DOCSLIB.ORG

Ming China 1368- 1644

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ming China 1368- 1644 3/28/2012 Geography Ming China 1368- 1644 A Ming legend tells of farmers digging along the Huang-he River finding a statue with only one eye and the inscription: "Do not despise this one-eyed statue: it will be the herald of rebellion all throughout the empire." Ming China 1368- 1644 End of Yuan Ideological Change Famine, floods, rebellions all • Strong nationalist made the inscription ring true: passions the Mongols had lost the • Established the capital in Mandate of Heaven Nanjing in the South to Revolution had begun reject the Mongol capital in the North Really ... Yuan was in decline long before the rebellions in the • Used Confucianism to 1350s justify making war to intimidate remaining Cities were seized, leaders Mongols, central Asians, claiming to be kings – from lower and southeast Asians merchant class Hongwu Rejection of the Mongols • Monk, soldier, and a • Emperor directly ruled rather than use chief bandit ministers as Mongols had • Inspired by the deaths • Closed the empire to trade with Central of his parents from the Asia and Middle East famine and disease • Strict limits on imports and closed most of (blamed Mongols) the border to foreigners • Oversaw a centralized, • Stopped use of paper money (silver), which militarily strong was uneconomical empire 1 3/28/2012 Yongle Confucian Centralized Authority Updated Confucian code of Capital moved to Beijing in laws written 1421. Code regulated all aspects of Time of greatest wealth in social affairs, for the harmony Chinese history of political, economic, military, familial, ritual, last native Han Emperors in international, and legal Chinese history relations in the empire first to deal with large #s of Civil service exam re-instated European merchants Careful records kept (census, arriving hereditary social hierarchy) and used to control peasants Population of about 100 and strengthenMing kingdom China 1368- 1644 million The Forbidden City Chinese Naval Power Expeditions sailed to East Asia, Southeast Asia, southern India, Ceylon, the Persian Gulf, the Middle East and Africa. China the world's greatest commercial naval power in the world at the time, far superior to any Ming China 1368- 1644 European power.Ming China 1368- 1644 Admiral Zheng He (1371-1435) From 1405 to 1433, Emperor Chengzu sent a Muslim eunuch named Zheng He to cross the Indian Ocean. In 1435 court scholars convinced the emperor that the voyages were wasteful, encouraged foreign ideas, and would ruin China The Emperor ended Naval exploration and tribute and destroyed the records of the Ming China 1368- 1644 voyages Ming China 1368- 1644 2 3/28/2012 Tribute System Ming China 1368- 1644 Ming China 1368- 1644 Zheng He’s Armada Economy China continued its shift from agricultural Seven voyages for diplomacy and trade. and rural to commercial and urban The armada included treasure boats (or Porcelain production and painting (China Bao-Chuan), which are the largest wooden dishes) became VERY important ships ever built. Commercial port cities including Beijing, Covered 10,000 miles with a fleet of more Nanjing, Yangzhou, Suzhou, Guangzhou, than 300 ships and crews totaling 30,000 Xian and Chengdu grew to trade with Japan men. and Europe Sailed from China, crossed the South China Farming still important; especially rice and Sea, Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea and tea went as far as East Africa. Ming China 1368- 1644 Markets andMing merchants China 1368- 1644 more important than before Ming China Europe traded silver from S. America to China for porcelain Resold all over Europe Linked China to Europe via sea trade Also sold to Middle East along Silk Rd Ming China 1368- 1644 Ming China 1368- 1644 3 3/28/2012 Agricultural Developments Ming Industrial Development crop rotation introduced in China textiles, paper, silk, and porcelain traded • Fields could be kept continuously in cultivation with Japan, Europe (especially Spain), India, • While still maintaining their fertility SE Asia and Indonesian islands for Stocking the rice paddies with fish, which fertilized firearms, and American goods such as the rice and provided peasants w/ protein . sugar, potatoes, and tobacco. Food production and new farming tools In exchange for raw goods such as silver— improved nutrition for peasants and city dwellers probably half the silver mined in the Peasants grew cash crops, such as cotton for Americas from the mid-1500's to 1800 clothing, indigo for clothing dyes, and cane. ended up in China Dramatic population growth(60 to 100 million), largely due to the increased food supply on account of theMing agricultural China 1368- 1644 revolution (Champa) Ming China 1368- 1644 • The Dutch imported tea from China and Tea Time other parts of Asia and