Resilient Bridgeport Claim the Edge, Connect the Center

Home , Barnum station, Beardsley Zoo, Black Rock Harbor, Bridgeport Harbor

RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER

WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER

1 OVERVIEW 3 2 FRAMEWORK FOR RESILIENCE 16 3 INVESTMENT AREAS 23 4 IMPLEMENTATION 61 5 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT 75 A BRIDGEPORT ATLAS 87 T TECHNICAL SECTIONS 116 LETTERS OF SUPPORT 133

All content within this proposal is protected by U.S. and international intellectual property rights such as copyrights, trademarks, or similar rights recognized under law or comparable international conventions in any country, state, or jurisdiction in the world.

No part may be reproduced in any form or by any means for commercial purposes without the express written consent of unabridged Architecture PLLC on behalf of the Design Team. RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER

The proposal combines natural and fortified solutions to facilitate more resilient forms of inhabitation in the places most at risk from severe storms. It asserts, too, that living and working along Connecticut’s coastline and waterways is not only necessary, but that is possible to do so with an incremental and integrative approach that restores the environment, strengthens connectivity, enhances the regional economy, reduces long-term risk, and restores the centrality of the city’s waterways and downtown to the city’s identity.

In this way, Bridgeport can become a model for other cities along the Long Island Sound and throughout New England.

3 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS OVERVIEW

1 OVERVIEW

1.1 PROTOTYPE FOR THE REGION Strategies for Coastal Cities

1.2 PRINCIPLES Integration : Exchange : Identity 1.3 PROPOSAL Integrated Strategies for Four Investment Areas 1.4 WHY BRIDGEPORT? Proud Past : Resilient and Prosperous Future 1.5 TEAM, PROCESS, AND APPROACH

4 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS OVERVIEW

1.1 PROTOTYPE FOR THE REGION

Bridgeport is an sound that are projected to inundate the coast periodically will reveal the opportunity to find geography of Bridgeport to consist strength at the water’s of “peninsulas and islands,” just as New Orleans or a Dutch polder can edge and to reconnect be characterized as a “bowl.” Islands the urban core to the are the areas of high ground along the coast that will remain dry, while pen- city’s neighborhoods. insulas are the upland areas bounded and defined by riparian corridors. A Place of Exchange Urban Core Stormwater flows from upland ar- Bridgeport is one of the few urban areas, bringing with it sediments, nu- eas in Connecticut that are poised to trients, and pollutants. Tides push A city central to the capture growth as baby boomers age Long Island Sound in and out, and storm surge lifts the out of suburban settings and millen- Long Island Sound’s waters up and nials are forecasted to be less like- over coastal boundaries. The coastal ly to desire suburban (or ex-urban) ecology and economy exist because housing removed from downtown of the exchanges that are only possi- shops, amenities, and cultural activi- ble at this juncture. Along the other ties. Focusing on Bridgeport as a pro- axis, transportation infrastructure, totypical de-industrialized mid-sized utilities, and information networks American city and what that city, its link Bridgeport to regional markets infrastructure, and its public realm and centers. Coastal hydrology, too, might look like in the future is fun- sweeps sediment and other materi- damental to the Resilient Bridgeport als along the coastline, constantly proposal. reshaping the line between land and water. City of Peninsulas At the most extreme, sea level rise and the influx of waters from the

5 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS OVERVIEW

1.2 PRINCIPLES

Three basic principles Exchange Facilitating the flow of materials and underlie every project in people along the coast is critical to the Resilient Bridgeport the regional economy and ecology. Building extensive walls and flood- proposal. gates will inhibit or obstruct flows, such as fish swimming upstream to spawn. A variegated edge that pro- Integration tects critical facilities but maintains The integration of multiple lines of and even enhances flows between defense and resilience provide re- land and water and along the coast dundancy and higher levels of safety. will provide greater long-term bene- Berms, floodwalls, and surge gates fits. provide critical surge protection, and are complemented by offshore break- Identity water reef and wetland systems. In- Connecting the city’s residents to termediate and internal measures and along waterways and waterfronts ranging from green infrastructure to restores the centrality of water to hazard mitigation strategies such as Bridgeport’s identity. Further, doing home elevation improve overall re- so connects residents to local and resilience, as do resilience and design gional ecologies and provides oppor- centers that also serve as catalysts tunities for improved quality of life for urban revitalization. and economic development. In times of storm, some of these centers double as shelters that are armored against floodwaters, winds, debris impacts, and other hazards. They provide continuity of operations for services such as communi- Integrated Riparian, Urban, cations, drinking water, power, heat, and Coastal Strategies and wastewater.

6 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS OVERVIEW

1.3 PROPOSAL

Integrated Strategies for Restore Ecology Enhance habitats and both coastal Four Investment Areas and riparian ecosystems.

Resilient Bridgeport integrates ripar- Install Green Infrastructure ian, urban, and coastal strategies to Combine stormwater capture with be implemented over the next thir- filtration and streetscape improve- ty-five years. The design team has ments. drawn and quantified Phase One projects in four economic develop- Direct & Divert Flood/Surge ment and environmental restoration Implement structural measures to zones: Black Rock Harbor, South protect against floodwaters. End, Downtown Bridgeport, and throughout the Lower Pequonnock Remove, Elevate, Mitigate Watershed. These projects provide Make space for floodwaters with locations where innovations with- proven mitigation measures. in the resilience framework can be tested and integrated with existing Support Enterprise assets and planned infrastructure in- & Development vestments. Provide education, job-training, and sites for innovation and development. There are two project types: immediately practicable projects that can be constructed in the near term, and Provide Housing & more advanced concepts that require Community Services a feasibility study or further planning Provide resources for transforming to pave the way for development and underserved neighborhooods. implementation in the coming years. Provide Implementation Together, the strategies and projects that comprise the Resilient Bridge- Mechanisms port Framework are designed to: Facilitate collaborative processes to achieve Resilient Bridgeport goals.

7 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS OVERVIEW The Phase One proposals are located in four investment zones that define the city’s most vulnerable areas:

South End Along the land side of Olmstead’s Seaside Park, a multipuprose berm protects the neighborhood with its historic buildings and developments including the University of Bridge- port, and continues west through the park and north towards Down- town. This new landscape feature, combined with an onshore treatment park and offshore living shoreline, adds value and creates opportunities in spatial as well as risk reduction terms. Resilience is embedded at the center of community here. Black Rock Harbor Technical innovations to protect the Eco-Industrial Park, including a later-phase Bridge with Integrated Surge Protection, set the next standard. The Elevated Infrastructure Corridor network is a key public investment with large stormwater and utility distribution benefits, the first step in a series of needed public and private adaptations. These include phased improvements for the P.T. Projects for 2015 Barnum housing complex up the corridor above the Offshore Treatment The proposal outlines 10 projects Park, and for the utilities and indus- that can be implemented today using proven technologies. trices that abut the harbor. This area is the battery that powers Downtown. 8 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS OVERVIEW Downtown alyzes a string of improvements that Cars, trucks, and trains pass through nurture resilience. Conditions and lo- Downtown, the locus of Bridgeport’s cations needed for economically pro- health and resilience. The ferry con- ductive aquaculture are prioritized as nects at the Port across the Sound to room is given back to the flood plain. Long Island. Yet too few people stop The network of East Side Green and walk, shop or eat here. In an era of Streets mitigates runoff and pollu- concurrent globalization and region- tion, demonstrating watershed bene- alism, given Bridgeport’s proximity fits at neighborhood scale. Repetitive to Manhattan, and its centrality to loss properties near the intersection the busy NYC-Boston corridor, there of the river with US 1, where a mar- are many opportunities to attract and ginal shopping center is built on top guide development in the city. Protec- of the confluence with Island Brook, tion and connection are provided by are targeted for reorganization, to a Waterside Promenade that coordi- allow daylighting the water system, nates and aligns with train platforms commercial revitalization, upscaling in current or shifted locations. Long and reorientation of development to term Northeast Corridor highway and the water, and the creation of a new rail system relocations need further upland entry for Bridgeport. study, though benefits to Downtown are evident. An Urban Design Center, operating in conjunction with universities will focus on smart adaptation strategies and implementation of the Resilient Bridgeport framework. Foremost is to give Bridgeport back its bridges, and to begin by rebuilding the Congress Street Bridge. This vital investment will regenerate commerce, the lifeblood of resiliency, by restoring the lost connection from the East Side and Washington Square to Downtown, marked by a new Con- gress Green where the bridge touches down at Middle Street. Pequonnock Rarely is a river so ripe for reclama- Plans and Feasibility tion as the Pequonnock. Connecting Studies water and park systems from the Ol- msted-designed freshwater Beards- An additional 5 plans and studies round out the Rebuild by De- ley Park to brackish Seaside Park cat- sign proposal for Bridgeport.

9 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS OVERVIEW Phase One projects are the basis for a comprehensive resilience framework with four key elements.

Hard Lines Protective Infrastructure Links Com- munities Natural and fortified solutions combine to create a stronger edge in the places most at risk during storms. Through multiple layers, the community finds safety, retains insurability, and thus gains opportunity. These Hard Lines Soft Lines living lines of defense extend and prolong habitation along waterfront edges, are integral with the topography, bathymetry, and geology of the coastal zone, and are designed for adaptation to changing situations. Soft Lines Pequonnock River, Inland Water- ways, and Offshore Habitats The Pequonnock River Watershed is an ideal area for integrative and comprehensive water-based planning for redevelopment. Through targeted restructuring and rezoning of land uses within the watershed, opening up and reclaiming the Pequonnock River, as well as other impaired inland streams, risks will be reduced, development value increased, ecological functions improved, and Bridgeport revitalized. Resilience Centers Economic Lines

10 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS OVERVIEW Centers Resilience Education and Design Resilience education and design centers are located at key points where systems intersect, and where they can provide maximal benefits to the safety, ecology, social conditions, and economy of the neighborhoods where they are located and the city as a whole. Each of these projects is specific to the local conditions of landscape and neighborhood, but together establish prototypes for the New England coastline, so that the strength of these project concepts extends to neighboring communities such as Stamford and Norwalk, New Haven and New London. Growth Neighborhood Revitalization and Economic Development Like other similarly-sized, post-industrial cities, Bridgeport faces many obstacles to revitalization with low employment rates, a stagnated housing market, and many blighted properties. Of the city’s 12.9 square miles of parcel area, nearly a 1/4 are tax ex- empt. This and the city’s boundaries establish the geographic constraints on the city’s tax revenues, and ne- cessitate more economic productivity throughout the city and especially along its waterfronts. The goal is a staged revitalization for Bridgeport and its communities, its economy, Resilient Bridgeport and its ecology through increased connection, innovation, production, A comprehensive plan and process and exchange. that integrates environmental and economic objectives.

11 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS OVERVIEW

Phase One Projects

12 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS OVERVIEW

1.4 WHY BRIDGEPORT?

The city is a sound place Northeast Corridor: 35 million riders on the rail line, 54 million people on for investment and Interstate 95, and 1 million ferry pas- innovation. sengers commuting across the Sound each year. There are diverse options for connecting to nearby communi- History ties, Boston, and New York City. The culture of innovation is strong here, with metalworking and textiles River Runs Through It driving the Industrial Revolution, The system of regional greenway first flight in 1901, and contributions trails that connect neighborhoods as the “Arsenal of Democracy” during along the Pequonnock and Yellow World War II. The legacy of P.T. Bar- Mill Rivers is growing. The 2011 num’s election as Mayor in 1875 en- Parks Master Plan designed by Sa- dures, and his designs for the city as saki Associates forms the blueprint a civic leader and entrepreneur guide for extending parks and open space development even today. throughout the city. Diversity and Skills Model City Initiatives There is a rich history of welcoming Bridgeport has a record of successful immigrants and talents, beginning completion of award-winning model with the founding of the International projects, including the remediation Institute of Bridgeport in 1918. There of the former Barnum Winter Head- are over 70 languages spoken in quarters to become a park; making Bridgeport, and a wealth of cuisines, affordable housing sustainable; com- religions, and cultures represented munity training workshops in envi- in the city’s restaurants, people, and ronmental justice; and design awards University of Bridgeport students. for a fish ladder and streamside buffers along the rivers. The Eco-Indus- Regional Connections trial Park at Black Rock Harbor is a Park City, City on the Water The city is a crossing point, and a showcase for waste stream diversion Bridgeport exists at the junc- multimodal transit hub within the and renewable energy projects. ture of coast and river.

13 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS OVERVIEW

1.5 TEAM, PROCESS, AND APPROACH

Gulf Coast experience, lines of defense providing higher mental in shaping the focus and con- levels of risk-reduction. A water- tent of the design team’s work. Each extensive community shed-based planning approach yields event has been an opportunity to engagement, and an an integrated resilience framework share water management strategies for coastal communities with similar and principles for resilient design integrative approach. geology and topography, while iden- with the community, to empower cit- tifying key interventions for each izens to engage in the conversation Waggonner and Ball, unabridged landscape type and opportunities about their city’s future, and to build Architecture, and the Gulf Coast for economic development and envi- together towards a shared vision and Community Design Studio bring 24 ronmental restoration. The team is implementation strategy. years of combined experience living testing the resilience framework at in, working with, and designing for specific sites, finding ways to orient disaster-affected communities along people to the landscape and flow of the Gulf Coast of the United States. water. This framework suggests spac- Yale University and ARCADIS pro- es and places that not only provide vide additional expertise in ecology, safety and services in times of storm urban and landscape design, coastal but also instruct people on how to engineering, and stormwater man- transition to a way of living and thriv- agement, as well as specific knowl- ing with water. edge of the Long Island Sound and the Northeast Atlantic region. For the design team, integrating the design process and community en- Process gagement efforts has allowed for the At the city and regional scales, the participation of diverse local and re- team has mapped risks, assets, and gional stakeholders in the develop- land use to determine the value of ment of a resilience framework for varying forms of interventions along Bridgeport. Workshops with commu- the Connecticut coast and densely nity partners, ongoing conversations settled I-95/Metro North Railroad with government officials, design charrettes with critical stakeholders, Corridor. Interventions considered Design Charrette are for a variegated edge of hard and and a series of public open houses soft protection zones with multiple and educational activities with both Discussing the Pequonnock at the youth and adults have been instru- All-Scales Workshop on 2/28.

14 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS OVERVIEW Approach provide a vision for the future that not as strategic investments for to- Resiliency planning, like all efforts might be, as an inspiration and goal. day. They however inform all strate- to plan for the future, is by defini- gies that are proposed. tion speculative, balancing the pres- What We Have Not Done ent and preparing for the unknown. The Bridgeport team has not used We have not asked that grand plans When faced with forecasting mod- the worse climate and flood condi- be completed wholesale, in toto (even els of global warming, population tions predicted for the next century, when in fact that might be the most growth and migration, fossil fuel de- although we modeled this as a sce- cost effective or efficient way to cline, habitat degradation, or shifting nario. We have suggested solutions proceed), and proposed instead an economic trends, the variables over- that are immediately implementable, icremental approach that minimizes whelm all formulae. The team also that are incrementally expandable, disruption to communities and viable knows that cataclysmic events can and that are based on a slightly more industries, and that initiate projects change the model at any moment. knowable prediction span (say 20-30 over time to engender social and fi- years). These solutions assume con- nancial momentum. The team has seen predictions of ris- tinuing monitoring with an enhanced ing seas and more frequent and se- feedback cycle, and that more im- What We Have Done vere weather events, from droughts provements will take place over time, The Bridgeport Design Team has to storms to deluge. The team has as new events unfold. prepared a comprehensive resiliency predictive models of surge elevations plan for a coastal city that address- of 21 feet at the Connecticut coast We have not asked that great or im- es water management from inland by the year 2100. We see popula- mediate investments be made in proj- to sea, and integrates ecological re- tion projections for a Bridgeport with ects that involve entrenched regional sources with social resources and twice the current population by the political and financial structures that economic development. same time. Railways predict ridership will take years to unwind even if some increases of 50% in the near future. are essential. For example, even as- We have devised structural, bio-dy- We see utility companies planning to suming automobile travel remains in namic, hydrogeological, and econom- move from one fossil fuel to anoth- its current form, the interstate will ic tools to resolve urban resiliency er while new co-generation efforts need to change. As it migrates away problems in infrastructure, housing, evolve. We saw predictions for infor- from the shoreline, we see a by-pass city planning, and habitat. that will reunite Bridgeport as a major mation technology that made work We have proposed a series of cata- economic tool. Similarly the removal commutes and educational campus- lytic projects that use those tools in of raised rail traffic through the cen- es obsolete, while in fact commutes an incremental manner as part of an ter of the city has been a common de- are slowing and campuses expand. overall approach, that over time will velopment phase for growing cities. We see that trends in demographics create a safer, more ecologically re- The creation of an underground com- have validity for a generation or two sponsive, energy efficient and eco- muter rail, new stations, and a new at best. We see few trends toward a nomically vibrant Bridgeport. This light rail at-grade transit system have more egalitarian or supportive so- will be a model city for New England the potential to serve as tremendous ciety. Few of the predictions we see and America with a strong downtown economic engines that cannot be ig- today will become reality, and for core, identified by cohesive neigh- nored. But for now those alterations those that do the timeframe is likely borhoods, vibrant waterfronts, inter- are deferred. We present these only decades or even beyond this centu- laced parks and waterways, and new as visions of what perhaps should be, ry. Yet planners must guess, we must economic opportunities.

15 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS FRAMEWORK FOR RESILIENCE

2 FRAMEWORK FOR RESILIENCE

2.1 RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES 2.2 INTEGRATION, EXCHANGE, AND IDENTITY

16 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS FRAMEWORK FOR RESILIENCE

2.1 RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES

The top five hazards and most dense city in Connecticut, with the greatest diversity of ethnic listed in the 2012 backgrounds, will flood regularly. Bridgeport Climate The city has the most socially vulnerable population in the state, and Preparedness Workshops more affordable housing than neigh- Findings Report are all boring cities. Critical infrastructure 2014 will be inundated or inaccessible, related to water in excess including two power plants (coal and as floodwater, or in waste-to-energy), two wastewater treatment plants, two hospitals, plus shortage during times of a downtown financial center, hock- drought. ey arena, ball park, university, and several theaters and concert venues. Not unlike many other communi- Transportation systems, including ties in the Northeast, Bridgeport is the Metro-North Rail and Interstate a land-constrained, property tax-de- 95, will be regularly interrupted, and pendent municipality. The City will the one-week shutdown in 2012 from be hard-pressed to limit development Hurricane Sandy will occur all too in floodplains or coastal impact areas regularly. This will impact not only unless its plans for development are the 35 million riders of the rail line supportive of a clear strategy to si- annually and the 54 million commut- multaneously add value and increase ers each year that use the interstate the productivity of the upland areas to get to work and other services, but that remain. Any discussion of risk will cause broader disruptions to the 2050 and opportunity must take these con- food distribution and other critical ditions into account. networks. The Emergency Operations Center Floodplain and Storm Surge Climate Change activated 250 times in 2010, and What is at stake: without protection, Modeled 100 year storm today 48,000 residents (20% of the pop- and in 2050 with anticipat- by 2100, large swathes of low-ly- ulation) are recommended or re- ed sea level rise of 2.19’. ing land across the most populous quired to evacuate in severe storms.

17 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS FRAMEWORK FOR RESILIENCE

Although Hurricane Sandy in 2012 was a merely a Category One storm when it came ashore in Connecticut, 6,000 residents of Bridgeport used the city’s shelters. Disruptions to regional supply chains and power interruptions caused serious complications for local industries. Sikorsky and other local industries have suffered from this, which is one of the reasons for the development of decentralized alternatives, including the solar array and the fuel cell projects. Ensuring the continuity of operations at the district scale is critical to maintaining industrial and commercial functions in the city. Opportunities Bridgeport provides clear opportunities to demonstrate resilience measures that allow for the continued inhabitation of the coastline, while protecting critical historic and in- frastructural assets, enhancing the regional ecology and economy, and building the strength of the city’s Value in the Flood Plain neighborhoods and urban core. There is close to $4 billion in assessed property value along with numerous critical assets and facilities ranging from power and sewage treatment plants to the University of Bridgeport located in the floodplain.

18 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS FRAMEWORK FOR RESILIENCE

2.2 INTEGRATION, EXCHANGE, AND IDENTITY

Integration favorable for species suited to low benefits because improved water wave energy environments. In some quality supports regional fisheries places this buffer will allow beaches and local tourism industries provid- Resiliency is increased with the in- or marshes to develop. The shellfish, ing a potential for more economic tegration of natural and engineered marsh grasses, and sea grasses that development by providing the seeds lines of defense. With all engineered can then take root will improve wa- with which to promote commer- structures there remains the possi- ter quality by trapping sediment and cial shellfish aquaculture across the bility of failure. Where lives are at and taking up nutrients that would Sound. stake, it is necessary to create multi- otherwise pollute the Sound, whille ple lines of defense to accomodte un- providing food and habitats to oth- certainties and changing conditions. er species. The living shoreline will help remediate the pollution from the Outer Lines of Resilience city’s combined sewer overflows and Creating a strong outer layer of de- urban run-off, and potentially efflu- fense is critical to reducing storm ent from wastewater treatment facil- damage as it can reduce wave heights ities as well. and wave energy protecting the land behind. Between the water and the Along with the environmental bene- engineered flood defense a natural fits of the living shoreline, building buffer will improve the effectiveness the outer layer of protection with liv- of flood defenses and reduce their ing organisms such as mussels, oys- maintenance costs over the lifetime ters and other filter feeders provides of the structures as high water levels an organic system that will be able and wave action are reduced. to adjust to changing sea levels and environmental conditions, and that The natural buffer or “living shore- can repair and rebuild itself after a line” provides several ecological disturbance. This lessens the need functions. Between storms the for repeated repair and reinvestment Coastal Protection buffer reduces wave energy, which after a storm. Areas of high ground, such as the slows rates of erosion and changes landfill seen in the background the pattern of sediment accumula- The benefits to environmental quali- of this Black Rock Harbor pic- tion, creating habitats that are more ty and biodiversity improve environ- ture, can be incorporated into mental quality and have economic coastal protection systems.

19 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS FRAMEWORK FOR RESILIENCE Living shorelines will add to the ex- rates. Longer term, modification of isting artificial breakwaters at the the park design (such as replacing the mouth of Bridgeport and Black Rock concrete boardwalk with a shell or Harbors, which will soon be reno- gravel path) would reduce the vulner- vated by the Corps of Engineers. ability of the park. Bridgeport is fortunate to have two large natural buffers along its coast Intermediate measures including Pleasure Beach and Wild- Across the southern edge of the city life Sanctuary protecting the East an internal line of defense is pro- End and Seaside Park protecting the posed to protect against increasing- South End. These natural defenses ly-common severe weather events. reduce wave heights and wave energy This line of defense will provide mul- when water levels rise above a normal tiple benefits to the community be- high tide. tween storms, and will be designed to double as a continuous pedestrian Pleasure Beach is a particular- and bicycle path along the entire city ly strong asset because the barrier waterfront from Black Rock Harbor beach can move and migrate to adjust to Pleasure Beach. to new sea levels or storm regimes. However, there are certain areas that Improving the existing drainage sys- are vulnerable to a breach (despite tem is important to avoid internal the presence of groins) which could flooding and to manage stormwater in reduce the flood protection provided both ordinary and large storm events. to low-lying areas in both Bridgeport Updating the city’s drainage system and Stratford. This should be moni- is an expensive and time consuming tored and future dune construction process. The city is in the beginning or beach nourishment may be need- stages of a $300 million project to ed. separate their combined sewers. Giv- en available resources the project Seaside Park directly protects South will not be completed until around End residents. The park, however, 2040. Green infrastructure along was damaged during Sandy and rep- with improvements to engineered in- resented the largest single expense frastructure provides a more flexible for the city following the storm. This approach that can begin to reduce damage was due in large measure to flooding issues in the short term. the lack of natural buffer between Targeted areas are where increasing Coastal Buffers the concrete sea wall and the Sound. infiltration and diversion of surface The wall remains vulnerable to ero- run-off will have the greatest impact Bridgeport’s Seaside Park and sion and future failure, despite the on reducing the pressure on the ag- other natural and man-made riprap placed at its base. To protect ing combined sewer network and may landforms along the coast buf- Seaside Park, it is necessary to fo- be able to reduce the level of public fer coastal neighborhoods against the direct wave action cus on reducing wave impacts at the investment required to address the water’s edge and reducing erosion of the Long Island Sound.

