DOCSLIB.ORG

A Comparison Between Mid-Eighteenth Century Rural and Urban Chesapeake Elite Consumption Patterns of Wild Fauna

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Comparison Between Mid-Eighteenth Century Rural and Urban Chesapeake Elite Consumption Patterns of Wild Fauna W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 5-2011 A Comparison between Mid-Eighteenth Century Rural and Urban Chesapeake Elite Consumption Patterns of Wild Fauna Maria Gabriela Lapera College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Lapera, Maria Gabriela, "A Comparison between Mid-Eighteenth Century Rural and Urban Chesapeake Elite Consumption Patterns of Wild Fauna" (2011). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 363. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/363 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Comparison between Mid-Eighteenth Century Rural and Urban Chesapeake Elite Consumption Patterns of Wild Fauna A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology from the College of William and Mary by Maria Gabriela Lapera Accepted for ________________________ ___________________________________ Dr. Joanne Bowen ___________________________________ Dr. Marley Brown ___________________________________ Dr. James Whittenburg Williamsburg, Virginia 15 April 2011 Lapera 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5 Foodways Theory ........................................................................................................................ 7 Archaeological Theory .............................................................................................................. 14 Methods .................................................................................................................................... 17 Pattern Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 26 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 42 Appendix A: Site Description .................................................................................................... 44 Appendix B: Complete Faunal Data for Each Site ..................................................................... 50 Appendix C: All Calculations from Faunal Data for Each Site................................................... 67 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 69 Lapera 3 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES TABLE 1: Coffeehouse Richness .............................................................................................. 32 TABLE 2: Diversity Rankings by NISP .................................................................................... 33 TABLE 3: Diversity Rankings by MNI ..................................................................................... 33 TABLE 4: Diversity Rankings by Biomass ............................................................................... 34 FIGURE 1: Urban and Rural Dietary Percentages by NISP ....................................................... 35 FIGURE 2: Urban and Rural Dietary Percentages by MNI ........................................................ 36 FIGURE 3: Urban and Rural Dietary Percentages by Biomass .................................................. 37 Lapera 4 Acknowledgements I would like to offer my sincerest thanks and gratitude to Dr. Joanne Bowen for inspiring me to attempt this honors thesis and for guiding me through the research and writing processes. I also want to extend my appreciation to the rest of my thesis committee, Dr. Marley Brown and Dr. James Whittenburg, for their time and insights. Steve Atkins‟ willingness to drop everything to help me or look up a stray fact is also sincerely appreciated. Ms. Stephanie Durand deserves special recognition for patiently explaining and demonstrating mathematical concepts to me, as does Ms. Erin Holmes for her editing expertise and for being my thesis buddy. Many thanks to Lindsay Felter and Carrie Shafer who helped edit despite their own overburdened workloads. I‟d also like to thank my family, friends, and roommates who had to put up with me. To my mentors, friends, and family: you gave me the encouragement and support I needed to function in disaster and finish in style. My deepest thanks to everyone involved. Lapera 5 Introduction Determining the markers of group identity has always been one of the major concerns of anthropologists. Archaeologists and historians face a particular challenge in that their study subjects have long since succumbed to the obscuring effects of time. Archaeologists draw on the material remains of a culture in order to understand it. Historians use documents to re-build the past. Each discipline uses different evidence to answer the same question: what were the past and its peoples like? When used in conjunction with archaeological techniques, historical documents can provide a powerful tool for peering through the window of the past to reveal the subtleties and complexities of long