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The Scalar Sector of the Electroweak Interactions

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The Scalar Sector of the Electroweak Interactions THE SCALAR SECTOR OF THE ELECTROWEAK INTERACTIONS Kenneth Lane Department of Physics The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210 Summary short. This program attempts to give a dynamical ex­ planation, in terms of new strong interactions at ~ 1 TeV, ~ This is the report of the Higgs and Technicolor for the breakdown of SU(2) U(l) 5,6 and the appear­ 7 Subgroup of the Beyond the Standard Model Group at the ance of quark and lepton masses. ,8 Here, spinless mes­ DPF Summer Study. The official members of the sub­ ons composed of technifermion-antifermion pairs play the group were Charles Baltay, Estia Eichten, Peter Igo­ role of the pointlike mesons of elementary Higgs models. Kemenes, and Kenneth Lane. In addition, we received The lightest and most accessible of these are called wisdom on many matters from Ian Hinchliffe, Harris Ka­ "technipions". While the idea of dynamical symmetry gan, Gordy Kane, Lawrence Littenberg, Martin Perl, breaking is very attractive and natural, no phenomeno­ Michael Peskin, and other members of the various col­ logically acceptable technicolor model has been con­ lider working groups. structed. Thus, many important details of the scalar sector of technicolor are not settled theoretically - a We review the properties of elementary Higgs me­ failing they share with multi-doublet models of the el­ sons occurring in SU(2) @ U(l) electroweak models with ementary Higgs scenario. In any case, whether electro­ one or more Higgs doublets and of technipions expected weak symmetry breaking is dynamically induced at 1 TeV in models in which the symmetry breaking is dynamical or not is a question that must be answered. If the in origin. We discuss their couplings to ordinary mat­ breaking is dynamical, mapping out the spectrum of ter, paying special attention to similarities and dif­ technipions can determine their fundamental constitu­ ferences between couplings of elementary Higgses and ents, just as was done for the ordinary strong interac­ technipions to specific channels. We also stress which tions. couplings are reliably model-independent and which are not. We use these results to discuss the most likely Fortunately, the experiments of this decade can ex­ production and detection modes of these mesons in e+e-, plore the scalar sector, distinguish between the two hadron-hadron and ep colliders and we show how to dis­ scenarios and, possibly, select among the various possi­ tinguish experimentally among the various scenarios for bilities within each scenario. The purpose of this re­ the scalar sector. port is to spell out how the job can be done. We hope this report is useful to experimentalists, the intended I. Introduction audience. The structure of the scalar sector of the electro­ In Section II we give a lightning review of the weak interactions is perhaps the greatest mystery of standard model with a single elementary Higgs doublet. high-energy physics. Even assuming that the gauge and This model has one observable scalar, HO. This summary fermion sectors are correctly described by the standard of its properties and techniques for its discovery is SU(2) @ U(l) model of Glashow, Weinberg and Salam,l We included for completeness and as a contrast to the dis­ are still completely ignorant of the precise mechanism cussion of multi-doublet and technicolor models in by which SU(2) @ U(l) is spontaneously broken down to Sections III and IV. electromagnetic U(l). Of course, we all believe that the so-called Higgs mechanism2 is responsible, that it Section III is devoted to a detailed discussion and gives masses both to electroweak gauge bosons w± and comparison of the general properties of charged and neu­ zO and to quarks and charged leptons. But, with only tral Higgses and technipions. We begin with some of one rather indirect exception,3 we haven't a shred of the motivations for going beyond the standard one-dou­ experimental evidence that this is true nor, if it is, blet model. Then we catalog the types of technipions of what the Higgs sector consists and how it works dy­ and other technihadrons that may occur, using a toy mo­ namically. Settling these issues, we believe, is the del due to Farhi and Susskind9 as an example. Finally, most important task of high-energy physics experiments we discuss what is known about the couplings of Higgses in this decade.4 and technipions to ordinary matter, with special atten­ tion to the differences that will distinguish between Currently, there are two general and quite dis­ them. We have taken extra care to emphasize which pro­ tinct scenarios for the Higgs sector. In the