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The Racial & Ethnic Diversity of the Jewish People The Racial & Ethnic Diversity of the Jewish People Diane KaufmannTobin Gary A. Tobin, Ph.D. & Scott Rubin Foreword by Lewis Gordon, Ph.D. Institute for Jewish & Community Research San Francisco, 2005 Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................1 A Synonym for Jewish 7 Describing the Tapestry 3 Copyright 0 2005 Institute for Jewish & Community Research Racial and Religious Change in America 5 Jewish Diversity in America and the Politics of Race ......................41 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, The Last Taboo: Interracial Marriage 9 mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written Feet in Many Rivers: Navigating Multiple Identities ...................... 55 permission of the publisher. Jews Have Always Been Diverse Substantial discounts on bulk quantities are available to corporations, professional Who Is a Jew? Ideology and Bloodlines associations, and other organizations. By Choice or by Destiny And for Those Too Young to Ask: Transracial Adoption ..................133 Contact information for the Institute for Jewish &Community Research - Phone - (415) 386-2604 Patches of Color, Patches of White Fax - (415) 386-2060 Toward a More Inclusive Future Email - [email protected] Who Is a Jew, Really Web - www.JewishResearch.org Be'chol Lashon: A Vi Design & Production - Scott Hummel Methodology .................... .. .............................................................. 203 Photography - Stuart Brinin Notes ..................... ............................................................................209 Printing - Master Color Printing, Roseville, CA Glossary .................... ... ...................................................................223 Library oi Congress Catalog Card Number: 2005920903 Index ......................................................................................................231 ISBN: 1-893671-01-1 This book is printed on 80U chlorine-free, archival paper using all vegetable-based inks. The paper was manufactured using sustainably harvested cucalyptus pulp. PRINTEDIN THE UNITED STATESOF AMERICA 09 08 07 06 05 54321 Tables and Figures Table I - Population estimate of ethnically and racially diverse Jews in the United States ..........................23 Table 2 - Current Jewish and associated populations ........24 Figure I - Connections to the Jewish community ................ 27 Figure 2 - Attitudes about importance of Jewish practices, behaviors, and beliefs ............................................29 Figure 3 - Attitudes about interracial marriage among Jews ........................................................... 51 Figure 4 - Attitudes about marriage between black and white Jews ....................... ............................ 52 Figure 5 - How often have you or your family experienced anti-Jewish attitudes in your ethnic or racial community? ........................63 Figure 6 - How often have you or your family experienced anti-minority attitudes in the Jewish community? ........................... .... 143 Figure 7 - How important is it to have more programs in the Jewish community that include more racially and ethnically diverse Jews? ...................... ...............162 j Figure 8 - Interest in programs for raciallylethnically ; diverse Jews............................................................ 164 Dedication In Every Tongue is dedicated to our past and our ancestors. We celebrate the life of Patricia Solomon, born in Jamaica, who was deeply committed to the Jewish people. She passed away in January 2004. She was the loving mother of Lewis Gordon, a woman of strength, compassion, and generosity. She engaged in daily mitzvot, taking care of those in need around her. In Every Tongue is also dedicated to new life and the future, to Jonah Kaufmam Tobin and Zeke Rubin-Moore, full of energy, optimism, and imagination. They are the inspiration for our research about diverse Jews and our community-building efforts. They, and others, are the hope of the Jewish people. Zeke Rubin-Moore (left) G. j Jonah Kaufinann Tobin j tudy of ethnic and racial diversity of the Jewish population for their courage and trust in sharing their life stories. We would also like to thank all the participants of the Bay Area Be'chol Lashon community-building and evaluation efforts, especially Denise Davis, M.D., Booker Holton, Ph.D., and the entire Advisory Committee. This work would not be possible without the community leaders from around the world who attend the annual Be'chol Lashon International Think Tank. Their life experiences and insights enrich our analysis and inform policy implications. The