International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2017 703 ISSN 2250-3153

Seasonal Effects of Water Quality Changes in River, ,

Badusha M* and S Santhosh*

* P.G. & Research Department of Zoology, N.S.S. College, Pandalam, Kerala, India

Abstract- The seasonal fluctuations in various physico-chemical Agasthya malai in the Western Ghat mountain ranges at an parameters in the water were investigated in the six sampling elevation of about 1866km above mean sea level. This small sites namely , Kallikkadu, , river flows through highly varied geologic and physiographic , and of Neyyar River on the provinces of the area for a length of about 56km. Though, this basis of their physiographic distribution during north east river ecosystem face severe pollution threats because of the huge monsoon and pre-monsoon. Water temperature broadly disposal of various waste materials, sand mining and agricultural fluctuated between 27.00C at Neyyar dam in north east monsoon practices at its bank, it is extensively used for domestic, to 33.20C at Neyyattinkara in pre-monsoon. Though, seasonal recreational, drinking and irrigation purposes in the area. The influence was marginal, a lowering in pH was generally visible water related issues are very critical in the small catchment rivers during north east monsoon. In the station near coast, impact of of developing economies with high incidence of human stress saline intrusion was obvious in the distribution of EC. TDS (Padmalal et al., 2011). The water quality of a riverine ecosystem varied broadly between 20.4mg/l to 16000mg/l, respectively in can be assessed mostly by studying its physico-chemical the reservoir and the Poovar. Correspondingly the chloride also characteristics. The seasonal change in surface water quality is an has been gradually increasing towards downstream. In general important aspect for evaluating temporal variations of river turbidity is found to be low except occasional high values at pollution (Ouyang et al., 2006). Under this context, the present Kallikadu. Our study indicates that alkalinity values are very less study tries to focus on the water quality changes along the course all along the river during both seasons and total hardness exceeds of Neyyar River from the upstream stretch to the downstream the prescribed limits in downstream stretches. The samples in the during pre-monsoon and north east monsoon. midland and lowland invariably showed considerable concentrations of the nutrient. Inverse to the distribution of DO, II. MATERIALS AND METHODS the BOD value was the minimum at reservoir and the maximum Neyyar is the southern-most river of Kerala State having at Poovar. Significant correlations between the parameters were a total basin area of 483sq. km, lies between 8o15′ to 8o40′-N observed by using SPSS software. latitudes and 77o00′ to 77o20′-E longitudes (Fig. 1). The river’s main tributaries are Chittar, Aruvikod thodu and Maruthur thodu. Index Terms- Neyyar, North east monsoon, Physico-chemical Six sites located along the upstream to downstream course of the parameters, Physiography, Pre-monsoon. river were sampled. The sampling sites such as Neyyar Dam (S1), Kallikadu (S2), Mandapathinkadavu (S3), Aruvippuram I. INTRODUCTION (S4), Neyyattinkara (S5) and Poovar (S6) are fixed along the ivers play an important role in human progress by providing river considering the physiography (Table 1). The sampling R drinking water, making the earth fertile and serving as a locations at Neyyar dam and Kallikkadu are situated at the medium for transport. The ecosystem services provided by rivers highland physiographic area, whereas Mandapathinkadavu have been utilizing by humans without knowing the functions station is located at the transition area of highland and midland, and vitality of river (Naiman, 1992). The nature of many of the Aruvippuram at the midland and Neyyattinkara and Poovar at the rivers around the world are changed due to unscientific lowland. construction of bunds across the river, reclamation of water Water samples were collected from six sampling stations holding and purifying regions, overexploitation of their living of the river monthly for two seasons namely Northeast monsoon and non-living resources and disposal of various waste materials (October to November-2015) and Pre-monsoon (March to April- directly in to the river. Indian river system is polluted mainly 2016). Water sample is analyzed for physico-chemical because of the human impact (Goel et al., 2001, Patil et al., 2003 parameters such as Water temperature (WT), PH, Electrical and Maity et al., 2004) and major rivers are grossly polluted, Conductivity (EC), TDS, Turbidity (Turb.), Chloride (Cl), Total especially beside the cities (Srivastava, 1992). The river water Alkalinity (T.Alk), Total Hardness (T.H), Nitrate (NOR3R-N), quality has been greatly influenced not only by such activities but Phosphate (POR4R), Sulphate (SOR4R), DO and BOD. In-situ natural and climatic determinants may also contribute. Pollution determination is done for parameters such as Water temperature, of river with the seasonal change in water quality is of great pH and alkalinity and samples of DO and BOD is chemically environmental concern worldwide. fixed in the field itself. All the analyses are carried out following The Neyyar River is one of the important small catchment standard methods (APHA, 2005). Seasonal average and standard rivers in the south-western coast of India, originates from deviation of data on water quality were calculated using

