~The existing constitution of the Supreme and Provincial Governments-The Indian legislatures-The Provincial Governments-Former cumbrous mode of transacting business­ Changes made by L!>rd Canning-Reforms completed by Lord Lawrence­ The Council converted into a Cabinet-Manner of transacting business­ Power of Governor-General to ·overrule the Council-Migration of the Government to Simla.....:Relations between Supreme and Provincial Govern· ments-Mr. Bright on the government of India-Decentralisation. Pages 43-6~ :I'

CHAPTER V

THE HOME GOVERNli'ENT

The Home Government-The Secretary of State ~d Council of India-Mode of transacting business-Nature of control over the Government of India-­ Parliamentary interference:-lts dangers 66-73

CHAPTER VI

THE CIVIL SERVICES

Principles on which first appoint.c:.tents ars made-The Covenanted Service-: System of nomination before 1853.-:system pf open competition-Natives. of India in the Covenanted Service-The Statute of._ 1833-The Queen's Proclamation of 1858-The Statute of 1870-Admission of N&tif~ to posts of importance-Lord Lytton's rules-Public Service Commission-Imperial· and Provincial Services-Small number of Englishmen in the Civil Service -The greater part of the administration in Native hands-High character of Native officers-Their salaries-Necessity for maintaining English prin­ ciples of government-Question of holding competitive examinations in India-Transfer of important offices to the Provincial Services-The Public Works, Telegraph, Police, Forest, and Educational Services 7~90 I CONTENTS xvii

CHAPTER VII

THE LA. WS ..U."D THE A.Dl£1NISTRATION 011' JUSTICE

The foundations of the existing Judicial System-Reglllations and Act.

CHAPTER VIIT

THI 11'INANCES AND PUBLIC REVENUES

Responsibility for financial control-Reforms after the mutinies of 1857- Financial decentralisation-Existing system-Growth of the public revenues -Their present amount-Small proportion derived from taxation-The sources and amount of the public income • 111~122

CHAPTER IX'

REVENUES OTHER THAN THOSE DERIVED PRell TAXATION

The land revenue-Its utnre described-Its incidence under Native and British Governments-Moderation of assessments-AurangZ!'b's revenues-Rates on land · • 123-131

CHAPTER X

REVENUES OTHER THAN ~!!Oi,J ~VED FROH TAXATION (continued)

The opiu~-.:aue-Its amount-Yr. Batten on the opium question-Intro· "'(i'ifcti.on of opium into India-State monopoly under Moghal Government­ Existing system-Value of Indian poppy crops-Alleged reasons for anp· pression of opium' trade-Opium in China-Wars with China-Chefoo Convention-Effect& of consuming opium-Consumption in China and India-Society for suppression of the opium trade-Its misrepresentationa -Consumption by Sikhs and Rajpnts-System of excise-Royal Com· mission of 1893-Forests-Tributes from Native Stat.es-Post office-Tele­ graphs • • 132-159 xviii INDIA

~. CHAPTER XI

REVENUES DERIVED FROM TA.:IATION

The Tax-Sources of salt supply-Former system of levying d1tties--Th8' Inland Customs Line-Its abolition-The present system-Result of reforms · -The stamp revenue-Excise on spirits and drugs--Misrepresentations­ Principles of excise administration-Assessed taxes-Income Tax-Regis· · tration Pages 160-173

CHAPTER XII

UVENUES DERIVED FROM TAXATION (etmtin'Ued)

Customs duties-Duties before 1875-Duties on cotton goods-Free trade in India-Abolition of import duties--India.n tea-Export duty on rice-Re· imposition of import duties in 1894 • • 174-185

CH:A.PTER XIII

FOREIGN TRADE-HOME CHARGEB--CURRENCY-WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Growth of Indian trade and of manufactures and other industries-Conditions under.which trade is carried on-Imports of gold and silver-Excess of exports over imports-Home charges-The Secretary of State's Bills-The manner in which the Home charges are met-The currency-Fall in the gold value of silver-Loss by exchange-Serious consequences-The closing · of the Indian mints to silver-The results-Weights and measures--Re- • forms proposed by t1le Governments of Lord Lawrence and Lord Mayo- ' ·Their importance and failure to carry them out • 186-208

CHAPTER XIV

loW..JC WORKS-l!'AMINE ...... ___.~ . . Mr. J. S. Mill on the duties of Governmen~l"aniR..".A~tt.dili;:;-Neeessity for roads, railways, and canals-Absence of roads under ,~,{~r_(}overnments -Their condition under the -Measures ta...~!.1.1.ri_ Dalhousi&-Railway construction--Creation of Public Works Department " -Progress up to 1887-Irrigation works in Northern India-Canals of Mohammedan "sovereigns-The Ganges and other canals-Their value­ Irrigation works in Central and Southern India and in Sind-Expenditure on railways and irrigation works-The manner of providing funds-Guar· anteed companies-Policy of borrowing for investment in public works­ Measures for the prevention and relief of famine • · • 209-230 CONTENTS xix

CHAPTER XV ' TBB PUBLIC DEBT-FAllDm INSURANCE

·The Public Debt-Its amount-Division into Ordinary and Public Works Debt -Increase of Debt owing to the Mutinies or 1857-Subsequent decrease of Ordinary Debt-Investments of the Government in Railways-Railways constructed by guaranteed Companies-The financial.results of the policy of borrowing for. public works-Expenditure from revenue on public works -Insurance aga.inst Famine-The policy adopted Pages 231-239