started the English and European love of tea • Dutch East India Tea Company and later the British East India Tea Company become powerful and wealthy from this trade • Trading tea to China was more profitable than trading silver to China as the Spanish Ming China 1368- 1644 had done Reforestation of China Religion/Philosophy Hong-wu – reforestation beginning in the 1390's. Nanjing was reforested with 50 million trees in Neo-Confucianism 1391; these trees became the lumber that built Matteo Ricci the first the naval fleet put together by Yung-lo in the early1400s. Christian missionary started nearly 300 One billion trees were planted in this decade in a Catholic churches reforestation project that greatly replenished both the timber and the food supply. Christian influence condemned in late Ming and early Qing Ming China 1368- 1644 Ming China 1368- 1644 4 3/28/2012 Social Life Ming Great Wall Confucianism dominates Great Walls had been built in earlier times, Interaction with Japan Most of what is seen today was either built and Europe increases or repaired by the Ming. Patriarchical Brick and granite work was enlarged Watchtowers were redesigned Cities provide opportunity for parties Cannons were placed along the wall with music and drama Ming China 1368- 1644 Ming China 1368- 1644 Intellectual Life • Literacy increased and books became cheaper because of the printing press and a stable govt Yongle Dadian - biggest and earliest encyclopedia in the world. Many inventions to China from Europe (telescope) Gunpowder Weapons improved Revolving cannon with 10 shots Toothbrush invented (pigs hair for bristles) Great furnaces for porcelain Ming China 1368- 1644 Ming China 1368- 1644 How to Handle Corrupt Ming Art Government Officials • adopted the Sui and Yuan practice of Beautiful harmonious landscape art publicly beating incompetent or corrupt China and sculpture important bureaucratic officials. Drama and poetry important • Mainly beaten on the buttocks by more than Ming great wall through the a hundred soldiers with clubs, almost mountains is spectacular art nobody who was punished survived • Not a bad idea for today? Ming China 1368- 1644 5 3/28/2012 Fall of Ming corruption of the court officials and the domination of the eunuchs. natural disasters like famine from “little ice age” and worst earthquake of all time in Shaanxi(800,000 dead) th the rebellions that racked the country in the 17 century and Aggressive military expansion of the Manchus. By 1643 the government was bankrupt from fighting and the peasants were broke because of the constant taxes imposed to pay the armies to fight Ming China 1368- 1644 The Ming ends Northern Chinese Manchu slowly grew in power until they threatened the Ming Dynasty Ming military grew weak so Ming often used Manchu to stop the “barbarians” from taking China One leader, Manchu rebel Li Zicheng, eventually decided to take China rather than protecting it. He entered Beijing in 1644 as he did so the last Ming emperor,Chongzhen, hanged himself on a tree overlookiing the forbidden palace Ming China 1368- 1644 6.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ming China As a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Winter 12-15-2018 Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Duan, Weicong, "Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620" (2018). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1719. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1719 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Dissertation Examination Committee: Steven B. Miles, Chair Christine Johnson Peter Kastor Zhao Ma Hayrettin Yücesoy Ming China as a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 by Weicong Duan A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 St. Louis, Missouri © 2018,
    [Show full text]
  • Nanjing Tour
    Nanjing Tour 13 July, 2019 NANJING, capital of Jiangsu Province, is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with a population of over 827 million as of 2018. It is one of the most important regional centers of East China. With a history of over 2500 years, the development of Nanjing is based on its profound traditional culture. Visiting the city is not only a journey to ancient times, but also an experience of contemporary Nanjing life. The diversity of culture, food, and lifestyles shows the charm and energy of this city. Itinerary Saturday, 13 July ➢ 08:30 am: Depart from Nanjing University ➢ Visit Nanjing International Youth Cultural Park ➢ Visit the 24-hour Art Museum at the International Youth Cultural Park ➢ Visit the City Wall at the Xuanwu Lake ➢ Lunch (on our own, restaurant to be selected) ➢ Tour the Grand Baoen Temple Heritage and Scenic Area Enjoy a Qipao fashion show a folk music performance at the Former Residence of Gan Xi ➢ Dinner at Laomendong (on our own) Profiles of the stops on the tour Nanjing International Youth Cultural Park The Nanjing International Youth Cultural Park is located in Jianye District, Nanjing. This beautiful park stretched along the bank of the Yangtze River, taking up an area of approximately 9.7 km2. It is surrounded by a few other sites such as the Youth Olympic Village, the Nanjing Eye Pedestrian Bridge and the Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre. The Nanjing Eye Pedestrian Bridge is a landmark of which Nanjing people feel fairly proud. This bridge over the Yangtze River was built in 2014 during the 2nd Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing, with a total length of 827.5 meters and a main span of 240 meters.