first, perties are model-independent, hence reliably known, and elementary (i.e., pointlike) scalar mesons are assign­ which are not and based merely on educated guesses. ed to one or more doublets of the weak SU(2) group. The electrically neutral components of these doublets The production and detection of the electroweak are assumed to develop vacuum expectation values. Just scalars in e+e-, hadron-hadron and ep colliders are why this happens no one knows; but, once it does, discussed in Section IV. The couplings to ordinary SU(2) @ U(l) breaks to U(l)EM while fermions coupled to matter tabulated in Section III are used to focus on the Higgs mesons acquire mass. In the earliest discus­ the most promising means for discovering them and dif­ sions of SU(2) 0 U(l), it was assumed that only one ferentiating between the two scenarios. There we have Higgs doublet was present, and much of electroweak touched only lightly on the important question of the phenomenology (not to mention planning for experiments) character and estimates of backgrounds to various pro­ has incorporated this assumption. In fact, there can cesses. We feel this can be well done only by the con­ be any number of Higgs doublets. The questions of how cerned experimentalists and the reader is referred to many there are, what are the masses of the physical such discussions elsewhere in these proceedings. scalars that survive the Higgs mechanism, what are their couplings to ordinary matter and so on can only Our main conclusions are these: (1) An e+e- col­ be settled experimentally. lider with luminosity P 2 X 1031 at toponium and the ZO can, with relative ease, discover most scalars eXisting The second scenario goes under the general rubric below ~ 45 GeV in mass and resolve the elementary versus of dynamical symmetry breaking, or "technicolor" for dynamical issue. Ultrahigh energy and luminosity e+e- -zzz- colliding linacs copiously produce all charged techni­ that rna ~ 5 GeV. pions. (2) pp and pp collider experiments can produce and detect only the limited class of technipions cou­ pling strongly to gluons and, probably, none of the The branching ratios for HO-decay are shown in Fig. I for 5 GeV ~ ffiH ~ 50 GeV14 (assuming mt = 20 GeV). elementary Higgs mesons. However, given the time scale If ~ 10 GeV, mixing with the 3Po-states of the 1-sys­ for completion of various machines, TEV I may well make rna tem can become important. I5 This gives a complicated de­ the first discovery of a technipion - if it exists. pendence of decay modes on mass shown in Fig. 2. The (3) ep colliders are limited to production of heavy colored technipions which couple to a quark-lepton pair or to a gluon plus photon. Observable rates probably require Is ~ 1 TeV. Much of what we say here is not new. This report has benefitted from a number of previous reviews, spe­ cifically those in Ref. 10 on the standard Higgs, HO, and charged Higgses and those in Ref. lIon techni­ z pions. Also, as noted in the text, we have relied on o various preliminary reports of the e+e- and hadron­ i= 10-1 hadron working groups at the Summer Study. This report ~ largely may be viewed as a condensate of all those more a::: detailed ones. LL Finally, we should mention those other main cur­ C>z rents of theoretical thought which we shall not cover I explicitly. These include the scalar sector of u "standard" grand-unified models, left-right symmetric z « models and supersymmetric electroweak or grand-unified a::: models. To a large extent, the low-energy scalar sec­ m tor of these models is phenomenologically similar to the elementary Higgs cases discussed here. Of course, we refer the reader to the appropriate group reports in the proceedings. II. The Standard Model With a Single Higgs Doublet A. Properties of HO 10 20 30 50 The electroweak gauge group SU(2) ® U(l) with a single complex SU(2)-doublet of elementary (pointlike) mH(GeV) Higgs mesons ~ is sufficient to describe practically Fig. 1. Decay modes of a neutral Higgs boson with mass all known weak and electromagnetic phenomena. In this between 5 and 50 GeV, taken from Ref. 14. model, three of the four real component fields of ~ combine with the w+, W- and ZO as they become mas­ sive,l,2 leaving behind only a single neutral Higgs scalar, Ho . 12 Because this minimal model is so simple, the elementary couplings of HO to ordinary matter­ quarks, leptons and weak gauge bosons - are precisely H'!-cc known. The relevant couplings we shall need for pro­ :: duction and decay of HO are those to fermions, J--------..... (1) where m is the so-called current-algebra mass of quark f H~gg \J'---f--__ I or lepton f, and those to electroweak bosons, ]. T(JOGeV)-H'h s. = [glJo W+W-,IJo+t(g2+g/2)~1Jo Z"ZIJo]Ho , (2) lI.(WW+ZZ) w IJo z ..
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