CHAPTER XVI

EDUCATION IN INDIA

First establishment of colleges in Bengal-Controversy between advocates of • Oriental and English study-Lord Macaulay in 1835-His contempt for' Orientalliterature-Mountstuart Elphinstone on Indian education-System established under Macaulay's influence-Neglect of primary education­ System laid down by Lord Halifax in 1854-Its main features-Proportion 4lf population able to read and write-Female education-Lady Dufferin's Assooiation-Mr. Baines on illiteracy of the people ..... The Indian Uni­ versities-Colleges-Number of Natives knowing English-Collegiate Instruction-Education of Mohammedans-Sir Syad Ahmad Khin-:-His College-Medical Colleges-Technical and Art Schools-Secondary Educa­ tion-Small number of educated Natives-Neglect of study of science-Sit Henry Maine on study of English classical literature-The teaching of false history-Inaccuracy and bad faith of James Mill-Books and news· papers-Their general character-Mr. Baines on influence or the liter&te · clase-Liberty of the Press in India • 240:281

CHAPTER XVII

·' Ra<:e&-zs..ftr,;ns-.;..ljravidians-Languages of India-Distribution of population among various Religiona-The Hindus-Animism-Religion of the Hindus -Illustrations of the Religion of an Indian province-Brahmanism-Caste -Reverence for Brahmans-Caste not confined to Hindus-The Moham- medans in 'India-Their distribution-Animosity between Hindus and Mohammedans-Causes or political anxiety-Increase of Mohammedanism in Bengal-Buddhists-Christianity ill India-Jaina-Sikhs-Parsis. 282-313 XX INDIA

CHAPTER XVIII

AN INDIAN PROVINCE

The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh-Area, population, language, and history:._Aspect of the country-The agricultural population-Cities­ Manufactures-Architectural monuments-Erroneous beliefs regarding food of the people-The agricultural year-The rainy season-Summer, autumnal, and winter crops-Irrigation-Methods of agriculture. Pages 314-331

CHAPTER XIX

AN INDIAN PROVINCE (continuetl)

The land revenue-Tenures..,-Settlements-Village communities-Classes of cultivators-Settlements inNorthern India-Surveys-Principles of assess· ment-The settlement officer-Record of rights-Village accountants­ Recent reforms..,-Settlement reports-Settlements in Oudh-The Talukdars -Lord Canning's Proclamation-Measures of Lord Lawrence-Recent im­ . provements-Conditi6n of Oudh-Agricultural departments-The Govern· ment of India on the principles of administering the land revenue. 332-357

CHAPTER XX

AN INDIAN PROVINCE (continuetl)

Administration of an Indian Pro~ince-An Indian district-The Magistrate · and Collector or District Officer-His functions-Subdivisions of districts • - -;rhe Tahsild~rs..,-Executive and Judicial Powers..,-The Joint, Assistant, and Deputy 'h-Iagistrate- and Coll~ctor-The Pulice-Jails-Hospitals­ Sanitation-V~ination-Publio works-Education -General illiteracy­ ;'"'ltu~ipalities....:.Lbcal self-government-Commissioners of divisions-The • Revenue'"'~Heads of departments-The Lieutenant-Governor-The Legislative Conncil~f.~Ud~cial Courts • • . . • 8~8-378

CHAPTER XXI

AN INDIAN PROVINCE (continuetl)

Condition oC the people-Increasing wealth and prosperity...:..Indebtednese ~ the agricultural classes-Increase of population-Emigration-Characte1 of the people-Their great honesty-Cruel customs-Crime-Infanticide­ Criminal Tribes • • 879-402 CONTENTS

CHAPTER XXll BENGAL

Ex,beptional charactei of Bengal and ita people-The Beni,..I Lieutenant- . Governorship-Natural features, area,' and population-Producta-Scenery -Climate-Cities-Art-Hindus and llolwnmedans-Lord Macaulay's description of the Bengalis-The. Mohammedan peasantry-The Permanent "Settlement-Zemindars and ryota-Losa of public revenue-CoD.fiseation ot the rights of the peasantry-Weakness of the Government-Absence or records of agricultural rights-Former constitution of the Bengal Govern­ ment-A separate Government constituted-Improvements in the adminis­ tration-Great increase in rentals of the Zemindars and losa by the ryots -Maintenance of conditions of the Permanent Settlement-Claims of th~t Zemindars for exemption from taxation-Rates on the land-Changes in the Bengal Rent Law-Condition of the people in Behar-The Tenancy Acts-Cadastral Surveys-Lord Curzon'a Government on the results of th& Permanent Settlement • Pages 403-433

CHAPTER XXlll

The ultimate basis of our dominion-Indian interests beyond the limits of India-The advance of Russia-Defence of North-West Frontier-The Frontier tribes-Formation of the North-West Frontier Province-Results of the advance of B.nssia-The armies of India before 1857-The llutiniea -The reo-ganisation of the Native Army-Ita present consti.t;Qtion-Ita fighting qualities-The Bengal Army-The Officers of the Indian Army­ The Polie&-lncreaee of the army in 1885-Present strength-The British troops-Improvement in their health-Hill stations-Frontier and Port defences-Voluntee~ges in 1893 in constitution of Army-Existing. commands-Armiea of the Native States-Spec\al contingents foJr Jmperial service • . • 434-451