20 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS FRAMEWORK FOR RESILIENCE issue of combined sewer overflows. ers and estuaries that feed the Sound. This natural system is the framework The installation of green infrastruc- for economic and social systems. En- ture throughout the city also creates hancing the exchanges between the immediate co-benefits for individual ecological, social, and economic sys- neighborhoods by improving air and tems is improves the overall health water quality, and reducing the urban and resiliency of the city. heat island effect. More importantly increasing access to green spaces has Design for Resiliency been shown to be beneficial for pub- Flood protection structures offer lic health by encouraging a more ac- places for social interaction and re- tive lifestyle and improving environ- sources to serve the community. mental quality. Green infrastructure Green streets provide filtration for has also been shown to have a bene- stormwater, bike lanes, and sidewalks ficial effect on property values in the for informal recreation as well as so- adjacent parcels. cial connectivity. Aquaculture jobs at the water’s edge recall the manufac- Internal Measures turing of the past, but point to a more The innermost layer of defense is sustainable future for food produc- constructed at the building scale. It tion in cities. Higher density devel- is the last bastion against the storm. opment along the waterfront revives Shelters are armored against flood- awareness of waterways as prominent waters, winds, debris impacts, and features within the city, and provides other hazards. A shelter is the place opportunities for social contact at to go for safety when one’s own house common spaces, promenades, and feels flimsy and insecure. Ideally, restaurants along the edge. these are located outside of the flood zones, but in a city of peninsulas, like Distributing community centers Bridgeport, where people may be cut throughout neighborhoods, instead off from help, they must create their of centralizing them at one spot, cre- own high ground through siting and ates redundancy and greater contact design, and also by providing conti- between citizens, government, and nuity of operations for services such community organizations. Resil- as communications, drinking water, ience centers are part of an expand- power, heat, and wastewater. ed network of exchange, with places to go for information, education, Exchange food, daycare and healthcare. These Internal measures facilities should become part of the everyday life of the community so The Long Island Sound is an estuary Both green infrastructure, such that people are not afraid to go there as these features on the Fairchild of national significance and histori- when storms threaten. Wheeler Campus, and innovations cally was productive because of the in architectural design provide unique conditions created by the riv- for greater levels of resilience.

21 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS FRAMEWORK FOR RESILIENCE Identity sound, can once again become a key aspect of the city’s identity. Bringing the river’s edge to life with landscape Bridgeport’s identity was once inex- and with social spaces will change tricable from its working waterfront. the identity of the river from a sense The exchanges between social, eco- of loss and neglect to one of life and nomic and ecological systems made care. The proposals for Bridgeport places of commerce. As commerce seek to create an identity that values relocated away from the waterfront water and makes places of exchange. to places shaped by automobiles and Integrated lines of resilience are also as industry became more mecha- places of social and ecological ex- nized and isolated the waterfront lost change, thereby re-creating Bridge- much of its importance. The project port’s identity as a living waterfront. seeks to restore places of exchange that connect people to the water in Resilient Bridgeport inscribes a sin- multiple ways. Bridgeport’s future gle, unbroken line connecting the identity can create new places to live, Phase One projects to the city’s ex- work and play along the water with isting waterfront assets, from Black integrated and resilient systems. Rock in the southwest, along the edge of the Sound and up the Pequonnock The new working waterfront identity at Congress Street, to the coast- is not the single-use industrial modal protection project underway at Ash Creek el of the past. The new identity is a Steele Point Harbor in the East Side. complex multi-use waterfront con- Later phases will build on this line, One of the beautiful places of and protect the East Side all the way ecological and social exchange necting Downtown to the Pequon- that characterize the coast- nock River and to the coast with to Pleasure Beach, where a new water line where natural habitats are intensified and continuous social, taxi service will begin operations this maintained. Ash Creek is central commercial and recreational spaces. summer, in place of one of the broken to the identity of the adjoining Just as successful cities in the twen- bridges in Bridgeport. Black Rock neighborhood. tieth century have adapted industrial Water Assets areas into multiuse cultural, educa- Securing the waterfront for public ac- tional, recreational, and commercial cessibility is a critical component of Bridgeport has a wide range of centers, Bridgeport’s waterfronts this plan, resulting in an 8-mile long waterfront assets, and Resilient can be made into intensified multi- necklace of green spaces, marinas, Bridgeport seeks to protect, use places suited for the twenty-first low-impact corridors and recreation- enhance, and connect these as- al trails, and opportunities for eco- sets so that the city’s waterways century. The new integrated layers and waterfronts are once again of protection can increase the places nomic development. Ranging from central to the city’s identity. of exchange and bring the waterfront historic neighborhoods to modern to life ecologically as well as socially developments, traversing this water- and economically. The Pequonnock front edge brings people into contact River, which was once a living, natu- with the best of Bridgeport. ral system connecting the city to the

22 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS

3 INVESTMENT AREAS

3.1 SOUTH END Protecting the Community 3.2 BLACK ROCK HARBOR Powering the City 3.3 DOWNTOWN Connecting the Center 3.4 PEQUONNOCK Claiming the Edge

23 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: SOUTH END

3.1 SOUTH END

Protecting Assets State’s worst performing schools and S.1 Multifunctional Berm is part of a locally defined target area and Transforming the for comprehensive neighborhood Neighborhood transformation that has a poverty rate over 50%, an unemployment S.2 Living Shoreline rate over 35%, a vacancy rate in resi- Bridgeport’s South End is a place dential properties of over 50%, and a with both spectacular resources and concentration of crime. Our proposal S.3 Neighborhood Transformation with extreme challenges. It is the home of protects the many assets in the South Resilience Education and Community the Frederick Law Olmsted-designed End and uses strategic investments to Seaside Park and numerous other support the transformation initiative Center buildings and districts recognized proposed by the Housing Authority by the US Department of Parks and of the City of Bridgeport and a host Historic Preservation to have nation- of local collaborators. al significance. The neighborhood is within a short walk to downtown, a The South End is one of the most Metro-North and Amtrak rail station, vulnerable parts of the city. The low the beach, universities, YMCA, and peninsula is exposed to storm surge numerous services and resources. and at increasing risk due to sea lev- There are several strong faith-based el. It is occupied by over 8,000 peo- communities, a thriving University of ple, including students, public hous- Bridgeport, and active and engaged ing residents, and othervulnerable residents and other stakeholders populations. The neighborhood is with Marina Village, Seaside Village, host to industrial uses next door to the Freeman Homes and other his- historic homes, including grand man- toric sites. However, the closing of sions, tiny cottages, and the Free- many area industries and the demo- man Homes. Sweeping views include lition of the notorious Father Panick Frederick Law Olmsted’s Seaside Village public housing has left the Park and the exclamatory red and community with expanses of crum- white striped smokestack of the coal bling buildings and vacant lots. The plant. The South End offers the most community also sends students to the vibrant contrasts in Bridgeport.

24 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: SOUTH END The center of the neighborhood is pated 6’ sea level rise. The berm is Park Avenue, where showman and placed along the northern edge of the Mayor P.T. Barnum marched his hors- park to minimize the impact on the es and acrobats, elephants and side- 1867 design of Olmsted’s lyrical ge- show performers. The street follows ometries, rolling greens, and groves the ridge line to the double stone of shade trees. Sections of the berm gateway at the entrance to Seaside incorporate Waldemere Avenue atop Park. Park Avenue forms the locus the berm, plus sidewalks and bike of commercial services for the neigh- paths. Geotubes filled with sand and borhood, which have declined in re- soil form the basis of the berm struc- cent years. ture, with sloped and stepped edges for access. The berm is customized Neighborhood revitalization depends to work around existing features - on knitting the fabric of he neighbor- houses, trees, roadways – and thereby hood back together. With a current create safe development areas along population of 8,400 (including stu- the waterfront. The inland alignment dents at the University of Bridge- of the berm also allows the elevation port), the one square mile area could of the berm to be low relative to the support increased population if ade- surroundings because of the rapid as- quate coastal protections are put in cent in elevation as one moves away place. Infill around the historic dis- from the waterfront. tricts of Seaside Village, Barnum-Pal- liser, Railroad Avenue Industrial Resilience Education and District, Cottage Development, and Marina Park in scale with the context Community Center can include three-story rowhouses The South End Resilience Center is and other multi-unit configurations, proposed to be located on the high including apartment buildings and ridge of Park Avenue, and to employ renovated mill structures along the technical solutions for high-perfor- edges and Park Avenue. mance construction that is elevated, floodproof, and self-sufficient. It Multifunctional Berm protects the 12,600 residents and The addition of a berm provides employees within the South End, coastal protection at an elevation of and repairs the ‘broken windows’ at Historic Assets at Risk 17’, which provides protection from the gateway to the neighborhood. It is also visible from the rail line and Seaside Village and the Olm- a 100 year urge today, in contrast to sted-designed Seaside Park the current elevation of Seaside Park interstate. The location within the are two of the beloved histor- at 3 to 5 feet, which is sufficient to South End increases access to many ic assets that are at constant services, creating greater economic risk from floodwaters due to protect against a near term 100 year their location on the coast. surge. The height of the berm will be capacity within the neighborhood. increased to 21 feet by the year 2050 The Center provides a mix of uses to protect against the the antici- to support 400 transformed public

25 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: SOUTH END housing units at Marina Village and of Bridgeport. which is under a con- the rest of the South End, includ- sent decree to replace all of the units ing uses such as a workforce train- of the demolished Father Panick ing center, fresh food co-op, health Village public housing. The Author- care clinic, senior activities and child ity has reached an agreement with care. Possibilities include apprentice- Connecticut Legal Services and the ships and vocational training for ret- Resident’s Association to replace all rofitting buildings, weatherization, 406 units of Marina Village Housing. green stormwater infrastructure, HUD’s Demo/Disposition order is the flood-proofing, sustainable energy first step toward moving ahead with infrastructure, and environmental redevelopment. As new development remediation. A shelter capacity of and rehabilitation occur, tenants will 1,500 people within the classrooms be located to new homes. The capi- and lecture halls for emergencies tal structure for the project includes is anticipated. The design propos- private equity from the developers al includes 35 one-bedroom units of (JHM Companies, POKO Partners, elderly/disabled housing within the and Bridgeport Neighborhood Trust), South End Resilience Center, built so FEMA funding, low-income tax cred- residents can shelter in place. The its, and Connecticut Housing Finance complex creates a neighborhood hub Authority bonds and Department of with an active plaza and streetscape. Housing loans. This will restore housing for the 1,200 or so residents of Features that promote self-sufficien- Marina Village, some displaced since cy are critical to the center’s success. Hurricane Irene. Physical redevelop- For example net-zero energy use re- ment of Marina will be paired with duces demand so that emergency sit- assistance for homeowner improve- uations can be met with onsite solar ments in the area and other support energy and a recycled battery fuel for mixed-income development. cell, harvested rainwater keeps the toilets flushing and treats effluent, Connection to Downtown and secure communications ensures Along the eastern edge of the South connectivity for building residents. It End the landscape is reconfigured for is a place where neighborhood’s resi- water retention, protection of vital dents can recharge and make contact. resources, and environmental safety. Neighborhood A combined sewer overflow (CSO) Opportunities Park will create a vegetated filtra- Transformation Vacant housing units and prop- The South End investment leverages tion system for combined sewer and erties provide opportunities for the planned $150,000,000 redevel- stormwater outfalls, an important transforming the neighborhood. opment of public housing at Marina element in the protection of water Village, severely damaged by Sandy quality for recreation at Seaside Park by the Housing Authority of the City and for future aquaculture indus-

26 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: SOUTH END tries offshore. It also establishes a through the urban area. The pro- buffer between PSEG’s coal-power posed top level is at 17’ elevation peak demand plant, which is project- to protect the historic districts and ed tobe replaced by gas-fired gen- structures. As for the berm, it will be eration within this decade, thereby raised to to 21’ by 2050. Additional shrinking the plant’s footprint from funding may be pursued through FTA 50 acres to approximately 20 acres. and ConnDOT for evacuation routes. Phytoremediation in areas adjacent to the park can assist in the removal of heavy metals caused by decades of coal storage and burning. A living shoreline for coastal protection just offshore will reduce wave energy and protect functions of this area, as well as provide a framework for oysters and other mollusks and fish species. Green streets funnel stormwater from the South End to the CSO Park for filtration before release. The City of Bridgeport anticipates pursuing grants from EPA, USDA Watershed Protection, DEEP revolving fund for clean water, and Long Island Sound Futures funding to acquire, construct, and restore this area, along the Nature Conservancy, of the Resil- ient Bridgeport coalition. Singer Street Redevelopment creates a secure platform for continued industrial operations and new development along the eastern edge of the South End. The elevated roadway and smart utility corridor will serve as an evacuation route during emergencies, and as a conduit for utilities including potable water, sewer, stormwater, power, and communications. It also functions as an extension of the Assets Seaside Park berm that connects to the proposed wontwon Floodwall in Historic Seaside Park and a order to pride contiuous protection strong community are trademarks of the South End.

27 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: SOUTH END S.1.1 MULTIFUNCTIONAL BERM A berm integrated into the Seaside Park landscape that is designed for the current worst case 100 year Base Flood Elevation of 17’ • adaptable to meet future BFE standards rather than building to those standards today • allows for overtopping without failure of system • elimination of existing road and replacement with berm and bike path on top as a new connection through the South End neighborhood and Seaside Park • slopes of 1:3 for ease of maintenance

S.1.2 ELEVATED SINGER STREET Elevation of current roadway by three feet with an integrated 4’ floodwall on the water side protects historic assets S.1.3 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR ONSHORE CSO PARK Explore possibility to integrate treatment park into buffer zone between industrial and residential areas

An Integrated Berm • study feasibility of redorectomg CSO outfall that currently drains into the Harbor The berm is integrated into the existing contours of the land to mini- • develop concept for a multifunctional treatment park that doubles mize its impact on the community. as a green corridor supporting adjacent mixed-use development

28 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: SOUTH END

S.2 LIVING SHORELINE Offshore breakwater structures along the South End waterfront that provide wave attenuation to allow for lower retaining heights of storm surge features in the South End, and to provide a reef structure to support aquatic wildlife

• building out the full alignment of the breakwaters alongside Sea- side Park creates the potential to use the Living Shoreline as a water treatment corridor • breakwater creates a low-energy environment on the land side which allows for wetland formation, counteracting the loss of wetlands due to sea level rise and development • structures can be built using the re-use of clean dredge materials in geo-textile tubes, such as materials that are dredged from Bridgeport channels/harbors as well as nearby cities along the Sound • The Living Shoreline is a cost-effective concept that has been studied and proven worldwide

Living Shoreline

Offshore breakwaters provide wave attenuation and ecological benefits.

29 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: SOUTH END

S.3 NEIGHBORHOOD TRANSFORMATION WITH RESILIENCE EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY CENTER A resilience center that serves the neighborhood’s 12,600 residents and workers with a wide range of community- driven programming, and as a catalyst for the transformation of the neighborhood at a key gateway to the area

• center provides uses ranging from workforce training and fresh food co-op to healthcare clinic, senior activities center, and child care • during severe weather, center provides shelter capacity for 1,500 people, with services made more resilient through self-sufficient utilities • provides a model for resilient architectural strategies • leveraging of planned $150 million redevelopment of public housing at Marina Village, which was damaged during Hurricane Sandy

Shelter

The resilience center provides a place for neighborhood residents to evacuate to that is close to home, top left, while new development can be designed to allow for sheltering-in-place, bottom left.

30 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: SOUTH END

New, Safer Development

Strengthening the coastal protection and water management infrastructure of the South End provides opportunities for safer forms of coastal inhabitation.

31 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: SOUTH END

South End Transformed

The neighborhood, University of Bridgeport, and historic Seaside Park are protected with integrated lines of resilience, with improved connections to downtown. Orange lines diagrammtically indicate perimeter lines of defense. 32 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: SOUTH END

1 Raised infrastruc- 2 Berm along inland edge 3 Develop green 4 Living Shoreline and 5 South End Resilience ture corridor of Seaside Park infrastructure CSO Park Study Center and Neighbor- along Singer hood Transformation Street

Bioretention gardens, constructed wetlands, sand filters, permeable Protects the historic parking, tree plantings, and community from future bioswales will reduce CSO Provide catalysts for sea level rise Layering soft and hard COMMUNITY and improve water quality infrastructure at different neighborhood revitalization heights will attenuate waves, and protect land “Green streets” and “Blue behind it streets” will improve ECOLOGY appearance of streets Study CSO Park potential to improve water quality Constructed wetlands behind the wall and future CSO parks on the outside Commercial aquaculture creates future job of the wall will improve Berm connects with opportunities water quality adjacent high ground of the University of Bridgeport creating new pedestrian network

URBANISM

Bike path on berm increases connectivity to the downtown area FIRST STEPS

33 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: BLACK ROCK HARBOR

3.2 BLACK ROCK HARBOR

Black Rock Harbor is The following proposed projects are B.1 Offshore Outfall Park with Study for important to the overall Resilient a place for making and Bridgeport plan as well as to provid- Onshore Mitigation and Neighborhood powering the city. ing access, accommodating sea level Transformation rise and storm surge, and maintaining services within this critical link The Harbor is the most visually dis- between the neighborhoods and tinctive area in Bridgeport. It fea- households of Bridgeport. B.2 Elevated Infrastructure Corridor tures the photogenic 1823 Black Rock Harbor Light on Fayerweather Offshore CSO Outfall Park Island that protected mariners from This is one of several locations in the B.3 Comprehensive Feasibility Study for the shoals by serving as a beacon to city where storms cause the release Bridge with Integrated Surge Protection lead ships into Cedar Creek. It still of untreated raw sewage, up to 70 guards the entrance today. million gallons a year. The concept But while Cedar Creek remains an is fully proven, though performing active hub for barges filled with fuel this feat offshore offers an innova- oil, waste materials, rock and gravel, tive twist. A well-designed reef and the lands at its verge are low and sus- wetland structure can treat up to the ceptible to flooding. Private compa- annual 2-year rain event; current- nies that rely on access to waterways ly, even a 0.2 year event leads to an and roads for their transfers and the combined sewer outfall (CSO) into City’s Eco-Industrial park that spe- Black Rock Harbor. cializes in sustainable processing Recreational paths offer an oppor- and renewable energy generation are tunity to create an attractive water- located here. Critical infrastructure front for the Black Rock and West is at risk including the waste-to-en- End/West Side communities, adjoin- ergy plant that processes 250,000 ing the popular Captain’s Cove. It is tons of garbage per day, a sewage also an opportunity for interpretive treatment plant, a mattress recycling exhibits, especially in conjunction facility, and a fuel cell power genera- with the Aquaculture Science and tor. None of these are easy to relo- Technology School nearby. cate.

34 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: BLACK ROCK HARBOR The project pairs an investment in an er level, which serves as a model for innovative offshore treatment wet- transitioning facilities in coastal flats land with a study for onshore miti- to less susceptible elevations while gation and neighborhood transfor- remaining in place. mation. Because CSOs are caused by excess runoff, addressing the root Comprehensive Feasibility cause is of equal importance. Inte- Study for a Multi-functional grating possibilities for transforming the P.T. Barnum housing complex Bridge with Integrated with green infrastructure and broad- Surge Protection er neighborhood objectives provides As severe weather accelerates, there opportunities for finding innova- is an urgency to research the feasibil- tive solutions that address multiple ity and technical function of a surge needs. gate to reduce risks of future storm surge events in the Black Rock Har- This effort is an immediate-term solu- bor and bordering communities such tion to address current conditions in as Black Rock and the South End. Cedar Creek; to address storm surge The result of this study will be the in the future, other measures need to basis for the first multi-functional be taken and will be studied, such as bridge with integrated surge protec- B.3, below. tion in the US. The multifunctional bridge will become an attraction, a Elevated Infrastructure best practice of how the “human fac- Corridor tor” is combined with structural pro- Elevating roads and utility corridors tection through good design. are an innovative approach to address future sea level rise. This is the first Three different alignments will be step in creating a resilient Eco-Indus- studied for the configuration of raised trial Park, which is a centerpiece of infrastructure along Black Rock Har- the city’s many sustainability initia- bor. The study will determine the tives. New stormwater drainage dis- necessary level of flood protection connects stormwater flows from the for the inner harbor and vicinity. The sewer system, dramatically reducing flood gates will allow traffic in and the potential for untreated sewage out during normal operation, but releases. will be closed to resist storm surge during severe weather. Curved gates Implementation will begin with one beneath the walkway provide an aes- Critical Infrastructure street as a pilot, and eventually be ex- thetic element to the structure. The tended to additional streets through- sheet pile foundations are hidden to Black Rock Harbor is home blend with the surroundings. Each to one of Bridgeport’s sewage out the area so that all industries that treatment plants, and also the become part of the Eco-Industrial gate can be lifted out for major main- popular Captain’s Cove marina. Park eventually build to a higher saf- tenance, reducing interruptions to

35 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: BLACK ROCK HARBOR waterway traffic. The bridge provides a connection to Seaside Park from the Black Rock community, and a direct link for the South End community to the nearby Fairfield Metro train station. The walkway bridge allows easy access to the gate surface for repairs. It also functions as an emergency route for pedestrian evacuation in the event of disasters.

A Place for Making, A Place for Innovation

Bridgeport’s Eco-Industrial Park is a centerpiece in Bridgeport’s many sustainability initiatives, especially in regards to power generation. The Aquaculture Science and Technology campus is also located adjacent to the harbor. Here students learn skills ranging from water quality analysis and kelp farming to boat-building.

36 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: BLACK ROCK HARBOR B.1.1 OFFSHORE OUTFALL PARK

A pilot for reef and wetland structures that clean water in a working coastal landscape

• designed to treat up to the annual 2 year rain event, and some of the 70 million gallons of untreated raw sewage that are released each year, while cleaning water flowing through adjacent Cedar Creek even when it is not raining (currently, a 0.2 year event leads to a CSO into Black Rock Harbor) • CSO treatment offshore is innovative, while being a relatively low cost measure with simple filter-feeder reef construction using dredged materials that allow for the formation of marsh in the low-energy area behind the reef structure • improves aesthetics of waterfront area without impeding Cap- tain’s Cove boat traffic to and from marina • provides educational opportunities for adjoining neighborhood and Aquaculture Science and Technology School Other Soft, Non Structural Stabilization B.1.2 STUDY FOR ONSHORE MITIGATION AND NEIGHBORHOOD  Use natural, nonstructural, or biodegradable materials TRANSFORMATION  Typically use in low-energy environments (tidal creeks, Development of a transition strategy for tributaries, streams, rivers) neighborhood transformation that integrates

January 2001 April 2004 green infrastructure and hazard mitigation

• reorganize land use and related zoning to buffer current residential areas from elevated industrial uses, esp. P.T. Barnum Housing • adapt infrastructure from grey to green systems

Creating Wetland Habitats

Reef structures double as breakwaters that allow for the formation of salt marshes.

37 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: BLACK ROCK HARBOR

B.2 ELEVATED INFRASTRUCTURE CORRIDOR

Bostwick Avenue pilot for a network of elevated street and utility corridors in the EcoIndustrial Park and surrounding areas

• innovative approach to adddress sea level rise in coastal flats • lift road and utilities 3’, integrating with existing road and drainage reconstruction initiatives

70’ R.O.W PRECAST CONCRETE UTILITY TRENCH • new stormwater drainage pipe allows for disconnection of both public and private paved surfaces to reduce runoff, while serving PROPERTY LINE PROPERTY LINE 4” as a best practice for the rest of the city

SMART INFRASTRUCTURE CORRIDOR ADJACENT BUILDING VARIES • potential for integration into broader surge protection alignment 10’ LONG? for Black Rock Harbor and the South End in later phases 6”-8” PLANTED BANK UTILITY TRENCH PRECAST CONCRETE ROADWAY UTILITY TRENCH PRECAST CONCRETE POROUS PAVEMENT POROUS PAVEMENT

10’ 6’ 6’ 26’ 6’ 6’ 20% +5’ VARIES 0’-3’ 0’-5’ EXISTING GRADE

UTILITY LINES 0 5’ 10’ 15’ 20’ GRAVEL ROAD BED + FILL EXISTING 72” CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE FOOTING SEWER LINES

38 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: BLACK ROCK HARBOR

B.3 COMPREHENSIVE FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR BRIDGE WITH INTEGRATED SURGE PROTECTION

A study is needed to assess all aspects relating to the protection of the Black Rock Harbor and adjoining communities in the future

• study will examine different measures for protecting Black Rock Harbor and water-related critical facilities that form the “Bat- tery” that powers the city • study will develop thorough benefit-cost analyses to compare alignment alternatives • inovation in the concept of a multifunctional bridge with an integrated surge gate -- first of its kind in the US • bridge will serve as pedestrian connection Seaside Park and the Black Rock community, and also provide a direct link to the nearby Fairfield Metro station potential surge • study will examine design possibilities for enhancing the “human protection alignments factor,” including aesthetics and daily use of the structure

Innovative Surge Protection

There are not yet any surge gates in the United States that are also designed to provide connectivity across water as a publicly-accessible bridge. 39 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: BLACK ROCK HARBOR

Elevated Infrastructure

An elevated street and utilities along the southern edge of Cedar Creek can double as flood protection with which to prevent storm surge from entering the low-lying areas of the South End.