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Microsoft Excel. The significance of the result was statistically parameter between sampling stations and between seasons was verified by correlation coefficient analysis using SPSS package plotted graphically with the help of MS Excel. 16.00 and also significant difference in the value of each

Fig 1: Water sampling locations in Neyyar River

Table 1: Land use characteristics in the Neyyar River basin Location Latitude &Longitude General Physiography Land use pattern N08°32′6.3″ Neyyar Dam (S1) Highland Reserve forest E77°08′44.0″ N08°31′46.4″ Kallikadu (S2) Highland Rubber and Mixed crops E77°07′39.4″ N08°29′27.9″ Mandapathinkadavu (S3) Transition area Settlement with mixed crops E77°07′27.6″ N08°25′16.0″ Mixed crops and settlement with mixed Aruvippuram (S4) Midland E77°05′34.1″ tree crops N08°24′9.6″ Settlement with mixed tree crops, Neyyattinkara (S5) Lowland E77°05′19.6″ Municipal region N08°18′30.5″ Coconut with mixed tree crops, Coastal Poovar (S6) Lowland E77°04′36.9″ area

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3 and correlation between the parameters is shown in Table-4 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and Table-5. The seasonal variations in the water quality parameters of the six sampling sites have summarized in Table-2 and Table-

Table 2: Physico-chemical parameters of Neyyar River Pre-monsoon North east monsoon Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 BIS WT(°C) 30.75 31 32.25 32.25 33.25 32.25 27 28 29 29.5 30 29 ….. PH 6.95 7.1 7.15 7.15 7.3 8.15 6.62 6.75 6.97 6.75 6.9 7.75 6.5-8.5 EC(μS/cm) 35 54.5 63.0 60.5 68.0 26410 29.5 43.0 47.5 52.0 50.2 19682.5 1500 TDS(mg/l) 24.5 34.8 37.35 38.45 41.7 16000 20.4 29.35 27.6 32.52 32.5 12355 500 Turbidity(NTU) 0.5 1 1 0.5 1 2 1 2 1.5 1.5 2.5 6.25 1 Chloride(mg/l) 7.3 9.5 15.4 15.35 24.65 16938 4.6 7.7 9.9 10.1 12.8 3614 250 Alkalinity(mg/l) 21 24.5 24.5 27 35 75.5 12.5 17 16.5 20 27.5 50 120 Hardness(mg/l) 11.1 14.6 15.6 15.4 18.3 594 7.3 12.6 10.5 12.1 14.7 472.2 300 Nitrate(mg/l) 0.24 0.33 0.36 0.33 1.36 2.39 0.41 0.46 0.52 0.49 2.41 3.96 45 Phosphate(mg/l) 0.039 0.06 0.045 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.045 0.075 0.055 0.075 0.105 0.175 0.1 Sulphate(mg/l) 0.26 0.34 0.39 0.39 3.08 1462 ND 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.98 664.5 200 DO(mg/l) 5.76 4.72 5.07 5.71 4.52 3.99 6.66 5.07 5.86 6.49 4.79 4.13 5 BOD(mg/l) 0.36 2.58 1.97 2.11 2.59 3.27 0.19 1.03 0.78 0.59 2.26 2.94 <3