CHAPTER XXIV

THB ITA.TIVB STATES

Area, populatiou. and revenue of Natin States-Meaning of the term Native States-Prevalent mistakes-Native States not nationalitiea-Dilrerent. claasee of Native States-Mohammedan and Maratha States-Their foreip eharacter-Aucient dynasties preserved by the British-The Governments of Native States-The personal despots-The tribal chiefs-The supremacy of the British GoTernment-Our relations with Native States-The doctrine of lapse-Right bf adoption-A.asumption by Queen Victoria of title or IN.D/11

"-Empress of India "-The Coronation Durbar of January 1903-1 !le char· actei of Native ruler&-Frequent nece.ssity for British interventi In-The annexation of Ondh-Condition of Oudh before annexation-Deposition of the Gaikwar-The States of Central lndi&-Desire of the British Govern. ment to maintain the Native State&-:Their misrule their sole danger-The conditions essential to, their preservation-The :restoration of Mysore to· Native rule-Improvements in the administration of Native States-Col­ leges for the education of Native chiefe-The Imperial Cadet Corps. Pages 452-489 ·

CHAPTER :XXV

CONCLUSION

:Croel cnstome-Neglect of social questions-Reasons for avoiding their discus· sion-The employment of Natives in the public service-:-Politica.l hypocrisy -The duty of maintaining our dominion--Offices to be retained by English· men-Natives of India often aa much foreigners as Englishmen in provinces other than their own-Sir Syad Ahmad KMn on Mohammedans and Hindus -The results ot British Governnient-The popularity of our Government­ Lord Lawrence's opinion-Reasons why our Gqvernment cannot be popular -The dangers to which our ~ominion is exposed-The principles on which our Govel'DDlellt must be conducted • .. • • 490-506 ' ~ s \ JNDEX INDEX

Aboriginal tTibell, 285, 286, 289 Art, schools of, 270 Sir Alfred Lyall on, 289 Aryan and non-Aryan races, 282-283 Mr. Risley on, 289-290 AIU'&IIgzib, revenues of, 129-130 Act XL of 1836, 108 Act IlL of 1884, agitation in connection Baber, the Emperor, on Northern India, with. 102, 103 318 Acts for the government of India, 45-52 Baden-Powell, Mr., on land system, 3351 "Acts '' distinguished from "Regu.la- 337 tions"1 91 Bahraich, atrocities of Raghubar SiDgh Aden, 23 in, 467-469 . Adoption, custom of, 458·461 Baines, Mr., on Indian ignorance, 249, 253 Afghn dyna.sties, architectural monu• on education, 253, 256, 278, 280, 409 ments of, 822 • on animism, 285 Agra and Oudh, United Provinces of, 20. on locll gods, 292 80, 814-402 in Burma, 310 architectural monuments, 321 on tbe Jains, 312 Agricultural departments, 343, 352-354 on the Sikhs, 313 population, its condition nd advnce on education in Bengal, 409 in wealth, 379-892 on Brahmanic system, 493 'IUJle Agriculture, productions and methods, Baring, Sir Evelyn (Lord Cromer), aboli· 323-331 tion of import duties, 181, 185 superstitions connected with, 295, 296 equalisation of a.slt dnties, 165 Aitchison, Sir Charlea, on the relations Baroda, misgovernment and deposition of of Native States with the British ruler, 471, 472 Government, 460 Rarw&rs, their customs, 400 Ajmere, Mayo College at, 487 Batten, Mr. G. H. M., on opium, 133-1.57 Akbar, irrigation works made by, 217 allt revenue, 163, 165 fiOI.e system of land revenue under, 126, Beames, Mr., on Mohammedanism in 128, 347 Punjab, 305 Aligarh, Sir Syad Ahmad Kh&n'e College Bebir, condition or, 425-428 at, 263-268 Benett, Mr., on honest7 ot the people, , 37 4 393 university of, 255, 371 on reverence for Brahmans, 300 A,nimisrn, 285 Bengal, 403-433 Architecture in Northel"'l India, 321-323 aspect of oountry, 407 Argyll, Duke of, on a.slt ta:r, 167. cadastral surveys in, 419, 427, 430 Armiell of Native States, 448·461 character of its people, 411-414 Army, 434-451 climate, 407 before the Mutiny, 436, 437 condition of people, 428, 432 inerea.se ot in 1885, 445 educated ct- in, 431 Native, military qualitie• o' Ul, U2 former weak:Da of ita government, co111titution o~ 439-Hll 418-420 111.nitary condition of, 445 government of; 420 Otlioers of Indi&D Army (Stt.lf Corps~ Mohammedans in, 310. 409, .no, f12, us 413 Art in Benga.l, 408 manufacture. of, 187, 188, 406 U uited Prorinces, 321 natural features of. 405-407 sos INDIA