40 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: BLACK ROCK HARBOR

Black Rock Harbor

Offhsore reef and wetland structures improve water quality year-round while the addition of a surge barrier at the mouth of the harbor provides critical assets and coastal neighborhoods with protection from storm surge.

41 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: BLACK ROCK HARBOR

1 Raised road and 2 Construct offshore out- 3 Green Infrastructure for 4 Identify and market 5 Feasibility study for utility corridor fall park stormwater reduction development sites storm surge protection

Improve water quality

New evacuation route makes neighborhood Add and replace at higher safer ground portion of PT Reduce long term risk Barnum housing of flooding

New development can tie into the raised utilities ECOLOGY Develop green streets, corridor and attract bioswales, rain gardens and industries that benefit pervious parking areas to from or require access New park incorporated increase stormwater retention to water and access to into embankment and infiltration and reduce other amenities of the COMMUNITY Promotes this area as run-off to CSO EcoTechnology Park an Eco Industrial Park.

Green street connects Fairfield URBANISM Ave to the Aquaculture School and to the Cove Reduces risk for new investors FIRST STEPS

42 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: DOWNTOWN

3.3 DOWNTOWN

Downtown is the most Lower Floodwall D.1 Lower Floodwall The Singer Street Redevelopment critical piece of the city’s creates a secure platform for new de- resilience velopment from the eastern edge of the South End to the railroad. The D.2 Upper Floodwall extension of the elevated Singer All roads (and bridges, and tracks, Street in S.1.2 to Downtown provides and other systems) lead to the central an elevated smart utility corridor D.3 Congress St. Bridge and Green business district. Downtown is the that serves as an evacuation route financial and governmental center and emergency acces to and from of the city, where business decisions the South End during emergencies, D.4 Design Center and Community are made, where deals are struck, and and provides a new conduit for util- where thousands of people could live ities including potable water, sewer Development and work. and stormwater, power, and communications. The top of this corridor is As Downtown becomes more attrac- initially set at 17’ elevation to protect D.5 Transportation and Investment Plan tive to residents who value the con- the historic districts and structures venience of walking to work, cultur- behind from sea level rise. Additional al attractions, and the train station, funding may be pursued through FTA more services will coalesce here. and ConnDOT for evacuation routes, Downtown is experiencing the begin- although this is not a state route. nings of a renaissance – and it is the primary candidate for locating thou- Upper Floodwall sands of new residents over the next Continuing along the rail line to 75 years. Space for additional units downtown and up to the Congress and services must capitalize on the Street Bridge, the upper floodwall is waterfront and the relatively steep a waterside promenade on two lev- topography that lifts downtown out els: a lower walkway to bring people of the floodplain. into contact with the water’s edge that includes mooring for ferries and visiting pleasure boats and a higher level to maintain access during emer-

43 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: DOWNTOWN gencies that links to the level of the at the terminus of Middle Street, pro- station platforms and provides an un- viding a common open space for the paralleled lookout onto the river and State Superior Court, Fire House, and harbor. The project marries safety the Majestic Theatre. This landscape with economic development by incor- feature will encourage private devel- porating places for new restaurants, opment of vacant lots in this area, attractions, and waterside amenities. further activating the north edge of downtown. Congress Street Bridge and Green Downtown Design Center Reconnecting the severed neighbor- Downtown is the center of govern- hoods of Downtown and the East Side ment and business, so locating addi- is a critical piece of Bridgeport’s eco- tional resources for the implementa- nomic recovery. The Congress Street tion of resilience planning is desirable Bridge was frozen in an upright po- here. The Design Center will be a sition in 1997 and finally removed in place for design professionals to con- 2010. The bridge approaches lead tinue implementing projects; provide to nowhere and businesses on both technical assistance for moving, ret- sides of the missing span continue to rofitting, elevating, and floodproof- suffer from the 16-year interruption. ing structures; and to build capacity within the city to modify policies to This proposal calls for a restored promote resilience. The Center will bridge for bicyclists, pedestrians, provide a stopping point for visitors and vehicles. $1.8 million in funding and a meeting point for public offi- was received for a pedestrian/bicycle cials, neighborhood residents, aca- link that would be lifted in and out demics, students, and planning pro- with a crane at the times when wa- fessionals. terborne commerce requires access to the Pequonnock River. Excluding One potential site is on the ground vehicle crossings, however, would not floor of the City Trust Building, with restore the full capacity of this vital 1929 Art Deco-style offices recently transportation link for both everyday converted into modern apartments use and connectivity during emer- (although other downtown sites may gencies. be considered as long as they are outside of the 2100 projected flood Downtown Bridgeport A full sevice bridge is necessary to and surge zone). The Center would connect Downtown with the original include the following program ele- “suburb” of Washington Square Park, ments: first set aside in 1851. The shaded square on the East Side will be bal- • Mapping of the City of Bridge- anced by a New England-style town port, incorporating all current green on the west side of the bridge available information materials and displaying images of the en-

44 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: DOWNTOWN tire city or specific neighbor- station, and includes a parking hoods through arrays of wall garage for 295 cars. monitors and computer kiosks. This information could be used This center will provide public educa- generically as a guide to local tion and community capacity-build- attractions, restaurants, wayfin- ing services, as well as an off-campus ding, etc, as well as for the pro- design center to assist property own- fessional and academic pursuit of ers directly. Although it will work resilient design and planning. closely with the City of Bridgeport, it could be operated by two univer- • Exhibition spaces for display of sities: the University of Connecticut materials pertaining to resilience Landscape Program, and Yale Urban tools and techniques (floodproof- Design Workshop. Long-term opera- ing, wall sections, rainwater tional funding for this non-profit will harvest, solar energy, etc) and be from the universities, and from current development issues and foundation grants. projects. Transportation and • A flexible 80-seat hall for formal public meetings and presenta- Investment Plan tions. Recognizing that the region’s rail and highway infrastructure is both • Conference Room for meetings vulnerable to coastal storm impact with property owners, neighbor- and impedes evacuation between hood groups, etc. coastal and inland neighborhoods, these large aging systems will need • Workspace for 10 staff members, to be addressed. As both the high- case managers, interns, and a di- way and the rail cut across the City rector. of Bridgeport, they consume acres of potentially developable land, much • Loft bedroom space for six stu- of which is outside of the flood- dents, interns, or travelling fel- plain and represents opportunities lows. to strengthen the urban fabric in re- • Support space – restrooms, show- silient ways. Additionally, the rail ers, janitor, kitchen, and storage takes a circuitous route through the space. city, adding significant travel time to those navigating the Northeast Corri- • To encourage pedestrian and bi- dor. Any travel time savings between cycle use, parking for 250 and New York and Bridgeport would bring renting facilities would be avail- this city closer to the orbit of the eco- able for commuting and recre- nomic driver that New York is, and ation. The proposed City Trust increase the likelihood of spillover site is within 450’ of the train activity and back office locations.

45 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: DOWNTOWN A rail realignment could simultane- periods. ously reduce travel between Boston and NYC providing benefit to all of The parking garage adjacent to the New England, increase rail utiliza- train station, for example, forms an tion reducing carbon emissions from excellent shelter location. Its unusu- transportation, increase economic al design, with flat floors and exte- prospects for Bridgeport by bringing rior walls, creates the ideal base for it closer to Stamford and New York a temporary shelter that addresses City, free up land for economic de- another concern of evacuees -- the velopment in and around downtown desire to remain with their pets, their in upland areas outside of the flood possessions, and their families. Of- plain, and remove a barrier to evacua- ten, their most valued possession is tion during times of disaster between their vehicle, so keeping it with them lowland and upland neighborhoods is critical during the evacuation peri- of the city. od. The design team convened a spirited Transit Shelters need a hardened discussion of the future of transporta- core to keep people safe during the tion during the All-Scales Workshop event, modified to add sliding hurri- to identify the scope of the problem, cane shutters over the existing ven- but appropriate solutions will require tilation windows. At each level, re- more time and careful study. strooms and showers are added to serve a capacity of approximately The Phase One request is to fund a 200 people per floor. The corner Transportation and Investment Plan. towards the public plaza becomes a DOT funding for major projects is visual reminder of the fluidity of re- allocated until approximately 2050, silience, and the changes it petitions so there are no short-term projects. our cities to make. A strategy which looks at the future configuration of Interstate-95, the A solar canopy providing 0.8MW en- Amtrak line, and how existing infra- ergy will ensure uninterruptible pow- structure might be reconfigured for er, and a rainwater collection tank local access will consider the draw- will maintain wastewater service. A backs of relocation, but also the ben- backup communication base station efits: the interstate alone occupies makes this a dependable hub, and ex- 85 acres of downtown. tends wifi for the area. A bridge connects the garage to the upper level of The plan will also examine the use of the train platform, ensuring safe pas- Critical Transit Lines Transit Centers as an existing net- sage even in flood conditions. Along the Down- work of state-owned resources which town Water’s Edge may be modified to provide shelter during crises, as long as they do not interfere with service during normal

46 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: DOWNTOWN D.1 LOWER FLOODWALL

A protective floodwall elevated to 17’ that connects from the elevated Singer Street in the South End to the existing railroad station downtown

• level of protection provided is for the current 100-year Base Flood Elevation • floodwall is designed with integrated high promenade, which allows for continuous public access along the riverfront

D.2 UPPER FLOODWALL

An extension of the Lower Floodwall, also at the 21’ elevation, from the railroad station to Congress St.

• level of protection provided is for the current 100-year Base Flood Elevation + anticipated sea level rise for 2050, which provides the highest leveel of protection for the city’s urban core • Provides continuous line of protection that facilitates development along the riverfront • features both high and low promenades, as shown in the render- ing, above left, that reconfigures the river’s edge to encourage public inhabitation and commercial activity along the waterfront

47 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: DOWNTOWN

D.3 CONGRESS ST. BRIDGE AND GREEN

Re-establishment of a critical link between Downtown and East Side neighborhoods

• restores pedestrian and automobile connections across the Pe- quonnock at important juncture at the urban core • replacement bridge was allocated for $40 million federal dollars in 2010, but project stalled • two designs were developed and cost estimated; a recreation of the concrete and steel bascule bridge and a slender, arching steel bridge with generous pedestrian and bicycle lanes

48 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: DOWNTOWN

D.4 DOWNTOWN DESIGN CENTER AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

A center for facilitating implementation of the Resilient Bridgeport framework, for design Concept sketch for education, and resilience research interior of Downtown Design Center •continues the community-engaged design process initiated by Re- build by Design, with collaboration of institutions of higher learning • manages a high-production program for resiliency improvements and rehabilitation • researches and develops cost-effective strategies for resilient construction • develops and supports a network of neighborhood-based resiliency services and shelters facilitated by a small grant program • located in a rehabbed downtown building to serve as catalyst for downtown redevelopment

Precedent: Gulf Coast Community Design Studio

49 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: DOWNTOWN

D.5 TRANSPORTATION AND INVESTMENT PLAN

A plan for reimagining the future of transit in Bridgeport, including the possibility of publicly-owned parking garages serving also as resilience centers.

• review and catalog current and projected regional transportation system. • focus and remap as relevant current and projected system and alternatives. • assess impacts on Bridgeport and environs • develop and assess alternatives for multi-modal transportation hub/station. • plan development of the station area, with connections to and through new infrastructure, Downtown, East Side and South End. • identify priority properties for development. • identify network and systems for future and locations of key elements. • identify long-term opportunities for redevelopment with rail and highway alternatives. • identify mid-term targets for enhanced economic and environmental performance of Downtown • develop design and implementation plan for parking garage resilience center

50 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: DOWNTOWN

Downtown

Looking upriver, with a new riverfront train station, Con- gress St. Bridge, and oyster beds in the distance alongside a consolidated industrial area.

51 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: DOWNTOWN

City Campaign for City establishes ease- HUD Funding for critical 1 Connecting 2 ment to create initial 3 connections in loop Downtown loop

Rebuild Congress Street Bridge Remediates riverfront and Green and improves water quality, to facilitate other Connect Neighborhoods Railroad esplanade to provide future uses. architectural passage connecting downtown to the Stratford Ave COMMUNITY Bridge and Ferry terminal Wall behind Sliver by the River to become a pedestrian bulkhead and terraced edge along the rail line ECOLOGY Reduces emissions by Greenway floodwall with waterfront improving access to train walkways along the northern part of and bus station & the Sliver by the River facilitating walking & biking Terraced Floodplain Park to allow access down to the river’s edge and ramps up to Washington Street Bridge connecting parks to streets. URBANISM Design Center for housing Increases connectivity to rehabilitation, design for coastal the downtown area. resilience, and urban development. Focus on foreclosed housing redevelopment. FIRST STEPS

52 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: PEQUONNOCK

3.4 PEQUONNOCK

The Pequonnock River runs from falls continue to impact water quali- P.1 East Side Green Streets the Town of Monroe -- approximate- ty. Adverse impacts on this river and East Main, Arctic, Barnum ly 15 miles north -- through the city within its watershed area -- including of Bridgeport and down to the har- the addition of impervious surfac- bor in the southwestern portion of es, soil compaction, and vegetation P. 2 Lower Pequonnock Design and Connecticut and out into Long Is- removal in sensitive watershed ar- Implementation Plan land Sound. Land use within the eas -- have broader ecological impli- watershed varies from undeveloped cations and exacerbate stormwater or lightly-developed areas near the runoff issues. These changes to the headwaters in Monroe, portions of built environment reduce water in- which serve as a backup drinking wa- terception, evapotranspiration, and ter supply; to low- and medium-den- infiltration and increase the quantity sity residential and commercial uses and lower the water quality of runoff. through Trumbull and the northern Inadequate handing of runoff loads portions of Bridgeport; and finally to by conventional infrastructure places downtown and former industrial and Bridgeport at greater risk for receiv- manufacturing uses near the mouth ing polluted water which not only has of the river at Bridgeport Harbor. ecological implications, but impacts Multiple towns and over 15,000 acres human health and well-being as well. of land fall within the Pequonnock River watershed. The river is tidal through most of the city, including the industrialized Historical land uses, including heavy areas south and east of Boston Ave- industry and manufacturing, im- nue and including Island Brook Ave- pact the quality of the water, which nue down to the River Street Bridge. currently does not meet minimum The river transitions into freshwater standards for recreation or habitat above Bunnell’s Pond dam. In fact, for fish, or other aquatic life, and the park and dam in Glenwood Park wildlife along approximately 80% of are pivotal for the city. Thus, the lo- the Pequonnock River. Urbanization cation of Beardsley Park, an Olm- patterns and post-industrial brown- sted-designed park, crucially links field sites and contamination along the upper freshwater suburban and with multiple combined sewer out- rural portion with the lower estuary

53 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: PEQUONNOCK below the dam-med portion of the East Side Green Streets Pequonnock. The Beardsley Zoo and Downstream flooding along the Pe- Park function as a portal to the city quonnock is tied to upstream imper- where the regional community vis- vious surfaces, storm events and tidal its for park and zoo programming. action. The dominant land use within Originally, fish made their way up the Pequonnock floodplain in Bridg- into the watershed but the dam and port is industry, though many indus- other obstructions have deterred fish tries have left and what is left behind passsage. A recently constructed fish are vast industrial brownfield sites. ladder creates some opportunities Neighborhoods surrounding the Pe- for alewife and other fish to move up- quonnock have limited access to the stream. riverfront. Part of the proposal is to recapture riverfront along the Lower The communities of the Great- Pequonnock River through redevel- er Bridgeport Planning Region are opment efforts following the lead of working to implement a regional the recently redeveloped Knowlton bikeway plan, Pequonnock Valley to Street Park brownfield site. We are the Sound, which includes the de- proposing to build on these redevel- velopment of a continuous 16-mile opment catalyst sites along the water multi-use trail from the Newtown/ with green streets that can tie infill Monroe town line to Bridgeport’s and rehabilitated housing within the Water Street Dock. Much of the trail neighborhoods to the east of the ship and explore opportunities to re- Bunnell’s Pond follows the abandoned and inactive Pequonnock back down to the river organize and redevelop commercial Housatonic Railway line and the Pe- corridor, and serve as a catalyst for and industrial zone around US High- The Pequonnock River has a scenic quonnock River Greenways and rec- broader economic development. quality in Beardsley Park at the reational trails, however, the trail is way 1, converting property owners to northern end of Bridgeport that currently obstructed by Highway 1 Lower Pequonnock Design shareholders. disappears rapidly beyond the and Chopsey Hill Road. dam at the lower end of Bunnell’s and Implementation Plan Alongside the goal of initiating flood Pond, which poses a challenge to Resilient Bridgeport recognizes the The proposal includes the develop- plain excavation strategies and pro- fish swimming upstream, despite value of the Pequonnock as a con- grams to decrease risk, improve ecol- the addition of a fish ladder that ment of a plan that reenvisions the is visible in the mid-ground. fluence of multiple natural and man- entire length of the Lower Pequon- ogy, and enhance aquaculture for made systems that can become a nock. water quality treatment, we are also model for adaptive urban ecosystem seeking to reconnect Bridgeport to design that benefits the social (recre- A large interconnected park and con- its upland watershed neighborhoods. ational, educational), economic (sus- nected bike path system is seen as a To do so, we propose a new and en- tainable business, aquaculture, and critical connector linking Olmstead’s hanced fish ladder connecting over design center), and environmental Beardsley Park to the north to Sea- the existing dam and a complemen- (remediation of the riparian waterside Park along the harbor via reme- tary native fish hatchery with alewife shed to improve the health of the riv- diated brownfield sites along the Pe- and american eel introduced to help er) aspects of the Long Island Sound quonnock to Sound. To phase these promote fish migration upstream. Es- and enhance the quality of life and proposed redevelopment strategies tablishing viable habitats in Bridge- the wildlife that rely upon them. we plan to catalogue property owner- port will put pressure on upstream

54 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: PEQUONNOCK communities to reduce obstructions values of fisheries. The aquaculture and improve fish habitat. To sup- and fisheries components provide port this agenda, we are proposing to added value within the Beardsley model the Pequonnock River water- Park system, where plans for future shed including interactions of coast- access and educational participation al surge, urban stormwater, and river are in place including demonstration flows. We will evaluate and propose projects for schools in the region strategic daylighting projects for the (e.g. Fairchild-Wheeler Inter-dis- Pequonnock River and Island Brook trict Magnet High School Biology/ as well as the inland buried river, the Zoology concentration, Bridgeport Ox Brook combined with proposals Aquaculture High School, Trumbull for dry feet and wet feet develop- Agri-science/Biotechnology Region- ment types. Our watershed study is al High School, Discovery Magnet intended to help towns coordinate Middle School, local colleges and around habitat improvement as well universities, etc.). The location of as to promote proactive land use Beardsley Park provides easy access changes including opportunities for for all of the surrounding municipal- transfers, using sending and receiv- ities via the highway system and the Abandoned Riverfront ing zones. The daylighting proposals Rail to Trail Project, which encourag- commercial and industrial establish- will be combined with approaches to es pedestrian-friendly and complete ments with a goal of generating development plans for a commercial The Pequonnock was once a improve hydrologic function and to streets designs. The proposals that thriving industrial corridor. explore energy generation and cap- we are making all complement and zone along US Highway 1/Boston Av- ture from flowing waters. Along with build on the current infrastructure enue to Route 8 and sending some of the watershed study, we will develop development and the scale of the pol- the big box development within the an ecological assessment of the larg- icies and projects currently underway floodplain to other locations to facil- er urban riparian system to establish in this Bridgeport region and in the itate daylighting and excavation for a baseline of the current species and Pequonnock River Watershed. improved hydrology, increased water related health of the river. Building retention volumes, and aquaculture. The plan will also include proposals on this we propose to create ecological design and adaptive management for a combination of new neighbor- design guidelines to facilitate long hood types with both “dry feet” and term adaptive management. We will “wet feet” housing developments work with each municipality to es- combined with parklands, green- tablish a Watershed Overlay District ways, and daylighting strategies to in each town along the river from reactivate the riverfront. These new Monroe to Trumbull to Bridgeport. neighborhoods will have ready ac- Finally, to complement the aquacul- cess to shared recreational and pub- ture and fishery production, we pro- lic amenities along the water. At the pose to develop a fin-fish economic same time, these neighborhoods can development and industrial water- adapt to flooding and promote both front redevelopment study to define infiltration and ecological function. locations and potential economic We propose to evaluate existing

55 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: PEQUONNOCK

P.1 EAST SIDE GREEN STREETS

Revitalization through Green Infrastructure investments in the East Side

• Barnum, Arctic and East Main Street are the first of a network of streets to be reconstructed • curb extensions, urban bioswales and tree vaults will detain, filter and infiltrate stormwater • runoff interception will reduce street flooding and improve water quality in downstream water bodies • green streets create attractive shaded corridors that connect neighborhood residents down to the riverfront

56 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: PEQUONNOCK

P.2 LOWER PEQUONNOCK DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

A plan to redevelop the river as a critical ecological, industrial, and cultural resource for the city.

