Bėgančiosios Bangos Lempos

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Bėgančiosios Bangos Lempos Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 1 MB VAKUUMINIAI ELEKTRONINIAI ĮTAISAI BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 2 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS A traveling wave tube (TWT) is an electronic device used to produce high-power radio frequency signals. The TWT was invented by Rudolf Kompfner in a British radar lab during World War II, and refined by Kompfner and John Pierce at Bell Labs. Both of them have written books on the device. In 1994, A.S. Gilmour wrote a modern TWT book which is widely used by U.S. TWT engineers today, and research publications about TWTs are frequently published by the IEEE. TWTs are commonly used as amplifiers in satellite transponders. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveling_wave_tube VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 3 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS Haeff Lindenblad VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 4 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS Kompfner Pierce http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11242003-123529/unrestricted/Barts_etd_CH2.pdf VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 5 Rudolf Kompfner (1909 – 1977) was an Austrian-born engineer and physicist, best known as the inventor of the traveling wave tube (TWT). John Robinson Pierce (March 27, 1910 – April 2, 2002), was an American engineer and author. He worked extensively in the fields of radio communication, computer music, and science fiction. VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 6 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS John Robinson Pierce wrote on electronics and information theory, and developed jointly the concept of Pulse code modulation (PCM) with his Bell Labs colleagues Barney Oliver and Claude Shannon. He supervised the Bell Labs team which invented the transistor, and at the request of one of them, Walter Brattain, coined the term transistor. Pierce's early work at Bell Labs was on vacuum tubes of all sorts. During World War II he discovered the work of Rudolf Kompfner in a British radar lab, where he had invented the traveling-wave tube. Pierce worked out the math for this broadband amplifier device, and wrote a book about it, after hiring Kompfner for Bell Labs. He later recounted that " Rudy Kompfner invented the traveling-wave tube, but I discovered it .“ He did significant research into satellites, including an important leadership role (as vice President of Bell Laboratories for Research) in the development of the first commercial communications satellite, Telstar 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Pierce VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 7 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS • Galingi plačiajuosčiai MB virpesių stiprintuvai • Stiprinimą lemia sklindančios lėtinimo sistema elektromagnetinės bangos ir elektronų pluošto sąveika Turinys 1. Bėgančiosios bangos lempos sandara ir veiksena 2. Bėgančiosios bangos lempos teorija 2.1. Konvekcinės srovės kintamoji dedamoji 2.2. Elektrinio lauko išilginė dedamoji 2.3. Lempoje sklindančios bangos 2.4. Stiprinimo koeficientas 3. Bėgančiosios bangos lempų lėtinimo sistemos 4. Bėgančiosios bangos lempų savybės ir taikymas VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 8 Cutaway view of a TWT. (1) Electron gun; (2) RF input; (3) Magnets; (4) Attenuator; (5) Helix coil; (6) RF output; (7) Vacuum tube; (8) Collector. VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 9 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=206 VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 10 http://ite.gmu.edu/~omega/images/dtwt_1.jpg VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 11 Bėgančiosios bangos lempos sandara 1 – elektronų patranka 2 – greitinimo elektrodas 3 – lėtinimo sistema 4 – kolektorius 5 – fokusavimo ritė 6 – slopintuvas vf<v 0 • Elektronai greičiu v0 įlekia į lėtinimo sistemą • Lėtinimo sistemoje elektronai sąveikauja su EM bangos išilgine dedamąja Ez • Stiprinamų virpesių sukurtas elektrinis laukas moduliuoja elektronų greitį • Greičio moduliacija sukelia elektronų tankio moduliaciją – lėtinimo sistemoje vyksta elektronų grupavimas • Sugrupuoti elektronai vejasi juos stabdantį elektrinio lauko pusperiodį • Stabdymo lauke dalis elektronų kinetinės energijos virsta EM virpesių energija ir gaunamas EM virpesių stiprinimas VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 12 Bėgančiosios bangos lempos teorija Tikslas: Rasti bėgančiosios bangos lempos stiprinimo koeficientą. Prielaidos: Aukštadažnių virpesių lygis nedidelis. Lėtinimo sistemoje elektrinis laukas yra bėgančiosios bangos, kurios sklidimo konstanta γ , pavidalo: jωt−γ z γ = α + jβ E z = E zm e Elektronų greičio, erdvinio krūvio ir srovės tankio kintamosios dedamosios – harmoninių bėgančiųjų bangų formos: v = v + v e jωt−γ z ρ = ρ + ρ e jωt−γ z jωt−γ z 0 m 0 m J = J0 + J m e Uždavinio sprendimo etapai: 1. Nagrinėjamas elektronų grupavimas ir išvedama konvekcinės srovės kintamosios dedamosios išraiška. 