Bengal, Permanent Settlement in, 414· Cantley, Sir Proby, the Ganges Canal, 424, 432, 433 218 Presidency of, explanation of term, 20, discovery of fossil remains, 218 43 Cherra Punji, rainfall of, 24 products of, 406 Chesney, Sir G., on roads under the EMt Tenancy Act of 1885, the, 428 India Company, 213 zemindars and ryots in, 414-433 Chief Commissioners, 55 Benga.Jis, Lord Macaulay on their char­ Child marriage, 491 acter, 411, 412 China : su Opium Bentinck, Lord William, policy of his Christians in India, 311, 312 government regarding education, 244 Civil Procedure Code, 105, 107 transfers Mysore to British rul~, 479 Civil Service, 74-90 Berir, assignment of, to British Govern- "Covenanted" and "Uncovenanted," ment, 485, 486 75,82 Bernier, on revenue of Anrangzt'b, 129 system of admission to, 75-77 Bhopal, misgovernment in, 47 5 Natives of India in, 77-89, 497·500 Bilgrami, Syad Husain, quoted, 364 mte, Climate of India, 2'·30 385 of Bengal, 407 Bills, Secretary of State's, 193 of Northern India, 325-328 Blanford, l\Ir,1 on Indian meteorology, Code of Civil Procedure, 105, 107 25,29 of Criminal Procedure, 96, 98, 99 Bombay, assessment of land revenue in, Penal, 94-97 334 Collector, the, 359-364 Government of,-45, 46, 48, 52, 53 Colleges : see Education Books and newspapers, 279-281 Colvin, Mr. John, 214 Brahmaputra, 35, 405 Sir Auckland, on customs duties, 181, Brahmans and Brahmanism, 288 • 290, 185 297-300, 492, 493 note , Commander-in-Chief, 48, 442, 447 Bright, Mr., on decentralisation of the Commerce : see Trade Government in India, 63, 64 Commission, Public Service, 80 · on public works under East India Commissioners of Divisions, 873, 37 4 Company, 214 Competitive examination, system of, 76· Buck, Sir Edward, reforms in the system 78, 85, 86, 494-500 of settlements, 343, 345, 353 Cooper's Hill, Royal Indian Engineering Buckle, Mr., on food of people, 324 College, 89 Buddhism, 310 Cornwallis, Lord, 45, 91 Burke, his description of the Rohillas, and the Ben!lal zemindars, 414 . 277,278 Coronation Durbar at , 464 quoted, 16 Cotton duties, 174-182, 185 Burma, 18, 23 mills in India, 187 Cotton, Sir Arthar, 221 . Cadastral surveys, 339, 340 Council, Executive, of Governor-General, in Bengal, 419, 427, 430 constitution and mode of transacting Cadet Corps, Imperial, 488, 489 business, 45, 47, 55-62 Calcutta, 10, 11, 407 executive, of Local Governments, 52, Campbell, Sir George, on destruction of 54 rights in Bengal, 417 legislative, of Governor-General, 48· President of Orissa Famine Commis· 52 aion, 225 legislative, of Local Governments, 5:1, Canal.a : IU Irrigation 54, 376 Canning, Lord, his policy in Oadh after of India, 66-69 the mutinies, 348-350 Courts, Civil, constitution of, 105-110 on Bellgal Rent Act of 1859, 424 Criminal, their constitution, 97 -lOt reforms in procedure of Government, 60 Sudder, 97 Careri, on revenu~s of Aurangzt'b, 130 Supreme, 97 Caste, 289, 290, 297-301 under East India Company, 92-95 among Mohammedans and Christians, Cow-killing, 309 301 Crime in Northern India, 3~ 5-402 origin ot, 2971 298 Criminal Procedure Code, 96, 98, 99 Catron, on revenues ot Aurangz1'b, 129, tribes, 399·402 130 Cromer, Lord: 11e.e Baring, Sir Evelyn INDEX

Cnbbon, Sir Hark, his administration in Educated classes, attitude towards eruel Hysore, 479 customs, 490-493, .504 Cllllllillgham, Sir H., on the condition of Education, 240·281 the laws under East India Company, advocates of Oriental and English 92 study, 241-244 CUITellcy, the, 196-202 Baines, Hr., on, 253, 256, 278, 280, Curzon, Lord, on opium in China, 157, 409 . 158 collegiate instruction, 255-269 land revenue system, 354·357, 432, dangers of the prevailing i.gnora.nce, 433 504 reduction of aalt dnties, 165, 166 department of, 90, 246 preservation of architectural monn· disregard of Oriental literature, 241· mente, 323 244 formation of North· West Frontier Elpbinstone on, 242, 243 Province, 435 English, ita etrect on Native character, Coronation Durbar at Delh~ 464 84, 273-275, 258, 259 improvements in Native States, 477 female, 249-253 reforms in Haiderabad State, 485 Lord :Macaulay on, 241, 242 settlement of claims to Berar, 486 medical, 252, 269, 270 · chiefs' colleges, 488 of Mohammedans, 261·269 Imperial Cadet Corps, 488, 489 primary, 245-249 Customs duties, 174-185 in United Provincea., 249, 370, 371 abolition of import duties in 1882, ecientific, need and neglect of, 269, 273 178-181 Sir Syad Ahmad Khan, and Aligarh resolutione of House of Commone College, 263-269 concerning cotton goods, 179 small number of educated men, ·271, Sir Auckland Colvin on, 181 272 Line, Inland, ita abolition, 162-164 progress of primary education, 248-254 ~ation of import duties, 188-185 special colleges for Native chiefs, 486• 489 Dalhousie, Lord, his annexation ot Oudh, study of English language and litera- 470 ture, 241-246, 273-278 the " doctrine of lapse," 461, 462 technical, 270 his policy in regard to public works, nniverai.ties, 246, 255, 268 215 work undertaken by miesionaries, 251, 271 Darbhanga, estate& of Raja of, 4271 428 famine of 1874 in, 426, 427 Elgin, Lord, amendment of Press Jaw, Debt, the Public, 231-239 , 281 Decentralisation of financial administra. Elliot. Sir Henry, his :&cu of 1M North­ tion, 63-65, 112·117 Wutml. Pnmru-a, 293 Mte Delhi, 321 Elliott, Sir Charles, 225 the Imperial Durban at, 463-465 Elphinstone, Mountstuart, on education, Disraeli, Hr., on assumption of title of 242, 243 .. Emp1'81111 by Queen Victoria, 463 on land revenue under Native Govern­ Disn .et, the uuit of administration, 358, ments, 126 Si7 Emigration, 391 officer, 859-365 Emperor, Coronation Durbar at Delhi Divisions, in Northern Indis, grouping of 4.64 district. into, 873 Empress, assumption by Quee11 Victoria Dravidian races, 283 of title of, 463, 464 Dutrerin, Countesa of, her Association, Eurasiane, 311 252, 253 European British IUbjects, civil jurisdio­ tion over, 108, 109 criminal jurieilictiou over, 101-104 East India Company, Anny of, 4351 436 Exchange, Josa by, 196-202 administration of, •3-47 Exeiae, revenue from, 167-170 Government traneferred from to the Exports, duty on rice, 183 Crown, 47 their u:oeea over imports, 193-195 public worb nuder, 2U Eden, Sir Aahley I on the ryota or BehAr, Falconer, diecoV1117 o( fOII&il remains by, 425 218 . . sro INDIA