P.2.1 Design and Implementation Plan from Beardsley Park to River Street

P.2.2 Regional Watershed Planning Documentation

P.2.3 Aquaculture and Fin-fish Economic Development and Industrial Redevelopment Study

57 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: PEQUONNOCK

Island Brook Junction Potential to daylight parts of the Pequonnock that are now buried in a culvert and to incorporate new mixed-use development along revitalized waterways

58 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: PEQUONNOCK

Reclaiming the River View looking downstream towards the Long Island Sound

59 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS INVESTMENT AREAS: PEQUONNOCK

Expanded Floodplain and Pequonnock Daylighting East Side Green Streets 1 Aquaculture Area 2 Feasibility Study 3

Bioretention gardens, Study considers floodplain as constructed wetlands, sand sending zone where building filters, permeable parking, tree owners are provided with plantings, and bioswales will incentives to move out of Revitalizes neighborhoods reduce CSO and improve water the floodplain to an adjacent and creates riverfront quality receiving zone on higher access and a bikeway trail ground COMMUNITY along the riverfront

Connects neighborhood to ECOLOGY Pequonnock River River’s edge is terraced and landscaped to provide enhanced riverine habitats, provide increased capacity for rain events and storm surges

URBANISM

FIRST STEPS

60 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS IMPLEMENTATION

4 IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS 4.2 IMPLEMENTATION COALITIONS 4.3 FUNDING SOURCES 4.4 INTEGRATION WITH EXISTING INITIATIVES

61 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

This review provides a high-level es- cally calculated by FEMA in a CBA. 2000 year flood event timate of the costs of project compo- Proposed projects provide co-ben- nents, and to the extent possible, the efits in terms of improved environ- • Constructed protective align- quantifiable benefits of those same mental quality, long-term economic ment would reduce losses to half of interventions. The team used FE- development potential, or improved the 100 year flood event after the lev- MA’s CBA toolkit Damage Frequency connectivity and cohesion (reviewed el of protection is breached. Assessment module for a prelimi- in the figure below). In some cases • Interrupted electricity ser- nary benefit cost review. Factors for these may overshadow the flood risk vice costs ($131/day) were assumed to building, contents, and displacement reduction benefits in the short term. last for 45 days following a 100-year costs have been included, along with Because many of these benefits do event and 130 days following a 500- anticipated loss of electrical utility not lend themselves easily to quanti- year event and evacuation costs. Casualties have fication, we consider this cost benefit been calculated, but not included in analysis to be conservative. Further- • Seven days of evacuation for a the review ratio. Also not included more, the methodology used did not 100-year event and 14 days for a 500- in the CBA were the costs associat- fully capture project-level costs and year event ed with emergency management. We benefits, so for example the fact that know, however, that during Hurri- Bostwick Avenue (where the elevated • All land uses in the floodplain canes Irene and Sandy the city alone utility corridor is to be sited) is in a assumed to be either commercial or provided over $3.2 and $3.6 million very poor condition and needs to be residential respectively in public assistance. replaced within the next five years is The review has been conducted using not captured in this analysis. • Used constant 2014 prices both the FEMA standard discount • A building replacement value rate of 7% and Rebuild by Design’s Cost Benefit Analysis of $100 per sq ft. for residential & recommended rate of 5%. The full review of assumptions and commercial properties the data used are provided in the sup- Bridgeport presents a number of porting materials; however, a few key Analysis of the parcel level data unique challenges and it was an ex- assumptions used for this analysis in- available for Bridgeport also required plicit decision of the project team to clude: several intermediate assumptions in- pursue only projects that had immedi- cluding: ate co-benefits to the community be- • A project horizon of 50 years yond reducing physical damages, loss • Exclusion of buildings that of function, casualties, and emergen- • Constructed protective align- shared the same address, build- cy management costs that are typi- ment would provide protection to the

62 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS IMPLEMENTATION

ings without a building elevation or ries to calculate rental losses. er and drainage network to come building value (assumed to indicate into compliance with federal regula- a vacant lot), buildings which did not Our analysis has assumed a reference tions, this costly endeavor (estimat- have square footage data (assumed to situation where large-scale multi- ed to cost upwards of $300 million) be vacant), structures outside of the year public infrastructure projects is not expected to be completed until 100-year floodplain and excluded all are not completed within the next 50 2040. Without the strategic green in- P.O. boxes. years to protect the South End, Black frastructure investments proposed it Rock and downtown against rising is reasonable to assume that the city • If a structure had neither BFE flood risks. We believe this is consis- will be required to invest in the full nor elevation, the flood depth was tent with the pace of large-scale pub- cost of the upgrade. And while that assumed to be zero; however, the lic infrastructure investments given work is being completed, combined structures were not excluded as there recent constraints and the reality of sewer overflows would continue to are still benefits associated with a very limited private funding sources degrade water quality and prevent 0’ flood depth due to the presence available to augment public invest- recreational and commercial uses in of a basement. However, this should ment. the city waterways. Furthermore, we be reviewed in the next iteration to believe it is reasonable to assume Interviews over the past several understand if this is overly conserva- that given the high cost of this long- months have revealed that the lack tive. term upgrade, very limited resources of flood defenses and increasing would be available for additional im- • For structures within the ben- flood insurance rates is already hav- provements such as using treatment efiting zone and in the floodplain ing a strong negative impact on the wetlands to further improve water that did not have a BFE associated already strained real estate market quality, enhancing streetscapes with with the 100-year flood, the BFE was in the South End. Without outside green infrastructure, or redesigning assumed to be 13’ as this was the av- intervention to ensure the safety of parks to retain and mitigate storm- erage for all structures. these homes, it is reasonable to as- water run-off. sume conditions could continue to • If no stories were listed, it decline as flooding becomes more We also considered in our reference was assumed to be 1 story. frequent and premiums rise. scenario that without intervention the area of wetlands and shellfish • Basements were assumed. Coastal flooding issues and rising beds would continue to diminish. As groundwater tables are also exacer- • Square footage was deter- sea levels rise coastal ecosystems, bated by aging sewer infrastructure. mined by multiplying the first floor such as saltwater marshes, can loose While the city has plans to upgrade square footage by the number of sto- area of viable habitat and therefore and fully separate the combined sew- 63 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS IMPLEMENTATION

shrink overtime if suitable migra- fers would diminish. In the case of would take many more years (if not tion corridors are not in place. As Seaside Park, the damage to the park decades) before local fisheries and Bridgeport has already experienced, assets such as the concrete walkway beaches would be restored to histor- the loss of these fringing ecosystems and breakwater represented the sin- ic conditions. However, this process creates a spiral of worsening water gle biggest expense for the city fol- can accelerate that progress and fa- quality. While overall trends have lowing Sandy and it is reasonable to cilitate the rebuilding of a strong, been positive nationally in improving assume that these damages would local fishing industry and attractive water quality, the legacy pollution only continue to increase without the natural beaches that are an anchor and continued industrial activity in proposed living shoreline. for the city’s tourism industry. Bridgeport create a very challenging environment for natural recruitment. It is reasonable to assume that with- Many of these benefits are difficult Without specific interventions to re- out a holistic and comprehensive in- to quantify and model and therefore store these ecosystems, it is not un- tervention such as the one facilitated were not included in the cost benefit reasonable to assume that they could by the Rebuild by Design process, analysis; however, they would pro- diminish in area due to the stress of many of these problems would be ad- vide substantial contributions to the climate change. Without active inter- dressed in a piecemeal way without benefits of flood protection that are vention along Pleasure Beach, for ex- consideration for (or opportunity) to captured in the BCA. ample, it is likely that another breach integrate multiple concerns and im- could occur in the barrier island, plement more effective and efficient which would change the wave action solutions. Integration of flood pro- and tidal range in the estuary behind tection, green infrastructure, neigh- it. These changes could then have a borhood transformation, and rec- cascading effect on the wildlife ref- reational amenities into coastal and uge behind it as marshes retreat and riparian strategies allows all of these shrink to adjust to the new wave en- problems be addressed in a more vironment. cost-effective and sustainable way. For example, without the concerted While Bridgeport is protected by nat- interventions proposed to simulta- ural barriers such as Pleasure Beach neously reduce sewer overflows, fil- and Seaside Park in the South End, ter urban run-off with constructed it is very likely that without the con- wetlands, improve water clarity and struction of protective living shore- reduce nutrient loading with living lines their capacity as natural buf- reefs to it is reasonable to assume it

64 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS IMPLEMENTATION

65 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS IMPLEMENTATION

4.2 IMPLEMENTATION COALITIONS

South End Historic Preservation, the State of Secretary’s Award for Public-Philan- S.1 Multifunctional and Integrated CT Historic Preservation and Muse- thropic Partnership including the fol- Protective Alignment um Division, FedDOT and ConnDOT, lowing local service providers: New It is anticipated that part of this ini- Haven Home Recovery (NHHR), Fair- The City of Bridgeport and Great- tiative will be to build a “Friends of field County Community Foundation er Bridgeport Regional Council will Seaside Park” organization that will (FCCF), the Metis Association, Child lead this work. As the proposal will work with the City to make this inter- First, Bridgeport Child Advocacy protect and impact key historic, nationally significant attraction more Coalition (BCAC), Bridgeport Board economic and community resourc- sustainable. of Education, The Coastal YMCA, es, implementation of the work will Bridgeport Daycare, Hill Neighbor- be multidisciplinary with expertise S.2 Living Shoreline hood House (NHN), The WorkPlace/ from housing and marine science to Career Resources, Action for Com- This element will be integrated into parks and historic preservation. Key munity Development (ABCD), the the Multifunctional and Integrat- local participants along with the WB Housatonic Community College and ed Protective Alignment described unabridged team include the Na- the Bridgeport Area Youth Ministry above. ture Conservancy, the University of (BAYM). This partnership will pro- Bridgeport, the South End Neigh- S.3 Neighborhood Transformation vide resident outreach and commu- borhood Revitalization Zone (a local with South End Resilience Educa- nication, research and identification planning entity that represents resi- tion and Community Center of Best Practices, case management dents and stakeholders in the South assessment, personal counseling End), the Downtown Special Ser- Housing Authority of the City of and coaching, individual family ac- vices District, Amtrak, Metro-North, Bridgeport (HACB) with experienced tion plans and supportive services the Yale Urban Design Workshop, LIHTC developers JHM Companies, program management and coordina- Yale Urban Ecology and Design Lab POKO Partners, the WB unabridged tion for each MV household member. (that has constructed rain gardens Team, and the CDC, Bridgeport Support is also requested from HUD, in the area) and Long Island Sound Neighborhood Trust working with FEMA, the Economic Development Futures. The initiative will work in HACB’s People Partners, which is a Administration, Department of La- cooperation and with support from consortium of service providers unit- bor, Department of Health and Hu- the USACE, Connecticut Department ed by a partnership agreement simi- man Services and USDA. of Energy and Environmental Pro- lar to that formed for the HACB’s P. T. tection (DEEP), EPA, USDA, US Fish Barnum Housing Complex, which re- and Wildlife, the National Parks and cently was recognized with the HUD

66 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS IMPLEMENTATION

Black Rock Harbor These elements will be implement- been isolated from downtown since B.1 Offshore Outfall Park with Study ed in conjunction with the planning the span failed. for Onshore Mitigation and Neigh- for the above item B.2 with the same borhood Transformation team. D.4 Downtown Design Center and Community Development The City of Bridgeport, the Housing Downtown Authority of the City of Bridgeport Bridgeport Neighborhood Trust, D.1 Lower Floodwall (Connecting UConn Landscape Architecture Pro- and the BlackRock NRZ will lead this from RR to South End (Singer Street) neighborhood transformation initia- gram, the WB unabridged Team, and tive with services provided by the WB This project will be integrated with Yale Urban Design Workshop in co- unabridged Team working with the S.1 and include the same manage- operation with City of Bridgeport, Design Center (Project D.4), Bridge- ment and stakeholders. ConnDOT, FEMA and HMGP. A new port Neighborhood Trust, and oth- 501 (c) (3) non-profit organization er regional stakeholders such as the D.2 Upper Floodwall (North of RR to will be formed with a board of direc- Nature Conservancy and Long Island Congress St. Bridge) tors representing local professional schools, philanthropic organizations Sound Futures in cooperation with This project will be integrated with USACE, Connecticut Department of and the community. It will be a sister S.1 and D.1 and include the same organization to the Bridgeport Neigh- Energy and Environmental Protec- management and stakeholders. tion (DEEP), EPA, ASDA, US Fish and borhood Trust and share administra- Wildlife, FedDOT and ConnDOT. tive functions with this established D.3 Congress St. Bridge + Green community development corporation B.2 Elevated Infrastructure Corri- City of Bridgeport will select an ex- allowing it to move quickly to scale. dor perienced bridge designer with a The community design initiatives of proven track record of cost-effective the UConn Landscape Architecture These elements will be implement- implementation in cooperation with Program and the Yale Urban Design ed in conjunction with the planning FedDOT and ConnDOT. This project Workshop will provide partnerships for the above item B.1 with the same will be coordinated closely with the with experienced practitioners and team. implementation coalition for item opportunities for research, internships and student engagement. B.3 Comprehensive Feasibility D.2 and its constituents as well as Study of Bridge with Integrated the East End Neighborhood Revital- D.5 Bridgeport Transportation and Surge Protection: ization Zone (NRZ), the community Downtown Investment Plan planning and stakeholder group on the east end of the bridge, which has

67 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS IMPLEMENTATION

The City of Bridgeport with the Ecology and Design Lab research on include waterfront and floodplain Bridgeport Neighborhood Trust, the rain gardens in the South End. This parks, sending and receiving zones, newly established Design Center active initiative will yield immedi- a feasibility study for daylighting , and the Greater Bridgeport Regional ate improvements in the quality of adjoining land uses, redevelopment, Council will secure the services of a life, water quality and storm protec- fish passage, and power production: firm with transportation expertise to tion as well as facilitate community thereby requiring a truly interdis- work with the WB unabridged Team stakeholder engagement in long-term ciplinary and cooperative team ap- to undertake this study and build planning and provide a platform for proach. It will build on the NY & CT the necessary coalition for its imple- university and community based in- Sustainable Communities Initiative mentation. The initiative will work novation in water management. and the Coastal Resilience for Long with the CT Main Street Center, the Island Sound studies. Downtown Special Services District, P.2 Lower Pequonnock Design and and the myriad groups and individu- Implementation Plan als directly impacted by regional and Greater Bridgeport Regional Coun- local transportation arteries in and cil (GBRC) Pequonnock River Initia- through Bridgeport. It will build on tive -- this operating coalition was the Regional Transportation Plan. established in 2010 and includes the City of Bridgeport and the Towns of Monroe and Trumbull. It will coordi- Pequonnock River nate work with technical and process P.1 East Side Green Streets (East experts, the WB unabridged Team, Main, Artic, Barnum) the Design Center, UConn Land- scape Program, Yale Urban Design Greater Bridgeport Regional Council Workshop, the Nature Conservancy, (GBRC) with the City of Bridgeport, and Long Island Sound Futures in The WB unabridged Team, the Design cooperation with USACE, Connecti- Center, UConn Landscape Program cut Department of Energy and Envi- and Yale Urban Design Workshop. ronmental Protection (DEEP), EPA, These projects will be implement- ASDA, US Fish and Wildlife, US DOT ed in conjunction with the planning and ConnDOT to develop an integrat- and design initiative described below ed multi-jurisdictional planning and in P.2. They will build on Yale Urban design solutions. This initiative will

68 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS IMPLEMENTATION Awarded Projects

Funding Source/Agent Amount Project Status City of Bridgeport & Fish and Wildlife $5,000,000 + Demolition of 37 properties on barrier beach, Awarded and work underway Service $909,000 renaturalization and restoration of Pleasure Beach. Increasing recreational access with water taxi Department of Transportation $310,000 Emergency erosion control and bank stabilization Awarded and work completed under the train station Army Corps of Engineers $2,000,000 Repair of harbor breakwaters Awarded and work underway Department of Transportation TIGER $11,000,000 Steel Pointe project including elevation of roadways, Awarded and work underway 4.3 FUNDING SOURCES grant burying utilities, and construction of harborside boardwalk and bike path linking downtown & east end Greater Bridgeport Regional Council Facilitating Bridgeport’s application to join the Awarded and work underway $90,000 Community Rating System (CRS) as part of a regional Many of the proposed projects in group, providing enhanced flood protection city-wide the proposal build upon ongoing USDA Emergency Watershed $1,200,000 Purchasing easements within the floodplain to Awarded but project timeline is projects in Bridgeport and are well Protection Program – Floodplain construct living shorelines uncertain Easement aligned with existing investment pri- Brownfields Revolving Loan Fund $350,000 Awarded orities for the city. Below are a few of Federal Highway Administration (FWHA) $1,800,000 Reconstructing a pedestrian crossing on Congress Awarded but project timeline is the most significant projects, which – Congestion Mitigation Air Quality Street bridge uncertain strongly shaped the proposed Resil- (CMAQ) Grant Federal Emergency Management $3,016,427.61 Repair of damage to public housing buildings and the Partially awarded (eligibility review ient Bridgeport project phasing. A Agency University of Bridgeport, protective measures, and for some projects is still in number of projects are well underway debris removal progress) that will reduce coastal vulnerability, Bridgeport Housing Authority, JHM $150,000,000 Marina Village Housing redevelopment Awarded such as the Steel Pointe Harbor road Companies, & CFHA and utilities elevation project, repair Total Amount Invested or Awarded: $52,823,271 of the breakwaters at the mouth of Bridgeport Harbor, and restoration Pending Grants or Projects work on Pleasure Beach. In these instances the team made a decision to The following funding streams have been identified as a high priority for the project team and are well aligned with the project goals. This is just a small subset of the potential funding sources for these projects; however, these funding sources have been identified either by the focus in Phase One on areas that had city or the design team as priorities over the coming months. not received similar investments. All projects selected for Phase One com- Hurricane Sandy Coastal $1,348,868 Coastal resiliency planning, emphasizing Application Submitted plement existing (or pending) invest- Resilience Competitive Grant opportunities to address areas of shared risk, ments (for example funding for Ma- Program (NFWF/DOI) implement green infrastructure and facilitate marsh migration. rina Village housing redevelopment Brownfields Area-Wide Planning $200,000 Application Submitted or previously received funding to re- Grant build the Congress Street Bridge) and Recreation and Natural Heritage Application for acquisition of property to expand Application in development Trust Program recreational areas and access to waterfront. attempt to capitalize on the window Long Island Sound Futures Fund ~$150,000 Program aligned with several project proposals, Application in development of opportunity to steer those invest- (National Fish and Wildlife including living shorelines, wetlands and shellfish ments in a more sustainable direc- Foundation & Long Island Sound restoration projects, and green infrastructure Study) interventions. tion. NOAA Coastal Wetlands ~$200,000 Application to restore and enhance wetlands and Application in development Conservation Grant acquire marsh migration corridors. New England Interstate Water $23,000 Green infrastructure and low-impact development Application in development Pollution Control Commission potential to reduce pressure on Long Island Sound Stewardship sites. Total amount requested $1,921,868

69 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS

IMPLEMENTATION

4.4 INTEGRATION WITH EXISTING INITIATIVES

The team grounded team. the design work within The city leadership understands the potential of Rebuild By Design to the context of current benefit the City of Bridgeport. This initiatives in Bridgeport. understanding was made clear from the start. In an early meeting David Kooris was asked if the city was will- City As Partner ing to be a key partner in the project The City of Bridgeport was engaged coalition. With a thoughtful and stra- from the beginning with the Rebuild tegic response, David Kooris asked, By Design team. Mayor Bill Finch and “Is your team willing to be a partner the Director of Planning and Eco- with the city?” By turning the ques- nomic Development, David Kooris, tion around he put the challenge to were eager to work with the design the design team to fully consider the team. Along with other city person- needs of the city. In addition he com- nel, the Mayor and David Kooris have municated that he wanted the design been involved almost daily in the de- team and the city to work in full col- the South End has been seen as a Mayors Exchange cision-making process and are well laboration. Such a strong partnership informed regarding the direction of primary focus of the design team for has been a solid framework for the several reasons: first, the South End The design team joins the Dep- the design proposal. The city’s un- uty Mayor of Amsterdam, Car- work and promises to lead to the suc- had extensive flooding from Sandy; derstanding of the project was appar- cessful implementation of the project olien Gehrels, at a meeting with ent in a recent community meeting second, much of the city’s industry is Bridgeport’s Mayor Bill Finch proposals. and Rebuild By Deisgn’s Henk when David Kooris explained Rebuild in the South End; third, there are two Bridgeport Housing Authority sites in Ovink for a discussion on resil- By Design in general and the Resil- David Kooris was also well aware of the South End that are in the process ience and urbanism in January. ient Bridgeport Plan in particular. the potential confusion that the Re- of being redeveloped; and finally, the His explanation was as good as any build By Design effort might have on city already had some ideas about of the design team could have done the ongoing work of the city if not flood protection for the South End. and better as far as the community is well coordinated. In particular he The timing of Rebuild By Design co- concerned. It was good to have the needed to align the planning work incided with the city’s plan to work project explained by the city staff with an important but complicated with the residents of the South End and to show such complete collabora- Bridgeport neighborhood – the South to produce an updated Neighborhood tion between the city and the design End Neighborhood. From the start

70 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS IMPLEMENTATION Revitalization Zone (NRZ) Plan. Da- the establishment of the Bridgeport building stock includes properties vid asked that the design team partic- Office of Sustainability. This office that are functionally obsolescent and ipate in the South End NRZ planning continues to bridge efforts of multi- deteriorating. Therefore the Author- process, which at first was expected ple city departments, public sector, ity would like to replace up to half to start with a community workshop and non-profit partners to achieve of the units within the next two de- on February 8th. However, early in goals outlined in the BGreen 2020 cades. Funding for this scale of re- the process it became apparent to the document. In 2013 the BGreen Prog- development is very challenging in a city and some members of the com- ress Report indicated a 5% reduction small state such as Connecticut that munity that issues with NRZ leader- in greenhouse gas emissions since ship first needed to be resolved. The 2010. procedure to change NRZ leadership took time so the meeting planned for Along with the city, the Bridgeport February 8th was postponed to March Housing Authority (BHA) is another 8th. Changing the NRZ meeting re- partner that has been working with quired the design team to revise their the design team from the beginning. community engagement plan to hold BHA’s recently appointed Executive a series of community workshops in Director, Sharon Ebert, like David February ahead of the NRZ planning Kooris, sees the opportunity that Re- workshop. build By Design brings to Bridgeport. Sharon brings several valuable assets In addition to the South End NRZ to the BHA. She is trained as an ar- plan there are two other on-going city chitect and has worked with housing efforts that are important for Rebuild and community redevelopment for By Design. These are the city’s high many years. She has a successful re- profile initiative called BGreen 2020, cord in transforming public housing and the city’s Emergency Operations and overseeing capital major projects Center’s effort to create Neighbor- using mixed-finance. In addition, she hood Disaster Plans. has a pragmatic and progressive ap- South End Neighborhood proach that is needed to reform BHA. only had enough tax credits to fund Revitalization Workshop The BGreen 2020 Initiative is a She understands the BHA’s poor 347 units statewide in 2013. There- ten-year plan that charts the course Design team members partic- reputation in the community and is fore the strategy developed for this for Bridgeport’s government, busi- ipated as facilitators and pre- working to make sure the agency is proposal describes ways to extend nesses, and residents to rebuild its senters during a city planning more responsive to residents. She is the life of existing projects and to workshop for the South End economy as a resilient, efficient, and able to be a good critic of the BHA’s reduce the cost of redevelopment as neighborhood, one of the four green community. The BGreen 2020 development projects that are in well as to build the comprehensive Phase One investment areas in the Plan was created through collabo- Resilient Bridgeport proposal. process and she is looking for bet- services required for transformation. ration between a number of city deter ways to develop in order to meet The BHA has two developments in- partments and over 150 stakeholders the needs of families, while ensuring cluded in the Resilient Bridgeport from the community and the private long-term resilience. proposal: Marina Village in the South sector. Since its creation in 2010, the End and P.T. Barnum Apartments in BGreen 2020 initiative has been in- The Bridgeport Housing Authori- Black Rock/West End. strumental in mobilizing community ty owns and manages almost 2600 efforts. The BGreen Plan has lead to units of housing. This challenging

71 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS IMPLEMENTATION Marina Village is located on the west are against the Bridgeport Housing side of the South End neighborhood. Authority developing the site and Residents like living in this develop- recently have added the fact that ment and the South End. They find the site is in a flood zone as reason the community to provide a high to build market-rate instead of sub- quality of life. Before Sandy, when sidized housing. Residents of Mari- the development was fully occupied, na Village prefer their current units there were 389 households. About that are configured as townhouses to half of the units (unfortunately in- the proposed raised apartment block cluding most of the renovated units) type. The housing authority has their had to be evacuated due to interior own questions about building in this water damage from a combination of location. Typically the construction flooding and roof damage from the cost of affordable housing is more storm’s wind. With the revised flood than its market value. However, in maps most of the remaining occupied the case of the Broad Street site the units are in a flood zone. The rede- ratio of cost to value is around four to velopment plan for Marina Village one, bringing into question whether is shaped by the Authority’s goal to the current approach to the project is rebuild 200 public housing units as the most appropriate. part of a mixed-income development on Housing Authority-owned land in P.T. Barnum Apartments are home to the South End and to move the re- the P.T. Barnum Partnership of the maining 189 public housing units to Fairfield County Community Foun- other sites in the South End. dation, which received one of 10 national 2013 HUD Secretary’s Awards The BHA has a current proposal for for Public-Philanthropic Partner- replacement housing for a portion of ships. This multidisciplinary initia- Marina Village that includes the con- tive is tackling the severe challeng- troversial Broad Street development. es of a vulnerable population in this Marina Village Housing The site has been vacant for over two 360-unit development that enjoys The design team has worked decades following the demolition of proximity to the Aquaculture Science closely with the Bridgeport Father Panick Village. It is current- and Technology School but is isolated Housing Authority to integrate ly being designed for construction from other residential neighborhoods resilience strategies from the of 78 units. The debate regarding and locally considered to be housing Resilient Bridgeport proposals into the site is complicated, with several of last resort. Safety is hampered by housing replacement initiatives. viewpoints. Affordable housing ad- a plan that isolates courtyard spaces vocates in the community have been and inhibits wayfinding. The build- critical of the housing authority for ings were modified from apartment years for reducing the number of blocks to stacked townhomes that housing units in the South End and are elevated just above the flood see the unbuilt project as evidence of plain in an area that is designated in this. Some neighborhood residents the Resilient Bridgeport proposal to

72 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS IMPLEMENTATION incorporate green infrastructure and River watershed; and Brownfield, a Council, The Nature Conservancy, stormwater retention features in the tool to identify and track any prop- Clean Air Cool Planet, and The Re- mid-term. The near-term proposal is erties that maintain official brown- gional Plan Association to address to remove two building to increase field status. In addition, in 2007, the risks of climate change. The part- onsite water retention and to con- GBRC prepared the Regional Natural nership’s focus was on increas- struct a boardwalk to facilitate oc- Hazard Mitigation Plan (RNHMP), ing awareness of risks associated cupancy and/or evacuation in storm which was adopted by the six munic- with extreme weather and natural events along with a connection to ad- ipalities of the Greater Bridgeport and climate-related hazards and jacent raised utilities. Managed relo- planning region. The RNHMP makes cation and redevelopment will occur the communities eligible for certain in the intermediate future as funding mitigation project grants adminis- is available for replacement units. tered and provided by the Federal Emergency Management Administra- Regional Partners tion (FEMA). The 2007 Plan expired There are two organizations at the in January, 2012, necessitating an regional scale that are doing relevant update. The planning effort is being work. The Greater Bridgeport Re- completed by the GBRC, in coordi- gional Council (GBRC) is the Regional nation with the Connecticut Depart- Planning Agency for Bridgeport and ment of Energy and Environmental the surrounding communities and is Protection, and is funded by a grant responsible for the Regional Trans- from FEMA. The goals of hazard mit- portation Plan. GBRC projects that igation plan are to reduce the loss are relevant to Rebuild By Design life and property damage caused by include: NY & CT Sustainable Com- extreme natural hazard events, in- munities Initiative, which integrates cluding coastal and inland flooding, housing, economic development, storm surge from tropical storms and transportation, and environmental hurricanes, high speed winds from planning through partnerships in tornados and thunder storms, and New York and Connecticut; Coast- severe winter storms, and make our assessing the risks, strength and Primary Coalition Partners al Resilience for Long Island Sound, communities more resilient to these vulnerabilities within the City of events as well as to sea level rise and Bridgeport. The Nature Conser- Ongoing conversations with the in conjunction with the Nature Con- Nature Conservancy and the servancy, GBRC, along with other climate change. vancy ran the Bridgeport Climate Greater Bridgeport Regional regional planning agencies, which is Preparedness Workshop in 2012, Council have been the basis for helping to implement an interactive The other regional organization that engaging community stakehold- forming some of the key partner- tool to help cities and towns better is doing relevant resilient work is ers in order to facilitate education, ships in the Resilient Bridgeport predict and plan for coastal flooding The Nature Conservancy. The Nature planning, and ultimately imple- implementation coalition. along the coast of Long Island Sound; Conservancy for Connecticut takes a mentation of priority adaptation Pequonnock River Initiative, which leadership role around issues of cli- actions. was formed in 2010 as a partnership mate change and community resilien- between the City of Bridgeport and cy. In fall of 2011, a partnership was the Towns of Monroe and Trumbull formed between the City of Bridge- to develop a plan for the Pequonnock port, Greater Bridgeport Regional

73 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS IMPLEMENTATION

BGreen 2020 Progress Report Release

Resilient Bridgeport integrates with existing initiatives such as Bridgeport’s BGreen 2020 plan.