deceased societies. This paper began with a simple question: is there a difference in the consumption patterns of wild fauna between the rural and urban elite in the 18th century Chesapeake? One might ask why the foodways of colonial Chesapeake life are worth studying. Foodways encompass the study of the dynamic relationship between people and food. Superficially, foodways researchers study what and how people eat. They deduce provisioning patterns, discuss dietary needs, and postulate husbandry habits. Foodways, however, are more than just the mechanisms and raw data surrounding food use. Anthropologists believe it is possible to glean a deeper understanding of a culture from their foodways. Everything about food, from the production methods to the types of food that it is permissible to eat, is manufactured by people. Hortense Powdermaker provides a simple and elegant summary of the reasoning behind studying foodways: “Eating has an important social function among any people…[E]ating is a social institution as well as an individual physiological necessity” (1932). Humans need to eat. This simple fact means that food is deeply enmeshed in the daily cycle and social structure. It is easy to overlook the importance of life‟s most prosaic parts. An activity‟s repetitive nature can often distract from its Lapera 6 significance. Feeding oneself is such a basic need that one forgets that food, along with the rituals and processes surrounding it, are shaped by culture, which in turn is created by people. Foodways are one of the most fundamental ways groups differentiate themselves from each other. Susan Kalčik writes, “Foodways bind individuals together, define the limits of the group‟s outreach and identity, distinguish in-group from out-group, serve as a medium of inter-group communication, celebrate cultural cohesion, and provide a context for performance of group rituals” (1984). As a cultural anthropologist, Kalčik focuses on the present-day utility of foodways. Don Yoder, one of the earliest proponents of American foodways studies, acknowledges the historical component of foodways: “each regional and national cuisine is a culinary hybrid, with an elaborate stratigraphy of diverse historical layers combined into a usable and evidently satisfying structure” (1982). Understanding a facet of elite colonial foodways may, therefore, provide a deeper understanding of the group in question, as well as of the historical dynamics and implications that co-evolved to create the distinct culture of the early Chesapeake. It has long been accepted that wildlife likely held some sort of importance in the elite colonial diet. This study seeks to quantify the actual relevance of wild fauna by ascertaining whether or not recognizable patterns for urban versus rural elite consumption of wild animals exist and, if so, what those patterns reveal about eighteenth century Chesapeake gentry life. To accomplish this, thirteen sites were chosen from the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation‟s zooarchaeological database. Of these sites, eight represent rural plantations and five are urban establishments. Comparisons using MNI, NISP, and biomass data were conducted. Pattern recognition was used to discern the relative importance of wild animals in the elite diet. Historical documents were used to support the findings from the pattern analysis. Lapera 7 Foodways Theory Before proceeding, it is necessary to understand the theoretical perspectives involved in foodways studies. Without the theoretical basis established by symbolic anthropology and developmentalism, it would be impossible to draw deeper meaning from a group‟s food production, selection, and consumption patterns. These two viewpoints, along with historical particularism and the dramaturgical perspective, offer the foundation for the cultural analysis presented in this study. Mary Douglas‟ work provides a possible interpretation of the results of this study. Symbolic Anthropology Symbolic anthropology serves as
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pocahontas Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her
    POC A H O N TAS S T O ALIA MA AKA, A N D H ER DESC EN DA NTS T H R OUGH H ER MARR IAGE AT am esto w n Vir inia in A ril 1 6 1 J , g , p , 4 , WITH OH N R OLFE GEN T LEMAN J , ; I N C LUDING TH E N AM‘ES O F ALFR IEN D E B E LE BE B L BOLL B , ARCH R , NT Y , RNARD , AND, ING, RANCH , B E LL LE I E I' "O O L ' V L CA , CAT TT , CARY, DANDR DG , D N , D UG AS , DU A , E L E E LLE E O IE L LE M GAY O DRIDG , TT , F RGUS N , F D , F ING , , GORD N, F S O I O B LEW LO M K GRI FIN , GRAY N , HARR S N , HU ARD , IS , GAN , AR H AM M E DE M C E M E O E RA N , A , RA , URRAY, PAG ], P YTHR SS , OL OBE O N K W ST ANA R D TAZEWELL D PH , R RTS , S IP ITH , , , W LK WE W A N D T S E LE O E . A , ST , HITT H R WIT H Biographical Sketch es N D O SO WY H AM R BERT N , AN ’D I L L U ST R AT IV E H IST OR I CA L N OT ES A B K . R . R O O D w . O G S J .