Famine Commissions, 225·229, 425, 462 Harmand, M., on education, 275 Famine, expenditure on relief of, 238 Hastings, Warren, founds the first college financial insurance against, 238, 239 in Bengal, 240 works for protection against, 210-230 and his Council, 45 liability of India to, 209-230, 238, 239, imaginary crimes of, 275-278, 315 326, 432 Herschell, Lord, currency committee of, Fatehpur Sikri, 321 199, 200 Fawcett, M.r., on land revenue, 123, 124 High Courts, their constitution and Fergusson, Mr., on the Taj Mahal, 321 powers, 98, 100 Financial administration and public Himalaya, 31-42 revenues, 67, 68, 111·120 Hill Stations in, 62, 37 5, 446 decentralisation, 64, 112·117 scenery of, 33, 40-42 Finucane, Mr., on ryots in Behar, 426 Hindu Law, 105 Firoz Toghlak, canal made by, 217 Hinduism, 284-309 Food of the people, 323·325 Hindus and Mohammedans, 301-310, Forest department, 90, 158 498-502 Free trade in India, 174·183 Hindustan. meaning of name, 2 its abandonment, 183-185 Home Government, 66-73 French possessions, 23 charges, 192-196 Frontier, North· West, Province, 23, 435 Hospitals, 269, 270, 368 defence of, 435 Hubner, Baron von, on British rule in India, 603 Ganges, the sources of, 35·36 Hume, Mr., and salt revenue, 163, 164 its delta, 405 fiOte Ganges canal, 218, 219 Hunter, Sir William, on revenues of Gangotri and sources of Ganges, 35, 36 Aurangn'b, 130 Gaols, 368 on the district officer, 360 Garhwli.l, 38-42, 315 on th~ Ganges delta, 405 Geography of India, 19-42 Gogra river, 35, 36 lbbetson, Sir Denzil, on Brahmanism and Gold, changes in relative value of, and of superstitions, 288, 293, 294, 296 silver, 196-201 on the Mohammedans of the Eastern establishment of standard, 199-202 Punjab, 303, 304 imports and production of, 191, 192 on condition of people, 384-388 Government of India, constitution of, Ignorance, native, dangen of, 505 43-65 Imports : Bee Trade control by Home Government, 66-73 Income tax, 170·172 principles on which it must be ad­ India, absence of unity in, 2-6, 497-501 ministered, 490-506 area and population of, 19, 30 popularity of British, 498, 502·506 benefits of British rule to, 501, 502 Governor-General, and Council, 6, 7, 45· British, extent and population of, 22, 65 30 power to appoint President of, 48 changes in, 8-16 powers of, while absent from Council, progress of, 8-18 48 climates of, 24, 30 his authority over the army, 447 no conquest of, 5 Grant Dull', Sir M. E., on luland Customs no countries and nationa of, in Euro- Line, 162 pean sense, 4, 5 Griffin, Sir lepel, on maladministration danger of generalisations regarding, 3 in Native States, 465, 472-4H English ignorance in regard to, 1, 2 on the armies of Native States, 450 geography of, 18-42 Gurkhu, 37, 440, 442 Government of, 42-73 Gwalior, State of, 472, 473, 483 dilference between countries of, 2-6, 497 Hafiz Rahmat, 277 great rivera of, 34-36 Haiderabad, State ot; 452, 455, 456, 484· growth of eingle nationality in, im· 486 possi hie, 7, 8 Halifu, Lord. eystem of education laid Home Government of, 66-73 down by, 2-l5 Native Statet ot, 23, 30, 452-489 l!Armand. 1rL. on administration of 110i a country but a continent, 2 depelliiencies, 117 "people of," a misnomer, 6, 4~i -~01 INDEX sn