74 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

5 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

5.1 OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES 5.2 COMMUNITY WORKSHOPS 5.3 AGENCY AND MUNICIPAL PRESENTATIONS 5.4 ALL-SCALES WORKSHOP 5.5 COMMUNITY OPEN HOUSES 5.6 CITYMAKING! BRIDGEPORT

75 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

5.1 OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

Community engagement values the South End’s historic neigh- two buses. borhoods and is looking to the city occurred at three scales: to provide flood protection. Many Housing improvements: Residents regional, city and families have lived in the South End are aware of future housing devel- for generations, and acknowledge the opments but are not optimistic that neighborhood. increasing strength and decreasing the developments will improve the The goals were to: 1) increase pub- interval between storms. housing opportunities for the com- lic awareness of risk, resilience, and munity. There is an urgency to re- Rebuild by Design; 2) get input from Emergency preparedness: Residents build and a desire to add program ele- leaders, stakeholder and residents to have post-disaster needs but are not ments to serve the public housing and formulate a strong, well-integrated satisfied with the city’s communica- the neighborhood. The community Rebuild by Design proposal; 3) con- tion and recovery performance. They hopes to continue to participate in tribute to ongoing efforts to incorpo- are hesitant to leave their homes and decisions about housing in the South rate resiliency measures into existing neighborhoods because of crime, End, through an open and transpar- policy and; 4) educate leaders, pro- and afraid to stay because access to ent process. fessionals and the public about resil- emergency services will be curtailed. ient design strategies. Education about storm dynamics and Community Identity: The elements hazards, as well as the options avail- of this city that exert a claim on res- The participatory activities includ- able, is important, especially to the idents’ memories are the smokestack ed five community workshops, two 25% of the community that struggles of the PSEG plant, Seaside Park, state and regional agency meetings, with English as a second language. the historic cottage district, Seaside the Resilient Bridgeport All-Scales Village, and the many Victorian-era Workshop, two community open Transportation improvements: The buildings throughout the South End houses, and four community activi- South End has problems with road and downtown. Many of these are at ties that engaged youth and others. access and with safe pedestrian risk, in new and future floodplains of Although most of the meetings were movement. Park Avenue is valued the city. Without them, there would held downtown and in the South End, but needs improvements, especially be less of a historic city fabric. the focus area was much wider. in flood conditions. Other streets lead to pockets of crime and aban- Summary of input from doned sites. Although there is good community meetings bus service, transportation to services -- such as fresh food, daycare, Flood protection: The community health clinic -- requires transfers on

76 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

5.2 COMMUNITY WORKSHOPS

Mercy Learning Center storms, explaining that they either to better coordinate their efforts. We February 4, 2014 stayed in their house without power met in the community center at the or went to a family or friend’s house. PT Barnum Housing Development. Participants: women from low-in- The primary reason they gave for not The PT Barnum neighborhood is in come households using shelters was safety. Either they a flood zone and has other building did not want to leave their belongings and site problems such as the waste- The workshop presented basic as- to be stolen or they felt unsafe in a water treatment plant across the pects of emergency preparedness to shelter. It is important to note that street that call into question the long the entire group. The participants most of the women at Mercy Learn- term use of the site for public hous- were then divided into four tables of ing Center are immigrants, speak ing. Highlights of feedback are: 1. around 18 people per table to com- Spanish, and worry about their immi- Coordinated services are needed and plete a questionnaire and to do an gration status. activity in which the women selected cards with various items that could Bridgeport Housing be part of an emergency plan. The questionnaire included information Authority Partners about the impact of storms on house- February 19, 2014 holds, transportation, housing and Participants: representatives of so- communication preferences and sug- cial service organizations that work gestions for neighborhood improve- with Bridgeport Housing Authority ments. Members of the group all had residents experienced both Sandy and more than one winter storm that led to The workshop presented Rebuild By power outages. Highlights of feed- Design in general and summarized back are: 1. communication during the Bridgeport project. The group storms is lacking and leads to con- was then divided into three tables fusion; 2. Even though they all come and worked around maps. Most of from low-income households most of the participants are part of PT Part- them own automobiles, explaining nership, which is a recently orga- that it is difficult to live and work in nized coalition of service providers Mercy Learning Bridgeport without an automobile; that works with the Bridgeport Hous- Center Workshop 3. None of the over 50 participants ing Authority, and who have a grant went to a shelter after one of the

77 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

are already showing positive effects; a place that has a reputation for be- ment efforts should learn from the 2. Households have challenges with ing unsafe, but have found that they good aspects of the current site. childcare and transportation; 3. Sev- are actually able to walk in safety; 3. eral low-income neighborhoods have Bridgeport could benefit from being South End Neighborhood food access problems, especially the better oriented to the university as Revitalization Zone East End neighborhood. far as housing and commerce is concerned; 4. the entrance into campus Planning Workshop University of Bridgeport on Park Avenue is affected by poorly March 8, 2014 maintained houses and by blight in Students Participants: South End residents, Marina Village. February 19, 2014 city staff, and local design profes- sions Participants: University of Bridge- Marina Village Residents port students and faculty advisors February 19, 2014 The workshop was organized by the city to get residents in the communi- The workshop presented Rebuild By Participants: Marina Village Resi- ty involved in the South End Neigh- Design in general and summarized dents and advocates borhood Revitalization plan. David the Bridgeport project. The group The meeting was a regularly sched- Kooris ran the meeting and after pre- was then divided into two tables and senting background information for worked around maps. Each partici- uled residents meeting and the speaker before the Rebuild By Design the South End provided the Rebuild pant introduced herself or himself, By Design team the opportunity to explaining their background, their presentation was an impassioned ad- vocate for Marina Village to not be present the parts of the Resilient experience living in Bridgeport and Bridgeport proposal that are most suggestions for resiliency. The group torn down. This shaped the discussion and gave great insight into the relevant to the South End. The group was well informed about resiliency at was especially interested in the flood the global scale and very interested community commitment to Marina Village and its important history. control measures presented. The in the various resilience strategies group was divided into three tables for Bridgeport. Highlights of feed- Highlights of feedback are: 1. There is a long history of families staying in with local design professionals and back are: 1. The students think that Rebuild By Design team members the city does a poor job of commu- Marina Village; 2. Residents express frustration with maintenance; 3. The helping to facilitate and visualize the nicating and inviting the university ideas of residents. to be part of city activities; 2. The type of housing, which is townhouse students have adjusted to being in with all units having their own front Highlights of feedback that are rele- door, is preferred and \redevelop-

78 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

vant to Rebuild By Design are: 3. The notion of a Broad Street con- 6. A good walking street that serves nection to downtown is agreed upon; as a pedestrian-friendly corridor con- 1. The historic neighborhoods of necting east to west is needed; Seaside Village and the Cottages are 4. The baseball park and arena are highly valued by the community; seen as more of a traffic and parking 7. The University of Bridgeport is problem than an asset that brings seen by the community as being a 2. The community is looking to the business. This is because there is no good neighbor but the community city to provide flood protection in retail near the baseball stadium; doesn’t expect the university to do order to protect and preserve the his- much in regard to neighborhood re- toric neighborhoods; 5. Park Avenue is valued but needs vitalization. improvement;

Broad Engagement

The design team engaged a wide range of stakeholders through structured meetings, one-on- one conversations, workshops, and presentations on a broad array of topics relevant to the development of a resilience framework for the city.

79 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

5.3 AGENCY AND MUNICIPAL PRESENTATIONS

State and regional agency Participants: Bridgeport housing or- $1.00 to get the property back on meeting ganizations, lenders, financing offi- the tax rolls. The East Side and East cials, and lawyers End are primary neighborhoods, but January 16, 2014 are plagued by crime. People want to Bridgeport Neighborhood Trust in- Participants: State and regional agen- hear hammers instead of gunshots. vited the design team to present at cy representatives, New Haven Plan- their monthly convening of local Maxine Streeter lives near Park and ning Director, Bridgeport City staff, housing agencies and financing orga- Capitol, and knows that her house Bridgeport Housing Authority nizations. built on top of a buried river. Home The City of Bridgeport took the lead inspector Ray sees a lot of inland The group is concerned about shar- in organizing a meeting of state and flooding at Boston Avenue, and it ing changing flood maps and growing regional agencies. The meeting was concerns him. flood zones, and about the uncertain held at the University of Bridge- viability of waterside neighborhoods. port and included around 30 partic- Mayors Exchange They believe that changes to flood in- ipants. The design team did a brief January 16, 2014 surance will cause an exodus of mod- presentation. Most of the time was erate and low-income homebuyers. spent on obtaining input from state Participants: Deputy Mayor of Am- Realtors have lost several sales in the and regional agencies. The repre- sterdam, Bridgeport and New Haven South End, as debt to income ratios sented agencies included, CT DEEP, officials, business leaders, and the became unworkable when flood in- Conn DOT, EPA, HUD, Bridgeport general public surance was factored in. Housing Authority, FEMA, and CT Synergies between Bridgeport and Department of Housing. The meet- Wells Fargo has a specific program for Amsterdam were the focus of a lec- ing strengthened the partnership be- down payment assistance in the South ture and discussion on January 29 at tween the city and the design team End, contributing up to $5000.00 as the Bijou Theatre in Bridgeport. The and connected the Rebuild By Design a grant. The buyer does not have to first-ever indoor theatre for motion work to ongoing state programs and receive their mortgage through Wells pictures was the site of a fast-paced potential funding. Fargo to be eligible. introduction to the inventive and collaborative nature of the Dutch. Re- Bridgeport Neighborhood Habitat for Humanity concentrates build by Design’s Henk Ovink spoke Trust Conversation on neighborhoods, and they do not of the Dutch multi-layered strategy February 21, 2014 build basements in flood zones. They for planning, protection, and disaster elevate. The City gives them lots for response, and to the spiraling cost

80 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

of damages. Innovations in coastal from traffic to effluents so that com- protection and living with water are panies can test applications and fundamental to the prosperity of the products, and create business out of Netherlands, where 26% of the coun- better services. try’s land mass is below sea level, and an additional 50% at sea level. Transforming a city into a vibrant and open platform for people to pros- Deputy Mayor of Amsterdam, Caro- per doesn’t happen overnight -- it lien Gehrels, presented the systems, took Amsterdam 40 years of target- powers, and values that encourage ed investment. For Bridgeport and collaboration and diversity within the other communities along the Con- Dutch economy. A tradition of cre- necticut coast, disasters like Hur- ativity mixed with Calvinism led to ricane Sandy are opportunities to canal houses, not palaces, and to art- better understand the needs of their ists celebrating the milkmaid rather residents and to make smarter long- than the king. Dutch society encour- term investments that strengthen the ages all citizens to take responsibility city, its quality of life, infrastructure, for the environment, and the physical economy, and ecology. infrastructure facilitates this, leading to tremendous gains in public transit use, bicycle commuting, and air quality. Mayors Exchange Ger Baron, Program Manager at the Amsterdam Economic Board, spoke The deputy mayor of Amsterdam, to the process of developing a smart Carolien Gehrels, and Bridgeport’s city. Three requirements – open Mayor Bill Finch. Deputy Mayor data, open connectivity, and an open Gehrles visited the cities of New Haven and Bridgeport for a day smart grid – support innovation in the in January in order to discuss digital age. The Board orchestrates issues relating to resiliency and living laboratories for metropolitan the transformation of cities. solutions in three neighborhoods, to measure and monitor everything

81 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

5.4 ALL-SCALES WORKSHOP

Design ing, Conn DOT, CT DEEP, American The largest participatory activity Planning Association, Royal Nether- was the Resilient Bridgeport All- lands Embassy, GBRC CTAC. Scales Workshop. The program of the workshop was two full days of The workshop was held in a storefront design with over 60 participants. in downtown Bridgeport and was The participants were the Rebuild open to the public. The workshop was By Design team with invited de- followed up by an open house so that sign professionals, along with par- the public could provide feedback on ticipants with the following affilia- the output. The workshop divided up tions: Bridgeport Mayor, Bridgeport into topical tables: shoreline protec- Planning and Econ. Development , tion, improvements and development Bridgeport Environmental Projects along the Pequonnock River, storm- Coordinator , Bridgeport Housing water improvements, housing, trans- Authority, Bridgeport Neighbor- portation, Marina Village, Resilience hood Trust, The Nature Conservancy, Center programming, and City Iden- Greater Bridgeport Regional Council, tity. The workshop integrated ideas Bridgeport Regional Business Coun- from the various topics to develop de- cil, Bridgeport Chamber of Com- sign proposals. The workshop both merce, Trust for Public Land, Yale advanced the design proposals and Masters in Environmental Science, strengthened the coalition for the School of Forestry, City of Stamford project. Planning Department, CT Coalition for Environmental Justice, Jonathan Rose Companies, Bridgeport Emer- gency Management and Homeland Working with Stakeholders Security, Bridgeport Health Depart- The workshop was an opportunity ment, Greater Bridgeport Transit, to draw with stakeholders such Freeman Center, Bridgeport Regional as local industry representatives Aquaculture Science & Technology and residents at the same table. Education Center, PSEG Power CT, O&G, HUD, EPA, CT Dept of Hous-

82 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT All-Scales Workshop and Open House

February 27 through March 1. Two-and-a-half days to share, learn, draw, revise, and discuss Rebuild by Design proposals, with invited designers and planners joining stakeholders ranging from federal, state, and local government officials to Bridge- port residents at the table.

83 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

5.5 COMMUNITY OPEN HOUSES

All-Scales Open House March 1, 2014 Following the All-Scales workshop a public open house with a presentation was held. The participants included city and community leaders, many of the stakeholders involved in the project, community members and activists. The mayor addressed the participants and outlined the challenges and opportunities in the implementation of the Rebuild By De- sign proposals. South End Open House March 8, 2014 The open house was held in conjunction with the South End Neighbor- hood Revitalization Zone Planning Workshop. The workshop was held South End Workshop at Roosevelt School cafeteria in the and Open House South End and the open house was put The design team joined city up in an entry corridor so that people planning officials for a full-day participating in the open house could neighborhood revitalization plan- see the Rebuild By Design work, ask ning workshop in the South End. questions and provide input. De- sign team members presented the Resilient Bridgeport framework and served as design facilitators throughout the workshop.

84 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

5.6 CITYMAKING! BRIDGEPORT

The Van Alen Institute worked with their newly-learned skills to develop the Rebuild By Design team to orga- designs for the river, taking into ac- nize a series of activities that raised count the programming, land uses, community awareness and engaged and hydrological issues discussed different groups in design. earlier during the bike ride. River Walk Citymaking! Event February 22, 2014 March 15, 2014 This was a planning session in which A wide range of activities were avail- city residents involved in the plan- able to the general public. Design ning of the Citymaking! Event could team members again led a group of join design team members and city participants on a bike ride along the officials on a walk along the Pequon- Pequonnnock, providing for more nock. It was an opportunity for a con- valuable exchange about the role of versation between the participants the river in the lives of residents. on the history, function, and pres- Artists and cycling activists provid- ent-day uses of the river. ed a clinic on bike repairs and bike art, and community design facilitator Bike Ride and Youth Design James Rojas led a collaborative work- Workshop shop in which residents used simple March 8, 2014 modeling techniques to propose their visions for the riverfront. A group of Bridgeport teenagers joined design team members and cycling activists for a bike ride along the Pequonnock. Older participants talked about the bustling waterfront that the Pequonnock once had. This was followed by a design workshop Sharing Stories on in which the teens learned how to Bike Rides and at City- make sectional drawings, and used making! Bridgeport

85 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

86 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS BRIDGEPORT ATLAS THE SOUND AND THE CITY

87 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS BOSTON

BRIDGEPORT

NEW YORK CITY

PHILADELPHIA

WASHINGTON DC

NORTHEAST REGIONAL CORRIDOR Legend NEC REGIONAL RAIL STOP NEC REGIONAL RAIL CORRIDOR 88 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS LONG ISLAND SOUND PROTOTYPE

Legend ATLANTIC OCEAN METRO-NORTH STOPS RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE FERRY ROUTES ECONOMIC NETWORK POPULATION DENSITY GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE HABITAT RESTORATION OFF-SHORE HABITATS

89 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS The Long Island Sound is an estu- isting land uses at the waterfront in of Bridgeport shipping is not as a ma- LONG ISLAND ary of national significance, 1,320 conjunction with investment in in- jor cargo hub but for local distribu- square miles in area, but impacted land structures and programs that tion, repair, and maintenance. SOUND by 16,820 square miles of water- support shifting some settlements to PROTOTYPE sheds in Connecticut and New York higher ground was determined to of- The ecology surrounding the Sound and the 23 million people who live fer the highest benefits. is similar, without reference to state within 50 miles of the shoreline. The or direction: upland, riparian corri- shallow water estuary spawns at least Settlements developed at the water’s dor, coastal flat, and estuary types. 50 species, and hosts more than 170 edge here, and 62% of the state’s • Uplands are the contributing ar- finfish species, 1200 species of in- population of 3.57 million lives in eas that shed water into the ri- vertebrates, and dozens of species coastal counties. Bridgeport is the parian corridors. Upland habi- of migratory birds. Water quality, largest and densest city at 146,000, tats include urban forest, urban habitat preservation, and watershed followed by New Haven with 130,000, shrub/scrub, and urban grass- management are critical issues to Hartford and Stamford with about land. Issues include pollution, maintain the Sound as a safe place for 125,000 each, and Waterbury with nutrients, sediment, fragmented recreational and commercial fishing, 115,000. As a result, much of the habitat, and loss of species di- as well as for recreation, tourism and critical infrastructure at risk from in- versity. High rates of runoff here property values. creasing sea levels also lies within the coastal floodplain, including elec- can cause pluvial flooding along At Bridgeport, the sea level at the tricity generation, wastewater treat- riparian corridors. Sound is predicted to rise by 6.182’ ment, and potable water supplies. • Riparian corridors defend against by 2100, impacting a significant runoff, erosion, flooding, and act percentage of the 16 square miles of Waterborne transportation has plied as filters for pollutants. They Bridgeport. The team studied poten- the waters of the Sound for centuries. provide habitat and corridors for tial closure structures in relation to From trading canoes to steamers, wildlife, shade for waters, and the changing shoreline. The distance to the popular car ferries between scenic value and recreational op- from Watch Hill across Fisher’s Is- Bridgeport and Port Jefferson, people portunities for people. land to Orient Point on Long Island, and goods move economically via the water. Over one million people and is 20 miles; in addition, a shorter • Coastal flats are the tidal marsh- 460,000 cars use the ferry to and section of about a mile between the es, beaches, and dunes which from Bridgeport each year, a 90-min- Bronx and Queens would be neces- provide habitat, shoreline stabili- ute ride across 18 miles of water. A sary to reduce storm surge through- zation, food storage, natural fil- high-speed ferry is proposed to link out the Sound. However, the impacts tration, and dampen storm surge. to water quality would be signifi- Bridgeport, Stamford, and New York cant, reducing dissolved oxygen and City. increasing nitrogen and pesticides Freight traffic in Bridgeport has de- to potentially toxic levels, besides clined considerably in the 21st centu- posing a threat to waterborne trans- ry. Until 2006, it was the 8th largest portation. Instead, a system of com- banana port in the country, but with bined strategies along the coast, with no dredging since 1963, sediment has investments in closure structures, made it impossible for ships to navi- marshes, and levees to maintain ex- gate Bridgeport Harbor. The future

90 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS HISTORIC CITY 1893 Historical landscape and development patterns are illu- minated by the overlaying of available maps dating from the early 1800’s. Primary roads in the 1700’s are the framework of the modern city. Park Ave- nue and Main Street are still the major north/south routes on the west side of the city, while Kings Highway and Fairfield Avenue link Bridgeport to her neighboring cities. Waterbod- ies and wetland areas are over- layed to indicate how the form of the landscape has been modified over time. Shallows were filled, waterways narrowed or covered. Urban development, delineated on the 1893 USGS Quadrangle map with bold linework, was for the most part, limited the natural peninsula boundaries. 20th Century industrial development happened along the low lands adjacent to the rivers and wetlands - areas most at risk to flooding today. Legend 2012 NATIONAL DATASET WATER 1700-1893 WATER OVERLAY 2012 NATIONAL DATASET WETLANDS 1848-1893 WETLANDS OVERLAY 1893 USGS QUADRANGLE MAP BRIDGEPORT HISTORIC DISTRICTS HISTORICALLY DESIGNATED PARCELS 1700 ROADS

91 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS Dutch and British settlers found salt overlaid to indicate how the form along the whole waterfront as far as HISTORIC CITY water, sandy beaches, salt marshes of the landscape has been modified the western boundary line of Bridge- with brackish water, mudflats, tidal over time. Shallows were filled, wa- port.” Seaside Park became the 1893 wetlands, many fresh water streams, terways narrowed or covered. Urban dressy promenade, and held Sunday springs, and ponds, cedar swamps, development, delineated on the 1893 concerts for the benefit of working grassy meadows, and towering prime- USGS Quadrangle map with bold people. val forests of old-growth trees when linework, was mostly limited to the they arrived along the coastal inlets natural peninsula boundaries. Twen- Park Avenue links the two jewels in of Connecticut in the late 1700’s. The tieth century industrial development the city’s green crown, both designed landscape of ridges and peninsulas happened along the low lands adja- by Frederick Law Olmsted using the created inviting habitats for animals cent to the rivers and wetlands – ar- contours of land and sculpting shady as diverse as the right whale and the eas most at risk to flooding today. groves and rustic parterres. Olmsted oyster, black bears and beavers, farm said of Beardsley Park, it is “just such and timber lands which supported Bridgeport’s reputation as the Park a countryside as a family of good taste the native Pequonnock tribe for cen- City began with two donations from and healthy nature would resort to, if turies. residents to the city: P. T. Barnum’s seeking a few hours’ complete relief 35 acres for Seaside Park in the from scenes associated with the wear The city now known as Bridgeport South End in 1864, and cattle bar- and tear of ordinary town life.” was an important crossing point on on James Beardsley’s 100 acres of the trail linking New Haven to the land in the North End in 1878. Bar- The railroad and industrialization New Amsterdam colony, as it is to- num wrote of the landscape before brought innovators in steel, textiles, day. Because of its protective harbor it became Seaside Park: “Up to 1865 and machines from carriages to aero- and its natural estuary, it was a desir- the shore of Bridgeport west of the planes, but the decline of industry led able place for shipbuilding, whaling, public wharves, and washed by the Bridgeport to balance on the edge of and rapid growth in the 18th and 19th water of Long Island Sound, was in- viability. A legacy of abandoned sites centuries. Historical landscape and accessible to carriages or even to the and environmental brownfields have development patterns are illuminat- horsemen, and almost impossible for led to failing infrastructure, troubled ed by overlaying maps dating from pedestrians. The shore edge was in public housing, crime, and poverty. the early 1800’s. Primary roads in fact strewn with rocks and boulders. The waterfront became an invisible the 1700’s are the framework for the A narrow lane reaching down to the geography, with barriers in place of modern city. Park Avenue and Main shore enabled parties to drive near to connections to the life and prosperity Street are still the major north/south the water for purposes of clamming, on the water. routes on the west side of the city, and occasionally bathing; but it was while King’s Highway and Fairfield all claimed as private property by Avenue link Bridgeport to neighbor- the land proprietors, whose farm ex- ing cities. tended down to the water’s edge... I was satisfied that a most lovely park Water bodies and wetland areas are might be, and ought to be, opened

92 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS URBAN FABRIC

Legend MODELED STORM SURGE POTENTIAL FEMA 100 YEAR FLOOD ZONE PARK OR OPEN SPACE VACANT PARCELS METRO NORTH RAIL AND STOPS BROWNFIELD SITE

93 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS LAND USE

Legend

MODELED STORM SURGE POTENTIAL FEMA 100 YEAR FLOOD ZONE SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENTIAL MULTI-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL DOWNTOWN DEVELOPMENT ZONE INSTITUTIONAL INDUSTRIAL

94 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS CORRIDORS Commercial corridors developed along the spines of Bridgeport’s peninsulas, on high ground and following Native American and Colo- nial trading routes that pre- date the city, as indicated on the Historic Overlay Map. Industrial zones located along rivers and estuaries for shipping access are most at risk from storm surge flooding and sea level rise.