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhabiting Literary Beijing on the Eve of the Manchu Conquest
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CITY ON EDGE: INHABITING LITERARY BEIJING ON THE EVE OF THE MANCHU CONQUEST A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF EAST ASIAN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY NAIXI FENG CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. viii 1 A SKETCH OF THE NORTHERN CAPITAL...................................................................1 1.1 The Book ........................................................................................................................4 1.2 The Methodology .........................................................................................................25 1.3 The Structure ................................................................................................................36 2 THE HAUNTED FRONTIER: COMMEMORATING DEATH IN THE ACCOUNTS OF THE STRANGE .................39 2.1 The Nunnery in Honor of the ImperiaL Sister ..............................................................41 2.2 Ant Mounds, a Speaking SkulL, and the Southern ImperiaL Park ................................50
    [Show full text]
  • Study on the Linear Absent Section Ratio (L-ASR) of Earthen Sites And
    Du et al. Herit Sci (2021) 9:103 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00582-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Study on the linear absent section ratio (L‑ASR) of earthen sites and anthropogenic infuence from the perspective of population density Yumin Du1,2* , Wenwu Chen3, Kai Cui4, Wenqiang Dong1,2, Shuai Zhang3 and Qiyong Zhang3 Abstract Having extremely high artistic, scientifc and social values, earthen sites are widely distributed in China and are impor- tant human cultural relic resources. Due to accumulated natural erosions (from rain and wind) and human activi- ties (destructive activities of human beings in history and modern times), however, earthen sites have been greatly damaged, and many sections have even been absent, so that they are seriously threatened by extinction. Under these circumstances, acquiring the conservation status of earthen sites is a vital prerequisite for the subsequent targeted protection. In this paper, as a world-renowned heritage site, the castles of the Ming Great Wall located in Qinghai Province were selected as the research object. A novel indicator, namely the linear absent section ratio (L-ASR), was proposed, and its value was classifed into fve levels to quantitatively characterize the specifc conservation status of such sites, including excellent (E) (0–10%), good (G) (10–25%), fair (F) (25–50%), poor (P) (50–75%), and very poor (VP) (75–100%). Based on the assessment results, the castles with excellent status constituted the minimum proportion, while the castles with very poor status represented the largest percentage, refecting the grave situation of earthen sites. Furthermore, by applying population distribution models to the linear ftting combined with the population density (PD), a positive correlation between PD and L-ASR was obtained to reveal the anthropogenic infuence on the destruction of earthen sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Wang LAYOUT3.Indd
    monastery of sublime mystery richard g. wang Four Steles at the Monastery of Sublime Mystery (Xuanmiao guan): A Studyof Daoism and Societyon the Ming Frontier INTRODUCTION ong after Edouard Chavannes’ pioneering study early in the twen- Lttieth century, Daoist steles have once again begun to draw schol- arly attention.1 Chinese scholars, following the lead of Chen Yuan ຫ ূ, have compiled several important collections of Daoist epigraphy,2 and Western scholars have contributed to the study of Daoism by concentrating on specific steles.3 Susan Naquin’s recent study of late- I would like to thank John Kieschnick and Asia Major’s two anonymous referees for their useful suggestions. 1 See Edouard Chavannes, “Le jet des dragons,” Mémoires concernant l’Asie orientale 3 (1919), pp. 68–128; Chavannes, Le T’ai Chan: Essai de monographie d’un culte chinois (Paris: Leroux, 1910), pp. 266–68, 296–307, 354–97. 