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Dentofacial Trauma in Selected Contact Sports Among High School Students in Nairobi City County

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Dentofacial Trauma in Selected Contact Sports Among High School Students in Nairobi City County DENTOFACIAL TRAUMA IN SELECTED CONTACT SPORTS AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY V60/69227/2013 THOMAS MUNYAO JUNIOR (BDS - UoN) DEPARTMENT OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY & ORTHODONTICS SCHOOL OF DENTAL SCIENCES COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTERS DEGREE IN PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2016 DECLARATION I, Thomas Munyao Jr, hereby declare that this dissertation is my original work and has not been presented for the award of a degree in any other university. Signed:…………………………………………. Date: ………………………………………… DR THOMAS MUNYAO JUNIOR (BDS, NBI) ii APPROVAL This dissertation has been submitted for examination with our approval, as the University of Nairobi supervisors. SUPERVISORS: 1. DR. JAMES LWANGA NGESA, BDS (UoN), MChD (UWC). Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi Signed………………………… Date ………………………. 2. DR. MARJORIE MUASYA, BDS (UON), MDS (UoN). Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi Signed………………………… Date ……………………. iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my loving, supportive and caring wife, Diana Masara Kemunto and my son, Gabriel Mumina Munyao Junior. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I thank The Lord Almighty for His grace upon my life and my family for always being there for me. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my two supervisors; Dr. J. L. Ngesa and Dr. M. Muasya for their constant supervision, guidance, patience, time and support. In addition, I would like to thank all the other lecturers from the Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics for their valuable contribution. Special appreciation goes to the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation and the department of education in Nairobi City County for allowing me to carry out this study in their schools and the head teachers and students of the schools who were more than welcoming. I would also like to appreciate Prof. Gathece, Dr. Kagereki and Mr. Lawrence Muthami for their assistance with data management. v TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…. i DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................ ii APPROVAL ................................................................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................... x ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Aetiology of sports-related dentofacial trauma ................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Types of sports-related dentofacial injuries ........................................................................................ 5 1.2.3 Epidemiology of sports related dentofacial injuries ............................................................................ 7 1.2.4 Complications or sequelae and cost of dentofacial trauma ................................................................ 9 1.2.5 Mouthguards .................................................................................................................................... 10 1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEM...................................................................................................................... 16 1.3.1 Statement of the problem ................................................................................................................. 16 1.3.2 Justification ...................................................................................................................................... 17 1.4 OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................................... 18 1.4.1 Broad objective ................................................................................................................................ 18 1.4.2 Specific objective ............................................................................................................................. 18 1.5 HYPOTHESIS ..................................................................................................................................... 18 1.5.1 Null Hypothesis ................................................................................................................................ 18 1.5.2 Variables of the study ....................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................................... 20 2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 20 2.1 STUDY DESIGN ................................................................................................................................. 20 2.2 STUDY AREA ..................................................................................................................................... 20 2.3 STUDY POPULATION ........................................................................................................................ 21 2.4 SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION ...................................................................................................... 21 2.5 SAMPLE PROCEDURE...................................................................................................................... 22 2.5.1 Inclusion Criteria .............................................................................................................................. 24 2.5.2 Exclusion Criteria ............................................................................................................................. 24 vi 2.6 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 24 2.6.1 Data Collection Instruments and Technique ..................................................................................... 24 2.6.2 Oral Clinical Examination ................................................................................................................. 25 2.6.3 Validity .............................................................................................................................................. 25 2.6.4 Reliability .......................................................................................................................................... 26 2.6.5 Data Quality and Control .................................................................................................................. 26 2.6.6 Data Analyses and Presentation ...................................................................................................... 26 2.6.7 Control of Biases and Errors ............................................................................................................ 27 2.7 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION .............................................................................................................. 27 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 28 3.0 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................ 28 3.1 SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................. 28 3.2 PREVALENCE OF DENTOFACIAL INJURIES IN RUGBY AND FOOTBALL PLAYERS .................... 30 3.3 TYPES OF DENTOFACIAL INJURIES AS REPORTED BY PARTICIPANTS ..................................... 34 3.3.1 Reported dentofacial injuries in Rugby............................................................................................
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