Legend

MODELED STORM SURGE POTENTIAL FEMA 100 YEAR FLOOD ZONE COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL

95 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS DRAINAGE Stormwater flows to the sea via streams, culverts, subsurface drainage pipe. This combination of natural and man made water channels is typically hidden behind properties or buried below ground. Trash and pollution impacts water quality and impairs flow. Combined sewer overflow discharges are an ecological challenge for Bridgeport’s estuaries during major storm events. Repetitive street flooding occurs in the valleys and low lying areas due to both runoff and sea level rise.

Legend LONG ISLAND SOUND MODELED STORM SURGE POTENTIAL FEMA 100 YEAR FLOOD ZONE WATERSHED BOUNDARIES CSO PIPE CSO OUTFALL STORM DRAINAGE PIPE STORM DRAINAGE OUTFALL

96 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS GEOLOGY This map illustrates the uncon- solidated glacial and postgla- cial deposits of Connecticut. The surficial deposits along the coastline are typically fine grained sand and gravel glacial deposits and alluvium, beach sand or tidal marsh soils, while the upslope consists of heavier rock. The soils along the coast are well-drained due to the predominance of sand and gravel and are well suited for infiltration of stormwater though raingardens, bioswales or other BMPS.

Legend MODELED STORM SURGE POTENTIAL FEMA 100 YEAR FLOOD ZONE THIN GLACIAL TILL THICK GLACIAL TILL SAND AND GRAVEL SAND SAND AND GRAVEL OVERLYING SAND SAND AND GRAVEL OVERLYING SAND OVERLYING FINES SAND OVERLYING FINES ALLUVIUM OVERLYING SAND SALT MARSH AND TIDAL MARSH DEPOSITS BEACH DEPOSITS ARTIFICAL FILL

97 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS LONG ISLAND SOUND 2100: COASTAL RISK/INLAND RISK Legend METRO-NORTH STOPS RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE MAJOR ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 100-YEAR FLOOD STORM SURGE 17’ 0’

98 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS 2014: COASTAL RISK/INLAND RISK Legend METRO-NORTH STOPS RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE MAJOR ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 100-YEAR FLOOD STORM SURGE 17’ 0’

99 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS

LONG ISLAND SOUND MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME AT RISK 2014

Legend

MORE THAN $82,000 $68,001 TO $82,000 $53,001 TO $68,000 $39,001 TO $53,000 (US MEDIAN: $50,157) $24,001 TO $39,000 $24,000 OR LESS NO HOUSEHOLDS

100 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME AT RISK 2014

Legend

MORE THAN $82,000 $68,001 TO $82,000 $53,001 TO $68,000 $39,001 TO $53,000 (US MEDIAN: $50,157) $24,001 TO $39,000 $24,000 OR LESS NO HOUSEHOLDS

101 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS Bridgeport is the poorest city in the a. Demographic data SOCIO- state and one of the 10 poorest cities (a) Total population of the Target Area 144,229† in the nation. Ironically, it is locat- ECONOMICS (b) Total population under the age of six (6) 10,731† ed within Fairfield County, one of the wealthiest counties in the state. The (c) Number/percentage under the age of 6 with an elevated blood lead level 1,932†† /18% citywide poverty rate is almost 25% with certain census tracks demon- (d) Area Median Income $39,571††† strating poverty rates of 80% (2000 Census). Poverty and poor health Percentage of population at 80 percent of the area median income level 54%††† are inextricably linked. Destitute Percentage of population at 50 percent of the area median income level 40%††† urban populations inevitably live in conditions that compromise physi- Sources: cal and emotional well-being, which † 2010 Census then results in a much higher rate †† Bridgeport Health Department Stellar 2008 Report of disease. Families living in dilapi- ††† 2000 Census dated housing are often exposed to b. Housing data lead-based paint, cockroaches, dust, (a) Number of housing units that were built before 1978 48,233 dust mites, mold, and mildew and are more vulnerable to natural disasters. (b) Number of housing units that were built before 1940 25,490 The health consequences for people contending with such a multitude (c) Number and percentage of housing units that are rental 28,549 / 56.7% of adverse conditions are harsh and debilitating; they suffer from higher Number and percentage of housing units that are rental and owner 21,758 / 43% rates of asthma, strokes, lead and occupied. poisoning, malnutrition, and higher Source: U.S. Census 2000 mortality rates in general.

Bridgeport has always been a place al Workers, Construction Laborers, resentatives, accountants, and con- Equipment Operators, Roofers, Road for the working class in Connecti- struction workers. Most residents cut. Proximity to jobs in manufactur- Maintenance Workers, and related (72%) have a high school diploma, but construction occupations. Bridge- ing, shipping, and trade gave rise to only 14% have a bachelor’s degree or modest incomes and modest homes. port’s Green Business Zone has cre- higher educational attainment. Ad- ated new and expanding businesses The overall unemployment rate for vanced manufacturing is replacing Connecticut decreased to 7.2% last to a previously blighted neighbor- heavy industry, so preparing workers hood filled with abandoned factories. month while Bridgeport’s rate re- for the growing demand is a critical mained stubbornly high at 11.8%. task of the proposed workforce train- One quarter of the city population is The most common occupations are ing center. DOL researchers project foreign-born, primarily from Latin in information and records-keeping, high growth occupations that pro- America. This is significantly higher media and communications equip- vide a family-sustaining income and than Connecticut’s average of 13%, ment workers, customer service rep- require one year or less of training and may be due to the linked history include: Hazardous Material Remov- of immigration and manufacturing,

102 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS the lack of entry level housing in sur- ent households, large families, ed- Please note that this area is different SOCIO- rounding communities and the pres- ucation less than high school, rapid than the planning area reference in ence of the University of Bridgeport, population growth, lack of access to the South End Section. ECONOMICS which has a high rate of international medical services, high special needs students, arriving from 70 countries. populations such as homeless, tour- Our proposal addresses comprehen- (International full-time engineering ists, transients, and nursing home sive transformation in the South End. graduate students total 95% of the residents, and high numbers of social An annotated bibliography of our ap- program, an anomaly even among security recipients. As demonstrated proach to transformation follows, as graduate engineering programs.) by the information in this section, does the full text of the State of the Also, since 1918, the International Bridgeport is a community at risk. Child in Bridgeport 2013. Institute of Connecticut has been lo- South End of Bridgeport cated in the west end, bringing immi- Annotated Bibliography of Evi- grants from all parts of the globe to The South End has a population of dence Based Best Practices the city. 8,825 people, a predominant white population of 45%, followed by Af- Ladder of Opportunity to the Middle Bridgeport struggles with homeless- Class ness, poverty, and blight. According rican American at 30%, Asian at The programs identified below are to the RAND Corporation, the social 3% and all other of 22%. The South just a few of the many programs that cost of crime in Bridgeport can be End Neighborhood has approximate- demonstrate successful strategies calculated as follows: 20 murders per ly 2,400 units of housing. 23% are for the type of transformation pro- year at $8,649,216 each; 116 rapes owner occupied, 64% are renter oc- posed for the South End including at $217,866 each; 610 robberies at cupied and 12.2% are vacant while the public housing at Marina Village. $62,277 each; 1540 burglaries at 11.4% of all units are overcrowded. They are selected from a larger group $13,096 each, and so on. Schools are Approximately 5% of the South End identified documented as part of our challenged: with 20,800 students, it housing was built in the last 20 years, research. Quality of programming, is the second largest district in the suggesting a historic but aging hous- quality of trained staff/program lead- state, but has a ranking of 158th of ing inventory. Making matters worse, ers, specific characteristics of the 164 districts. this neighborhood lost over 500 hun- dred units of public housing when the program (e.g., diversity of options The Index of Social Vulnerability Pequonnock Apartments and the Bar- for participants), staffing ratios, synthesizes 30 socioeconomic vari- num Avenue Apartments were demol- availability of funding, and fidelity of ables, which reduce a community’s ished and never replaced. In addition implementation are key in any pro- ability to prepare for, respond to, the public housing project Marina gram’s success. and recover from hazards. Factors Village, which consists of 400 units Children enter kinder- which increase vulnerability include: is planned for redevelopment and garten ready to learn low income or socioeconomic status, nearly 25% have been vacated. female head of household, non-Cau- Program: Parent Child casian ethnicity, elderly or under 18 The South End’s average household Home Program ages, renters, unemployment, occu- income is $20,444 which falls well Description: The Parent-Child Home pation as agricultural workers or in below the City average of $34,659 Program is a 2-year early literacy and low skilled service jobs, single par- and County average of $77,690. parenting program designed for fam-

103 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS ilies whose children are at risk for ed- 3. Participating parents interacted Description: Success for All (SFA) is SOCIO- ucational disadvantage. Families en- more positively with their chil- a whole-school reform model for stu- ter the home visiting program when dren during and after program dents in pre K – 12th grade. Program ECONOMICS their children are 2-3 years old. Fam- implementation. Positive par- components include: leadership, ilies are visited for 30 minutes twice ent-child interactions were found powerful instruction, school wide a week for a minimum of 23 weeks to last in participating families support and intervention tools, pro- (46 visits) per year. During the visits, compared to control group fami- fessional development and coaching, trained home visitors model and en- lies and their effect was correlat- and research. courage parents to interact verbally ed with increased cognitive and with their children through reading social emotional skills in the 1st Evidence of success: Success For All’s and educational toys provided by the grade. implementation has been thoroughly home visitor. evaluated and proven to be replicable 4. Program participation signifi- for student achievement in more than Evidence of success: Over the past cantly reduced the need for spe- 30 research studies, most of which 40 years, The Parent Child Home cial education (at the 3rd grade, were done by independent research- Program has been evaluated repeat- 14% of program graduates need- ers. Success for All has been found edly. Longitudinal, randomized con- ed special education services to increase reading achievement, cut trol group studies have found that the compared to 39% for controls). the achievement gap between African program is successful in increasing Americans, Hispanic, and white stu- positive parenting and involvement, For summary and citations for all dents, and prepare teachers to sup- preparing children for school and in- research summarized above see: port the needs of English learners. creasing school success and achieve- http://www.parentchild.org/assets/ ment, and increasing earning poten- Proven_Outcomes/Research_Summa- See sources below for citations tial for program participants. Some ries/PCHP_Research_Summary.pdf and study findings/details key research findings include the fol- Source: Parent Child Home Program Source: http://www.successforall.org/ lowing: (http://www.parent-child.org) See also: http://www.successforall. 1. Low income children who com- See also: http://www.parent-child. org/SuccessForAll/media/PDFs/ pleted 2 years of the program org/assets/Proven_Outcomes/ Borman_CSR_meta_RER.pdf went on to graduate from high Research_Summaries/PCHP_Re- Also http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/ school at the rate of middle in- search_Summary.pdf wwc/pdf/intervention_re- come children nationally, 20% For a summary of sources of inde- ports/wwc_sfa_081109.pdf higher than their SES peers and pendent evaluations see: http:// Also: http://earlyed.newamerica. 30% higher than the control www.parent-child.org/assets/Prov- net/blogposts/2013/success_for_ group. en_Outcomes/Research_Summaries/ all_with_i3_program-96104 Independent_Evaluations_of_the_Par- 2. Children who participated in the ent-Child_Home_Program.pdf Also: http://www.mdrc.org/publica- program had statistically sig- tion/success-all-model-school-reform nificant increases in IQ and re- ceptive vocabulary development Children are proficient in Cradle-through-college- compared to control groups. core academic subjects to career solutions Program: Success for All

104 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS Program: Positive Action tary and secondary school levels, a adults between 16 and 24, primarily SOCIO- Description: Positive Action is an counselor’s kit, a family kit, and a in a residential setting. Participants integrated and comprehensive pro- community kit. All the components receive vocational training, academ- ECONOMICS gram that is designed to improve and their parts can be used separate- ic education, and other services such participants’ life in multiple areas ly or in any combination and are de- as social skills training, counseling, including but not limited to aca- signed to reinforce and support one health care and health education. demic achievement, social behavior, another. For six months after participants physical health, and family relation- leave the program, placement agen- ships and bonding. The program is Evidence of success: Based on find- cies help participants find jobs or intended for a variety of age groups ings of rigorous research, Positive pursue additional training. ranging from children to adults. Posi- Action has been identified as an ef- tive Action has materials for schools, fective program by The National In- Evidence of success: Job Corps was homes, and community agencies stitute of Justice and SAMHSA’s Na- evaluated using an experimental de- and has been implemented in school tional Registry of Evidence Based sign in which some youth were as- settings, before- and after-school Programs and Practices. Research signed to a control group and tracked programs, social service agencies, using experimental and quasi exper- in order to see whether program par- detention centers, home schooling, imental designs has found that com- ticipants fared better. The evalua- youth programs, family and juvenile pared to control groups, participants tion found that Job Corps increased justice agencies, correctional institu- of the Positive Action program have the receipt of GED and vocational tions, probation and parole settings, significantly 1) higher levels of math certificates by more than 20 per- mental health and welfare agencies, and reading proficiency and achieve- centage points, produced measur- faith-based organizations, public ment, 2) higher academic standard- able improvements in literacy skills, housing developments, and other ized tests scores, 3) increased school and reduced involvement with crime. programs specifically for high-risk, attendance, 4) lower levels of sub- The evaluation also found that after at-risk, special-needs, and disadvan- stance use, 5) lower levels of violent four years, the average gain in earn- taged individuals, families, schools, behavior, and 6) higher levels of fami- ings per participant was $1,150 (or and communities. ly cohesion and functioning. 12% higher). Earnings gains persist- ed only for the 20 to 24 year old age All materials are based on the same See sources below for more details group and the program was found unifying broad concept (one feels on research studies and findings to be cost effective only for this age good about oneself when taking pos- Source: http://www.positiveaction.net group. itive actions) with six explanatory See also: http://www.nrepp.samhsa. Source: Program evaluation report subconcepts (positive actions for gov/ViewIntervention.aspx?id=78 the physical, intellectual, social, and from Mathematica is online at: http:// And http://www.crimesolutions. emotional areas) that elaborate on wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_ gov/ProgramDetails.aspx?ID=113 the overall theme. The program com- Documents/National%20Job%20 ponents include grade-specific cur- Corps%20Study%20and%20Lon- riculum kits for kindergarten through Households are economical- ger%20Term%20Follow-Up%20 12th grade, drug education kits, a ly stable and self-sufficient Study%20-%20Final%20Report.pdf conflict resolution kit, sitewide cli- Program: Job Corps See also this study, which cites mate development kits for elemen- Description: Job Corps serves young evaluations of Job Corps but also

105 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS provides a broad overview of the • “shots fired” calls (reduction) Home Visiting Evidence of Effective- SOCIO- effectiveness of employment and ness, http://homvee.acf.hhs.gov/ training programs in the US: http:// • Recovery of traceable hand guns ECONOMICS (increase) Office of Planning Research www.nber.org/chapters/c10261.pdf and Evaluation (Administra- Source: http://www.crimesolutions. tion for Children and Families) Public safety strategies gov/ProgramDetails.aspx?ID=207 http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre Program: Operation Ceasefire Child Trends, http://www. Description: Operation Ceasefire Appendix of Helpful Websites childtrends.org/what-works/ is a comprehensive problem-solving The Guide to Community Pre- police strategy that seeks to reduce Early childhood Best Practic- es:, http://www.bestevidence.org/ ventative Services, http://www. gang violence, illegal gun possession, thecommunityguide.org/ and gun violence in communities by early/early_child_ed/top.htm implementing 1) aggressive law en- RAND Corporation Promis- Manpower Research Demonstration forcement and prosecution efforts to ing Practices Network:, http:// Corporation, http://www.mdrc.org recover illegal handguns, prosecute www.promisingpractices.net/ dangerous felons, and 2) deter vio- program.asp?programid=275 lence by increasing public awareness Office of Juvenile justice and and promoting public safety and an- Prevention, http://www.ojj- tiviolence. As a deterrence strategy, dp.gov/mpg/Program the intervention is based on the as- National Network for Safe Com- sumption that crimes can be prevent- munities, http://www.nnscom- ed when the costs of committing the munities.org/pages/group_vio- crime are perceived by the offender lence_tools_for_practitioners.php to outweigh the benefits of committing a crime. It targets high-risk Institute of Education Scienc- youths as well as serious and violent es What Works Clearinghouse , juvenile offenders. In Providence, http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/ the Institute for the Study and Prac- NREPP SAMHSA’s National Regis- tice of Nonviolence offers similar try of Evidence Based Programs and programming. Practices, http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/ Evidence: Several studies evaluated Find Youth Info, http:// by the National Institute of Justice findyouthinfo.gov/ found Operation Ceasefire to have National Dropout Preven- had a positive impact on: tion Network, http://www. dropoutprevention.org/ • Percentage of youth homicides American Youth Policy Forum, http:// (reduction) www.dropoutprevention.org/ • Citywide gun assaults (reduction) Coalition for Evidence Based Poli- cy, http://coalition4evidence.org/

106 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS Housing Planning in Bridgeport, Connecticut

Housing Planning in Bridgeport, Connecticut 2 1 Characterized by single-family homes Primarily single-family residential with with 10% Bridgeport 2020 some pockets of higher-density institutional uses residential uses in western portion and a commercial strip along Main Street. 3 Between 1990 and 2000 some neighborhoods, such as HOUSINGBrooklawn, North Bridgeport and the North End, experienced Predominantly single-family residential signi cant population gains, with a signi cant 2 PLANNINGand others such as the South amount of park/open End, East Side and East End space 1 experienced signi cant losses. Characterized by This summary of housing plan- Currently single-family homes 7 industrial/ Primarily single-family residential with with 10% ningVacancy is rates a toolwithin the for city varied future by housing commercial, some pockets of higher-density institutional uses housing type and tended to be greatest 4 Bridgeport 2020 but potential residential uses in western portion and a planningin buildings with and at least a ve reminder units of commercial strip along Main Street. 3 for (particularly those with 50 units or more) Predominantly single-family higher-value 5 Multifamily homes Between 1990 and 2000 some theand importance in housing constructed eitherof inutilizing the all residential, but more than 50% mixed-use with about 50% neighborhoods, such as 1940s or 1970s. This trend is particularly renter-occupied. Largely built Majority of housing is owner-occupied Brooklawn, North Bridgeport of the previous analysis and out, but well postitioned to multifamily and Predominantly notable in neighborhoods such as the and the North End, experienced experience increases in home renter-occupied. Nearly 1 single-family residential Hollow and the East End, which have a 6 planning work as new designs values. in 5housing units in the signi cant population gains, with a signi cant high concentration of high-density and neighborhood is and others such as the South amount of park/open older housing units. and strategies are developed. considered overcrowded. End, East Side and East End space 8 experienced signi cant losses. In addition, 40% of East Also of importance, though Multifamily Side households do not 7 Currently Transforming many Bridgeport residential with have access to an Vacancy rates within the city varied by industrial/ notneighborhoods specifically into communities noted of on this 77% automobile. commercial, housing type and tended to be greatest 4 choice will require increasing local renter-occupied. but potential map,demand is bythe rehabilitating thorough existing housing Goal: Develop in buildings with at least ve units for properties, deconverting multi-unit homeownership (particularly those with 50 units or more) Predominantly single-family higher-value 5 Multifamily homes strategies aimed at and in housing constructed either in the residential, but more than 50% mixed-use with about 50% needsproperties assessment back to single-family conducted not increasing 1940s or 1970s. This trend is particularly renter-occupied. Largely built Majority of housing is owner-occupied homes, and providing incentives for density out, but well postitioned to as part of the development of 9 10 notable in neighborhoods such as the multifamily and households at a range of income experience increases in home 6 renter-occupied. Nearly 1 levels to purchase homes. 12 Niche markets Hollow and the East End, which have a values. the City’s housing policy in high concentration of high-density and in 5housing units in the include lofts, in ll Characterized by 2-4 family ats neighborhood is and mostly renter-occupied with older housing units. 2006 and 2007. The results housing, and luxury 8 considered overcrowded. Promote a variety of housing Largely medium-density residential (2-4 housing a 12% vacancy rate In addition, 40% of East options in Downtown family homes), but also contains Multifamily Side households do not of this assessment have not industrial uses in the western portion of Transforming many Bridgeport have access to an residential with Promote housing on the the community. Resident preference neighborhoods into communities of 77% automobile. been included in this summa- Pequonnock site. towards lower-density development and choice will require increasing local renter-occupied. senior housing demand by rehabilitating existing Goal: Develop ry because projections were Support existing and potential properties, deconverting multi-unit homeownership strategies aimed at residential development in 11 properties back to single-family only made out until 2011. It not increasing Downtown, Steel Point and homes, and providing incentives for density Residential uses are located in the 10 the South End. households at a range of income 9 would be potentially valuable northern portion of the neighborhood and are predominantly levels to purchase homes. 12 Niche markets Target the youth medium- and high-density. Potential include lofts, in ll Characterized by 2-4 family ats to see if these projections have population being for mixed-use and adaptive reuse housing, and luxury and mostly renter-occupied with lost by Fair eld Predominantly Promote a variety of housing Largely medium-density residential (2-4 housing a 12% vacancy rate come to fruition and to develop single-family homes, family homes), but also contains County due to options in Downtown but less than 40 % industrial uses in the western portion of anotherhigh housing housing needs assess- owner-occupied Promote housing on the the community. Resident preference mentcosts. based on current data. Pequonnock site. towards lower-density development and senior housing 13 Support existing and potential residential development in 11 Legend Downtown, Steel Point and Residential uses are located in the 1 NORTH END the South End. northern portion of the neighborhood and are predominantly 2 RESERVOIR / WHISKEY HILL Target the youth medium- and high-density. Potential population being for mixed-use and adaptive reuse 3 NORTH BRIDGEPORT lost by Fair eld Predominantly County due to single-family homes, 4 BOSTON AVENUE / MILL HILL high housing but less than 40 % 5 EAST SIDE costs. owner-occupied 6 ENTERPRISE ZONE 13 7 BROOKLAWN / ST VINCENT 8 THE HOLLOW Bridgeport Neighborhoods 9 DOWNTOWN Plans Reviewed 101 North EASTEnd END 5 East Side 9 Downtown Barnum Station Feasibility Study (2013) 2 Reservoir/Whiskey Hill 6 Enterprise Zone 10 East End Black Rock Neighborhood Revitalization Zone 11 SOUTH END Strategic plan (2008) 3 North Bridgeport 7 Brooklawn/St Vincent 11 South End Bridgeport 2020 (2008) 124 BostonWEST Ave/Mill END Hill / WEST SIDE 8 The Hollow 12 West End/West Side East Side Neighborhood Revitalization Zone Strategic 13 BLACK ROCK 13 Black Rock Plan (2010) Greetings from City of Bridgeport, CT Housing Policy BARNUM STATION FEASIBILITY (2007) Barnum Station Feasibility Study Area (1/4 and 1/2 mile radii) STUDY AREA Re-imagining Downtown Bridgeport (2007) South End Neighborhood Revitalization Zone The Barnum Station Feasibility Study indicated that the market could support 600 below market residential units Strategic Plan (2010) Bridgeport Neighborhoods (<$1,300/month rent) and 350 market rate units through 2020 within the study area. Between 2020 and 2030 the market could West Side/West End Neighborhood Revitalization 107 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER PlansWB Reviewed unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS support an aditional 750 below market residential units and 1,250 market rate units. Zone Strategic Plan (2007) 1 North End 5 East Side 9 Downtown Barnum Station Feasibility Study (2013) Black Rock Neighborhood Revitalization Zone 2 Reservoir/Whiskey Hill 6 Enterprise Zone 10 East End Strategic plan (2008) 3 North Bridgeport 7 Brooklawn/St Vincent 11 South End Bridgeport 2020 (2008) 4 Boston Ave/Mill Hill 8 The Hollow 12 West End/West Side East Side Neighborhood Revitalization Zone Strategic 13 Black Rock Plan (2010) Greetings from City of Bridgeport, CT Housing Policy (2007) Barnum Station Feasibility Study Area (1/4 and 1/2 mile radii) Re-imagining Downtown Bridgeport (2007) South End Neighborhood Revitalization Zone The Barnum Station Feasibility Study indicated that the market could support 600 below market residential units Strategic Plan (2010) (<$1,300/month rent) and 350 market rate units through 2020 within the study area. Between 2020 and 2030 the market could West Side/West End Neighborhood Revitalization support an aditional 750 below market residential units and 1,250 market rate units. Zone Strategic Plan (2007) In the City of Bridgeport there are The 2007 City of Bridgeport’s Hous- stantial in low-income census tracts HOUSING 51,255 households with 29,433 renting Report confirmed that 53% of resulting in the City’s most vulnera- al properties with an average rent of Bridgeport’s households are renters ble populations find themselves with PLANNING $1,485 as of September 2012 Bridge- and 47% are homeowners in compar- even fewer affordable housing op- port had 878 properties listed for ison to the county (Fairfield), which tions. sale. The Warren Group, Commercial has a two thirds homeownership rate. Record, June 2012, reports that the Additional findings in the City 2007 In 2007 czbLLC prepared a Housing median home price in Bridgeport is Housing Report underscore the fact Policy Report on behalf of the City of $131,375, which is a 16.26% increase the City has suffered from highest Bridgeport, which confirmed the fol- from 2011. foreclosures in the State and is affect- lowing: ing approximately 23% of the City’s • 62% of Bridgeport’s households Bridgeport is a weak market commu- housing stock. Circumstances in earn less than $50,000 per year; nity where poverty is concentrated Bridgeport are among the very worst within a region of high incomes. The in the country in terms of magnitude, • 53% of Bridgeport’s house- median value of a home in Fairfield rate and concentration. Also, few cit- holds are renters and 47% are County is $403,400 compared to ies share the confluence of high per- homeowners in comparison to $171,800 in the US. Almost half of centages of housing stocks older than the county, which is two-thirds the apartments rent for over $1250 1939 (31%) with high rate of recently homeowner. per month with many of those below foreclosed properties or properties in this rent being located in Bridgeport. foreclosure, or otherwise affected by • 40% of Bridgeport’s households Foreclosure Crisis subprime lending activities. pay more than 30% of their income for housing; The City of Bridgeport has been los- Per the Connecticut Housing Finance ing housing with greatest loss in low • Housing price increased and rent Authority, Bridgeport has suffered income housing at a time when pov- increases are going up faster than from the highest foreclosures rates in erty has been on the rise. While the income; and CT. In fact, Bridgeport is among the population in Bridgeport decreased very worst in the country in terms of by only 1.5% from 1990 – 2000 the • Rental housing has little vacancy. magnitude, rate and concentration. City’s housing stock decreased by In 2013, 1321 foreclosure filings were Affordable Housing Gap 5% City side. Bridgeport lost nearly reported, 1240 lis pendens are cur- 3,000 housing units during this time. rently pending and 137 properties are The average cost of a two-bedroom The reduction of units was most sub- bank owned. apartment in Bridgeport is approx-