2 Chen Yuan, comp., Chen Zhichao ຫཕ၌ and Zeng Qingying མᐜᅛ, eds., Daojia jinshi ᙓ, comp., Louguan tai Daojiao beishi ᑔܦ ฃ (Beijing: Wenwu, 1988); Wu Gangفlue ሐ୮८ ,.Xi’an: Sanqin, 1995); Long Xianzhao ᚊ᧩ਟ and Huang Haide ႓௧ᐚ et al) فᨠፕሐඒᅾ ;(Chengdu: Sichuan daxue, 1997) ګcomps., Ba-Shu Daojiao beiwen jicheng ֣ᇋሐඒᅾ֮ႃ Liu Zhaohe Ꮵ٢ᦊ and Wang Xiping ׆۫ؓ, comps., Chongyang gong Daojiao beishi ૹၺ୰ Xi’an: Sanqin, 1998); Yang Shihua ᄘ׈ဎ et al., comps., Maoshan daoyuan lidai) فሐඒᅾ .(ᅾᎮᙕ (Shanghai: Shanghai keji wenxian, 2001זbeiming lu ૄ՞ሐೃᖵ 3 See Florian Reiter, “A Chinese Patriot’s Concern with Taoism: The Case of Wang O (1190– 1273),” OE 33.2 (1990), pp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dreaming Mind and the End of the Ming World
    The Dreaming Mind and the End of the Ming World The Dreaming Mind and the End of the Ming World • Lynn A. Struve University of Hawai‘i Press Honolulu © 2019 University of Hawai‘i Press This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which means that it may be freely downloaded and shared in digital format for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. Commercial uses and the publication of any derivative works require permission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The Creative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. The open-access version of this book was made possible in part by an award from the James P. Geiss and Margaret Y. Hsu Foundation. Cover art: Woodblock illustration by Chen Hongshou from the 1639 edition of Story of the Western Wing. Student Zhang lies asleep in an inn, reclining against a bed frame. His anxious dream of Oriole in the wilds, being confronted by a military commander, completely fills the balloon to the right. In memory of Professor Liu Wenying (1939–2005), an open-minded, visionary scholar and open-hearted, generous man Contents Acknowledgments • ix Introduction • 1 Chapter 1 Continuities in the Dream Lives of Ming Intellectuals • 15 Chapter 2 Sources of Special Dream Salience in Late Ming • 81 Chapter 3 Crisis Dreaming • 165 Chapter 4 Dream-Coping in the Aftermath • 199 Epilogue: Beyond the Arc • 243 Works Cited • 259 Glossary-Index • 305 vii Acknowledgments I AM MOST GRATEFUL, as ever, to Diana Wenling Liu, head of the East Asian Col- lection at Indiana University, who, over many years, has never failed to cheerfully, courteously, and diligently respond to my innumerable requests for problematic materials, puzzlements over illegible or unfindable characters, frustrations with dig- ital databases, communications with publishers and repositories in China, etcetera ad infinitum.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Bounded Empires
    Bounded Empires: Ecological and Geographic Implications in Sino- Tangut Relations, 960-1127 By Rocco Bowman he Tangut Western Xia empire, a state built by semi-nomadic migrants, and the Northern Song (960-1127) shared a dynamic century upon the stage of northwest China.* Though T major war broke out in 1038 and 1069, organized military conflict was only one way in which either side jockeyed for power, economic advantage, and loyalty; empire building resulted from carefully planned statecraft. However, both empires found expansion upon or beyond the crumbling, eroding Loess Plateau and the harsh Ordos Desert to be extremely difficult. Winning territory and subjects in the region became a quagmire, forcing the empires not only to defensively adapt internal state institutions in significant ways but to realize the bounds of their respective imperiums.1 The politically savvy Tang Dynasty helped create the circumstances for the consolidation of nomadic power in the north, but one dynasty’s successful policies are another’s “nomad problem.” Tang emperors ameliorated mounted incursions from the Mongolian steppe by allying with peoples who could fight on equal terms, creating a military buffer; however, the rise of the centralized, Confucian Song state engendered antagonisms between these two previously cooperative regions. Here, Sino-Tangut history enters an era of frantic activity. This dynamic interaction was not so much the result of a shared border in which culturally distinct populations vied for supremacy but quite the opposite—an unsettled, ecologically vague borderland with equally diverse populations embracing competing loyalties. Imperial logic and prerogative were clear motivators in the conquest of cities and trade routes; however, the ecology and geography of the Loess Plateau within the Yellow River (hereafter referred to as the Ordos Loop, consisting of the land circumscribed by the Yellow and Wei Rivers) presented particularly unique advantages, disadvantages, and cultural perceptions which aided and fettered imperial projects.
