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ISOLASI SENYAWA FENOLIK DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN PUTAT (Planchoniavalidablume)

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ISOLASI SENYAWA FENOLIK DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN PUTAT (Planchoniavalidablume) ISOLASI SENYAWA FENOLIK DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN PUTAT (PlanchoniavalidaBlume) SKRIPSI NUR ADAWIYAH KAFFAH HASIBUAN 140802009 PROGRAM STUDI S1 KIMIA FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ISOLASI SENYAWA FENOLIK DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN PUTAT (PlanchoniavalidaBlume) SKRIPSI Diajukan untuk melengkapi tugas dan memenuhi syarat mencapai gelar Sarjana Sains NUR ADAWIYAH KAFFAH HASIBUAN 140802009 PROGRAM STUDI S1 KIMIA FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI Judul : Isolasi Senyawa Fenolik Dari Daun Tumbuhan Putat (Planchonia valida Blume) Kategori : Skripsi Nama Mahasiswa : Nur Adawiyah Kaffah Hasibuan Nomor Induk Mahasiswa : 140802009 Program Studi : Sarjana (S1) Kimia Fakultas : MIPA - Universitas Sumatera Utara Disetujui di Medan, Oktober 2018 Ketua Program Studi Pembimbing Dr. Cut Fatimah Zuhra, M.Si Dr. Sovia Lenny, M.Si NIP: 1974 0405 1999 032001 NIP. 1975 1018 2000 032001 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ISOLASI SENYAWA FENOLIK DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN PUTAT (Planchonia valida Blume) SKRIPSI Saya mengakui bahwa skripsi ini adalah hasil kerja saya sendiri, kecuali beberapa kutipan dan ringkasan yang masing-masing disebutkan sumbernya. Medan, Oktober 2018 Nur Adawiyah Kaffah Hasibuan 140802009 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA PENGHARGAAN Bismillahirrahmannirrahim, Segala puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat dan karunianya serta nikmat yang tak terhingga dan salawat kepada rasulullah Muhammad SAW yang menjadi panutan sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan perkuliahan, penelitian dan penulisan skripsi ini dengan judul Isolasi Senyawa Fenolik dari Daun Tumbuhan Putat (Planchonia valida Blume) Ucapan terima kasih yang tulus penulis sampaikan yang sebesarnya kepada Ibu Dr. Cut Fatimah Zuhra, M.Si dan Ibu Dr. Sovia Lenny, S.Si, M.Si selaku Ketua dan Sekertaris Departemen Kimia FMIPA USU; Ibu Dr. Helmina Br. Sembiring, S.Si, M.Si dan Bapak Drs. Albert Pasaribu, M.Sc selaku Kepala dan Ketua Bidang Laboratorium Kimia Organik Bahan Alam Hayati FMIPA USU dan kepada Bapak Prof. Dr Harlem Marpaung selaku dosen wali serta Seluruh Dosen Departemen Kimia FMIPA USU yang telah memberikan waktunya dan membimbing penulis dalam menyelesaikan studi selama perkuliahan dan penelitian berlangsung. Ucapan terima kasih yang tulus juga penulis sampaikan yang sebesarnya kepada Dr. Sovia Lenny, S.Si, M.Si selaku dosen pembimbing serta Bapak Lamek Marpaung, M.Phil, Ph.D yang telah banyak membimbing, mengajari, menasehati, mengarahkan, memotivasi, memberi ilmu dan waktu bagi penulis selama melakukan penelitian dan penulisan skripsi. Secara khusus, penulis mengucakan terima kasih yang tulus dan tak terhingga kepada kedua orang tua tercinta, untuk Ayahanda Alm.Muhammad Yamin Hasibuan dan Ibunda Asnah Hutauruk Yang telah memberikan kasih sayang dan doa yang tak terhingga serta dukungan moral dan material bagi penulis selama ini serta Abangda Muhammad Ichsan Hasibuan dan seluruh keluarga tercinta yang senantiasa memberikan doa dan dukungan bagi penulis . Ucapan terima kasih yang tulus juga penulis sampaikan kepada sahabat- sahabat terbaik. Terima