Table 3: Range and SD of various water quality parameters Pre-monsoon WT pH Cond. Turb. TDS Cl T.Alk T.H SO4 NO3 PO4 DO BOD Min 30.75 6.95 35.0 0.5 24.5 7.3 21 11.1 0.26 0.24 0.039 3.99 0.36 Max 33.25 8.15 26410.0 2 16000 16938 75.5 594 1462 2.39 0.07 5.76 3.27 30.75- 6.95- 35- 24.5- 7.3- 21- 11.1- 0.26- 0.24- 0.039- 3.99- 0.36- Range 0.5-2 33.25 8.15 26410 16000 16938 75.5 594 1462 2.39 0.07 5.76 3.27 Average 31.96 7.3 4448.50 1 2696.13 2835.033 34.58 111.50 244.41 0.84 0.05 4.96 2.15 SD 0.93 0.43 10758.90 0.55 6517.54 6909.02 20.59 236.39 596.50 0.87 0.01 0.69 0.99 North east monsoon WT pH Cond. Turb. TDS Cl T.Alk T.H SO4 NO3 PO4 DO BOD Min 27 6.62 29.5 1 20.4 4.6 12.5 7.3 0 0.41 0.045 4.13 0.19 Max 30 7.75 19682.5 6.25 12355 3614 50 472.2 664.5 3.96 0.175 6.66 2.94 6.62- 29.5- 1- 20.4- 6.5- 12.5- 7.3- 0- 0.41- 0.045- 4.13- 0.19- Range 27-30 7.75 19682.5 6.25 12355 14680 50 472.2 664.5 3.96 0.175 6.66 2.94 Average 28.75 6.96 3317.45 2.458 2082.90 609.85 23.92 88.23 110.97 1.38 0.09 5.5 1.30 SD 1.08 0.41 8017.21 1.93 5032.29 1471.729 13.72 188.12 271.17 1.49 0.05 1.00 1.07

Rainfall indicates astonishingly higher north east ranges were also recorded by Gautam et al., (2000) in river monsoon than the south west monsoon (Fig -2), which has been Ganga at Rishikesh and Verma (2006) in river Narmada. observed in the southern districts of Kerala during the last 2-3 Electrical conductivity in general varied between years. Such a shift in the rainfall pattern may have tremendous 29.5µmhos/cm at reservoir during north east monsoon (Fig-5) influence on the water availability and cropping pattern which and 26410µmhos/cm at Poovar in pre-monsoon (Fig-6). needs to be investigated. Water temperature broadly fluctuated Electrical conductivity of water also shows a marginal influence between 27.00C at Neyyar dam in north east monsoon to 33.20C of rain. In the station near coast, impact of saline intrusion was at Neyyattinkara in pre-monsoon (Fig-3). The study indicates visible. Its increase towards downstream could be due to the that the fluctuation in water temperature has a relative influence urban and agriculture drainage. The various ions added to the of rainfall. water from catchment areas regulate the conductivity of the The pH in general varied between 6.6 and 8.15, the water. minimum value at the reservoir during north east monsoon and TDS follows the trend of EC in all seasons, as TDS is the maximum at Poovar in pre-monsoon. Though, seasonal directly proportional to EC. TDS varied broadly between influence was marginal, a lowering in pH was generally visible 20.4mg/l to 16000mg/l, respectively in the reservoir during north during north east monsoon (Fig-4). The pH is of near neutral to east monsoon and the Poovar in pre-monsoon (Fig-7 and Fig-8). alkaline range suggesting well buffered river waters. Similar pH

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Fig 2: Monthly variations of rainfall at gauging station of Neyyar river basin (Indian Meteorological Department Fig 5: Seasonal distribution of Electrical conductivity in Neyyar (IMD) data) river water

Fig 3: Seasonal distribution of Water temperature in Neyyar Fig 6: Seasonal distribution of Electrical conductivity at Poovar river

Fig 4: Seasonal distribution of Hydrogen ion concentration Fig 7: Seasonal distribution of TDS in Neyyar river water in Neyyar river water

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concentration of chlorides increases with the degree of eutrophication and such a scenario is visible from the study area (Fig-11 and Fig-12).