    [Show full text]
  • When It Comes to Visiting the Great Wall of China, a Little Context Goes a Long Way, Writes Tom O’Malley Photography Ewen Bell Great Wall
    Wonder Wall When it comes to visiting the Great Wall of China, a little context goes a long way, writes Tom O’Malley Photography Ewen Bell great wall 91 aodou, baodou,” calls the the end of the Qing Dynasty. And it has a train attendant, moving rather special stop along its route: Badaling. through the carriage with About 60km northwest of Beijing, Badaling a single bag of microwave is a pass through a high gorge in the Jundu popcorn on a silver tray. Mountains. Historically a strategic portal “BThere are no takers. Outside the window, between the fertile lands of the capital and the Beijing outskirts roll by, a hinterland the more arid plains beyond, it has been of highways, light industry and the mournful called the ‘Key to Northern China’ and is the skeletons of half-built apartments framed site for what has become the defining section against a grey winter sky. of the Great Wall. I’m riding the ‘S’ train that connects As the train ascends into the foothills, we get downtown Beijing to the county of Yanqing a glimpse of battlements perched precariously in the far reaches of the municipality. This on rocky cliffs. There have been numerous suburban route is notable for two things: eras of Great Wall building throughout China’s Along the watchtower the great wall it follows the old Imperial Peking to history, but most of the wall that endures is over 20,000km Zhangjiakou railway, the first railway around Beijing, like the Badaling section, in length designed and built by the Chinese towards dates to the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644).
    [Show full text]
  • Yokohama, July 2018
    The 18th International Planning History Society Conference - Yokohama, July 2018 Emergence, Evolution and Mutation: Interpretation of the Orderly Distribution of pre-modern Settlement in the Great Wall zone based on Complex Adaptive System theory Haoyan Zhang* * PhD, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, China , [email protected] The Great Wall zone represents the largest area of land-use and land-cover change in China in the past 300 years, when the borders of agricultural production and settlement continued to move northward, forming the pattern of settlements we see today, realizing its transition from wartime to peacetime. Instead of focusing on the development of individual urban, how can we understand the evolution essence of settlement system, located in the transition zone between agriculture and animal husbandry, from the perspective of complex system? In this article, the distribution pattern can be considered as a spatial projection of region social order. Then, the fractal dimension of settlement distribution is calculated by GIS, so as to demonstrate the complexity of pattern. And then, characteristics and mechanisms of the settlement system in the Great Wall area during Ming and Qing Dynasties is further analyzed from 7 basic points of Complex Adaptive System. Finally, the idea of attracting basin can be used to make a further description about the process of evolution, namely structural break and non-structural evolution. Keywords: settlement system, the Great Wall zone, generation and evolution, complex adaptive system theory. Introduction The area, where the Great Wall is located, lies in the transitional zone between the humid and arid regions in Northern China.