kasih juga penulis sampaikan kepada rekan-rekan assisten Lab Kimia Organik Bahan Alam Hayati,dan Abang- kakak 2011-2013 beserta adik- adik stambuk 2015-2017serta teman-teman seperjuangan stambuk 2014. Terima kasih atas kenangan semasa perkuliahan serta doa, dukungan dan bantuannya kepada penulis selama ini. Semoga Allah SWT selalu memberikan rahmat dan karunianya kepada kita semua. Amiin Yaa Rabbal’Alamin. Medan, September 2018 Nur Adawiyah Kaffah Hasibuan UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ISOLASI SENYAWA FENOLIK DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN PUTAT (Planchonia valida Blume) ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan isolasi senyawa Fenolik dari 1700 g daun tumbuhan Putat (Planchonia valida Blume). Tahapan Isolasi meliputi metode maserasi dengan metanol, partisi dan pemisahan dengan menggunakan kromatografi kolom dengan eluen kloroform : metanol (90: 10) v/v ; (80:20) v/v ; (70:30) v/v ; (60:40) v/v. Senyawa yang diperoleh berupa pasta berwarna kuning sebanyak 11 mg dengan harga Rf = 0,27. Identifikasi senyawa hasil isolasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Visible, Spektrofotometer Inframerah (FT-IR) dan Spektrofotometer resonansi magnetik inti proton (1H-NMR). Dari data analisis dan interpretasi spektroskopi, diduga bahwa senyawa hasil isolasi yang diperoleh adalah senyawa fenolik yaitu asam galat. Kata Kunci : Asam Galat, Fenolik, Putat, Planchonia valida Blume UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ISOLATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM PUTAT LEAVES (Planchonia valida Blume) ABSTRACT Isolation of phenolic compounds 1700 g leaves of Putat (Planchonia valida Blume) has been done.Isolation stages included maceration with methanol, partition and separation using column chromatography with eluent chloroform : methanol (90: 10) v/v ; (80:20) v/v ; (70:30) v/v ; (60:40) v/v. The compound was yielding yellow paste with weight 11 mg with Rf = 0,27.Identification of isolated compounds was carried out using Ultraviolet Visible Spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Infra Red ( FT-IR) Spectrophotometer and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H- NMR) Spectrophotometer was estimated that isolated compound as Phenolic Gallic acid. Keyword : Gallic acid, Phenolic, Putat, Planchonia valida Blume UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DAFTAR ISI Halaman PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI i PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ii PENGHARGAAN iii ABSTRAK iv ABSTRACT v DAFTAR ISI vi DAFTAR TABEL viii DAFTAR GAMBAR ix DAFTAR LAMPIRAN x BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang 1 1.2 Permasalahan 2 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian 2 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian 3 1.5 Metodologi Penelitian 3 BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Tumbuhan Putat 4 2.1.1 Morfologi Tumbuhan Putat 5 2.2 Senyawa Bahan Alam 5 2.3 Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder 6 2.3.1 Penggolongan Berdasarkan Biogenesis 7 2.4 Senyawa Fenolik 8 2.4.1 Biosintesis Senyawa Fenolik 9 2.4.2 Asam Fenolat 10 2.4.2.1 Asam Galat 10 2.4.2.2 Asam Salisilat 11 2.4.3 Asetofenon dan Asam Fenilasetat 11 2.4.4 Fenilpropanoid 11 2.4.5 Flavonoid 12 2.4.6 Xanton 12 2.5 Metode Pemisahan 13 2.5.1 Ekstraksi 13 2.5.2 Partisi 14 2.5.3 Kromatografi 14 2.5.3.1 Kromatografi Lapis Tipis 15 2.5.3.2 Kromatografi Kolom 16 2.5.3.3 Kromatografi Lapis Tipis Preparatif 17 2.5.3.4 Adsorben 17 2.6 Teknik Spektroskopi 19 