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Acanthopterygii, Cichlidae), Utilizando Caracteres Miológicos

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Acanthopterygii, Cichlidae), Utilizando Caracteres Miológicos Relações filogenéticas em Geophagini (Acanthopterygii, Cichlidae), utilizando caracteres miológicos. Item Type Thesis/Dissertation Authors Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho Publisher Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais. Download date 03/10/2021 21:31:07 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/16784 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE MARINGÁ CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA DE AMBIENTES AQUÁTICOS CONTINENTAIS GABRIEL DE CARVALHO DEPRÁ Relações filogenéticas em Geophagini (Acanthopterygii, Cichlidae), utilizando caracteres miológicos Maringá 2019 GABRIEL DE CARVALHO DEPRÁ Relações filogenéticas em Geophagini (Acanthopterygii, Cichlidae), utilizando caracteres miológicos Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais do Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Área de concentração: Ciências Ambientais Orientador: Prof. Dr. Weferson Júnio da Graça Coorientadora: Dr.ª Carla Pavanelli Maringá 2019 "Dados Internacionais de Catalogação-na-Publicação (CIP)" (Biblioteca Setorial - UEM. Nupélia, Maringá, PR, Brasil) Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, 1988- D424r Relações filogenéticas em Geophagini (Acanthopterygii, Cichlidae), utilizando caracteres miológicos / Gabriel de Carvalho Deprá. -- Maringá, 2019. 234 f. : il. color. Tese (doutorado em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais)--Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Dep. de Biologia, 2019. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Weferson Júnio da Graça. Coorientadora: Dr.ª Carla Simone Pavanelli. 1. Geophagini (Acanthopterygii, Cichlidae) “cará” - Filogenia - América do Sul. 2. Geophagini (Acanthopterygii, Cichlidae) “cará” - Morfologia - Musculatura esquelética - América do Sul. 3. Peixes de água doce - Filogenia - América do Sul. I. Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais. CDD 23. ed. -597.74138098 Maria Salete Ribelatto Arita CRB 9/858 João Fábio Hildebrandt CRB 9/1140 GABRIEL DE CARVALHO DEPRÁ Relações filogenéticas em Geophagini (Acanthopterygii, Cichlidae), utilizando caracteres miológicos Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais do Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências e aprovada pela Comissão Julgadora composta pelos membros: COMISSÃO JULGADORA Prof. Dr. Weferson Júnio da Graça Nupélia/Universidade Estadual de Maringá (Presidente) Dr. Luiz Antonio Wanderley Peixoto Universidade de São Paulo (Pós-Doutorando, USP) Prof. Dr. Fernando Camargo Jerep Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) Dr.ª Renata Rúbia Ota Universidade Estadual de Maringá (Pós-Doutoranda, PEA/UEM) Dr.ª Anielly Galego de Oliveira Universidade Estadual de Maringá (Pós-Doutoranda, PEA/UEM) Aprovada em: 20 de março de 2019. Local de defesa: Anfiteatro Prof. “Keshiyu Nakatani”, Nupélia, Bloco G-90, campus da Universidade Estadual de Maringá. AGRADECIMENTOS Tornar-me um candidato ao título de doutor foi um processo árduo e, em grande parte, solitário. Contudo, eu não teria chegado sequer à metade do caminho se não estivesse bem acompanhado. Para mim, não se tratou apenas de ter com quem dividir minhas angústias, alguém para aplacar minha ansiedade. Também não me bastaria ter um objetivo, sonhar com as possibilidades que podem surgir depois da conquista do diploma. Precisei ser feliz o tempo todo para enfrentar o desafio da pós-graduação, e isso só me foi possível porque conheço a amizade e o amor, principalmente da família. Isso me restaurou a força quando senti que ela estava me faltando, e daí nasceu a alegria necessária para pensar, ter ideias e colocá-las em prática. Portanto, os merecedores dos meus agradecimentos mais especiais são todos aqueles com quem vivi momentos calorosos de riso, carinho, euforia e todo tipo de sentimento bom que alimenta o espírito. Não por acaso, são justamente essas as pessoas que mais me ajudaram com os probleminhas do dia-a-dia. Listar nomes é até desnecessário, quando todos sabem quem são e quão importantes eu os considero. Mesmo assim, a homenagem é justa. Agradeço aos meus pais, Tomires e Marco. Aos meus irmãos, Igor e Lucas. E a todo o restante da família, que é sempre um porto seguro quando o cansaço ameaça me derrubar. Aos amigos do Museu, Renata “Rubs” Ota (já vale para o Hugo Message também!), Carlos “Charlinho” Oliveira, Fagner de Souza e Hugmar Pains Silva, que já estavam ali desde o começo e são grandes amigos até hoje. Gabriela “Bilinha” Nardi e Iago Penido, que chegaram depois, mas sempre