India., popularity of the British Go.em· Local boards and municipalities, 372. ment in, 502·504 • 373 Indian Councils Act, 47-49 Lya.JJ. Sir Alfred, hill .dlia& &vdia, 4: Empire, its extension since 1840, 8, 118 on Rajput&na States, 457, 45& Law Commissions, 115 011. absence of nationalities, ~. 5 Public Service Commission, 80 on the Hindu religion, 286, 287, 289 Indigo, 190 on marriage customs of the Rajputs,. Indore, State of, 455, 472, 483 397 Infanticide, 395-399 on Native States, 454, 455 Interest on public debt, 233-236 establiahment of our power In India,. Irrigation, worka of, 2111·229 275 upenditure on, 236 aalt revenue. 164 Mte under :Moghal empire, 217 Lytton, Lord, abolition of Inland Custom• works, policy of borrowing for, 224 Line, 164 · at the Aligarh College, 266 Jains, 312 at Delhi Assemblage oll877, 464 Jaipur, State of, 453, 458 development of decentralisation, 114 Jodhpur, State of, 453, 458 policy of free trade, 17 6-180 Jones, Sir William, 243 regarding Mysore and Native States,. Judicial system, 91-110 ~79-482 . Jlllllll&, ean.als from, 219 insurance against famine, 238, 239 overrules his Council, 178, 179 Ka.isar-i.Bind, &88Umption by Queen appointment of Natives to Civil Service. Victoria of title of, 463, 464 79, 80 . Kashmir, Stste of, 37, 484 North-West Frontier Province, 435 Kutb, minaret of, 321 .Kumaon and Garhw;U, 38·42 Macaulay, Lord, and the "Bleck .Act,•• 108 Lahore, university of, 255 on the BengaJis, Ul, 412 Land, amount of uncultivated, 392 essay Oil , 277, 278, increase in value of, 384 315 rates on, 131, 422-424 on roads, 211-213 revenue, 122-131, 332-357 on Oriental and European study, 241. perman1111t settlement of, in Bengal, 242 414-433 the Penal Code, 94-97 incidence of, under Native anol on Supreme Court., 108, 109 British Govenunents, 125-128 MacDonnell, Sir Antony, President of temporary aettlements or, 333·357 F&llline Commission, 227 tenuree of, 333-339 on faminea in India., 226-229 Languages, 283, 28'- 317 on agricultural department., 353 Lawrence, Lord, policy of borrowing for Madras, assessm~~~~t of land revenue in, public works, 224 334, 335 • measure~ in Oudh, 350 Government of, 45, 46, 52, 53 make• Siwle the summer heAdquarters Magistrates and Collooton, 359-364 of Govenuneut, 62 &88istant, 365 on the popularity of British rule, 502, joint, 865 503 Maine, Sir Heni'J, on aspect of Northem on the ryots of Behar, 425 India., 818 Sir Henry, on Native Ststel and easte in India, 298 Briti$b Resident., 4,17 study of English literature, 27 4-276 · Sir Walter, 484 ROte English ignorance regarding India, 1 Lan the, ud their adminilltration, 91· on 1ystem of transactillg buaineea, 58, 110 59 condition of, under East India Com· lnancial decentralisation, 64, 116, 117 pany, 92-94 OD Indian eodee, 115 tbe Code or CivU Proeedure, 105 on Kr. Buckle'a generaliaati0111, 323,. Criminal Prooedure, llS. 101 324 the Penal Code, 11'-116 on need of acientific telehing, 273 the SllCCI!Uioa Act, 105 011 aettlement reporte, 346 Lieutenant-GoYernon of l'miDcel, U, Oil •mall nnmber of tdv.cated mea. 6.5. 375. 876 272 . . IN.DIA

Maine, Sir Henry, on Sir James Stephen's Mutinies of 185i, real origin of, 505 ..Vuncomar, 276 lllysore, State of, 459, 479-482 village communities, 336 Man Singh, Maharaja, 499 Naini Ta.J., 88, 375 Manu, his description of the four great Native Chiefs, education of, 486-488 cas~ 297 Imperial Cadet Corps, 488, 489 Manucci, land revenue of Aurangz1'b, Native Governments, former,land revenue · 129, 130 . of, 124-130 Manufactures and mines, 187-189 officials, improvement in character of, Maratha States, 455, 458, 472-474, 483 83, 84 Marriages, customs of Rajputs, 397 aalariea of, 84, 85 .Mayo, Lord, right of manufacturing aalt · States, 452-489 at Sambhur Lake, 163 custom of adoption in, 461·463 agricultural department, 352 administration of, improvement in, financial decentralisation, 113 465, 477-484 l!edical Colleges, 269, 27 0 area and population of, 23, 30, 452 hospitals, 369, 370 453 Meteorology, lndisn, 24-30 armies of, 448-451 .Military: see .A:Emy Baroda, 471 Mill, Mr. J. S., on the British Govern· Central India, 472 ment in India, 502 different classes of, 455-459 on duties of Governments, 209 Haiderabad, 456, 484-486 on Home Government, 70 Kashmir, 459, 484 on former system of transacting busi- Manltha, Gwalior, Indore, 22, 455, ness, 56-58 457 on land revenue, 124, 125 Mohammedan, 454, 456 Parliamentary int&rference, 71 f!OUl Mysore, 459, 479-482 James, inaccuracy and bad faith of his Nep:i.l, 87, 458 Hi8tury of India, 276 Oudh, annexation of, 466-470 Millets, the chief food of the people, 324 of Punjab, 460 Minea and manufactures, 188 of R:ijputana, 457-458 .Mints, closed to coinage of silver, 199· Travancore, 459 202 mutinies, their conduct during, 462 Missionaries, their educational work, misconceptions regarding, 453, 455 251, 260, 271 misgovernment of, 465, 471-476 Moghal emperors, architectural monu­ relations of British Government ments of, 821, 822 with, 460, 461, 478 tolerance of, in matters of religion, 304 rule of, compared with British, 502· Moghal Empire, irrigation works of, 21,7 504 . revenues of, 128-130 ·, British supremacy over, 460, 461, Mohammedan States, 454-456 463-465 Mohammedanism in India, 284, 301-310 tributes from, 159 Mohammedans, animosity of. towards Natives, employment of, in the public Hindus, 308, 809 service, 77-89, 493-501 their dislike of existing system of "Natives of India," misuse of the term, educatio11, and Aligarh College, 261· 5, 497, 498 . 269 true principles regarding their employ­ feelings regarding the Beuga.u.s; 498- ment in public service, 78·81, 85· 501 87, 493-501 in Bengal. the, 310, 410, 412, 413 Nep,U, 87, 453 often not nry dilf&rent from Hindus, Newspapers and books, 278-281 303 Nil:am of Haiderabad, the, 456, 484-486 orthodo:r, 305 "Non-Regulation" Provinces, the ad· the better classes, a aource of strength ministration in, 93, 94 to British rule, 307, 808 Northbrook, Lord, hie deposition of tbd objections of, to eompetitive examina- Gaikwar of Baroda, 471, 472 tions, 497-499 policy of, for the relief of !amine, 237 MoD&OOna, 25-30 reduction of Inland Custom• Lin11, 164 Municipalities, 372, 373 North-West Province, th11, 46, 435 :Wut.iniee of 1857, conduct of Native North· Western Provincea: '" United State& dllri.Dg the, 462 Provincee INDEX 513