108 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS imately $1,200/monthly. To afford housing options for families in the Endnotes HOUSING an apartment, a family must earn City of Bridgeport. The Bridgeport Bridgeport Child Advocacy Coalition, State PLANNING $24.56 per hour, or $50,000/year. Housing Authority reports an aver- of the Child in Bridgeport 2013 However, the median family income age vacancy rate of 3.9% for their in Bridgeport is $39,000 year, re- 2,523 units. As of December 2013, czbLLC, Housing Policy Report, City of sulting in a housing budget deficit of there were 2,270 people on the wait- Bridgeport, 2007. $11,000. The effects of this huge dis- ing list. In addition to 1,281 on the Partnership for Strong Communities, Hous- parity are such that the affordability waiting list for Project Base Section ing Data Profile, Bridgeport 2013. gap is not being met. 8. Data was provided by BCAC 2013 State of the Child Report. Partnership for Strong Communities, Hous- United Way 2-1-1 Top 5 Housing-Re- ing Data Profile, Connecticut 2013. lated Requests for Service for Bridge- Resilient Homes Partnership for Strong Communities, Hous- port Ideally, more people will be able to ing Data Profile, Fairfield County 2013. Type of Request 2012/2011 safely shelter at home during storms.

That is the rationale behind the De- 1. Homeless Shelter 1,963/1,838 sign Center and Green Collar Insti- tute and the training programs for 2. Rent Payment Assistance floodproofing, elevating, remediat- 1,290/1,515 ing, and mitigating - to make exist- 3. Housing Search and Informa- ing and new construction ready to tion 1,153/1,030 handle the challenges of the climate everyday and in emergencies. Shelter 4. Rental Deposit Assistance in Place works when livable spaces 947/659 are elevated above flood hazards and protected from storm surge, when 5. Section 8 Housing Choice the ground is permeable enough to Vouchers 343/363 resist flooding or to channel it away Housing Authority of the quickly, and when utilities contin- City of Bridgeport ue operating throughout municipal shutdowns. There are limited affordable rental

109 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS SURFACE ELEVATION

Legend

110 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS PRE- INTERSTATE 1951

111 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS EXISTING CITY 2014

112 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS While the link of transportation while the raised roadbed has stood spines as major transportation routes MOBILITY AND needs to flood events is clear (evac- well for over 100 years, there is no migrate away from the coast. uation, emergency response, crucial ability to warrant it as a flood barrier. RESILIENCY supply deliveries, and recovery), The introduction of Bridgeport as an there is also a more insidious con- In several instances, power grid and express stop would not only increase nection through carbon use and glob- communications grids utilize the train traffic through the city, but by al warming, through population and same railroad right of way. reducing the trip to New York City to industry relocation limitations, and a more manageable time could begin The State of Connecticut directly through recreation (health) opportu- to attract New York City commuters subsidizes the operation of the Met- nities. to live in Bridgeport. The addition of ro North, and financing is not only a second (local) station would again We looked at the various Bridgeport at variance with most rail line oper- attract commuters from outside transportation networks in relation ations, but also requires complex Bridgeport, but would also begin to to resiliency strategies (namely Bar- financial politics to fund other than make transit oriented design com- riers, Elevation, Absorption, and Re- general maintenance. munities within close distance of the location). station a real possibility. Freight rail is extremely limited by Rail available track time, by restrictions A northern high speed rail would on weight and by lack of off loading open up some track time and rid- Existing issues ports. ership space for new commuter ef- While the Metro North line is raised ficiencies. While on the face of it, Assumptions to an adequate flood level for the freight and high speed are not gen- near future. The need to cross under Given track and construction con- erally compatible it would be wise to the line at several major arteries has straints, it seems unlikely that true at least maintain a single right of way lead to low lying roads that frequent- high speed rail can be retrofit to the for both. ly flood and block the same roads Metro North line. One of the likely that would be used for evacuation. possible paths for high speed train The City of Bridgeport has investi- Flooding at the riverfront station from New York City to Boston would gated both adding an additional stop makes access to and from the elevat- run north of Bridgeport and towards to the city (Barnum Station) and tun- ed station impossible as well. Hartford. neling a new right of way and express station through the city. There is a low radius turn through Metro North continues to predict Bridgeport that slows rail traffic and steady increases in ridership as a Recommendations precludes any high speed rail traf- commuter rails system, though con- The existing raised rail line divides fic. Constraints on elevated road- straints include parking limitations the city, limiting growth and develop- bed widths preclude the addition of for suburban commuters, platform ment. It creates several flood related a central platform which is required length, and operational frequency hazards and it limits the ability to de- to access the inner two rail lines limits. velop express stops. Running the rail and utilize Bridgeport as an express underground along State Street to a Multi-modal traffic is likely to in- stop. Any new construction or main- new station (near the existing) and crease along the Route 8 corridor, tenance must recognize the need continuing under the Pequonnock to and along commercial north/south for continuous rail operations. And a new Barnum station before surfac-

113 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS ing in the existing rail yards allows route for local industry and a major north, and its current corridor will be MOBILITY AND the introduction of Bridgeport as an commuter track. It does run through turned over to local modes of traffic. express stop and removes several several low lying areas along the Con- RESILIENCY flood hazards. The recommendation necticut coast. As transit oriented design communi- would then be to develop (on half of ties take hold, as fuel prices rise, and the existing rail bed) a local light rail In Bridgeport, while the highway is as roads are choked, commuter car or trolley system with at-grade cross- built to a very high elevation, many traffic will decrease. ing and the other half as a new green of the on/off ramps terminate in low Recommendation way development running continu- lying areas that make it impassable ously from one side of the city to the in predicted flood events. While the A highway bypass around Bridgeport other. Cross streets would be raised highway berms effectively restrict would remove the physical impedi- gently to the new safer elevations. flooding, there is no way to warrant ment of the I-95 structure and reunite Transit oriented design communities their performance even as flood con- neighborhoods. It would free up over would develop along the new green- ditions are worsened at underpasses, 80 acres of dry land in three different way trolley. The rail bed and accom- and low lying ramps. neighborhoods for relocation efforts, panying railroad avenue would utilize and for new development at scales The great height and imposing width new water absorption techniques and appropriate to each neighborhood. exactly bisects the city and has had accommodate water management devastating affect on property val- This bypass would follow existing runoff as well as septic systems. ues, development potential and local road rights of way through Connecti- The Metro North and Greenway lines health. It has effectively decimated cut, running up the Route 8 corridor, would intersect with each other, with the East Side neighborhood, truncat- to the Merritt Parkway corridor and the bus terminal and bus lines, and ed east end neighborhoods and sty- then down the Milford connector with new bikeways and pedestrian mied downtown growth in its sixty back to I-95. years. paths developed. All of this would Light Rail then encourage development with- The DOT is in a constant mainte- in the modal system, cutting down nance mode without any serious Green Line as discussed above commute time, eliminating much car plans for regional improvements or traffic and generally decreasing the Bus Lines multi-modal use of the existing aging carbon footprint of the city. structures. Financing bonds require Existing Issues Interstate Highway continued funding sometimes be- The main bus terminal as well as its yond the useful life of structures. access to the train station is located Existing issues Assumptions in a flood plain. The city maintains I-95 is one of the heaviest trafficked a fairly robust level of bus service corridors in North America. Fore- As industries phase to green solu- throughout the city. The lack of den- casts are for traffic to increase and tions, and local sourcing (of food, sity of areas along the route however traffic speeds will continue to drop of goods, even of raw materials) in- can make for sparse ridership. until a point of equilibrium is reached crease, truck delivery will lessen. As where its inconvenience outweighs industries in low lying areas migrate Assumptions its convenience. It is a vital trucking north the assumption is that the ma- Bus travel will increase and develop jor I-95 corridor should also shift

114 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS in tandem with a new light rail line, Metro North subsidizes parking lots at difficult road crossings. MOBILITY AND especially as car operation and eco- near stations to attract rail ridership. logical costs increase. Bridgeport residents bear the brunt Assumptions RESILIENCY of traffic and pollution from outside Bike and pedestrian traffic will grow The city is encouraging zoning the community as they serve as park- exactly as conditions allow and en- changes to create new areas of transit ing stations for commuters who inter- courage. Health concerns will move oriented design density along major act infrequently with downtown com- more to take advantage of new recre- commercial arteries. merce (and probably pay their taxes ation areas. elsewhere). Recommendation Recommendations There are several areas of the city Assumptions • Incorporate into new Pequonnock where major commercial arteries Cars will not go away, nor will com- River Park bike lanes and walking cross waterways that have been cov- muting, but non-car mode from home trails connecting to Trail to Bike ered, conduited and are susceptible to station and from home to work or way and from Beardsley Park to to flood. The development could at school or shopping should all be en- Seaside park once uncover and manage such water- couraged. Bridge traffic of all kinds ways while at the same time raising across the cities waterways are es- • Incorporate bike berms through perimeter densities. The waterworks sential assets. Ultimately most bridge South End, East End, and eventu- would be central features of new de- and bridge approaches will need to ally from Black Rock to Pleasure fined development nodes - nodes be raised to accommodate surge lev- Beach with sufficient density to support the els. water works, the transit system, and • Include bike storage facilities and increased land values. Recommendations rentals at transit stations and park facilities • Redesign parking and green Cars streets with permeable surfaces • Include pedestrian friendly walks, benches and conversation Existing issues • Encourage mixed use develop- areas along green streets, and Bridgeport, like most small cities, ment that includes housing, com- park paths remains car-centric. Parking garages mercial and industrial compo- and hard surface parking lots domi- nents to cut down on travel miles nate downtown and suburban shop- and to strengthen neighborhoods ping centers alike. Cars are vulnerable in low lying areas. Car exits are blocked (particularly from south end) Bikes and Pedestrians in flood conditions. Road and surface runoff exacerbate pluvial flooding. Existing Issues New bike lanes are just developing in In fact many in poorer communities Bridgeport and remain largely spo- do not own cars and are victims of radic and traffic bound. Some neigh- the car based travel system that lim- borhoods lack suitable pedestrian its shopping, working and recreation sidewalks. Traffic safety is a concern opportunities for the carless.

115 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS TECHNICAL SECTIONS SUPPORTING MATERIALS

T.1 PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

116 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

Estimate of Probable Cost

City of Bridgeport Construction Multi-Functional South End Berm (~7ft)

Item Description Quantity Unit Unit Price PROBABLE (Cost)

Feasibility Studies Impact Assessment $50,000 Civil Engineering Study $50,000 Structural Engineering Study $100,000 Geotechincal Engineering Study $100,000 Neighborhood Planning and Stratgy Assessment $50,000 Environmental Analysis $25,000 Architectural and Landscape Design $100,000

Studies Subtotal $475,000

Construction and Materials Levee 8500 LF $2,500.00 $21,250,000 Topsoil Placement 450000 TON $12.00 $5,400,000 Landscape Buffer (Construction and Materials) 5000 LB $2.00 $10,000 Bioswale (Construction and Materials) 5000 LB $2,000.00 $10,000,000

Construction and Materials Subtotal $36,660,000

Contingency - 30% 30% $10,998,000

Opinion of Probable Cost $48,133,000

1. Unit prices based off of recent cost estimates for other projects 2. Topsoil costs assume given dimensions and 100 pcf

S.1.1

117 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

City of Bridgeport Elevated Singer Street with Integrated Multif-functional wall (South End - 1 mile)

Item Description Quantity Unit Unit Price PROBABLE (Cost)

Feasibility Studies Impact Assessment $50,000 Civil Engineering Study $100,000 Structural Engineering Study $100,000 Geotechincal Engineering Study $100,000 Neighborhood Planning and Stratgy Assessment $75,000 Environmental Analysis $50,000 Architectural and Landscape Design $150,000

Studies Subtotal $625,000

Construction and Materials Roadway Construction 1 MILE $1,360,000.00 $1,360,000 Earthwork Embankment 33244 CY $50.00 $1,662,217 Storm Drainage Construction 1 MILE $930,000.00 $930,000 Street Lighting 1 MILE $280,000.00 $280,000 Driveway Connections to Existing Properties 50 EACH $100,000.00 $5,000,000 Storm Drainage Connections to Existing Properties 25 EACH $100,000.00 $2,500,000 Temporary Construction Easements 3 ACRE $50,000.00 $150,000 Utility Relocation 1 MILE $1,000,000.00 $1,000,000

Construction and Materials Subtotal $12,882,217

Contingency - 30% 30% $3,864,665

Opinion of Probable Cost $17,371,882 S.1.2

118 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

Item Description Quantity Unit Unit Price PROBABLE (Cost)

Sewer System Interpretation Review Existing Data $25,000 CSO Outfall - Sewershed Hydrodynamic Modeling $45,000

Treatment Park Study Assessments Assessment of Technologies and Ccology $70,000 Site Analyses $55,000 Numerical Analyses Treatment Park $45,000 Architectural and Landscape Design $55,000 Environmental and Permitting Analyses $65,000 Resident and Neighbor Engagement $40,000 Reporting $55,000 Project Implementation Plan - Next Steps, Design and Construction Requirements $30,000

Studies Subtotal $485,000

Opinion of Probable Cost $485,000

S.1.3

119 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

Estimate of Probable Cost

City of Bridgeport Construction Living Shoreline: Offshore Constructed Breakwaters with Wetland

Item Description Quantity Unit Unit Price PROBABLE (Cost)

Feasibility Studies Impact Assessment $50,000 Hydraulic and Hydrological Assessment $50,000 Civil Engineering Study $50,000 Neighborhood Planning and Stratgy Assessment $50,000 Environmental Analysis $50,000 Architectural and Landscape Design $50,000

Studies Subtotal $300,000

Phase A Geotextile Material (Geotextile Bags) 300000 SF $0.50 $150,000 Dredge Material and Delivery Costs 11250 TON $13.00 $146,000 Delivery of Geotextile Bags 15000 LF $5.00 $75,000 Filling of Geotextile Bags 8300 CY $12.00 $100,000 Placement of Geotextile Bags 1500 EACH $50.00 $75,000

Topsoil Placement 20000 TON $12.00 $240,000 Wetland Vegetation (Construction and Materials) 2100 LB $2.00 $4,000

Mattress for Off-Shore Island (Waterfront Side) 561100 SF $0.50 $281,000 Dredge Material and Delivery Costs 5500 TON $13.00 $71,000 Delivery of Geotextile Matresses 500 LF $5.00 $3,000 Filling of Geotextile Mattreesses 1020 CY $12.00 $12,000 Placement of Geotextile Mattresses 10 EACH $50.00 $1,000 Rip Rap for Off-shore Island (Assuming to Cover Mattress) 30560 TON $24.00 $733,000

Phase A Subtotal $1,891,000

Phase B Geotextile Material (Geotextile Bags) 180000 SF $0.50 $90,000 Dredge Material and Delivery Costs 6750 TON $13.00 $88,000 Delivery of Geotextile Bags 9000 LF $5.00 $45,000 Filling of Geotextile Bags 4980 CY $12.00 $60,000 Placement of Geotextile Bags 900 EACH $50.00 $45,000

Topsoil Placement 12000 TON $12.00 $144,000 Wetland Vegetation (Construction and Materials) 1260 LB $2.00 $3,000

Phase B Subtotal $475,000 Contingency - 30% 30% $709,800 S.2 Opinion of Probable Cost $3,375,800

120 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES S.3 South End Neighborhood Transformation and Resilience Center Uses Replacement of Marina Village‐JHM $75,000,000 Replacement of Marina Village POKO Partners $75,000,000 Homeowner rehabilitaion $30,000,000 Commercial Revitalization $5,000,000 Institutional Improvements 1,500,00 Green Streets $5,000,000 Resilience Center $6,000,000 Community Services $8,000,000 Wayfinding $10,000 Total $204,010,000

Sources Net LIHTC Equity‐ blended 4% and 9% $102,005,000 FEMA $40,000,000 CHFA Loans $3,000,000 DOH Grants $5,000,000 CEFIA Loans $1,400,000 Utility Grants $6,400,000 FHLB Grants $1,200,000 Other Grants $1,505,000 Homeowner Sweat Equity $2,000,000 Foundations $1,500,000 RBD $40,000,000 Total $204,010,000

S.3

121 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

City of Bridgeport Offshore CSO Outfall Treatment Park with Neighborhood Implementation Study

Item Description Item Total Sewer System Interpretation Review existing data $ 25,000 CSO outfall - sewershed hydrodynamic modeling $ 45,000

Treatment Park Study Assessments Assessment of technologies $ 65,000 Site Analyses and waterfront typology assessment $ 50,000 Numerical Analyses, hydrodynamic modeling $ 45,000 Landscaping and Architecture $ 45,000 Reporting and project plan $ 45,000 Permitting Analyses $ 65,000 Resident and Neighbor Engagement $ 40,000

Treatment Park Construction, 9 acres (following Living Shoreline conept) Offshore Breakwaters with re-use of drege materials $ 325,000 Wetland creation - backfill and topsoil placement $ 500,000 Wetland vegetation $ 25,000 Waterfront reshaping (Rip Rap - Geotextile mattrasses) $ 125,000

Community Implementation & Revitalization Plan with Onshore Mitigation Community surveys and needs interviews $ 90,000 Household data analyses $ 20,000 Resident and Neighbor Engagement $ 20,000 Site Planning, financing plan and water connectivity $ 80,000 Black Rock Transition Design - Neighborhood to Treatment Park $ 120,000 Neighborhood Plan with adaptation goals and eduction program $ 65,000

Subtotal $ 1,795,000

Subtotal - Non-Construction Items $ 820,000

Subtotal - Construction Items $ 975,000

Contingency 30.00% $ 538,500

Opinion of Probable Planning and Construction Cost $ 2,333,500

Notes and Assumptions: 1. Public R/W construction pricing information used herein is based on generic costs 2. Earthwork Embankment, Offshore study and construction pricing information is obtained from ARCADIS reference projects 3. Storm Drainage unit prices are assumed values based on engineering judgement and have not been verified. 4. A budget Contingency of 30% is included due to the conceptual nature of the current pre-planning stage of the project development. B.1.1 B.1.2

122 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

Estimate of Probable Cost

City of Bridgeport Bostwick Avenue Elevated Section

Item Description Quantity Unit Unit Price PROBABLE (Cost)

Studies Subtotal $625,000

Construction and Materials Roadway Construction 1 MILE $1,180,000.00 $1,062,000 Earthwork Embankment (New Fill) 29000 CY $30.00 $870,000 Concrete Retaining Walls 23100 SF $120.00 $2,772,000 Storm Drainage System 1 MILE $930,000.00 $837,000 Erosion Control 1 MILE $20,000.00 $18,000 Pavement Marking and Signage 1 MILE $30,000.00 $27,000 Street Lighting 1 MILE $280,000.00 $252,000 Utility Relocations 1 MILE $1,000,000.00 $900,000 Driveway Connections to Existing Properties 26 EACH $100,000.00 $2,600,000 Drainage Connections to Existing Properties 13 EACH $100,000.00 $1,300,000

Construction and Materials Subtotal $10,638,000

Contingency - 30% 30% $3,191,400 Opinion of Probable Cost $14,454,400 B.2

123 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

Estimate of Probable Cost

City of Bridgeport Black Rock Harbor - Comprehensive Feasibility Study for Bridge with Integrated Surge Protection

Item Description Quantity Unit Unit Price PROBABLE (Cost)

Feasibility Studies Impact Assesment $50,000 Data Collection Environmental Impact Statement Public Outreach Hydraulic & Hydrological Study $100,000 Flood Elevation Determination Flow Characteristics Study Sediment Transport Study Civil Engineering Study $120,000 Survey Data Collection Excavation Scourt Analysis Geotechnical Engineering Study $100,000 Study of Boring Logs Slope Stability Structural Engineering Study $140,000 Preliminary Gate Design Foundation Design Quantity Analysis Mechanical/Electrical Engineering Study $60,000 Preliminary Sizing of Machinery Cost Estimation Operation and Maintenance Cost Analysis Cost Benefit Analysis $30,000 Environmental Impact Study - Focus Area Black Rock Harbor $50,000 Strategy Assessment - Focus Area Black Rock & South End Landfill $55,000 Community Outreach and Participation Program $55,000 Architectural and Landscape Design $125,000 Studies Subtotal $885,000 B.3 Opinion of Probable Cost $885,000

124 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

Estimate of Probable Cost

City of Bridgeport Downtown Protection Floodwall

Item Description Quantity Unit Unit Price PROBABLE (Cost)

Studies Subtotal $300,000

Construction and Materials Floodwall - 20 ft 529 LF $8,000.00 $4,232,617 Pedestrian Bulkhead - Epoxy Coated Sheet Pile with Aesthetic Concrete Cap (Formliner and Incl. Pedestrian Sidewalk) 1096 LF $3,500.00 $3,837,128 Floodwall - 20 ft with High and Low Platform 1233 LF $9,000.00 $11,094,783 Floodwall - 20 ft with High and Low Platform 430 LF $10,500.00 $4,510,758

Construction and Materials Subtotal $23,675,286

Contingency - 30% 30% $7,102,586

Opinion of Probable Cost $31,077,871

D.1

125 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

Estimate of Probable Cost

City of Bridgeport Downtown Protection Floodwall

Item Description Quantity Unit Unit Price PROBABLE (Cost)

Studies Subtotal $300,000

Construction and Materials Floodwall - 20 ft 774 LF $8,000.00 $6,191,383 Pedestrian Bulkhead - Epoxy Coated Sheet Pile with Aesthetic Concrete Cap (Formliner and Incl. Pedestrian Sidewalk) 1604 LF $3,500.00 $5,612,872 Floodwall - 20 ft with High and Low Platform 1803 LF $9,000.00 $16,229,217 Floodwall - 20 ft with High and Low Platform 628 LF $10,500.00 $6,598,242