são parceiros para tudo. Augusto “Bigode” Frota, Helen “Gremlen” Proença, Filipe “Nego” Azevedo, Rianne “Carol” de Oliveira, Renan “Chups” dos Reis e Renzy. Também os agregados frequentes, Toé, Gabi Navarro e Gisele Arruda. Agradeço também a vários outros amigos, de quem gosto muito, que conheci no Nupélia ou mesmo durante a graduação, especialmente à Anielly e ao Daniel (“Zidane”) e à Fani. Também aos professores, principalmente ao Weferson e à Carla, responsáveis pela minha orientação há muito tempo, e ao Claudio Zawadzki. Considero todos pela amizade, acima da hierarquia. Não posso deixar de lembrar, ainda, o Zé Birindelli e o Aléssio Datovo, que me ensinaram muito sobre anatomia de peixes. Ainda, aos pesquisadores que se propuseram à importante tarefa de participar da banca. À Salete, bibliotecária do Nupélia, pelo carinho e disposição para me fornecer sempre cópias das mais raras referências que se possa imaginar. Ao Celso Ikedo por me ajudar a aprender um pouco de fotografia. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), pela concessão da bolsa e taxa de bancada. As demais pessoas que merecem agradecimentos são especificamente reconhecidas nos “Acknowledgements” dos artigos apresentados aqui. Há vários outros nomes que poderiam ser mencionados aqui. No entanto, mesmo que eles não apareçam, tenho certeza de que serei perdoado, pois aqueles que sabem da importância que têm em minha vida não ficarão ofendidos por não constarem desta lista. Muito obrigado! When taxonomists study current living species, they examine an evolutionary cross section of time in that they view only the most recent but continuing species with a long diverging history behind them. The apparent discreteness of species or groups at the current moment is partly due to their previous divergence. Kardong All animals “cichlids” are equal, but some animals “cichlids” are more equal than others. George Orwell Relações filogenéticas em Geophagini (Acanthopterygii, Cichlidae), utilizando caracteres miológicos RESUMO Apesar de diversos estudos terem tratado da descrição de caracteres morfológicos em Cichlidae, geralmente para fins de inferência filogenética, muito pouco se estudou sobre sua musculatura. Descreveu-se, pela primeira vez, a musculatura estriada completa de uma espécie de ciclídeo, Geophagus sveni Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, com ilustrações de todos os músculos e um protocolo para a dissecção de exemplares. Comparou-se a musculatura esquelética de pelo menos uma espécie de cada gênero da tribo Geophagini, dentre outros ciclídeos, e descreveram-se 98 caracteres com o propósito de analisar sua relação com a filogenia do grupo. Essa matriz de caracteres foi empregada para produzir duas análises filogenéticas sem restrição, uma com pesagem e outra sem pesagem. Mapearam-se os caracteres miológicos sobre uma hipótese filogenética pré-existente, para a compreensão da correlação entre os caracteres e as especializações tróficas de cada táxon. Conclui-se que os Geophagini especializados em peneirar o substrato (winnowers) tendem a apresentar algumas adaptações convergentes, manifestadas na forma e no grau de desenvolvimento de músculos como adductor mandibulae, levator arcus palatini, dilatator operculi, adductor branchialis 1 e obliqui ventrales 1–2. Este estudo possibilita futuras investigações acerca das funções dos músculos estriados em peixes e seu papel nos processos de irradiação adaptativa, i.e., diversificação funcional. Palavras-chave: Cichlinae. Convergência adaptativa. Evolução de caracteres. Mapeamento de caracteres. Morfologia. Musculatura esquelética. Músculo estriado. Phylogenetic relationships in Geophagini (Acanthopterygii, Cichlidae), using myological characters ABSTRACT Although several studies have dealt with the description of morphological characters in Cichlidae, usually aiming for phylogenetic inference, little attention has been given to their musculature. The complete striated musculature of a cichlid species, Geophagus sveni Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, was described for the first time, with illustrations of all muscles and a protocol for the dissection of specimens. The striated musculature of at least of species of each genus in tribe Geophagini, among other cichlids, was compared, and 98 characters were described with the purpose of analysing their relation with the group’s phylogeny. This character matrix was employed to produce two unconstrained phylogenetic analyses, one weighted and the other unweighted. The myological characters were mapped upon a pre-existing phylogenetic hypothesis, for understanding the correlation among the characters and trophic specialisations of each taxon. The conclusion
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