Ooeupauey, right of, 337, 338 I Provil\eial Governments, 6, 7, 43-46, 49, in Oudh, U9, 880 52·55 · in Bengal, 417 et ~tq. Provincial n.tes, 131, 423 Octroi dutiea, 372 services, 81, 85, 87-90 · O'Donnell. Mr., on Mohammedanism in Public debt, 231-239 Bengal, 310 Ptiblic works, 209-230 Offi.cen of Indian .Anny, 443 debt, 231-236 Opium, Mr. Batten on, 133-157 department, 89, 215 in China, 135-137, 141-158 necessity of, for protsction against. Lord Curzon on, 157, 158 famine, 210 et «q. in India, 133-141, 148-154 policy of borrowing for, 224, 232-236 Com.mission, Royal, Lord Brusey'a, Punjab, government of, 46 156, 157 Mohammeda.na in, 301, 302 revenue, amonnt of, 132 Frontier Foree, 437, 442 OrdinanceS, power of Governor-~neral irrigation works in, 219, 220 to make, 52 Oudh, area and population of, SO, 315 Raikes, Mr., on infanticide in Mainpuri, amalgamation of, with North-Western 396 Provincee, 316 Railways, 211, 2U-216, 227, 228 annexation of, 466·470 . expenditure on, 232·236 · . conliacation of land in, after the policy of borrowing for, 224, 232 mutinies, 847-350 et seq. rights of villAge proprietol'l and culti· Rainfall in Sind and Bengal, 24 vatom in, 349-351 Ra.iny season, the, 25·80, 325·1127 improved condition of its people, 351 Rajputana, States of, 457, 458 ta.J.ukdan in, 350, 351 Rajputs, infanticide among, 395·399 marriage customs of, 397 - Parliament, lnterfer~nce by, 71 opium collSUmed by, 154 Mr. J. S. MW on, 71, 72 MU Record of rights in laud, 1141-345 · Parsia, 313 Registration, 1711 Pasteur Institute, 270 "Regulation" and " Non- Regulation " Peacock, Sir Barnes, revision of Penal Provinces, 93 · Code by, 94, 95 Religiona in India, 284·313 Penal Code, 94-96 Christians, 1111, 812 People, condition of, 3i9-392 llindus, 285·300 character of, in Northern India, 392· Mohammedans, 301-308 394 Pa.rsia, 313 Permanent Settlement_ in Bengal, 414 Sikhs, 1113 et «q. Revenues, the public, 111·122 its consequencea, 417 ·428 customs, 174·185 intention of its anthon, 4161 417 excise, 168-17 0 loss of revenue by, 416 forests, 158 Sir James Stephen on, 423 groee and net annnai. 120·122 Lord Curzon'1 Government on, 3541 growth of, 118 355, 432, 433 imperi&l and provincial, 114, 115 Pel'lil, 435 income tax, 170-172 Police Department, 89 land, 123-181, 332-357 its administration and character, 366· of Moghal Empire, 128-130 868 opium, 132·158 District Superintendent of, 366 po~t office, 159 Sir James Stephen oa, 367 provincial rates, 131 Villllg8, 368 . registl'lltion, 173 Popuation of India, 30 salt, 160-167 deniity and growth of, 818, 391, 392 stamp~~, 167 Portuguese poillle$8ions, 23 telegmph, 159 Poet Offioe, 159 tributes from Native States, 159 foyerty in India, 379·392 Rice, not the general food or the people, Presidencies and provinces, 20, 21, 43, 823, 824 u export duty on, 183 Preeident in Council, f8, 58, 59 Ripon, Lord, abolition of import duties Pre&a, t.he public, 280, 281 b7 Gonrnment ol, 181 2L 514 INDIA