    [Show full text]
  • The Princess Pocahontas Pocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants
    Reproduced from the original photo of 1S87 THE PRINCESS POCAHONTAS POCAHONTAS, ALIAS MATOAKA, AND HER DESCENDANTS THROUGH HER MARRIAGE AT Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, WITH JOHN ROLFE, GENTLEMAN; INCLUDING THE NAMES OP ALFRIEND, ARCHER, BENTLEY, BERNARD, BLAND, BOLLING, BRANCH, CABELL, CATLETT, CARY, DANDRIDGE, DIXON, DOUGLAS, DUVAL, ELDRIDGE, ELLETT, FERGUSON, FIELD, FLEMING, GAY, GORDON, GRIFFIN, GRAYSON, HARRISON, HUBARD, LEWIS, LOGAN, MARKHAM, MEADE, MCRAE, MURRAY, PAGE, POY- THRESS, RANDOLPH, ROBERTSON, SKIPWITH, STANARD, TAZEWELL, WALKE, WEST, WHIT­ TLE, AND OTHERS. WITH Biographical Sketches BY WYNDHAM ROBERTSON, AND ILLUSTRATIVE HISTORICAL NOTES BY R. A. BROCK J. W. RANDOLPH & ENGLISH, PUBLISHERS AND BOOKSELLERS, 1302 MAIN ST., RICHMOND, VA. 1887. Reprinted by JARMAN'S, iNCOIEI'dltATKD from the 1SS7 Edition for THE GREEN BOOKMAN Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1887, by WYNDHAM ROBERTSON In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREFACE. I offer to the narrow circle it may interest, as well as I have been able to restore it, the Tree of Pocahontas and Rolf e, as it has grown from them as its root to its seventh season (inclu­ sive) of fruitage. I accompany it with illustrative sketches of some of its notable products, within my reach, in order to relieve the blankness of it, by revealing something of its in­ ward succulence as well as its outward form. I have conden­ sed them as much as in my view consisted with my object, knowing how insignificant the whole matter is amid the great surges of the world it is thrown upon. The notice of Poca­ hontas is exceptionally long for reasons apparent on the face of it, involving, as it does, incidentally, the vindication of Captain Smith against the unfriendly strictures of some mod­ ern critics, and which all lovers of justice will thank me for introducing.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Halls in Virginia
    THE FIRST HALLS IN VIRGINIA In 1584, Queen Elizabeth I gave the English adventurer, Sir Walter Raleigh, permission to establish colonies in America. One of the most intriguing was THE LOST COLONY. They were the third group of Englishmen who tried to make a permanent settlement in this country and this group settled on Roanoke Island on the coast of North Carolina. The first few expeditions failed because the settlers did not have enough supplies, but this last group was supposed to have brought enough to be self sufficient until they could raise their own crops. They landed in 1587, but the next supply ship from England was delayed until 1580. Upon its arrival, the only sign found of the original 117 settlers was the word “croatoan” carved on a tree. The Croatans were the Indians who lived in the area. The mystery of the Lost Colony has never been solved. In 1606, the new king, James I, chartered the Virginia Company of London and in May 1607, a new group of colonists established the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown. They came on the ships Susan Constant, Goodspeed and Discovery. During the next winter, many colonists starved and the rest were ready to give up and return to England. During this time, John Smith made his famous trip up river to meet with Powhatan and the Indian princess, Pocahontas is reported to have saved his life. But springtime brought the arrival of a new fleet bringing supplies and new colonists….and by 1612, these settlers were established enough to begin to raise crops for export…namely tobacco.
    [Show full text]
  • The Family Tree Searcher
    The Family Tree Searcher Volume 16 - Number 1 June 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS The 1940 Census........................................................................................................................ 2 By Kathy Merithew and Lee Brown Dunston and Teagle Descendents of Thomas Evans......................................................... 