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Migrant Smuggling in Asia Migrant Smuggling in Asia An Annotated Bibliography Vol. 2 October 2014 4 Product: Knowledge MIGRANT SMUGGLING IN ASIA An Annotated Bibliography Volume 2 Printed: Bangkok, October 2014 Authorship: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Copyright ©2014, UNODC ISBN: 978-974-680-380-9 e-ISBN: 978-974-680-381-6 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational and non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNODC would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to UNODC, Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Cover photo: UNODC Product feedback: Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Coordination and Analysis Unit Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific United Nations Building, 3rd Floor Rajdamnern Nok Avenue Bangkok 10200, Thailand Fax: +66 2 281 2129 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unodc.org/eastasiaandpacific UNODC gratefully acknowledges the financial contribution of the Government of Australia that enabled the research for and the production of this publication. Disclaimers: This report has not been formally edited. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC and neither do they imply any endorsement. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Migrant Smuggling in Asia An Annotated Bibliography Volume 2 A publication of the Coordination and Analysis Unit of the Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Table of Contents Acknowledgements ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Abbreviations and acronyms ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2 Introduction ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3 Annotated bibliography ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 6 Tables I: Key words for subjects covered ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3 II: Definitions for research methodology applied in allocating key words ������������������������������������������� 5 An Annotated Bibliography Acknowledgements This publication was produced by the Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific of UNODC, under the supervision of Sebastian Baumeister, Coordination and Analysis Unit. Lead researcher: Deanna Davy (consultant) Critical abstracts for the annotated bibliography written by: Deanna Davy Editorial and production team: Sebastian Baumeister, Karen Emmons (contractor, editing), Pimsai Fooklin (UNODC), Ajcharaporn Lorlamai (UNODC) Ainsley Stinson (consultant), Supapim Wannopas (UNODC) and Akara Umapornsakula (UNODC). Particular appreciation and gratitude for support and advice go to Morgane Nicot (UNODC) and Szilvia Petkov (UNODC). 1 Migrant Smuggling in Asia Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations EU European Union GAT Gerakan Anti-Trafficking GDP gross domestic product ILO International Labour Organization IOM International Organization for Migration Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic NGO non-government organization OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PATROL Partnership Against Transnational Crime through Regional Organized Law Enforcement RCM regional coordination mechanism SIEV suspected illegal entry vessel Migrant Smuggling Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing Protocol the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime Trafficking in Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women Persons Protocol and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2 An Annotated Bibliography Introduction The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime published from late 2010 to early 2014. (UNODC) conducted the research for this annotated bibliography in support of the Bali The research initially found 278 sources that met Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in the research criteria, and this list was narrowed to Persons and Related Transnational Crime, which 146 sources. The research criteria are described in is a regional, multilateral forum to improve the tables I and II. coordination against criminal activity related to migrant smuggling and human trafficking. The A summary of each of those 146 sources is provided research focused on a total of 45 Bali Process in this publication. The researcher allocated key member countries (the project countries). words for each source that reflect the research criteria. The research had three objectives: The research was conducted within the (1) identify existing knowledge about framework established by the United Nations migrant smuggling regarding the project Convention against Transnational Organized countries; Crime, supplemented by the Protocol against (2) summarize and synthesize existing the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and knowledge about migrant smuggling, Air (Smuggling of Migrants Protocol). Migrant thereby making it easier for decision makers smuggling is understood to mean: to access key data and information; and (3) identify knowledge gaps, thereby making “The procurement, in order to obtain, directly it easier to clearly identify research priorities. or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a The research involved a systematic search of multiple State of which the person is not a national or bibliographic databases, library catalogues and permanent resident” and “enabling a person websites to locate empirically based information who is not a national or permanent resident about migrant smuggling in the project countries to remain in the State concerned without Table I: Key words for subjects covered Key word Description Movement that takes place outside the regulatory norms of the sending, transit and receiving Irregular migration countries Facilitating the illegal entry and/or stay of another for profit, with document offences to Smuggling achieve this Concepts Use and usefulness of concepts of migrant smuggling or irregular migration Methodology Research methodologies used in research on irregular migration or migrant smuggling Quantitative assessment Size of irregular migration or smuggling flows Routes Geography of irregular migration or migrant smuggling Geographical, demographic, socio-economic characteristics of smugglers and/or their motiva- Profiles of smugglers tions Profiles of irregular mi- Geographical, demographic, socio-economic characteristics of irregular migrants and/or their grants motivations Profiles of smuggled Geographical, demographic, socio-economic characteristics of smuggled migrants and/or their migrants motivations Smuggler–migrant How migrants portray or perceive smugglers; the nature or quality of the relationship and/or relationship factors that impact on that relationship 3 Migrant Smuggling in Asia The organizational or business structures in smuggling operations; relationships between ac- Organization of smuggling tors in smuggling operations; involvement in their criminality; specialization and professional- ism of smugglers; influences on their organization Methods of recruitment, payment, transfer of criminal proceeds, transportation, use/misuse Modus operandi of smug- of documents in smuggling process, role of corruption; factors that result in changes to modus gling operandi of migrant smuggling Fees and payment for Fees paid by migrants, factors that determine fees, how migrants mobilize fees smuggling Human and social costs of Death toll, trauma, stranded migrants and socio-economic impact of mobilizing fees for smug- smuggling gling Factors that fuel irregular Push-and-pull factors for irregular or smuggled migrants; the risks and rewards for smugglers migration (factors that drive them towards involvement in migrant smuggling or away from it) Afghanistan Geographic focus: from/to/through Australia Geographic focus: from/to/through Bangladesh Geographic focus: from/to/through Bhutan Geographic focus: from/to/through Brunei Darussalam Geographic focus: from/to/through Cambodia Geographic focus: from/to/through China Geographic focus: from/to/through DPR Korea Geographic focus: from/to/through Fiji Geographic focus: from/to/through Hong Kong, China Geographic focus: from/to/through India Geographic focus: from/to/through Indonesia Geographic focus: from/to/through Iran Geographic focus: from/to/through
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