Fig 8: Seasonal distribution of TDS at Poovar In general, turbidity found to be low at reservoir and high at Poovar except occasional high values in Kallikkadu station, where the water is stagnant due to extensive sand mining Fig 11: Seasonal distribution of Chloride in Neyyar river water taken place in the past. It is varied broadly between 0.5NTU in pre-monsoon and 6.25NTU in north east monsoon (Fig-9).

Fig 12: Seasonal distribution of Chloride at Poovar Fig 9: Seasonal distribution of Turbidity in Neyyar river water Hardness is governed by the contents of calcium and Alkalinity is important in determining the ability of a magnesium salts largely combined with bicarbonates and stream to neutralize acidic pollution from rainfall or wastewater. carbonates giving temporary hardness and with sulphates, Present study indicates that alkalinity values are very less all chlorides causing permanent hardness. The optimum values of along the river during all the seasons. All samples show hardness range between 75 to 150 mg/l, supports fish alkalinity values below the range prescribed by BIS (2004) for productivity (Basant Kumar, 2011). The hardness values in the drinking purpose (Fig-10). present study are beyond the limits for drinking water for downstream stations (Fig-13 and Fig-14). Though, nitrate was negligible in all seasons in the upstream stations, samples in the mid and lowland invariably show considerable concentrations of the nutrient. High values of nitrate during rainy season can be due to influx of nitrogen rich flood water that brings large amount of contaminated sewage water (Fig-15). Phosphate values were comparatively high at Poovar possibly due to the continuous contact of seawater (Fig-16). High phosphate values at the range of 1.60-5.26mg/l were reported in Thenpennaiyar River, Tamilnadu by Sridhar and Senthil Kumaar (2016) who also reported high phosphate in monsoon period like that observed in the present study. The phosphate concentration between 0.002 and 0.399 mg/l in different site areas was reported from Pennar River (Joseph and Jacob, 2010). The concentration Fig 10: Seasonal distribution of Alkalinity in Neyyar river water of sulphate was found to be very low up to Aruvippuram, from The gradual increase in chloride concentration down the where it increased maximum at Poovar, which is very close to river could be due to the increase in urban land use and due to the the sea (Fig-17 and Fig 18). addition of some industrial discharge (Allan, 1996). The

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temperature, this in turn promotes microbial activities and minimum BOD values obtained may be due to low temperature and sufficient amount of water in the river. Similar observations were confirmed by many other workers such as Pathak and Mudgal (2005). The biological oxygen demand seems to be high during premonsoon probably due to stagnation of contaminants which shows the degradation of the river system from the highland portion onwards

Fig 13: Seasonal distribution of Total hardness in Neyyar river water

Fig 16: Seasonal distribution of Phosphate in Neyyar river water

Fig 14: Seasonal distribution of Total hardness at Poovar

Fig 17: Seasonal distribution of Sulphate in Neyyar river water

Fig 15: Seasonal distribution of Nitrate in Neyyar river water The DO values ranged from 3.9mg/l during pre- monsoon at Poovar to 6.1mg/l during north east monsoon at reservoir station (Fig 19). The higher concentration of DO during winter can be attributed to the fact that cold water contains more oxygen as compared to warm water as the DO is inversely proportional to the water temperature (Hynes, 1988). In addition photosynthesis could have some kind of effect on DO. Fig 18: Seasonal distribution of Sulphate at Poovar Inverse to the distribution of DO, the BOD values Correlation coefficient analysis of the water quality fluctuates between the lowest in reservoir to the highest in parameters demonstrates clearly the type and degree of Poovar (Fig.20). The BOD values are obtained maximum in pre- relationship among them. In north-east monsoon, water monsoon at all sampling stations, which may be due to high temperature showed moderately significant positive correlation

www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 7, Issue 7, July 2017 709 ISSN 2250-3153 with PH, alkalinity, nitrate, phosphate and BOD and negative correlation with DO. The PH, conductivity, turbidity, TDS, chloride, alkalinity, total hardness, sulphate, nitrate and phosphate showed highly significant positive correlation with all parameters except DO. Dissolved oxygen showed significant negative correlation with all parameters. BOD showed significant positive correlation with all parameters except DO.