Construction and Materials Subtotal $34,631,714

Contingency - 30% 30% $10,389,514

Opinion of Probable Cost $45,321,229

D.2

126 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

Estimate of Probable Cost

City of Bridgeport New Congress Street Bridge - Low Level Steel Bascule with Concrete Arch Approach Spans

Item Description Quantity Unit Unit Price PROBABLE (Cost)

Studies Subtotal $475,000

Construction and Materials Approach Spans - Concrete Slab Span (East and West) 14800 SF $200.00 $2,960,000 Concrete Arch Approach Spans (67 ft Long) 19832 SF $450.00 $8,924,400 Steel Bascule Foundations and Pier Substructure (90 ft Opening) 1 EA $20,000,000.00 $20,000,000 Steel Bascule Superstructure 1 EA $8,500,000.00 $8,500,000 Steel Bascule Mechanical and Electrical Equipment 1 EA $10,000,000.00 $10,000,000

Construction and Materials Subtotal $50,384,400

Contingency - 30% 30% $15,115,320

Opinion of Probable Cost $65,974,720 D.3 OPTION 1

127 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

Estimate of Probable Cost

City of Bridgeport New Congress Street Bridge - Exotic Steel Arch with Intermediate Piers

Item Description Quantity Unit Unit Price PROBABLE (Cost)

Studies Subtotal $475,000

Construction and Materials Approach Spans - Concrete Slab Spans (East and West) 12800 SF $200.00 $2,560,000 Exotic Steel Arch Main Span (Including Intermediate Piers) 41280 SF $750.00 $30,960,000

Construction and Materials Subtotal $33,520,000

Contingency - 30% 30% $10,056,000

Opinion of Probable Cost $44,051,000

D.3 OPTION 2

128 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

DOWNTOWN DESIGN CENTER AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT $10.4 MILLION Budget

Renovation of Design Center Building - $5,000,000

Program start-up funds - $1,800,000

Loan and grant funds for property improvements

RBD Funds: $3,000,000 Home Funds: $5,000,000 CEFIA Funds: $1.050,000 CHFA First Time Homebuyer Funds: $6,000,000 CHAMP Funds: $500,000 Shoreline Recovery Fund: $2,000,000 Private Mortgages: $18,000,000 Utility rebates: $900,000 Value of self-help: $6,000,000 Additional grant funding and private donations: $1,000,000 (Surdna, NEA,

Small Resiliency Grants – 120 @ $5000 ea. = $600,000 D.4

129 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

Estimate of Probable Cost

BRIDGEPORT TRANSPORTATION AND INVESTMENT PLAN

Item Description PROBABLE (Cost)

Work Plan Review and catalog current and projected regional transportation system alternatives $75,000

Focus and remap as relevant current and projected transportation system including identify long-term opportunities for redevelopment with rail and highway alternatives and the impact these would have on Bridgeport $100,000

Develop and assess alternatives for multi-modal transportation hub/station $125,000

Design development plans for the station area, with connections to and through new infrastructure, Downtown, East Side and South End. $250,000

Identify priority properties for development $50,000

Identify network and locations for future utilities' infrastructure $50,000

Identify long term alternatives for property redevelopment with rail and highway realignments $150,000

Develop near, mid-and long term scenario plans to guide resiliency planning and development strategies $100,000

Community Outreach and Participation Program $75,000

Administration, Report and Production $25,000

Total $1,000,000 D.5

130 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

City of Bridgeport Green Streets

Item Description Quantity Unit Unit Price PROBABLE (Cost)

Studies Subtotal $625,000

Construction and Materials Roadway Construction 3 MILE $1,330,000.00 $4,522,000 Storm Drainage Construction 3 MILE $930,000.00 $3,162,000 Corner Basins / Retention Facilities (i.e. Bioswales) 1 LS $2,900,000.00 $2,900,000 Street Lighting 3 MILE $280,000.00 $952,000 Traffic Signalization 17 EACH $80,000.00 $1,360,000 Driveway Connections to Connections to Existing Properties - Residential 57 EACH $5,000.00 $285,000 Driveway Connections to Connections to Existing Properties - Commercial 60 EACH $15,000.00 $900,000 Storm Drainage Connections to Existing Properties - Residential 81 EACH $7,500.00 $607,500 Storm Drainage Connections to Existing Properties - Commercial 163 EACH $25,000.00 $4,075,000 Temporary Construction Easements 8 ACRE $50,000.00 $410,000 Utility Relocation 3 MILE $1,000,000.00 $3,400,000

Construction and Materials Subtotal $22,573,500

Contingency - 30% 30% $6,772,050

Opinion of Probable Cost $29,970,550 P.1

131 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS T.1 TECHNICAL SECTION: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES

Estimate of Probable Cost LOWER PEQUONNOCK DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

Item Description PROBABLE (Cost)

Work Plan Model watershed including interacations of coastal surge, urban stormwater, and river flows, including interatction with creeks and tributaries $150,000

Develop connection water and park systems from Beardsley Park down Pequonock to Sound $75,000

Catalogue property ownership and explore opportunities to reorganize and redevelop commercial and industrial zone around US Highway 1, converting property owners to shareholders $100,000

Daylight Pequonnock and Island Brook and develop park at confluence. Explore dry feet and wet feet development types. $200,000

Create development plan for commercial zone along US Highway 1 / Boston Avenue to Route 8 $100,000

Develop castcade for enhanced fish ladder from dam to US Highway 1 bridge $200,000

Develop area for oyster beds and related aquaculture along river's edge, including hatchery $100,000

Explore opportunities along waterfront and up peninsula for transfers, using sending and receiving zones $50,000

Investigate and design daylighting program of covered streams in inland waterways west of the Pequonnock to improve hydrolic function and to explore engergy generation and capture from stream $125,000

Develop enhanced transportation connection of the Pequonnock Rail to Trail project from downtown to Beardsley Park connection $50,000

Construct an ecological assessment of the larger urban riparian system to establish a baseline of the current species and related health of the river $100,000

Create ecological design and adaptive management design guidelines to monitor and evalute iterations of larger plan $50,000

Establish a Watershed Overlay District in each town along the river from Monroe to Trumbull to Bridgeport $75,000

Identify brownfield reclaimations $75,000

Cost Benefit Analysis $75,000

Economic Development Analysis $75,000

Community Outreach and Participation $150,000 Administration and Report Production $50,000 P. 2

Total $1,800,000

132 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS LETTERS OF SUPPORT THE RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT COALITION

133 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS BRIDGEPORT MAYOR BILL FINCH

134 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS BRIDGEPORT MAYOR BILL FINCH

135 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF BRIDGEPORT

136 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF BRIDGEPORT

137 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS BRIDGEPORT NEIGHBORHOOD TRUST

138 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS BRIDGEPORT NEIGHBORHOOD TRUST

139 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS

GREATER March 19, 2014 BRIDGEPORT Secretary Shaun Donovan and the RBD Jury U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development REGIONAL COUNCIL 451 7th Street S.W., Washington, DC 20410

Dear Secretary Donovan and the RBD Jury,

The Greater Bridgeport Regional Council (GBRC) and task group, Conservation Technical Advisory Committee (CTAC) enthusiastically endorse and support the fine efforts of your team on behalf of Hurricane Sandy Recovery. The design concepts and innovations presented by stakeholders at the recent Bridgeport workshops held to develop and facilitate the Rebuild By Design program are indicative of the innovations necessary to facilitate creative solutions to the challenges we face with climate change and sea level rise. We are especially gratified that the Waggoner/Ball team, consultants, and stakeholders have emphasized the importance of whole community and regional watershed planning.

The GBRC CTAC has as one of its specific missions to coordinate Natural Hazard Mitigation Planning with other planning strategies for the City of Bridgeport, together with the towns of Easton, Fairfield, Monroe, Stratford and Trumbull as a comprehensive region. These six municipalities comprise two of the major watersheds that impact Bridgeport and also the shoreline communities most severely impacted by Hurricane Sandy. The CTAC serves as the manager for the Pequonnock River Watershed Master Plan. The GBRC and CTAC have also completed the composition and subsequent submission to the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection and to FEMA of the Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan for the six municipalities of the region. GBRC is also providing technical assistance as the municipalities of the Greater Bridgeport Region prepare applications to the Community Rating System (CRS).

CTAC is supported by GBRC professional staff and consultants to provide comprehensive planning for the region, including transportation, GIS mapping, emergency preparedness, hazard mitigation and conservation planning and policies. You may count on our full organizational support and cooperation in bringing the elected officials, town staff and community volunteers to the table in support of the programs you are proposing as Post-Sandy recovery and resilience is realized though community outreach and stakeholder participation at the Rebuild By Design events and meetings.

Sincerely,

Brian Bidolli Executive Director, Greater Bridgeport Regional Council

140 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS BRIDGEPORT REGIONAL BUSINESS COUNCIL

141 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS

The Mary & Eliza Freeman Center THE MARY AND FOR HISTORY AND COMMUNITY, INC. ELIZA FREEMAN March 24, 2014 CENTER Dear Secretary Donovan:

Resilient Bridgeport stands out as an integrative planning and design process in which regional and local stakeholders – including residents, business owners, nonprofits, and government officials – have joined together to develop a vision for the transformation of Bridgeport. This vision is built on existing plans and initiatives that mark Bridgeport as a place with highly engaged citizenry, proactive government, and many underutilized assets ranging from its waterfronts and waterways to its historic urban fabric and proud history as an industrial center.

The proposal’s assertion that continued inhabitation of Connecticut’s coastline is necessary, and that is possible to do so in a way that restores the environment, strengthens the regional economy, reduces long-term risk, and allows Bridgeport to thrive as a place to live and work makes it a model for other cities along the Long Island Sound and throughout New England. The design team’s watershed-based planning and extensive community engagement process have brought innovations and best practices to bear upon Bridgeport, while initiating the conversations and educational process that will be the basis for successful implementation. The innovative strategies and projects that comprise the proposal will have an immediate and positive impact on the city and its residents, while laying the foundations for a healthy and prosperous future that can only be built with the concerted and cumulative actions of our coalition.

The Mary & Eliza Freeman Center for History and Community, a CT nonprofit, owns the historic Mary & Eliza Freeman Houses. We are creating a national African American historic site consisting of a museum and education center, a research/digital humanities center, and a unit of housing in Bridgeport’s South End. The Center’s preservation and restoration plans are designed to act as catalysts to neighborhood revitalization.

Built in 1848, the year slavery ended in Connecticut, the Freeman Houses are the only surviving buildings of Ethiope/Liberia - a seafaring community of free people of color that thrived from the 1820s to the 1850s. The houses are located at 354 and 360 Main Street, just blocks from Seaside Park and the Long Island Sound.

The Freeman Houses …are rare and irreplaceable evidence of African American life prior to Emancipation, and should be considered a site of national significance worthy of careful stewardship and protection. Listed on the State and National Register of Historic Places, the circa 1848 Freeman Houses should be considered some of Bridgeport’s most significant architectural resources.

As (we) work to advance African American preservation across the Northeast region and to identify sites worthy of our assistance, this example presents a rare and unique opportunity. With the loss of most African American architectural histories due to urban renewal, it is even more critical that extant sites of importance to African Americans are preserved…they are the last extant examples remaining from a community, Little Liberia, circa 1822, and are the oldest houses built by African Americans in the State of Connecticut. These buildings must be considered irreplaceable. - National Trust for Historic Preservation (2008 Letter to Mayor Bill Finch)

1 c/o Action for Bridgeport Community Development; 1070 Park Avenue; Bridgeport, CT 06604 www.freemancenterbpt.com

142 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS

The story of the Little Liberia is an iconic American story of a people’s struggle for freedom, self-determination, prosperity and democracy against overwhelming odds in shameful, inhumane times. Its history rivals the script of the most compelling Hollywood saga. Ethiope’s narrative has proven inspiring to people of diverse backgrounds. In the THE MARY AND last two years, one thousand people from the US and abroad found their way to the doors of these boarded structures. ELIZA FREEMAN

The Freeman Center is committed to using the preservation and restoration of these cultural resources as catalysts CENTER for change, civic participation, and racial healing. The Freeman Center partnered with Greater Bridgeport Community Enterprises/The Green Team to teach displaced workers preservation deconstruction and other green contracting skills. History and archaeology were taught along with topics like lead abatement and asbestos removal. Museum quality artifacts from the 1800’s were recovered. Endangered properties were shored up…And then came Sandy! Ironically the “two old ladies” weathered the storm quite well - one perched atop an English basement; the other clearly raised not long after construction in 1848.

The rest of the neighborhood didn’t fare as well. I made my way south very early the morning after, through the flooded railroad viaduct - before the National Guard arrived with machine guns blockading our neighborhood at its one point of entry from the north. Families wandered the streets in their nightgowns, just walking –aimlessly, disoriented – like lost souls. Front doors were wide open, forced open by the water. Cars, signs, dumpsters (even the port-a-potty on our worksite) had been lifted, shoved, moved. Contents in the South End Barbershop were afloat in four feet of water. The Spanish restaurant’s owner still shaken after riding out the storm started clean up early. Senior citizens and shop owners lamented over ruined food and medicine - sewage, fecal matter, no power, no cell service. The park had vanished and the Sound swallowed up the streets south of Whiting.

Our neighbors had nowhere to go. Our neighbors had nowhere to pray. The sanctuary of the oldest Black church in Fairfield County, Walter’s Memorial AME Zion, just across the way, is still closed due to storm damage. Superstorm Sandy did not discriminate. And if we are to translate the creation of a resilient, safe and healthy built environment into educational, employment, and civic opportunities; plans for the future must respect the aspirations and visions, well-being and stability of the rich and poor alike - those who can afford to contribute to political campaigns and move when the water rises; and those who can’t.

Based on my participation in Rebuild-By-Design workshops in late February, I believe RBD is Bridgeport’s best hope for equitable and respectful public investment and land use in the face of climate change. The Mary & Eliza Freeman Center for History and Community will incorporate information and strategies generated by Rebuild-By-Design into lessons, public humanities programs, job training workshops, site preservation and design. The principles and objectives of Resilient Bridgeport will be an integral part and defining characteristic of our work. The Freeman Center supports the WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS submission. We applaud its effort to reconnect the City with the waterways that once brought historic Ethiope/Liberia economic prosperity, freedom, and beauty.

Maisa L. Tisdale

President/CEO

The Mary & Eliza Freeman Center for History and Community, Inc.

2 c/o Action for Bridgeport Community Development; 1070 Park Avenue; Bridgeport, CT 06604 www.freemancenterbpt.com

143 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS O&G INDUSTRIES

144 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS WHEELABRATOR BRIDGEPORT, LP

145 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

146 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING

147 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING

148 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND HOMELAND SECURITY

149 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND HOMELAND SECURITY

150 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS CONNECTICUT

March 19, 2014 DEPARTMENT OF

Secretary Shaun Donovan LABOR U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 451 7th Street SW Washington, D.C. 20410

Re: Rebuild by Design

Dear Secretary Donovan:

On behalf of the Connecticut Department of Labor, I strongly support the City of Bridgeport and coalition partners in their Rebuild by Design proposal. The efforts of Mayor Bill Finch and his team have brought our fair city national attention from the business sector, non-profit community and individuals dedicated to supporting and encouraging eco-friendly practices. Limited resources are an on-going concern but the Mayor has made it his priority to focus on conservation. Protecting the Connecticut shoreline is of critical importance to the economic viability and quality of life for all Connecticut’s citizens, especially those residing in and around Long Island Sound.

Bridgeport’s history as an industrial powerhouse is well established. Middle income jobs have attracted a diverse, hard-working population to the area for many decades. Those traditional jobs have steadily evaporated since the 1980s resulting in increased crime and poverty. In recent years, through the collective efforts of community stakeholders and government, the situation has begun to improve. However, there remains a critical need for safe and affordable housing for seniors, the unemployed, veterans, disabled and other residents struggling to make ends meet. As Connecticut’s largest city, Bridgeport struggles with homelessness, poverty and blight. Since 1918, the International Institute of Connecticut has been located in the west end, bringing immigrants from all parts of the globe to our fair city. This contributes to the incredible diversity of the community but at the same time adds unique challenges to public education and workforce readiness. The overall unemployment rate for Connecticut decreased to 7.2% last month while Bridgeport’s rate remained stubbornly high at 11.8%.

The dynamics of the job market are changing. From a labor perspective, the need for technical skills training is rapidly increasing. Advanced manufacturing is replacing heavy industry, and infrastructure in aging. Preparing workers for the growing demand will be an important aspect of the overall plan. DOL researchers project high growth occupations that provide a family- sustaining income and require one year or less of training include: Hazardous Material Removal Workers, Construction Laborers, Equipment Operators, Roofers, Road Maintenance Workers, and related construction occupations. Bridgeport’s Green Business Zone has created new and expanding businesses to a previously blighted neighborhood filled with abandoned factories. Recent training efforts, short-term in nature, have provided entry-level jobs for ex-offenders and homeless veterans but much more needs to be done. The economy is improving and we’ve seen a large increase in job postings at the Department of Labor. Employers are holding out for the most skilled candidate, leaving the long-term unemployed and youth at a disadvantage.

151 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS There is a tremendous need for community involvement and this proposal will serve to address many areas of concern. The Connecticut Labor Department will support the collation efforts to make this Rebuild by Design initiative a success. This support may include: CONNECTICUT  Compiling and sharing local and statewide labor market information. DEPARTMENT OF  Identifying industry/businesses for jobs, internships and Program Advisory Committees.  Host Career Days/Job Fairs/Trade Shows relevant to adult and displaced workers. LABOR  Support public education efforts.  Provide expertise in the implementation of Apprenticeship and related training.  Refer veterans, displaced workers, youth and other local residents from the local one-stop American Job Center, located in Bridgeport.

In addition to the above, we will provide research data; assist in community outreach efforts, help to engage businesses, trade associations and community services agencies. We can offer our formal Speakers’ Bureau, career development workshops, and informational sessions for students.

It is clear that in order to jump-start Connecticut’s economy we need to support each other’s efforts. Our Department looks forward to supporting this coalition and I personally look forward to seeing this comprehensive vision become reality. Thank you for your consideration.

Sincerely,

Lori-lynn Chatlos, Business Services Specialist Connecticut Department of Labor 2 Lafayette Square Bridgeport, CT 06604 (203) 455-2601 [email protected] www.ct.gov

152 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

153 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION

154 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

155 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS Stantec Consulting Services Inc. 2321 Whitney Avenue Hamden, CT 06518 Tel: (203) 281-1350 Fax: (203) 281-1470

March 24, 2014 STANTEC

Dear Secretary Donovan,

Reference: Rebuild by Design, Bridgeport, Connecticut

The proposal’s assertion that continued inhabitation of Connecticut’s coastline is necessary, and that it is possible to do so in a way that restores the coastline community’s ecological function and environment, strengthens the regional economy, reduces long-term risk, and allows Bridgeport to thrive as a place to live and work. It also propels the City as a much needed model for other cities along the Long Island Sound and throughout New England. The design team’s watershed-based planning and extensive community engagement process have brought innovations and best practices to bear upon Bridgeport, while initiating the conversations and educational process that will be the basis for successful implementation. The innovative strategies and projects that comprise the proposal will have an immediate and positive impact on the city and its residents, while laying the foundations for a healthy and prosperous future that can only be built with the concerted and cumulative actions of our coalition.

The City of Bridgeport was once a hub of industry in Fairfield County and a critical job center that supported the region. Now, as surrounding communities prosper, Bridgeport bears the heavy burden in energy production, interstate transport and non-taxable regional services such as healthcare. The proposal identifies initiatives that will benefit the City by increasing tourism, aquaculture and recreation – all measures that may lead to long-term economic sustainability and counter overwhelming constraints.

As a professional landscape architect and planner in the State of Connecticut, I recognize the staff and financial commitments that the City of Bridgeport has made to its waterfront. From the recent master plan for Pleasure Beach Park to re-open the prized shoreline destination for public visitation to the repeated improvements to historic Seaside Park following Storm’s Irene and Sandy, the City contributes greatly to the extremely limited publicly accessible shoreline in the State. Rebuild by Design is an opportunity to recognize this commitment and advance great vision for far-reaching public benefit.

Thank you for this opportunity to participate in this important initiative for the State of Connecticut and the City of Bridgeport.

Sincerely,

Gary T. Sorge, FASLA, AICP Senior Principal [email protected]

156 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS

March 24, 2014

Dear Secretary Donovan:

On behalf of The Trust for Public Land, I am pleased to provide this letter of support THE TRUST FOR for Resilient Bridgeport. Resilient Bridgeport stands out as an integrative planning and design process in which regional and local stakeholders – including residents, PUBLIC LAND business owners, nonprofits, and government officials – have joined together to develop a vision for the transformation of Bridgeport. This vision is built on existing plans and initiatives that mark Bridgeport as a place with highly engaged citizenry, Connecticut Office 101 Whitney Ave proactive government, and many underutilized assets ranging from its waterfronts and Second Floor waterways to its historic urban fabric and proud history as an industrial center. New Haven, CT 06510 T. 203.777.7367 The proposal’s assertion that continued inhabitation of Connecticut’s coastline is F. 203.777.7488 necessary, and that is possible to do so in a way that restores the environment, strengthens the regional economy, reduces long-term risk, and allows Bridgeport to www.tpl.org thrive as a place to live and work makes it a model for other cities along the Long Island Sound and throughout New England. The design team’s watershed-based planning and extensive community engagement process have brought innovations and best practices to bear upon Bridgeport, while initiating the conversations and educational process that will be the basis for successful implementation. The innovative strategies and projects that comprise the proposal will have an immediate and positive impact on the city and its residents, while laying the foundations for a healthy and prosperous future that can only be built with the concerted and cumulative actions of our coalition.

The Trust for Public Land is actively engaged in the City of Bridgeport’s parks system. At present, we are in the early stages of creating a Parks for People – Bridgeport program, through which we will work with the City of Bridgeport to renovate existing parks and create new parks and green spaces in the City. Our goal is to ensure that all Bridgeport residents have access to a park within a 10-minute walk of their home. Our participatory design process for parks leads stakeholders through a visioning process to imagine, agree upon, and design the park area that the community wants, needs, and will care for in the years to come. When applied to parks and greenways within Bridgeport’s coastal, riparian, and low-lying areas, this design process builds community awareness of sensitive environments, climate resiliency, and green infrastructure techniques. As such, Resilient Bridgeport’s focus on park-to-riparian corridor connections, coastal park expansion, and green drainage improvements are very much in line with The Trust for Public Land’s work in Bridgeport.

We enthusiastically offer our support for Resilient Bridgeport.

Sincerely,

Walker Holmes Urban Program Manager The Trust for Public Land

157 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS Strengthening Businesses. Strengthening Communities. THE BUSINESS March 13, 2014 COUNCIL OF Mr. Shaun Donovan, Secretary U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development FAIRFIELD COUNTY 451 7th Street S.W. Washington, DC 20410

Re: Rebuild By Design, Bridgeport Team - WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS

Dear Secretary Donovan:

The Business Council of Fairfield County supports the Bridgeport Rebuild By Design team’s proposal to receive CDBG-DR funding for resiliency design. The WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS proposed projects will make Bridgeport and its citizens more resilient from economic, environmental and climactic disasters and will create a national model for municipalities throughout New England and the nation. Seaside Park designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, one of America’s premier landscape architects, provides a major case study for adaptive reuse of a major urban park threatened by the effects of climate change.

The Business Council views the WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS design team’s proposal to create a berm in Seaside Park while at the same time preserving Olmstead’s vision for an urban park as a very important and challenging effort that warrants federal support. In addition, the business community strongly supports the development of a resiliency center in Bridgeport as a regional asset where the business community and the region’s elected leaders can jointly educate themselves about the risks and challenges of climate change but also as a center where collaborative solutions can be vetted and implemented. The resilience center would provide the additional benefit of serving as a refuge during disasters. .

The Business Council of Fairfield County and the Bridgeport Rebuild By Design team of WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS have a strong partnership and, over the past several months, have discussed many critical projects together. Funding from HUD for these projects will help to make Bridgeport a model for resiliency design and building.

We are excited about the project and look forward to this partnership.

Sincerely,

______

Joseph McGee Vice President, Public Policy and Programs The Business Council of Fairfield County\

One Landmark Square, Suite 300 Stamford, CT 06901-2696 P: 203-359-3220 F: 203-967-8294 www.businessfairfield.com

158 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS CITY OF STAMFORD

159 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS NEW HAVEN CITY PLAN DEPARTMENT

160 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS CITY OF AMSTERDAM

161 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS CITY OF AMSTERDAM

162 RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT CLAIM THE EDGE, CONNECT THE CENTER WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS 2014 WB unabridged w/ Yale ARCADIS