3 By L. Roane Hunt Reverend Zachariah Taylor Whiting ....................................................................................12 By Barbara J. Ward Moody House and Yard Servants at Eagle Point—1845-1865.....................................................19 By L. Roane Hunt The Roads of Gloucester County 1866-1867.....................................................................27 By William L. Lawrence Actions Recorded in Local Court Minutes of Gloucester County in Early 1861 .......31 By William L. Lawrence The Family of James Clack.....................................................................................................35 By Lee Brown 1796 Tax Related Documents for Gloucester County, Virginia ...................................42 By L. Roane Hunt GGSV Publications Available by Mail Order........................................... Inside back cover Visit the website for Gloucester Genealogical Society of Virginia at http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~vaggsv/ [email protected] The 1940 Census— In 1940, Glenn Miller recorded “In the Mood,” Ida May Fuller became the first person to receive social security benefits, and the price of a gallon of gas was 18 cents. And,
    [Show full text]
  • William Thomas Eldridge
    WILLIAM THOMAS ELDRIDGE J HE character and capacity of men are almost uner­ ringly revealed by their achievements. In rare instances untoward circumstances or calamities against which no foresight can provide, and the results of which no extent of endeavor can avoid, may make the highest measure of efficiency of no avail, but though the standard is often hard, illogical and unjust, yet the fact remains that "success is the test of merit." When a boy of twelve, without means and with only a limited education, starts out upon his career in life handi­ capped by self-assumed family burdens and, without the aid of any political or financial influence, assistance or prestige, rises before he reaches the meridian of life to a recognized position of power and success in the business world, he has avouched him­ self as being dowered with inherent natural capacity for great achievements. On September 9, 1862, William Thomas Eldridge was born in Washington County, Texas, and at twelve years of age became self-supporting. Dependent upon his own resources, whether resting 'neath fortune's favors or her frowns, he was always brave, resourceful and self-reliant. Mere energy, unassociated with intelligence, is not a weapon wherewith success is won, but when it is coupled with a vision which reaches far, imagination that fashions future achieve­ ments, and intelligence which enables the possessor to translate visions into realities, his success is assured. W. T. Eldridge, before he attained his majority, moved to Eagle Lake, Texas, a town surrounded by a marvelously rich territory, and identified himself with every enterprise and interest of the community.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. Vii April 1960 .. Contents
    Published by The Tennessee Genealogical Society P. O. Box 12124 Memphis,. Tennessee 38112 VOL. VII APRIL 1960 NO. 2 .. CONTENTS - THE PRESIDENT' S MESSAGE Memphis Members.:- N~ws.llnd Notes I" Nl1>tice of April Meeting •••••• 70 OVER THE EDITOR's ])ESK News from OtJrFellowPublishers., Too1s£or Research. and Potpourri •• 30 INDEXT(): EXPENDITURESFORRE~OVAL OF .CHICKA$AW INDIANS (FrotnMe~phis, Tenn. tot.itt1e Rock and Fort Coffee, Ark. 1833-1843). Compiled by: Kathryn R. Bonner (Mrs. W. Gill) •••.• 31.j. ( THE END OF THE TRAIL Back to Pocahontas through the Boling line. Mr • William A. Burns •• 36 PETITIONERS OF SUMNER COUNTY,·TENNESSEE- 1799 Residents who found themselves in the new county of Wilson Compiled by: Ruth Henley G. Duncan (Mrs. loG.), Research Director •• 3B WARQF 1812-.TENNESSEE PENSIONERS ON LIST - JANUARY 2, 1883 .. COtnpiled by: Herlllione D. Embry (Mrs. Chas •. A.), Genealogical Reference Librarian, Tennessee StllteLibrary, Nashville, Tenn. Carter County (Part) through Grainger County (Part) ••••••••• 'fO BEDFORD COUNTY, TENNESSEE·. TAX LIST - 1812 Secured by: Ruth Ren1ey G. Duncan(Mrs.I.G.),ResearchDirector Original list on file Tenn. State Dept. Archives eSc History COTTON through FRANCES •••• •••• •• 46 qUERIES .. ,. .,.. .. .. ... 50 MEMPHIS MEMBERS.. NEWS and NOTES We ate pleased to be able to report that our "Begillnet"sClassV' ing~nealogy, held in the auditorium of Cossitt Reference Library on1>1arch 25th was a most en­ j oyabIe .experien~e• Mr. Laurence B. Gardinel.", ableinstr~ctPI .and eXP7rt gene,L"" agist, made the Occasion most profitable for those hat:d~(.so\i.+s'.who braved the inclement weather to attend. The next session,wh;i.chr'tll;iIHHude a to~r of the Library with instructions on how to useits.f~ctlittes,conductedby Miss Mary Davant, will be held at 10:00 A.M., April 22nd at the same place.