Fig 20: Seasonal distribution of BOD in Neyyar river water. But in pre-monsoon DO showed marginal increase in negative correlation values with all parameters except BOD. Inverse to DO, BOD in pre-monsoon showed marginal decrease in positive correlation values with PH, conductivity, turbidity, TDS, chloride, total alkalinity, total hardness, sulphate, nitrate and phosphate and negative correlation values with BOD except Fig 19: Seasonal distribution of DO in Neyyar river water water temperature.

Table 4: Correlation coefficient analysis of various water quality parameters during Northeast monsoon WT pH Cond. Turb. TDS Cl T.Alk T.H SO4 NO3-N PO4 DO BOD

WT 1 pH 0.326 1 Cond. 0.144 0.953** 1 Turb. 0.281 0.961** 0.964** 1 TDS 0.114 0.953** 1.000** 0.965** 1 Cl 0.115 0.953** 1.000** 0.965** 1.000** 1 T.Alk 0.422 0.946** 0.931** 0.981** 0.931** 0.932** 1 T.H 0.123 0.955** 1.000** 0.968** 0.999** 0.999** 0.935** 1 SO4 0.114 0.953** 1.000** 0.965** 1.000** 0.999** 0.932** 0.999** 1 NO3 0.427 0.884* 0.853* 0.932** 0.853* 0.853* 0.964** 0.857* 0.853* 1 PO4 0.430 0.909* 0.900* 0.975** 0.900* 0.900* 0.990** 0.905* 0.900* 0.957** 1 DO -0.388 -0.758 -0.670 -0.830* -0.670 -0.671 -0.801* -0.677 -0.670 -0.831* -0.847* 1 BOD 0.535 0.835* 0.754 0.893* 0.754 0.755 0.921** 0.761 0.755 0.962** 0.940** -0.934** 1 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)

Table 5: Correlation coefficient analysis of various water quality parameters during pre-monsoon WT pH Cond. Turb. TDS Cl T.Alk T.H SO4 NO3 PO4 DO BOD WT 1 pH 0.387 1 Cond. 0.155 0.966** 1 Turb. 0.295 0.931** 0.895* 1 TDS 0.155 0.966** 1.000** 0.895* 1 Cl 0.155 0.966** 1.000** 0.895* 1.000** 1 T.Alk 0.349 0.996** 0.974** 0.913** 0.974** 0.974** 1 T.H 0.163 0.968** 0.999** 0.897* 0.999** 0.999** 0.976** 1 SO4 0.155 0.966** 0.999** 0.895* 0.999** 0.999** 0.974** 0.999** 1 NO3 0.508 0.948** 0.876* 0.884* 0.876* 0.876* 0.956** 0.879* 0.877* 1 PO4 0.397 0.797 0.688 0.817* 0.688 0.688 0.785 0.693 0.688 0.811* 1 DO -0.416 -0.792 -0.687 -0.918** -0.687 -0.686 -0.772 -0.691 -0.687 -0.837* -0.899* 1 BOD 0.564 0.717 0.558 0.752 0.558 0.558 0.670 0.565 0.558 0.682 0.920** -0.836* 1 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)

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[8] Joseph, P. V. and Jacob, C. (2010). Physico-chemical characteristics of Pennar River, A Fresh Water Wetland in Kerala. Indian E-Journal of

IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Chemistry, 7 (4): 1266-1273. The present study on the physico-chemical quality of [9] Maity, P. B., Saha, T., Ghosh, P. B. and Bandopadhyay, T. S. (2004). river water reveals that the total alkalinity and nitrate values are Studies on pollution status of Jalangi River around Krishnanagar city in within the water quality standards prescribed by BIS and the West Bengal. Science and Culture, 70 (5/6): 191- 194. concentration of all other parameters especially in downstream [10] Naiman, R. J. (1992). New Perspectives for Watershed Management. In: R. J. Naiman (ed.), Watershed Management: Balancing Sustainability and stations are above the limit set by BIS. From this study it is Environmental Change. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 3-11. revealed that degradation of water quality is very high at the [11] Ouyang, Y., Nkedi-Kizza, P., Wu, Q. T., Shinde, D. and Huang, C. H. downstream stretches of the river. This is due to high (2006). Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality. Water anthropogenic disturbances associated with the region and the Res, 40: 3800-3810. cumulative effect of all pollutants from upstream. Wild use of [12] Padmalal, D., Remya, S. I., Jyothi, S. J., Baijulal, B., Babu, K. N. and Baiju, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, devious dumping of domestic R. S. (2011). Water Quality and Dissolved Inorganic Fluxes of N, P, SO4 and K of a Small Catchment River in the Southwestern Coast of India. wastes are also the major causes of rapid fall in water quality. Environ. Monit. Assess, 84: 1541-1557. The quality of water is depleting also with the change in climate [13] Pathak, S. K. and Mudgal, L. K. (2004). Biodiversity of zooplankton of and other natural processes. Under this context, it is discovered Virla reservoir, Khargone (M.P.), India, In: Arvind Kumar (ed.) that surface water pollution is comparatively high in pre- Biodiversity and Environment. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, monsoon season. Apart from the lowering of water quality, these pp. 317-321. factors may adversely impact biodiversity of the riverine [14] Patil, Y. S., Patil, S. K., Dhande, A. D. and Pawar, N. S. (2003). Water quality of river Tapti at Bhusawal Town. Indian Journal of Environment ecosystem. So this study indicates the need for control measures Protection, 23(6): 620- 623. for a broader perspective to regulate these problems in Neyyar [15] Srivastava, C. P. (1992). Pollutants and nutrients status in raw sewage. River. Indian Journal Environment Protection, 18: 109-111. [16] Roshinebegam, K. and Selvakumar, S. (2014). Seasonal changes in ACKNOWLEDGMENT physico-chemical parameters of Mullai River, Tamil Nadu, India. Chem. Sci. Rev. Lett, 3(9): 66-73. We are grateful to for the financial [17] Sridhar, N. and Senthil Kumaar, J. S. (2016). Evaluation of Physical and assistance. The facilities provided by PG and Research Chemical Parameters of Water Samples Collected from Thenpennaiyar Department of Zoology, NSS College, Pandalam are greatly River at Kelavarapalli, Krishnagiri District, . Asian Journal of acknowledged. We thank Department of Botany and Chemistry Research, 6 (5): 990-1002. (NSS College, Pandalam) for permission to work at their labs. [18] Verma, D. (2006). Studies of water pollution of the river Narmada in western zone. Ph. D. Thesis, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore (M.P.), India, pp. 1-137. REFERENCES [1] Allan, J. D. (1996). Catchment-scale analysis of aquatic ecosystems. AUTHORS Freshwater Biology, 37: 107-111. First Author– Badusha. M, MSc; BEd; MPhil, PG and Research [2] APHA. (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste st Department of Zoology, NSS College, Pandalam (University of water. American Public Health Association 21 ed. Washington DC, p. 948. Kerala), [email protected] [3] Basant Kumar, A., Senthil Murugan., Babu Nand Chaudhary. (2011). Second Author– Lt. Dr. Santhosh. S, PhD; FSESc, PG and Seasonal Variation of Physico-Chemical Properties of Kamala Basin of Darbhanga District, Bihar. I.J.A.B.R, 1 (1): 123-125. Research Department of Zoology, NSS College, Pandalam [4] Bureau of Indian Standards, Indian Standards (IS: 10500). (2004). Drinking (University of Kerala), [email protected] Water Specification, New Delhi. [5] Gautam, A., Khanna, D. R., Sarkar, P. (2000). Diurnal variation in the Correspondence Author– Badusha. M, physico-chemical characteristics of the Ganga water at Rishikesh during [email protected] winter season. Indian J. Environ & Ecoplan, 3 (2): 369-371. +91 9447788226. [6] Goel, P. K., Bhosale, P. M. (2001). Studies on the river Panchganga at Kolhapur with special reference to human impact on water quality. Current topics in environmental sciences (S.l). ABD Publishers, p. 108-122. [7] Hynes, H. B. N. (1988). Biogeography and origins of the North American Stone flies (Plecoptera). Mem. Ent. Soc. Can, 44: 31-37.

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