Ripon, Lord, equalisation of salt duties, Straehey, General Sir Richard, on the 165 Indo-Gangetic plain, 20 Risley, Mr., on conversiollll to Hinduism, proposals for currency reform, 201, 289·291 202 on origin of caste, 293, 299 on weights and measures, 203·203 Roads, former condition of, 212, 213 Strachey, Sir John and Sir Richard, their Rohilla war, false history of, 217-278 Fi.nancet~ ana Public IVork& of Rupees, value or, in English money, 115 Irnlia quoted, 180, 207, 208 fU!U Sudder Nizamat and Diwani Ad.Uat. Russia, her advance towards India, 435· Courts, 97 437 Suez Canal, trade through, 186 Ryot, meaning of term, 334 wote Superstitions, illustratiollll of, 292:296 Ryots in Bengal : ll!tJ Bengal Supreme Courts, 97 Ryotwari tenure, 334 Surveys, trigonometrical, topographical. and cadastral, 339 Salaries of Native officials, 84, 85 Mte in Bengal, 419, 429, 430 Salisbury, Lord, on cotton duties, 115 , canal from, 220 on employment of Natives, 495 Syad, Sir Ahmad Khan, and the Aligarh Salt, 160-167 College, 263-268 duties on, importance of reducing, 165, on Mohammedallll and Hindus, 497-501 166 Sanitation, 369 Tahsild&rs, their duties and importa~ce,. Schools : 8etl Education 363 Science, neglect or, 269, 270, 273 Taj Mahal, 321 &.lcretary of State for India : ll!tJ Home Tilukdil'S, of Oudh, 348·351 G1:lvernmen\ Ta:u.tion, revenue derived from, 119· his billa on India, 193-196 121, 161-185 Seeley, Professor, quoted, 5 Native compared with English, 120 Senart, M., on caste in India, 2!!9 fl.ote Tea, 182, 189, 190 Settlements, temporary, 333-357 Telegraph, 160 permanent, 414-433 Tenants, classes of, 333, 337 ·339 Shah Jehan, canals made by, 217 Tenures of land, 333-337 Sherres, Mr., quoted, 188, 429 Thomas, Mr. Edward, on revenues of Sikhs, 313 Aurangzib, 128 consumption of opium by, 154 Thomason, Mr. James, promotion of Silver, !l.uctuatiollll in gold value and. education, 245 consequencea, 115 fWte, 196-202 on land revenue under Native Govern· imports of. into India, 191, 192 menta, 126 Simla, the summer headquarters of improvement of revenue system by, 347 G1:lvernment of India, 62 on the district officer, 361, 362 Sind, irrigation in, 222 on the settlement officer, 341, 342 rainfall in, 23 the colllltruction of roada by, 214 Sleeman, General, on Oudh before an· Thornton, Mr. T. H., on income or ne:u.tion, 466-470 Indian peasants, 382 Son, river, canal from, 219 Thugs, their extirpation, 399 Statf Corps, Indian, 443 Trade, foreign, 174-196 Stamp revenue, 167 conditions under which carried on. Stephen, Sir James, his Nv.'IW111Ulr a!ld 190-196 ]mpey, 276 its great expansion, 186 on Code of Criminal Procedure, 99 free, in India, 174-185 on James Mill, 276 Travancore, 459 on Native and British rule, 506 TribeA, criminal, 399-402 on Penal Code, 95, 96 wild, 285, 286 on PenD!Ineot Settl~ment, 423 Tupper, Sir Charles, on Native State~ on police, 867 475 'IWU Strachey, General Sir Richard, on centraliaed eystem of tinanee, 113 Udaipur, 45, 458 Preaident of Famine Commission, 225 United Provincee of Agra and Ot~dh, 20, &cheme of, for borrowing for public 30,314-402 worD, 224 agril!olture in, 324·331 on the Himilaya, 32, 39 agricultural department in, 3Z2·3;;i INDEX

United Provineea of .A.gra and Oudh., United Promlces of .A.gra and Oudh, arohitectural monumenta and art, people of, 319, 320 821, 322 character of, 392-395 area and population o~ 315, 816 condition of, 379·392 aspect of the country, 818-320 police in, 366-368 UllellSment of land revenue, 332-357 religions of, 820 cities of, 820 revenue board in, 374 climate and lieaso1111 of, 823, 825·327 llll'Veya in, 339 • commissionera of divisio1111 in, 3731 system of settlement in, 833, 339 et 81111• 874 tenures of land in the, 333 et lllf• erimill&l tribes in the, 399-402 trade in, 320 districta of, 358, 859, 877 vaccination in, 369 district oflicera in, 859-364 UDiversities, 255 education in, 370-371 food of people, 323, 824 Viceroy, title of; 47 gaola in, 368 Voelcker, Dr., on lDdian agriculture, 330, Government and administration, 858· -&31 ' 878 Volunteer foree, 446 High Court o~ 378 Weighta and measures, 202·208 hospitale in, 868 Widows, Hindu, 491, 492 in prehistoric times, 317 Wilaon, llr. James, financial-reforms in· infanticide in, 895-399 . stituted by, 112 irrigation in, 216-219, 329, 330 income taJ: imposed Ullder advice of, · land revenue, amount or, 339 , 170 languages of, 317 . Women, education of, 249-252 Legislative Council of, 876 Lady Dufferin'a Association for Medi· Lieutenant-Governor of, 3181 375, 376 cal Aid for, 252 manufactures in, 820, 821 municipalities in. 372, 373 Zem!_ndars : su Bengal

THE END

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