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Alternatives to Detention of Asylum Seekers and Refugees

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Alternatives to Detention of Asylum Seekers and Refugees LEGAL AND PROTECTION POLICY RESEARCH SERIES Alternatives to Detention of Asylum Seekers and Refugees Ophelia Field with the assistance of Alice Edwards External Consultants DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION SERVICES POLAS/2006/03 April 2006 PROTECTION OPERATIONS AND LEGAL ADVICE SECTION (POLAS) DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION SERVICES UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES CP 2500, 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.unhcr.org This paper was prepared on behalf of UNHCR by Ophelia Field with the assistance of Alice Edwards, both of whom are external consultants. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR. This paper may be freely quoted, cited and copied for academic, educational or other non- commercial purposes without prior permission from UNHCR, provided that the source is acknowledged. The paper is available online at http://www.unhcr.org/protect. © United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2006 LEGAL AND PROTECTION POLICY RESEARCH SERIES Alternatives to Detention of Asylum Seekers and Refugees Ophelia Field with the assistance of Alice Edwards External Consultants DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION SERVICES POLAS/2006/03 April 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................... III EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................IV ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................................................................................................................VI I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................... 1 A. CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................................................... 1 B. SCOPE, STRUCTURE AND PURPOSE.............................................................................................................................. 2 C. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 II. APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARDS ..................................................................................................................... 4 A. INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE LAW ................................................................................................................................. 4 1. Detention .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Other restrictions on freedom of movement..................................................................................................... 6 B. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW........................................................................................................................ 6 1. Detention .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Other restrictions on freedom of movement................................................................................................... 10 a. Grounds for restrictions.................................................................................................................... 11 b. General legal requirements............................................................................................................... 13 C. REGIONAL REFUGEE AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW ........................................................................................................ 14 1. Detention ........................................................................................................................................................ 14 2. Other restrictions on freedom of movement................................................................................................... 15 D. CONSISTENCY WITH OTHER RIGHTS ......................................................................................................................... 17 E. SPECIAL LEGAL PROTECTIONS FOR CHILDREN .......................................................................................................... 18 F. ANALOGOUS STANDARDS FOR NON-CUSTODIAL MEASURES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE FIELD ................................... 19 G. SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................................ 20 III. ALTERNATIVES TO DETENTION IN PRACTICE ......................................................................................... 22 A. OVERVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE MEASURES.................................................................................................................. 22 B. ALTERNATIVE MEASURES IN PRACTICE .................................................................................................................... 24 1. Bail, bond or surety ........................................................................................................................................ 25 2. Reporting requirements .................................................................................................................................. 28 3. Open centres, semi-open centres, directed residence, dispersal and restrictions to a district ......................... 30 4. Registration and documentation ..................................................................................................................... 35 5. Release to nongovernmental supervision ....................................................................................................... 35 6. Electronic monitoring and home curfew ........................................................................................................ 36 7. Alternatives for children................................................................................................................................. 38 8. Alternatives for other vulnerable persons....................................................................................................... 40 C. ALTERNATIVE MEASURES AIMED AT FAILED ASYLUM SEEKERS ............................................................................... 41 D. THE QUESTION OF EFFECTIVENESS .......................................................................................................................... 45 1. Factors influencing effectiveness ................................................................................................................... 45 2. Cost effectiveness........................................................................................................................................... 48 IV. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS........................................................................................................................ 50 i APPENDICES Country Sections Page AUSTRALIA.................................................................................................................................................................... 52 AUSTRIA......................................................................................................................................................................... 64 BELGIUM........................................................................................................................................................................ 70 BULGARIA...................................................................................................................................................................... 78 CANADA......................................................................................................................................................................... 83 DENMARK...................................................................................................................................................................... 96 FINLAND......................................................................................................................................................................... 99 FRANCE ........................................................................................................................................................................ 102 GERMANY.................................................................................................................................................................... 108 GREECE......................................................................................................................................................................... 115 HUNGARY .................................................................................................................................................................... 117 INDONESIA .................................................................................................................................................................. 123 REPUBLIC OF IRELAND ...........................................................................................................................................
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