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Wall of China, They Think of the One Built in the 1400S and 1500S by the Ming Dynasty
    Early Civilizations The Inquiry Arc in U.S. History Jonathan Burack The Great Wall CULVER CITY, CALIFORNIA HS11104E v1.0 Book Layout: Justin Lucas Cover Design: Mark F. Gutierrez Cartographer: Grant Hubert Editorial Director: Dawn P. Dawson © 2018 MindSparks, a division of Social Studies School Service All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America MindSparks 10200 Jefferson Boulevard, P.O. Box 802 Culver City, CA 90232-0802 United States of America (310) 839-2436 (800) 421-4246 www.mindsparks.com [email protected] Only those pages intended for student use as handouts may be reproduced by the teacher who has purchased this volume. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means —electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording—without prior written permission from the publisher. Links to online sources are provided in the teacher pages and text. Please note that these links were valid at the time of production, but the websites may have since been discontinued. e-book ISBN: 978-1-57596-500-0 Product Code: HS11104E v1.0 Contents Introduction . 1 Overview . 5 Teaching Instructions . 7 Handouts Introductory Essay . 10 History Group . 13 Civics Group . 16 Economics Group . 19 Geography Group . 22 How to Analyze a Primary Source . 25 Primary and Secondary Source Packet . 26 Communicating Results and Taking Action . 37 The Great Wall Rubric . 38 Primary and Secondary Source Bibliography . 39 Sources for Further Study . 40 1 Introduction C3 Framework This book is based primarily on the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies Standards .
    [Show full text]
  • My-Chinese-Panorama-Presentation-Rab-Nawaz-Jadoon
    Chinese Famous Natural Scenery and Historical Sites (中国着名自然风景和历史站点) Rab Nawaz Jadoon Institute of Advanced Technology CAS-TWAS Ph.D Scholar Wireless Information Network Lab IAT University of Scienc e & Technology of China - USTC Presentation Agenda… •About Hefei •The Terracotta •Potala Palace – •The Great Wall of Army in Xi’an Tibet China •Temple of Heaven •The Forbidden City of Beijing Rab Nawaz Muhammad Mohsin Jadon Nasir Shah •The Bund of •The Nanjing Hall Shanghai •Summer Palace •Yellow Mountains Beijing Majeed Ur Muhammad Rehman Zakir Institute of Advanced Technology Agenda About Hefei The Great Wall of China The Forbidden City Chinese Tourism Statistics Conclusion Institute of Advanced Technology About Hefei… Institute of Advanced Technology About Hefei Formerly known as — Hofei, — Luzhou, or — Luchow Capital and largest city of Anhui province. — Located in the center of the province Geography — 130Km west of Nanjing 2 — Chao Lake Area: 11434.24 Km Population: 7,790,000 inhabitants ▲ 15km --- largest 5,484,000 urban. fresh water lake in For more detail visit, the city hefei.gov.cn Institute of Advanced Technology Climate (Hefei) Humid Subtropical Climate with — Four distinct seasons — Average annual temperature is 16.18 oC Avg Max, Min Temperature in oC Precipitation total in mm Institute of Advanced Technology Transportation By Air, — Hefei Xinqiao International Airport — Opened in 2013 — About 30 Km from the Hefei City Center — There are 4 shuttle bus lines that run to and from the airport Institute of Advanced Technology Cont… By train — Hefei Railway Station (合肥火车站 Héféi huoche zhàn) All fast trains depart from one station in Hefei. — Fast train codes begin with a D and very fast train codes begin with G.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the Great Wall of China by Luo Zhewen
    A History of the Great Wall of China by Luo Zhewen Huge construction project, wonder of the world The Great Wall winds its way westward over the vast territory of China from the bank of the Yalu River and ends at the foot of snow-covered Qilianshan and Tianshan (mountains). It climbs steep mountains and cuts across pasturelands and deserts. A most massive barrier, it involves difficult engineering work and has a very long history. It is seldom that we see such a gigantic project in China or elsewhere in the world. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period each principality in China constructed its own great wall at various strategic places to defend itself from rivals. The Great Wall is different from ordinary city walls in that it extends itself continuously for miles and does not encircle a city. In early days many a great wall had been built -- north, east, west and south -- over the vast territory of China. Each stretches several hundred h in length. The Chinese name Chang Cheng or long wall came into existence because of its length. Chang Cheng (Great Wall), which extends through North China, is very magnificent. Every time the Great Wall was reconstructed --in Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties -- its length exceeded 5,000 km (10,000 li). Hence the name Wan Li Chang Cheng or the long wall of 10,000 li. Actually, the long wall of 10,000 li is more than its stated length. The Great Wall reconstructed during the Ming Dynasty alone exceeds 7,300 km in length.
    [Show full text]