    [Show full text]
  • 1937-05-16 [P F-2]
    OLD NURSERIES GAINED FAME Linnaean Hill in Rock Creek Park, Named for Great Botanist, Associated With Historic Events in Virginia and With Wash- ington Home for Foundlings. By John Clagett Proctor. JOSHUA PEIRCE believed in adver- EW people In Washington, In- tising—good advertising; a com- mendable for one to cluding the members of the As- thing any in- in. And in the sociation of the Oldest Inhabi- dulge so, National Intelligencer of March 7, we tants, could tell you where 1825, find a card inserted him announc- Linnaean Hill is located, and yet it by ing the varieties of "Fruits and Orna- is an estate dating back for consider- mental Trees,” which he had for sale ably more than a century, and was so at Linnaean Hill, and these include, named by Joshua Peirce for the great to quote his announcement: • • * "a Swedish botanist, Karl von Linnaeus, choice collection of Fruit Trees, con- commonly called Linne. sisting of Apple, Peach, Pear, Nec- Linnaean Hill is now a part of Rock tarine, Apricot, Plum and Cherry Creek Park, and has been ever since Trees; with a variety of Garden Fruit, this reservation was transferred to the such as Currant, Gooseberry and with other land Government, together Raspberry Bushes, etc. A large col- Rock Creek, in 1890. This lying along lection of Evergreen and other Orna- estate then consisted of 31.817 acres, mental Forest Trees, among which are and was held in the name of Joshua and European American Balm of Linnaean Hill mansion, built in 1823. The early home of Joshua Peirce.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomination Form
    VLR Listed: 6/6/2007 NRHP Listed: 8/9/2007 (Rev. 10-90) NPS Form 10-900 0MB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES REGISTRATION FORM This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "NIA" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items. 1. Name of Property Historic Name Kippax Plantation Archaeological Site other names/site Farmingdale (Farmindell) Plantation, Heretick Site, DHR File 116-5021 2. Location 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority lUlder the National Historic Preservation Act of 1986, as amended, I hereby certify that this _lL____ nomination __ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property _x~ meets __ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant __ nationally _x_ statewide _ locally. ( _ See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature of certifying official Date Virginia Department of Historic Resources State or Federal agency and bureau In my opinion, the property __ meets __ does not meet the National Register criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • School of Architecture, Planning & Preservation's Alumni Magazine
    I N H A B I School of Architecture, Planning T & Preservation’s Alumni Magazine MARYLAND’S BUILT ENVIRONMENT SCHOOL Inhabit is the annual alumni e-magazine of the University of Maryland School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation—Maryland’s Built Environment School. Inhabit showcases achievements and activities within the school, highlights the work of our alumni and connects our MAPP community. You may also view it on our website at www.arch.umd.edu. To share alumni news or be added to our mailing list, contact us at: [email protected]. Writers Maggie Haslam Holly Simmons Editor Christine Cestello Hinojosa Designers Jelena Dakovic Pete Morelewicz The MAPP Alumni Newsletter was produced with Adobe InDesign. The text is set in Interstate, Univers and Bembo. We appreciate your comments on this publication and encourage you to contact us at: [email protected]. December 2020 School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation 3835 Campus Drive University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 ii | Maryland’s Built Environment School Contents Dean’s Message 4 Green is Good for You—and Your Career 6 Is the Definition of Heritage All in Your Head? 8 Above: Rendering of green building by Perkins + Will for Troubled Waters: Rising Floodwaters and the Toll 10 ongoing research by Professor on Marginalized Communities Madlen Simon and Assistant Professor Ming Hu on the brain’s Double Duty: Three New Dual Degrees Prepare 14 response to sustainable design. Students for a Changing and Challenging World Below: fMRI mockup image, 18 courtesy of Jeremy Wells. Making “Ah-ha” Moments Happen: Brian Kelly on the Power of Giving and Study Abroad Read more about these projects on pages 6-9.