2. Nagrinėjama moduliuoto elektronų pluošto įtaka elektromagnetinei bangai ir gaunama elektrinio lauko išilginės dedamosios priklausomybė nuo konvekcinės srovės. 3. Sujungiami pirmuosiuose dviejuose etapuose gauti sprendiniai, atskleidžiami elektromagnetinių bangų sklidimo lempoje ypatumai ir išvedama stiprinimo koeficiento išraiška. VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 13 Konvekcinės srovės kintamoji dedamoji Tikslas: Rasti, kaip konvecinės srovės kintamosios dedamosios amplitu priklauuėtinimo sistemos elektrinio lauišilginės dedamosios amplitudės Ezm . Uždavinio sprendimo etapai: 1. Remiantis srovės tankio išraiška (J =ρv) randama srovės tankio J = ρ v + v ρ kintamoji dedamoji:m 0 m 0 m . 2. Taikomas antrasis Niuono dėsnis (mdv d/ t = −qE z ). Randamas elektronų greičio kintamosios dedamosios amplitudės ir Ezm ryšys. 3. Remiantis krūvio tvermės dėsniuandama krūvio tankio kintamoji dedamoji. 4. Randamas ryšys tarp konvecinės srovės tankio kintamosios dedamosios Jm ir elektrinio laušilginės dedamosios Ezm. 5. Gauma konvecinės srovės kintamosios dedamosios amplitudės išraiška: Im=f(Ezm) VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 14 Konvekcinės srovės kintamoji dedamoji 1 v = v + v e jω t−γ z ρ = ρ + ρ e jω t−γ z J = J + J e jωt−γ z 0 m 0 m 0 m jωt−γ z γ = α + jβ – kompleksinė sklidimo konstanta. E z = E zm e jωt−γ z J = ρv J ≅ ρ0v0 + (ρ0 v + v0 ρ )e J = ρ v + v ρ m m m 0 m 0 m d v d v ∂v ∂v d z v << v d z /dt ≅ v 2 m = −qE z = + m 0 0 dt dt ∂t ∂ z dt d v ∂v ∂v jωt−γ z ≅ + v = (jω − γv )v e dt ∂t 0 ∂ z 0 m qE jω t−γ z jω t−γ z v = − zm m(jω − γv0 )v e = −qE zm e m m m j( ω −γv0 ) ∂J ∂ρ γ 3 = − ρ = J m ∂ z ∂t m jω VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 15 Konvekcinės srovės kintamoji dedamoji 4 qE γ J = ρ v + v ρ v = − zm ρ = J m 0 m 0 m m m m m j( ω − γv0 ) jω ρ qE γ jωρ qE 0 zm J = − 0 zm J m = − + v0 J m m 2 m j( ω −γv0 ) jω m j( ω −γv0 ) 2 ρ v = J 5 mv0 = 2qU0 0 0 0 jβ J J = − e 0 E m 2 zm βe = ω / v0 2U 0 j( βe − γ ) I β I = −j 0 e E m 2 zm 2U 0 j( βe −γ ) VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 16 Elektrinio lauko išilginė dedamoji Moduliuotoji bėgančiosios bangos lempos konvekcinė srovė indukuoja aukštadažnę srovę lempos lėtinimo sistemoje. Vyksta elektronų energijos transformacija į elektromagnetinių virpesių energiją. Tikslas: Rasti lėtinimo sistemos elektrinio lauko išilginės dedamosios amplitudės Ezm priklausomybę nuo konvekcinės srovės kintamosios dedamosios amplitudės. Uždavinio sprendimo etapai: 1. Sudaroma lėtinimo sistemos atkarpos dz ekvivalentinė schema. Užrašomos įtampos ir srovės pokyčių atkarpoje dz išraiškos. 2. Sprendžiamos telegrafinės lygtys, sudarytos įvertinant indukuotą srovę. 3. Gaunama lėtinimo sistemos įtampos priklausomybė nuo indukuotosios srovės. 4. Žinant įtampą, randama elektrinio lauko išilginė dedamoji: Ezm =f(Im). VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 17 Elektrinio laušilginė dedamoji 1 dU = −jX I d z X = ω L1, B = ω C d I = −jBU d z + d I ind 1 dU dI dI = −jX I = −jBU + ind dz dz dz I ind = I m exp(jωt −γ z). γ 2 I = U γU = jX I, jX 2 γ I = jBU + γ I ind (γ + BX )U = jγ X I ind I = :0 (γ 2 + BX )U = 0 γ = j BX = jω L C ind 0 0 1 1 U jX jωL L = = 1 = 1 = Z I γ C B 0 jω L1C1 1 VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 18 Elektrinio laušilginė dedamoji 2 (γ + BX )U = jγ X I γ = j BX X = −jγ ZB ind 0 0 γ γ Z γ γ Rr 0 B U = 0 I 3 U = I ind 2 2 ind γ 2 − γ 2 γ − γ 0 0 ∂U 4 U = U m exp(jωt −γ z) E = − = γU E zm = γU m z ∂z γ 2 γ R 0 r E zm = − I m γ 2 − γ 2 0 VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 19 Bėgančiosios bangos lempoje sklindančios bangos I β I = −j 0 e E m 2 zm 2U 0 j( βe −γ ) γ 2 γ R 0 r E zm = − I m γ 2 − γ 2 0 Im=f(Ezm) 3 sprendiniai Ezm =f(Im) γ =… γ = γ0+δ VGTU EF ESK [email protected] Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 2008 20 Bėgančiosios bangos lempoje sklindančios bangos γ = γ0+δ Rr I0 γ = jω L C 3 3 0 1 1 δ ≅ C jβe βe = ω / v0 C = 4U 0 3 C 3 γ = γ + Cβ − + j5,0 = j1+ β − Cβ = jβ +α 2 0 e e e 2 2 2 2
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