success of Be'chol Lashon is the result of the collective effortsof the adjunct faculq, research associates, and dedicated staff of the Institute for Jewish & Community Research. In particular, Danielle Meshorer tirelessly navigates the myriad details necessary for the research and community-building efforts. Staff members Alexander Karp, Ph.D., Kathy Candito, Jenna Ferer, Alexis Kushner, Kathleen Rose, and Dennis Ybarra provided continuous support, good humor, and plain hard work, without which this book would not be possible. Over the past five years, others, including Meryle Weinstein, Ph.D., Patricia Lin, Ph.D., Margot Meitner, and Hilary Kaplan, have made significant contributions for which we are grateful. We also deeply appreciate Sarah, Aryeh, and Mia Weinberg and Amy and Adam Tobin, who can always be counted on to lend their time, helping hands, and emotional encouragement to this work. We gratefully acknowledge the vision and confidence of our financial supporters. In particular, the Righteous Persons Foundation, Steve and Maribelle Leavitt, and A1 and Gail Engleberg were instrumental in the support of our research and this publication. Your descendants shall be the dust of the earth; you shallspread out to the west and to the east, to the north and to the south. Fore word by Lewis Gordon Genesis 28:1 "Is she a Jewess?" So asked my Uncle P~tppa,my maternal grandmother's brother (Lionel, but nearly no one lives by his or her given name in the Caribbean), upon meeting my wife Jane during a visit to Ocho Rios, Jamaica. My mother nodded, "Yes." Jane was charmed by the irony of the meeting. A daughter of white Jewish South Africans, she grew up in a normative world of Eastern European Jews that was transformed into a multiracial Jewish world upon our meeting and subsequent marriage. She found herself in two worlds-a world of her own community's views of Jews as white and the almost invisible world of Jews of color, a world that she has come to see as not only larger than she had imagined but also more diverse. It is not, after all, as though the ancient brown and black peoples of the kingdoms of Judea simply disappeared and one day, nearly two thousand years later, woke up white. That my uncle was asking my mother if Jane was really a Jew meant that my wife's authenticity should not be presumed simply because she was also white. Foreword ,dhow his maternal grandmother was a Jew such a strange question. I have heard it at different times persecution and seeking a better life in the through the years of my childhood. My mother informed me and late nineteenth century, she and other relatives came to Jamaica to my brother Mark of our being Jews as far back as I can remember. start a coconut-processing business. They found themselves on an (My brother Robert was, unfortunately, separated from the rest of island in which, much to the chagrin of the British Empire, race the family between the ages of three and cleven, and, although mixing was more common than acknowledged, and, in what is in Jewish by birth, knew only a Christian existence up to that point. fact the tradition of many (if not most) of our Jewish ancestors, He insists on no religious or ethnic identity beyond simply being they quickly began a process of miscegenation that did not privi- black and Jamaican. Mark, on the other hand, lives as a Jamaican lege only the dominant group. My great-grandfather, for instance, Jew, and he goes by the surname of Solomon, our mother's was a tall, very dark-skinned black man with very little education. maiden name.) But our being Jews in the Caribbean offered the He and my maternal great-grandmother had met under the unfor- perspective of a world in which everything we held as normal tunate circumstance of her having been stood up by the man with everyday life was turned upside down when we immigrated to whom she was expecting to elope. My great-grandfather, nearly the United States. In Jamaica, my mother was a black woman thirty years her senior, took her back to her parents and fell in love descended from two lines of Jews--one from Europe, the other with her on that walk home. They were married and lived from the geographical heart of Jewish identity, Jerusalem. My together for the next sixty years. My great-grandfather passed mother's patrilineal line was the Solomons, who migrated to away after his 100" year. My great-grandmother was left with an Jamaica in the late nineteenth century, before the dream of a #, impossible void. How does one live on after such a lifelong love? Jewish homeland had been fulfilled. I met some of those relatives I i After visiting her children, grandchildren, and great-grandchil- over the years. I remember thinking that
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