    [Show full text]
  • Genealogy of the Baskerville Family and Some Allied Families Including
    Gc M. L. 929.2 B29184b 1548775 GENEALOGY COLLECTION 6c ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01145 4433 Vft rtjts 5s H » ^ ft 1<K { i % >i v. ' tot Jim ° -,^ <v \ ^% 1 4 r ^ « V-. v^ l> s 1 . t. -V \ t .« ^ '"'.'. attest K1.W. -A ~^ —'*• ; C V'\ T p v T O p V /r OF THE BASKERVILLE FAMILY AND INCLUpING ^ THE ENGLISH DESCENT FROM 1266 A. D. "He wco cares not whence he came cares not whither he goes."— Ben Jonsoa. w PATRICK HAMLTQN BASKERV1LL, RICHMOND. VA., Of the Twenty-first Generation in Direct Male Line. RICHMOND, VA. UM. ELLIS JONES" SONS. MC. I9i2. — 1548775 "Genealogy of the Baskerrille Family," of 1912 ADDITIONAL ERRORS. — Page 13—line n "elswhere" should be "elsewhere." Table A— "Rabiou" should be "Robiou." — Tables C and L and pages 57 and 61 "Dickerson" should be "Dickenson." Table F Contd. — "Anna 7 H. m. Reynolds", should be "m. H. C. Terrell." Table F Contd.—In "Mary T Eaton Hamilton" and "Mary8 Eaton Tarry, " "Eaton" should be "Etiphemia." Table F Contd.— "Wm. 8 Baskervill Tarry" should be Wm. s Burwell Tarry." Page 54 —line 6— "Baskevill" should be "Baskervill." Page 81 —line 23— "Allston" should be "Alston." — Opp. p. 89, Retro. Table "James Murray d. 1772, vestry 1742" should be "1764" and "1746." Opp p. 89, Retro. Table—"Wm. Baskerviil, b. 1763" should be "1756." Opp. p. 101, Eaton Table—Wm. Eaton, who married Senora Macon, was a son of Genl. Thomas Eaton. "Thos. Eaton m. Anna Boiling" should be "Anna Bland" ; right bottom "Elizabeth Frear m.
    [Show full text]
  • Slavery and the Underground Railroad at the Eppes Plantations, Petersburg National Battlefield Cover: Appomattox Manor at City Point, Virginia
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Petersburg National Battlefield Petersburg, Virginia Slavery and the Underground Railroad at the Eppes Plantations, Petersburg National Battlefield Cover: Appomattox Manor at City Point, Virginia. Photo courtesy National Park Service. Slavery and the Underground Railroad At The Eppes Plantations Petersburg National Battlefield Special History Study by Marie Tyler-McGraw A Study Prepared Under the Cooperative Agreement between the National Park Service and the Organization of American Historians Northcast Region National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 2005 Recommended: Kathleen L. Dilonardo Date Chief of Interpretation Northeast Region Tara Morrison Date Network to Freedom Coordinator Northeast Region Concurred: Paul Weinbaum Date History Program Manager Northeast Region Approved: Bob Kirby Date Superintendent Petersburg National Battlefield SLAVERY AND THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD At the Eppes Plantations Petersburg National Battlefield Special History Study by Marie Tyler-McGraw Prepared for Organization of American Historians Under cooperative agreement with Northeast Region National Park Service U. S. Department of the Interior Printed December 2005 Contents Acknowledgements 10 Executive Summary Research Methods and Summary of Findings 11 Chapter 1 Frontiers and Boundaries (1640s – 1765) 15 Landscape and settlement on the James River and Appomattox colonial frontier. Origins of slavery and early resistance Chapter 2 Revolutions (1765 – 1816) 20 Revolutions in Agricultural
    [Show full text]
  • Virginia Vetusta, During the Reign of James the First
    > ', I' Virginia Vetusta, DURING THE REIGN OF JAMES THE FIRST. CONTAINING Letters and Documents never before Printed. A SUPPLEMENT TO THE HISTORY OF THE VIRGINIA COMPANY. EDWARD D. NEILL. NEC FALSA DICERE, NEC VERA RETICERE. ALBANY, N. T.: JOEL MUNSELL'S SONS, 82 STATE ST. 6 i' 7 1 915.17 PREFACE. N the belief, that there was need of such a contribution, to the documen- tary history, of the early colonial period of Virginia, this work has been prepared. It is intended to supple- ment the History of the Virginia Corn- pan ij of London, which was published several years ago, and has proved of some value to the students of American history. It is quite remarkable, that for two centuries, historical writers chiefly depended upon a book compiled by an adventurer, for a knowledge of the early English coloniza- tion in North America. The once Deputy Governor of Virginia, George Percy, in a letter, to his brother Henry the 9th Earl of Northumberland, refers to a publication, " wherein the author hath not spared to appropriate many deserts to himself, which he never performed, and stuffed his relations with so many falsities, and malicious detrac- tions." As yet no document of the period of James the First, has been discovered, which tells where the church was situated, m which John Rolfe was married to Pocahontas, and the name of the officiating clergyman. There is iv PREFACE. evidence however, that Rolfe, in 1609, left England with a white wife, and that she gave birth to a daughter at Bermudas, who soon died.
    [Show full text]