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.6.1 Spektroskopi Ultra Violet (UV-Vis) 20 2.6.2 Spektroskopi Infra Merah (FT-IR) 21 2.6.3 Spektroskopi Resonansi Magnetik Inti Proton (1H-NMR) 22 BAB 3 METODE PENELITIAN 3.1 Waktu dan Tempat 24 3.2 Alat dan Bahan 3.2.1 Alat 24 3.2.2 Bahan 25 3.3 Penyediaan Sampel 25 3.4 Uji Pendahuluan Terhadap Ekstrak Daun Tumbuhan Putat 26 3.5 Ekstraksi Daun Tumbuhan Putat 26 3.6 Analisis Kromatografi Lapis Tipis 27 3.7 Isolasi Senyawa Fenolik dengan Kromatografi Kolom 27 3.8 Pemurnian 28 3.9 Uji Kemurnian Hasil Isolasi dengan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis 28 3.10 Identifikasi Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 29 3.10.1 Identifikasi dengan Spektrofotometer UltravioletVisible (UV-Vis) 29 3.10.2 Identifikasi dengan Spektrofotometer Inframerah (FT-IR) 29 3.10.3 Identifikasi dengan Spektrometer Resonansi Magnetik Inti Proton (1H-NMR) 29 3.11 Bagan Penelitian 30 3.11.1 Bagan Uji Ekstrak Metanol 30 3.11.2 Bagan Uji Ekstrak Etil Asetat 31 3.11.3 Bagan Isolasi 32 BAB 4 HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1 Hasil Penelitian 34 4.2 Pembahasan 37 BAB 5 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1 Kesimpulan 5.2 Saran 39 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 40 LAMPIRAN UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DAFTAR TABEL Nomor Judul Halaman Tabel 2.1 Kelas-Kelas Utama Senyawa Fenolik Pada Tanaman 8 4.1 Panjang Gelombang UV-Visible Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 35 4.2 Hasil Analisis Spektrum FT-IR Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 36 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DAFTAR GAMBAR Nomor Judul Halaman Gambar 2.1 Tumbuhan Putat ( Planchonia valida Blume) 4 2.2 Biosintesis Fenolik dari jalur sikimat dan fenilalanin 9 4.1 Spektrum Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 34 4.2 Spektrum Infra Merah (FT-IR) Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 35 4.3 Spektrum 1H-NMR Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 36 4.4 Struktur Asam Galat 38 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Nomor Judul Halaman Lampiran 1. Gambar Proses Pengerjaan Dalam Penelitian 44 2. Hasil Determinasi Tumbuhan Putat ( Planchonia valida Blume) 46 3. Kromatogram Lapis Tipis Ekstrak Pekat Metanol Daun Tumbuhan Putat ( Planchonia valida Blume) sebelum Kromatografi Kolom 47 4. Kromatogram Lapis Tipis Ekstrak Daun Tumbuhan Putat ( Planchonia valida Blume) penggabungan fraksi 48 5. Kromatogram Lapis Tipis Ekstrak Daun Tumbuhan Putat ( Planchonia valida Blume) fraksi III Sebelum KLT preparatif 49 6. Kromatogram Lapisan Tipis senyawa hasil Isolasi setelah KLT Preparatif 50 7. Spektrum UV-Visible senyawa asam galat 51 8. Spektrum 1H-NMR Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 52 9. Ekspansi spektrum 1H-NMR Senyawa Hasil Isolasi pada δ= 7-8 ppm 53 10. Spektrum 1H-NMR Senyawa Pembanding 54 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang Penggunaan tumbuhan baik sebagai obat, bahan makanan, bumbu, kosmetik telah dikenal sejak zaman kuno seperti yang ditemukan dalam berbagai catatan bangsa Cina, Mesir, Mesopotamia, Yunani dan Roma. Perhatian terhadap penelitian tumbuhan sangat luas, baik dalam bidang maupun kedalaman penelitian. Hampir separuh dari obat yang digunakan sekarang adalah bahan alam (Widyowidagdo, 2008). Metabolit sekunder merupakan senyawa yang disintesis dari tumbuhan.Keanekaragaman struktur kimia metabolit sekunder yang tinggi mengidentifikasikan potensi
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