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1 Università degli Studi di Padova Université Paris-1 Panthéon-Sorbonne DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE STORICHE, GEOGRAFICHE E DELL'ANTICHITÀ ECOLE DOCTORALE D’HISTOIRE DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN: Studi storici, geografici e storico religiosi CICLO XXVII HISTORY AND HERITAGE OF COMPANY TOWNS IN THE NORTHEAST BRAZIL Coordinatore : Ch.mo Prof. Mariacristina La Rocca Supervisore :Ch.mo Prof. Giovanni L. Fontana Supervisore : Ch.mo Prof. Anne-Françoise Garçon Dottorando : Carolina Rosa 2 3 First, I would to thank the financial support of the Fondazione Cariparo during the three years of our studies. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisors, Prof. Fontana and Prof. Garçon for their guidance during my research. I owe my deepest gratitude to my family in Brazil who were always supporting me and encouraging me with their best wishes, in particular to my mother who is always always ready to give a helping hand; to Stefano Pagliarani for sharing this sometimes painful process of thesis writing with me and for never letting my spirits down. To all my friends in Padova – Claudia Marun, Maura Capuzzo, Persia Mohsensi – and my friends who have moved to far away lands – Neeraja – thank you for making these years in Italy so wonderful. 4 This research examines the phenomenon of company towns in the Northeast of Brazil from the second half of the nineteenth century to the late twentieth century. It traces the fundamental aspects of the region’s industrial development, with its economic and social dynamics, in an attempt to understand the interconnections between the vicissitudes of the company towns and their industrial base. It analyzes the emergence of the company towns articulated within the social construction of the working-class home and of positive and negative dwelling archetypes in Northeastern Brazil. Furthermore, it provides a characterization of the company town phenomenon in the Northeast. It is initially looks into its historical development, examining the first housing experiences established by Brazil’s early manufactories, the birth of the first company towns at the turn of the nineteenth century, their expansion throughout the first half of the twentieth century and their decline during the crisis of the traditional Northeastern industrial base during the second half of the twentieth century. 5 AGCRJ Arquivo Geral da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro BNDE Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico BNH Banco Nacional da Habitação CETEX Textile Executive Commission CLT Leis Consolidadas do Trabalho CRL Center for Research Libraries CRT Companhia de Tecidos Rio Tinto CIPER Companhia Industrial Pernambucana CHESF Companhia Hidrolétrica do Vale do São Francisco CODEVASF Companhia de Desenvolvimento do Vale do São Franciso CTP Companhia de Tecidos Paulista DNOCS Departamento Nacional de Obras Contras as Secas EIA Environmental Impact Assessment GTDN Grupo de Trabalho para o Desenvolvimento do Nordeste IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística IOCS Inspetoria de Obras Contra as Secas LAMP Latin American Microfilm Project PNAD Programa Nacional de Amostragem de Domicílios SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SENAI Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial SESI Serviço Social da Indústria SUDENE Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste SUIT Sustainable development of Urban historical areas through an active Integration within Towns TICCIH International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage UNRRA United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration 6 LIST OF ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 8 Research Problem and objectives ...............................................................................11 Review of the literature ................................................................................................15 Methods and sources ..................................................................................................28 Thesis structure ...........................................................................................................31 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF BRAZILIAN HISTORY ...................................................33 CHAPTER 1 - THE UNDERPINNINGS OF THE COMPANY TOWN PHENOMENON .....36 1.1 - Remarks on the industrial development of the Northeast ..........................37 1.1.1 First stages of industrial development ................................................................38 1.1.2 World War I and the 1920s .................................................................................63 1.1.3 The 1930s and World War II ...............................................................................69 1.1.4 The Post-War years............................................................................................75 1.1.5 Sudene-stimulated industrialization in the 1950s and 1960s ...............................80 1.1.6 Boom and crisis: 1970-1980 ...............................................................................85 1.2 “Build houses for the shameful poverty”: the construction of the vila operária in the Northeast of Brazil ..............................................................................................90 1.2.1 Public hygiene and the issue of the urban poor home ........................................93 1.2.2 The archetypes of urban low-income dwellings ................................................ 105 1.2.3 Housing reform and the emergence of the standard low-income dwelling ........ 122 7 1.2.4 “Charming vilas operárias”: plan and form of the ideal type of the working-class home ............................................................................................................................. 132 1.2.5 Scope of the vila operária ................................................................................. 142 CHAPTER 2 - HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY TOWN IN THE NORTHEAST................................................................................................................. 150 2.1 From the emergence to the decline ........................................................... 163 2.1.1 First workers’ housing experiences (1840 - 1889) ............................................ 163 2.1.2 The development of company towns of traditional industries (1890 - 1930) ...... 170 2.1.3 The golden age of Company towns (1930 - 1950) ............................................ 184 2.1.4 The decline of CTs of traditional industries (1950 - 1980) ................................. 195 2.2 Characteristics of the company towns in the Northeast ............................. 202 2.2.1 Location ............................................................................................................ 202 2.2.2 Housing and urban outlines .............................................................................. 206 2.2.5 Labor management relations ............................................................................ 218 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................................................................ 235 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 237 SOURCES ..................................................................................................................... 251 IMAGES......................................................................................................................... 256 ATTACHMENTS ............................................................................................................ 275 8 The construction of company-induced housing, and social and recreation services close to production facilities constitutes a business practice historically observed in countries at the forefront of industrialization, as well as late bloomers like Brazil. In this country, company-built settlements have been an integral part of the rise of industrial capitalism since the second half of the nineteenth century. They shaped and reshaped landscapes and introduced new patterns of urbanization through the implementation of productive activities and networks of infrastructure, and the displacement and relocation of population; they induced changes in socials relations of production and redefined relationship dynamics between employers and employees; they transformed modes of living and organizing the urban space through the adoption of novel housing and urban models; and often they also developed into cohesive communities. Even though the list of ways in which company-induced settlements influenced the unfolding of industrial capitalism in Brazil could certainly go on, these places have surprisingly received little attention from both historical scholarship and heritage practitioners, and, in particular, the lesser advanced industrial areas of the country have been even more neglected. This research seeks to address this gap, focusing on the development of company-induced housing in the Northeast region of Brazil from approximately from 1850 to 1980, the significance and the conservation prospects of their industrial heritage. This is most certainly a mammoth task due to the broad spatial and chronological scales dealt with by this study: 917,548 square kilometers and a time span of over 100 9 years. Nevertheless, we felt there was pressing need to